From d4771ff73776dd1c6a2dcbb6a4503a8eb442b694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Sun, 19 Sep 2021 22:02:10 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/9] Initial --- utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+) create mode 100644 utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py diff --git a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e68c763 --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +#script to analyze inter-annotator agreement +import pandas as pd +from functools import reduce + + +data_file = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540.csv" + +#read in the data +data = pd.read_csv(data_file) + +column_names = list(data.columns) + +#filter to just be feature=='entity' +data_entity = data[data['feature']=="entity"] + +#filter to remove 'answers' from the annotations +data_entity = data_entity[data_entity['annotator']!="answers"] + +#for each token (word) of every sentence, what are the range of 'types' for the feature 'entity' and for a given token which type has the max agreement % and what is that %? +#and count how many unique 'type' fields represented in each and save the output +grouped = data_entity.groupby(by=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"], as_index=False) + +#https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/groupby.html#groupby-aggregate-named + +# columns with counts for each entity type possible +# column for total number of annotators for that sentence +# column for number of unique different types +# column for entity type with the most number of counts +# % agreement for the most popular annotation +result = grouped.agg( + none_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'None'].count()), + base_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'base'].count()), + type_of_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'type_of'].count()), + aspect_changing_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'aspect_changing'].count()), + change_direction_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'change_direction'].count()), + to_whom_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'to_whom'].count()), + where_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'where'].count()), + when_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'when'].count()), + effect_size_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'effect_size'].count()), + confidence_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'confidence'].count()), + predicate_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'predicate'].count()), + annotators_total=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc="count"), + unique_annotations=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc="nunique"), + max_agreement=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:x.value_counts()[0]/x.count()*100), + most_popular=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x)), + popularity_tie=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x).count()>1) + ) + + +result["max_agreement"] = result.max_agreement.round(2) + + +def get_max_percent(df): + cols_of_interest = [ + "none_count", + "base_count", + "type_of_count", + "aspect_changing_count", + "change_direction_count", + "to_whom_count", + "where_count", + "when_count", + "effect_size_count", + "confidence_count", + "predicate_count" + ] + max_metric = df[cols_of_interest].max() + percent = max_metric/df[cols_of_interest].sum() + + return percent + +def create_list(series): + return reduce(lambda x, y: (x + y, series)) + + +# columns for annotator names that are in the agreement and not in the agreement +joined_data = data_entity.merge(result, on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) + +agreement_annotators = joined_data.loc[joined_data.apply(lambda x: x["type"] in x["most_popular"], axis=1),["annotator", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]] + +disagreement_annotators = joined_data.loc[joined_data.apply(lambda x: x["type"] not in x["most_popular"], axis=1),["annotator", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]] + +grouped_agreement_annotators = agreement_annotators.groupby(by=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"])["annotator"].apply(", ".join).reset_index() + +grouped_disagreement_annotators = disagreement_annotators.groupby(by=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"])["annotator"].apply(", ".join).reset_index() + +grouped_agreement_annotators["agreement_annotators"] = grouped_agreement_annotators["annotator"] +grouped_disagreement_annotators["disagreement_annotators"] = grouped_disagreement_annotators["annotator"] + +result_final = result.merge(grouped_agreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number","agreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) +result_final = result_final.merge(grouped_disagreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number","disagreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) + + +#save the result as output file +output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement.csv" +result_final.to_csv(output_path) + + +#https://pbpython.com/groupby-agg.html +#https://medium.com/escaletechblog/writing-custom-aggregation-functions-with-pandas-96f5268a8596 +#https://towardsdatascience.com/creating-custom-aggregations-to-use-with-pandas-groupby-e3f5ef8cb43e +#https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.aggregate.html +#https://jakevdp.github.io/PythonDataScienceHandbook/03.08-aggregation-and-grouping.html +#https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45752601/how-to-do-a-