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Prelude

If you're into Rails you might want to check out the complementary. Ruby on Rails 3 & 4 Style Guide.

The Ruby Style Guide

Be consistent.

Table of Contents

Source Code Layout

  • Use UTF-8 as the source file encoding.

  • Use two spaces per indentation level (aka soft tabs). No hard tabs.

    # bad - four spaces
    def some_method
        do_something
    end
    
    # good
    def some_method
      do_something
    end
  • Limit lines to 80 characters.

  • Avoid trailing whitespace.

  • End each file with a newline.

  • Use Unix-style line endings. (*BSD/Solaris/Linux/OS X users are covered by default, Windows users have to be extra careful.)

    • If you're using Git you might want to add the following configuration setting to protect your project from Windows line endings creeping in:

      $ git config --global core.autocrlf true
  • Don't use ; to separate statements and expressions. As a corollary - use one expression per line.

    # bad
    puts 'foobar'; # superfluous semicolon
    
    puts 'foo'; puts 'bar' # two expressions on the same line
    
    # good
    puts 'foobar'
    
    puts 'foo'
    puts 'bar'
    
    puts 'foo', 'bar' # this applies to puts in particular
  • Prefer a single-line format for class definitions with no body.

    # bad
    class FooError < StandardError
    end
    
    # okish
    class FooError < StandardError; end
    
    # good
    FooError = Class.new(StandardError)
  • Avoid single-line methods. Although they are somewhat popular in the wild, there are a few peculiarities about their definition syntax that make their use undesirable. At any rate - there should be no more than one expression in a single-line method.

    # bad
    def too_much; something; something_else; end
    
    # okish - notice that the first ; is required
    def no_braces_method; body end
    
    # okish - notice that the second ; is optional
    def no_braces_method; body; end
    
    # okish - valid syntax, but no ; makes it kind of hard to read
    def some_method() body end
    
    # good
    def some_method
      body
    end

    One exception to the rule are empty-body methods.

    # good
    def no_op; end
  • Use spaces around operators, after commas, colons and semicolons, around { and before }. Whitespace might be (mostly) irrelevant to the Ruby interpreter, but its proper use is the key to writing easily readable code.

    sum = 1 + 2
    a, b = 1, 2
    [1, 2, 3].each { |e| puts e }
    class FooError < StandardError; end

    The only exception, regarding operators, is the exponent operator:

    # bad
    e = M * c ** 2
    
    # good
    e = M * c**2

    { and } deserve a bit of clarification, since they are used for block and hash literals, as well as embedded expressions in strings. For hash literals, no space after and before { and }, respectively.

    # bad - space after { and before }
    { one: 1, two: 2 }
    
    # good - no space after { and before }
    {one: 1, two: 2}

    As far as embedded expressions go, spaces before and after are unacceptable

    # good - no spaces
    "string#{expr}"
    
    # bad - spaces
    "string#{ expr }"
  • No spaces after (, [ or before ], ).

    some(arg).other
    [1, 2, 3].size
  • No space after !.

    # bad
    ! something
    
    # good
    !something
  • Indent when as deep as case. I know that many would disagree with this one, but it's the style established in both "The Ruby Programming Language" and "Programming Ruby".

    # bad
    case
      when song.name == 'Misty'
        puts 'Not again!'
      when song.duration > 120
        puts 'Too long!'
      when Time.now.hour > 21
        puts "It's too late"
      else
        song.play
    end
    
    # good
    case
    when song.name == 'Misty'
      puts 'Not again!'
    when song.duration > 120
      puts 'Too long!'
    when Time.now.hour > 21
      puts "It's too late"
    else
      song.play
    end
  • When assigning the result of a conditional expression to a variable, preserve the usual alignment of its branches.

    # bad - pretty convoluted
    kind = case year
      when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
      when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
      when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
      when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
      when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
      else 'Jazz'
      end
    
    result = if some_cond
      calc_something
    else
      calc_something_else
    end
    
    # bad - whitespace isn't free when you only have 80 characters.
    kind = case year
           when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
           when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
           when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
           when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
           when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
           else 'Jazz'
           end
    
    result = if some_cond
               calc_something
             else
               calc_something_else
             end
    
    # good (and a bit more width efficient)
    kind = case year
    when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
    when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
    when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
    when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
    when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
    else 'Jazz'
    end
    
    result = if some_cond
      calc_something
    else
      calc_something_else
    end
  • Use empty lines between method definitions and also to break up a method into logical paragraphs internally.

    # bad
    def some_method
      data = initialize(options)
      data.manipulate!
      data.result
    end
    def some_method
      result
    end
    
    # good
    def some_method
      data = initialize(options)
    
      data.manipulate!
    
      data.result
    end
    
    def some_method
      result
    end
  • Avoid comma after the last parameter in a method call, especially when the parameters are not on separate lines.

    # bad - easier to move/add/remove parameters, but still not preferred
    some_method(
                 size,
                 count,
                 color,
               )
    
    # bad
    some_method(size, count, color, )
    
    # good
    some_method(size, count, color)
  • Use spaces around the = operator when assigning default values to method parameters:

    # bad
    def some_method(arg1=:default, arg2=nil, arg3=[])
      # do something...
    end
    
    # good
    def some_method(arg1 = :default, arg2 = nil, arg3 = [])
      # do something...
    end

    While several Ruby books suggest the first style, the second is much more prominent in practice (and arguably a bit more readable).

  • Avoid line continuation \ where not required. In practice, avoid using line continuations for anything but string concatenation.

    # bad
    result = 1 - \
             2
    
    # good (but still ugly as hell)
    result = 1 \
             - 2
    
    long_string = 'First part of the long string' \
                  ' and second part of the long string'
  • When continuing a chained method invocation on another line keep the . on the second line.

    # bad - need to consult first line to understand second line
    one.two.three.
      four
    
    # good - it's immediately clear what's going on the second line
    one.two.three
      .four
  • Align the parameters of a method call if they span more than one line. When aligning parameters is not appropriate due to line-length constraints, single indent for the lines after the first is also acceptable.

    # starting point (line is too long)
    def send_mail(source)
      Mailer.deliver(to: '[email protected]', from: '[email protected]', subject: 'Important message', body: source.text)
    end
    
    # bad (double indent)
    def send_mail(source)
      Mailer.deliver(
          to: '[email protected]',
          from: '[email protected]',
          subject: 'Important message',
          body: source.text)
    end
    
    # bad - wastes whitespace
    def send_mail(source)
      Mailer.deliver(to: '[email protected]',
                     from: '[email protected]',
                     subject: 'Important message',
                     body: source.text)
    end
    
    # good (normal indent)
    def send_mail(source)
      Mailer.deliver(
        to: '[email protected]',
        from: '[email protected]',
        subject: 'Important message',
        body: source.text
      )
    end
  • Align the elements of array literals spanning multiple lines.

    # bad - brackets/parentheses should be on separate line
    menu_item = ['Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam',
      'Baked beans', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam']
    
    # bad
    menu_item =
      ['Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam',
       'Baked beans', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam']
    
    # good
    menu_item = [
      'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam',
      'Baked beans', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam', 'Spam'
    ]
  • Add underscores to large numeric literals to improve their readability.

    # bad - how many 0s are there?
    num = 1000000
    
    # good - much easier to parse for the human brain
    num = 1_000_000
  • Don't use block comments. They cannot be preceded by whitespace and are not as easy to spot as regular comments.

    # bad
    =begin
    comment line
    another comment line
    =end
    
    # good
    # comment line
    # another comment line

Syntax

  • Use :: only to reference constants(this includes classes and modules) and constructors (like Array() or Nokogiri::HTML()). Never use :: for regular method invocation.

    # bad
    SomeClass::some_method
    some_object::some_method
    
    # good
    SomeClass.some_method
    some_object.some_method
    SomeModule::SomeClass::SOME_CONST
    
    # While defining methods using the constant syntax isn't best practice, they
    # exist, this is the best practice for calling them.
    SomeModule::SomeClass()
  • Use def with parentheses when there are arguments. Omit the parentheses when the method doesn't accept any arguments.

    # bad
    def some_method()
      # body omitted
    end
    
    # good
    def some_method
      # body omitted
    end
    
    # bad
    def some_method_with_arguments arg1, arg2
      # body omitted
    end
    
    # good
    def some_method_with_arguments(arg1, arg2)
      # body omitted
    end
  • Never use for, unless you know exactly why. Most of the time Enumerable should be used instead. for is implemented in terms of each (so you're adding a level of indirection), but with a twist - for doesn't introduce a new scope (unlike each) and variables defined in its block will be visible outside it.

    arr = [1, 2, 3]
    
    # bad
    for elem in arr do
      puts elem
    end
    
    # note that elem is accessible outside of the for loop
    elem #=> 3
    
    # good
    arr.each { |elem| puts elem }
    
    # elem is not accessible outside each's block
    elem #=> NameError: undefined local variable or method `elem'
  • Never use then for multi-line if/unless.

    # bad
    if some_condition then
      # body omitted
    end
    
    # good
    if some_condition
      # body omitted
    end
  • Always put the condition on the same line as the if/unless in a multi-line conditional.

    # bad
    if
      some_condition
      do_something
      do_something_else
    end
    
    # good
    if some_condition
      do_something
      do_something_else
    end
  • Favor the ternary operator(?:) over if/then/else/end constructs. It's more common and obviously more concise.

    # bad
    result = if some_condition then something else something_else end
    
    # good
    result = some_condition ? something : something_else
  • Use one expression per branch in a ternary operator. This also means that ternary operators must not be nested. Prefer if/else constructs in these cases.

    # bad
    some_condition ? (nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else) : something_else
    
    # good
    if some_condition
      nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else
    else
      something_else
    end
  • Never use if x: ... - as of Ruby 1.9 it has been removed. Use the ternary operator instead.

    # bad
    result = if some_condition: something else something_else end
    
    # good
    result = some_condition ? something : something_else
  • Never use if x; .... Use the ternary operator instead.

  • Leverage the fact that if and case are expressions which return a result.

    # bad
    if condition
      result = x
    else
      result = y
    end
    
    # good
    result = if condition
      x
    else
      y
    end
  • Use when x then ... for one-line cases. The alternative syntax when x: ... has been removed as of Ruby 1.9.

  • Never use when x; .... See the previous rule.

    # bad
    case
    when x; y
    end
    
    # good
    case
    when x then y
    end
  • Use ! instead of not.

    # bad - braces are required because of op precedence
    x = (not something)
    
    # good
    x = !something
  • Avoid the use of !!. Exceptions are for referencing large objects that would stick around longer than necessary.

    # bad
    x = 'test'
    # obscure nil check
    if !!x
      # body omitted
    end
    
    x = false
    # double negation is useless when you know the object is a boolean
    !!x # => false
    
    # good
    x = 'test'
    if x
      # body omitted
    end
  • The and and or keywords are banned. It's just not worth it. Always use && and || instead. Use parentheses rather than depend on binding differences.

    # bad
    # boolean expression
    if some_condition and some_other_condition
      do_something
    end
    
    # control flow
    document.saved? or document.save!
    
    # good
    # boolean expression
    if some_condition && some_other_condition
      do_something
    end
    
    # control flow
    document.saved? || document.save!
  • Avoid multi-line ?: (the ternary operator); use if/unless instead.

  • Favor modifier if/unless usage when you have a single-line body. Another good alternative is the usage of control flow &&/||.

    # bad
    if some_condition
      do_something
    end
    
    # good
    do_something if some_condition
    
    # another good option
    some_condition && do_something
  • Avoid modifier if/unless usage at the end of a non-trivial multi-line block.

    # bad
    10.times do
      # multi-line body omitted
    end if some_condition
    
    # good
    if some_condition
      10.times do
        # multi-line body omitted
      end
    end
  • Favor unless over if for negative conditions (or control flow ||).

    # bad
    do_something if !some_condition
    
    # bad
    do_something if not some_condition
    
    # good
    do_something unless some_condition
    
    # another good option
    some_condition || do_something
  • Always write the positive case or 'happy path' first. Prefer to not use unless with else.

    # bad
    unless success?
      puts 'failure'
    else
      puts 'success'
    end
    
    if failure?
      puts 'failure'
    else
      puts 'success'
    end
    
    # good
    if success?
      puts 'success'
    else
      puts 'failure'
    end
    
    # less good, but reasonable if there is no reasonable means to determine
    the positive case.
    # Prefer unless condition over ! condition
    unless failure?
      puts 'success'
    else
      puts 'failure'
    end
  • Don't use parentheses around the condition of an if/unless/while/until.

    # bad
    if (x > 10)
      # body omitted
    end
    
    # good
    if x > 10
      # body omitted
    end
  • Never use while/until condition do for multi-line while/until.

    # bad
    while x > 5 do
      # body omitted
    end
    
    until x > 5 do
      # body omitted
    end
    
    # good
    while x > 5
      # body omitted
    end
    
    until x > 5
      # body omitted
    end
  • Favor modifier while/until usage when you have a single-line body.

    # bad
    while some_condition
      do_something
    end
    
    # good
    do_something while some_condition
  • Favor until over while for negative conditions.

    # bad
    do_something while !some_condition
    
    # good
    do_something until some_condition
  • Use Kernel#loop instead of while/until when you need an infinite loop.

    # bad
    while true
      do_something
    end
    
    until false
      do_something
    end
    
    # good
    loop do
      do_something
    end
  • Use Kernel#loop with break rather than begin/end/until or begin/end/while for post-loop tests.

    # bad
    begin
      puts val
      val += 1
    end while val < 0
    
    # good
    loop do
      puts val
      val += 1
      break unless val < 0
    end
  • Omit parentheses around parameters for methods that are part of an internal DSL (e.g. Rake, Rails, RSpec), methods that have "keyword" status in Ruby (e.g. attr_reader, puts) and attribute access methods. Use parentheses around the arguments of all other method invocations.

    class Person
      attr_reader :name, :age
    
      # omitted
    end
    
    temperance = Person.new('Temperance', 30)
    temperance.name
    
    puts temperance.age
    
    x = Math.sin(y)
    array.delete(e)
    
    bowling.score.should == 0
  • Omit the outer braces around an implicit options hash.

    # bad
    user.set({ name: 'John', age: 45, permissions: { read: true } })
    
    # good
    user.set(name: 'John', age: 45, permissions: { read: true })
  • Omit both the outer braces and parentheses for methods that are part of an internal DSL.

    class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
      # bad
      validates(:name, { presence: true, length: { within: 1..10 } })
    
      # good
      validates :name, presence: true, length: { within: 1..10 }
    end
  • Omit parentheses for method calls with no arguments.

    # bad
    Kernel.exit!()
    2.even?()
    fork()
    'test'.upcase()
    
    # good
    Kernel.exit!
    2.even?
    fork
    'test'.upcase
  • Prefer {...} over do...end for single-line blocks. Avoid using {...} for multi-line blocks (multiline chaining is always ugly). Always use do...end for "method definitions" (e.g. in Rakefiles and certain DSLs).

    names = ['Bozhidar', 'Steve', 'Sarah']
    
    # bad
    names.each do |name|
      puts name
    end
    
    # good
    names.each { |name| puts name }
    
    # bad
    names.select do |name|
      name.start_with?('S')
    end.map { |name| name.upcase }
    
    # good
    names.select { |name| name.start_with?('S') }.map { |name| name.upcase }
  • Always use an explicit block argument literal. Beware of the performance impact, though, as the block gets converted to a Proc.

    require 'tempfile'
    
    # bad
    def with_tmp_dir
      Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp_dir|
        Dir.chdir(tmp_dir) { |dir| yield dir }  # block just passes arguments
      end
    end
    
    # good
    def with_tmp_dir(&block)
      Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp_dir|
        Dir.chdir(tmp_dir, &block)
      end
    end
    
    with_tmp_dir do |dir|
      puts "dir is accessible as a parameter and pwd is set: #{dir}"
    end
  • Avoid return where not required for flow of control.

    # bad
    def some_method(some_arr)
      return some_arr.size
    end
    
    # good
    def some_method(some_arr)
      some_arr.size
    end
  • Avoid self where not required.

    # bad
    def ready?
      if self.last_reviewed_at > self.last_updated_at
        self.worker.update(self.content, self.options)
        self.status = :in_progress
      end
      self.status == :verified
    end
    
    # good
    def ready?
      if last_reviewed_at > last_updated_at
        worker.update(content, options)
        self.status = :in_progress
      end
      status == :verified
    end
  • As a corollary, avoid shadowing methods with local variables unless they are both equivalent.

    class Foo
      attr_accessor :options
    
      # bad
      def do_something(options = {})
        unless options[:when] == :later
          output(self.options[:message])
        end
      end
    
      # ok
      def initialize(options)
        self.options = options
        # both options and self.options are equivalent here
      end
    
      # good
      def do_something(params = {})
        unless params[:when] == :later
          output(options[:message])
        end
      end
    end
  • Don't use the return value of = (an assignment) in conditional expressions.

    # bad (+ a warning)
    if v = array.grep(/foo/)
      do_something(v)
      ...
    end
    
    # bad (MRI would still complain, but RuboCop won't)
    if (v = array.grep(/foo/))
      do_something(v)
      ...
    end
    
    # bad (MRI doesn't explain)
    if (v = array.grep(/foo/)).length.eq(3)
      do_something(v)
      ...
    end
    
    # good
    v = array.grep(/foo/)
    if v
      do_something(v)
      ...
    end
  • Use shorthand self assignment operators whenever applicable.

    # bad
    x = x + y
    x = x * y
    x = x**y
    x = x / y
    x = x || y
    x = x && y
    
    # good
    x += y
    x *= y
    x **= y
    x /= y
    x ||= y
    x &&= y
  • Use ||= to initialize variables only if they're not already initialized.

    # bad
    name = name ? name : 'Bozhidar'
    
    # bad
    name = 'Bozhidar' unless name
    
    # good - set name to Bozhidar, only if it's nil or false
    name ||= 'Bozhidar'
  • Don't use ||= to initialize boolean variables. (Consider what would happen if the current value happened to be false.)

    # bad - would set enabled to true even if it was false
    enabled ||= true
    
    # good
    enabled = true if enabled.nil?
  • Use &&= to preprocess variables that may or may not exist. Using &&= will change the value only if it exists, removing the need to check its existence with if.

    # bad
    something = something ? nil : something.downcase
    
    # bad
    something = something.downcase if something
    
    # bad
    something = something && something.downcase
    
    # might be reasonable depending on length of method call
    if something
      something = something.downcase
    end
    
    # good
    something &&= something.downcase
  • Avoid explicit use of the case equality operator ===. As its name implies it is meant to be used implicitly by case expressions and outside of them it yields some pretty confusing code.

    # bad
    Array === something
    (1..100) === 7
    /something/ === some_string
    
    # good
    something.is_a?(Array)
    (1..100).include?(7)
    some_string =~ /something/
  • Avoid using Perl-style special variables (like $:, $;, etc. ). They are quite cryptic and their use in anything but one-liner scripts is discouraged. Use the human-friendly aliases provided by the English library.

    # bad
    $:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__)
    
    # good
    require 'English'
    $LOAD_PATH.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__)
  • Never put a space between a method name and the opening parenthesis.

    # bad
    f (3 + 2) + 1
    
    # good
    f(3 + 2) + 1
  • If the first argument to a method begins with an open parenthesis, always use parentheses in the method invocation. For example, write f((3 + 2) + 1).

  • Always run the Ruby interpreter with the -w option so it will warn you if you forget either of the rules above!

  • Use the new lambda literal syntax for single line body blocks.

    # ok
    l = lambda { |a, b| a + b }
    l.call(1, 2)
    
    # better
    l = ->(a, b) { a + b }
    l.call(1, 2)
  • Prefer proc.call() over proc[] or proc.() for both lambdas and procs.

    # bad - looks similar to Enumeration access
    l = ->(v) { puts v }
    l[1]
    
    # also bad - uncommon syntax
    l = ->(v) { puts v }
    l.(1)
    
    # good
    l = ->(v) { puts v }
    l.call(1)
  • Prefix with _ unused block parameters and local variables. It's also acceptable to use just _ (although it's a bit less descriptive). This convention is recognized by the Ruby interpreter and tools like RuboCop and will suppress their unused variable warnings.

    # bad
    result = hash.map { |k, v| v + 1 }
    
    def something(x)
      unused_var, used_var = something_else(x)
      # ...
    end
    
    # good
    result = hash.map { |_k, v| v + 1 }
    
    def something(x)
      _unused_var, used_var = something_else(x)
      # ...
    end
    
    # good
    result = hash.map { |_, v| v + 1 }
    
    def something(x)
      _, used_var = something_else(x)
      # ...
    end
  • Use $stdout/$stderr/$stdin instead of STDOUT/STDERR/STDIN. STDOUT/STDERR/STDIN are constants, and while you can actually reassign (possibly to redirect some stream) constants in Ruby, you'll get an interpreter warning if you do so.

  • Use warn instead of $stderr.puts. Apart from being more concise and clear, warn allows you to suppress warnings if you need to (by setting the warn level to 0 via -W0).

  • Favor the use of sprintf and its alias format over the fairly cryptic String#% method.

    # bad
    '%d %d' % [20, 10]
    # => '20 10'
    
    # good
    sprintf('%d %d', 20, 10)
    # => '20 10'
    
    # good
    sprintf('%{first} %{second}', first: 20, second: 10)
    # => '20 10'
    
    # good
    format('%d %d', 20, 10)
    # => '20 10'
    
    # good
    format('%{first} %{second}', first: 20, second: 10)
    # => '20 10'
  • Favor the use of Array#join over the fairly cryptic Array#* with a string argument.

    # bad
    %w(one two three) * ', '
    # => 'one, two, three'
    
    # good
    %w(one two three).join(', ')
    # => 'one, two, three'
  • Use [*var] or Array() instead of explicit Array check, when dealing with a variable you want to treat as an Array, but you're not certain it's an array.

    # bad
    paths = [paths] unless paths.is_a? Array
    paths.each { |path| do_something(path) }
    
    # good
    [*paths].each { |path| do_something(path) }
    
    # good (and a bit more readable)
    Array(paths).each { |path| do_something(path) }
  • Use ranges or Comparable#between? instead of complex comparison logic when possible.

    # bad
    do_something if x >= 1000 && x <= 2000
    
    # good
    do_something if (1000..2000).include?(x)
    
    # good
    do_something if x.between?(1000, 2000)
  • Favor the use of predicate methods to explicit comparisons with ==. Numeric comparisons are OK.

    # bad
    if x % 2 == 0
    end
    
    if x % 2 == 1
    end
    
    if x == nil
    end
    
    # ok
    if x == 0
    end
    
    # good
    if x.even?
    end
    
    if x.odd?
    end
    
    if x.nil?
    end
    
    if x.zero?
    end
  • Don't do explicit non-nil checks unless you're dealing with boolean values.

    # bad
    do_something if !something.nil?
    do_something if something != nil
    
    # good
    do_something if something
    
    # good - dealing with a boolean
    def value_set?
      !@some_boolean.nil?
    end
  • Avoid the use of BEGIN blocks.

  • Never use END blocks. Use Kernel#at_exit instead.

    # bad
    END { puts 'Goodbye!' }
    
    # good
    at_exit { puts 'Goodbye!' }
  • Avoid the use of flip-flops.

  • Avoid use of nested conditionals for flow of control.

    Prefer a guard clause when you can assert invalid data. A guard clause is a conditional statement at the top of a function that bails out as soon as it can.

    # bad
    def compute_thing(thing)
      if thing[:foo]
        update_with_bar(thing)
        if thing[:foo][:bar]
          partial_compute(thing)
        else
          re_compute(thing)
        end
      end
    end
    
    # good
    def compute_thing(thing)
      return unless thing[:foo]
      update_with_bar(thing[:foo])
      return re_compute(thing) unless thing[:foo][:bar]
      partial_compute(thing)
    end

    Prefer next in loops as a guard clause instead of conditional blocks.

    # bad
    [0, 1, 2, 3].each do |item|
      if item > 1
        puts item
      end
    end
    
    # good
    [0, 1, 2, 3].each do |item|
      next unless item > 1
    
      puts item
    end

Naming

The only real difficulties in programming are cache invalidation and naming things.
-- Phil Karlton

  • Name identifiers in English.

    # bad - identifier using non-ascii characters
    заплата = 1_000
    
    # bad - identifier is a Bulgarian word, written with Latin letters (instead of Cyrillic)
    zaplata = 1_000
    
    # good
    salary = 1_000
  • Use snake_case for symbols, methods and variables. Note: Ruby itself violates this.

    # bad
    :'some symbol'
    :SomeSymbol
    :someSymbol
    
    someVar = 5
    
    def someMethod
      ...
    end
    
    def SomeMethod
     ...
    end
    
    # good
    :some_symbol
    
    def some_method
      ...
    end
  • Use CamelCase for classes and modules. (Keep acronyms like HTTP, RFC, XML uppercase.)

    # bad
    class Someclass
      ...
    end
    
    class Some_Class
      ...
    end
    
    class SomeXml
      ...
    end
    
    # good
    class SomeClass
      ...
    end
    
    class SomeXML
      ...
    end
  • Use snake_case for naming files, e.g. hello_world.rb.

  • Use snake_case for naming directories, e.g. lib/hello_world/hello_world.rb.

  • Aim to have just a single class/module per source file. Name the file name as the class/module, but replacing CamelCase with snake_case.

  • Use SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE for other constants.

    # bad
    SomeConst = 5
    
    # good
    SOME_CONST = 5
  • The names of predicate methods (methods that return a boolean value) should end in a question mark. (i.e. Array#empty?). Methods that don't return a boolean, shouldn't end in a question mark.

  • The names of potentially dangerous methods (i.e. methods that modify self or the arguments, exit! (doesn't run the finalizers like exit does), etc.) should end with an exclamation mark if there exists a safe version of that dangerous method.

    # bad - there is no matching 'safe' method
    class Person
      def update!
      end
    end
    
    # good
    class Person
      def update
      end
    end
    
    # good
    class Person
      def update!
      end
    
      def update
      end
    end
  • Prefer map over collect, detect over find, select over find_all, reduce over inject. This is not a hard requirement; if the use of the alias enhances readability, it's ok to use it. The rhyming methods are inherited from Smalltalk and are not common in other programming languages. The reason the use of select is encouraged over find_all is that it goes together nicely with reject and its name is pretty self-explanatory.

  • Don't use count as a substitute for size. For Enumerable objects other than Array it will iterate the entire collection in order to determine its size.

    # bad
    some_hash.count
    
    # good
    some_hash.size
  • Use flat_map instead of map + flatten. This does not apply for arrays with a depth greater than 2, i.e. if users.first.songs == ['a', ['b','c']], then use map + flatten rather than flat_map. flat_map flattens the array by 1, whereas flatten flattens it all the way.

    # bad
    all_songs = users.map(&:songs).flatten.uniq
    
    # good
    all_songs = users.flat_map(&:songs).uniq
  • Use reverse_each instead of reverse.each. reverse_each doesn't do a new array allocation and that's a good thing.

    # bad
    array.reverse.each { ... }
    
    # good
    array.reverse_each { ... }

Classes & Modules

  • Use a consistent structure in your class definitions.

    class Person
      # constants that may be overridden by modules via prepend
      SOME_CONSTANT = 20
    
      # extend and include go first
      prepend SomeModule
      extend AnotherModule
      include SomeOtherModule
    
      # constants are next
      SOME_CONSTANT = 20
    
      # inner public class
      CustomErrorKlass = Class.new(StandardError)
    
      # afterwards we have attribute macros
      attr_reader :name
    
      # followed by other macros (if any)
      validates :name
    
      # public class methods are next in line
      def self.some_method
      end
    
      # followed by public instance methods
      def some_method
      end
    
      # protected and private methods are grouped near the end
      protected
    
      def some_protected_method
      end
    
      private
    
      def some_private_method
      end
    
      def private_inner_class
        Class.new(StandardError)
      end
    end
  • Don't nest multi line classes within classes. Try to have such nested classes each in their own file in a folder named like the containing class.

    # bad
    
    # foo.rb
    class Foo
      class Bar
        # 30 methods inside
      end
    
      class Car
        # 20 methods inside
      end
    
      # 30 methods inside
    end
    
    # good
    
    # foo.rb
    class Foo
      # 30 methods inside
    end
    
    # foo/bar.rb
    class Foo
      class Bar
        # 30 methods inside
      end
    end
    
    # foo/car.rb
    class Foo
      class Car
        # 20 methods inside
      end
    end
  • Prefer modules to classes with only class methods. Classes should be used only when it makes sense to create instances out of them.

    # bad
    class SomeClass
      def self.some_method
        # body omitted
      end
    
      def self.some_other_method
      end
    end
    
    # good
    module SomeClass
      module_function
    
      def some_method
        # body omitted
      end
    
      def some_other_method
      end
    end
  • Favor the use of module_function over extend self when you want to turn a module's instance methods into class methods.

    # bad
    module Utilities
      extend self
    
      def parse_something(string)
        # do stuff here
      end
    
      def other_utility_method(number, string)
        # do some more stuff
      end
    end
    
    # good
    module Utilities
      module_function
    
      def parse_something(string)
        # do stuff here
      end
    
      def other_utility_method(number, string)
        # do some more stuff
      end
    end
  • Avoid the usage of class (@@) variables due to their behavior in inheritance.

    class Parent
      @@class_var = 'parent'
    
      def self.print_class_var
        puts @@class_var
      end
    end
    
    class Child < Parent
      @@class_var = 'child'
    end
    
    Parent.print_class_var # => will print "child"

    As you can see all the classes in a class hierarchy actually share one class variable. Class instance variables should usually be preferred over class variables.

  • Assign proper visibility levels to methods (private, protected) in accordance with their intended usage. Don't go off leaving everything public (which is the default). After all we're coding in Ruby now, not in Python.

  • Indent the public, protected, and private methods as much the method definitions they apply to. Leave one blank line above the visibility modifier and one blank line below in order to emphasize that it applies to all methods below it.

    class SomeClass
      def public_method
        # ...
      end
    
      private
    
      def private_method
        # ...
      end
    
      def another_private_method
        # ...
      end
    end
  • Use protected only if you actually need sibling instances to access the protected method

  • Use def self.method to define singleton methods. This makes the code easier to refactor since the class name is not repeated.

    class TestClass
      # bad
      def TestClass.some_method
        # body omitted
      end
    
      # good
      def self.some_other_method
        # body omitted
      end
    end

Exceptions

  • Never return from an ensure block. If you explicitly return from a method inside an ensure block, the return will take precedence over any exception being raised, and the method will return as if no exception had been raised at all. In effect, the exception will be silently thrown away.

    def foo
      begin
        fail
      ensure
        return 'very bad idea'
      end
    end
  • Use implicit begin blocks where possible.

    # bad
    def foo
      begin
        # main logic goes here
      rescue
        # failure handling goes here
      end
    end
    
    # good
    def foo
      # main logic goes here
    rescue
      # failure handling goes here
    end
  • Don't suppress exceptions unless you can actually handle the problem.

    # bad
    begin
      # an exception occurs here
    rescue SomeError
      # the rescue clause does absolutely nothing
    end
    
    # bad
    do_something rescue nil
  • Avoid using rescue in its modifier form.

    # bad - this catches exceptions of StandardError class and its descendant classes
    read_file rescue handle_error($!)
    
    # good - this catches only the exceptions of Errno::ENOENT class and its descendant classes
    def foo
      read_file
    rescue Errno::ENOENT => ex
      handle_error(ex)
    end
  • Don't use exceptions for flow of control.

    # bad
    begin
      n / d
    rescue ZeroDivisionError
      puts 'Cannot divide by 0!'
    end
    
    # good
    if d.zero?
      puts 'Cannot divide by 0!'
    else
      n / d
    end
  • Avoid rescuing the Exception class. This will trap signals and calls to exit, requiring you to kill -9 the process.

    # bad
    begin
      # calls to exit and kill signals will be caught (except kill -9)
      exit
    rescue Exception
      puts "you didn't really want to exit, right?"
      # exception handling
    end
    
    # good
    begin
      # a blind rescue rescues from StandardError, not Exception as many
      # programmers assume.
    rescue => e
      # exception handling
    end
    
    # also good
    begin
      # an exception occurs here
    
    rescue StandardError => e
      # exception handling
    end

Collections

  • Prefer %w to the literal array syntax when you need an array of words (non-empty strings without spaces and special characters in them). Apply this rule only to arrays with two or more elements.

    # bad
    STATES = ['draft', 'open', 'closed']
    
    # good
    STATES = %w(draft open closed)
  • Prefer %i to the literal array syntax when you need an array of symbols (and you don't need to maintain Ruby 1.9 compatibility). Apply this rule only to arrays with two or more elements.

    # bad
    STATES = [:draft, :open, :closed]
    
    # good
    STATES = %i(draft open closed)
  • Avoid comma after the last item of an Array or Hash literal when the items are not on separate lines.

    # bad
    VALUES = [1001, 2020, 3333, ]
    
    # good
    VALUES = [1001, 2020, 3333]
  • When accessing the first or last element from an array, prefer first or last over [0] or [-1].

  • Use Set instead of Array when dealing with unique elements. Set implements a collection of unordered values with no duplicates. This is a hybrid of Array's intuitive inter-operation facilities and Hash's fast lookup.

  • Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.

    # bad
    hash = { 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }
    
    # good
    hash = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }
  • Use the Ruby 1.9 hash literal syntax when your hash keys are symbols.

    # bad
    hash = { :one => 1, :two => 2, :three => 3 }
    
    # good
    hash = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }
  • Don't mix the Ruby 1.9 hash syntax with hash rockets in the same hash literal. When you've got keys that are not symbols stick to the hash rockets syntax.

    # bad
    { a: 1, 'b' => 2 }
    
    # good
    { :a => 1, 'b' => 2 }
  • Use Hash#key? instead of Hash#has_key? and Hash#value? instead of Hash#has_value?. As noted here by Matz, the longer forms are considered deprecated.

    # bad
    hash.has_key?(:test)
    hash.has_value?(value)
    
    # good
    hash.key?(:test)
    hash.value?(value)
  • Use Hash#fetch when dealing with hash keys that should be present.

    heroes = { batman: 'Bruce Wayne', superman: 'Clark Kent' }
    # bad - if we make a mistake we might not spot it right away
    heroes[:batman] # => "Bruce Wayne"
    heroes[:supermann] # => nil
    
    # good - fetch raises a KeyError making the problem obvious
    heroes.fetch(:supermann)
  • Introduce default values for hash keys via Hash#fetch as opposed to using custom logic.

    batman = { name: 'Bruce Wayne', is_evil: false }
    
    # bad - if we just use || operator with falsy value we won't get the expected result
    batman[:is_evil] || true # => true
    
    # good - fetch work correctly with falsy values
    batman.fetch(:is_evil, true) # => false
  • Use Hash#values_at when you need to retrieve several values consecutively from a hash.

    # bad
    email = data['email']
    nickname = data['nickname']
    
    # good
    email, username = data.values_at('email', 'nickname')
  • Be aware of the fact that as of Ruby 1.9 hashes are ordered and do not re-order.

  • Prefer not to modify a collection while traversing it.

Strings

  • Prefer string interpolation and string formatting instead of string concatenation:

    # bad
    email_with_name = user.name + ' <' + user.email + '>'
    
    # good
    email_with_name = "#{user.name} <#{user.email}>"
    
    # good
    email_with_name = format('%s <%s>', user.name, user.email)
  • Adopt a consistent string literal quoting style. There are two popular styles in the Ruby community, both of which are considered good - single quotes by default (Option A) and double quotes by default (Option B).

    • Prefer single-quoted strings when you don't need string interpolation or special symbols such as \t, \n, ', etc.

      # bad
      name = "Bozhidar"
      
      # good
      name = 'Bozhidar'
  • Don't leave out {} around instance and global variables being interpolated into a string.

    class Person
      attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
    
      def initialize(first_name, last_name)
        @first_name = first_name
        @last_name = last_name
      end
    
      # bad - valid, but awkward
      def to_s
        "#@first_name #@last_name"
      end
    
      # good
      def to_s
        "#{@first_name} #{@last_name}"
      end
    end
    
    $global = 0
    # bad
    puts "$global = #$global"
    
    # good
    puts "$global = #{$global}"
  • Avoid using String#+ when you need to construct large data chunks. Instead, use String#<<. Concatenation mutates the string instance in-place and is always faster than String#+, which creates a bunch of new string objects.

    # good and also fast
    html = ''
    html << '<h1>Page title</h1>'
    
    paragraphs.each do |paragraph|
      html << "<p>#{paragraph}</p>"
    end

Regular Expressions

  • Use non-capturing groups when you don't use captured result of parentheses.

    /(first|second)/   # bad
    /(?:first|second)/ # good
  • Character classes have only a few special characters you should care about: ^, -, \, ], so don't escape . or brackets in [].

  • Be careful with ^ and $ as they match start/end of line, not string endings. If you want to match the whole string use: \A and \z (not to be confused with \Z which is the equivalent of /\n?\z/).

    string = "some injection\nusername"
    string[/^username$/]   # matches
    string[/\Ausername\z/] # doesn't match
  • For complex replacements sub/gsub can be used with block or hash.

Percent Literals

  • Prefer %r for regular expressions.

    # bad
    /(\s+)/
    
    # good
    %r|(\s+)|
  • Prefer the the use of %s. It seems that the community has decided :"some string" is the preferred way to create a symbol with spaces in it.

  • Prefer | as delimiters for all % literals.

    # bad
    %w[one two three]
    %q{"Test's king!", John said.}
    
    # good
    %w|one two three|
    %q|"Test's king!", John said.|

Metaprogramming

  • Avoid needless metaprogramming.

  • Do not use string evaluation for metaprogramming! Use methods like class_exec, define_method, etc. to dynamically create dynamically named methods, anonymous modules, etc.

Misc

  • Write ruby -w safe code.

  • Avoid methods longer than 10 LOC (lines of code). Ideally, most methods will be shorter than 5 LOC. Empty lines do not contribute to the relevant LOC.

  • Avoid parameter lists longer than three or four parameters.

  • Code in a functional way, avoiding mutation when that makes sense.

  • Do not mutate arguments unless that is the purpose of the method.

  • Avoid more than three levels of block nesting.

  • Be consistent. In an ideal world, be consistent with these guidelines.

  • Use common sense.

Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

Original by Bozhidar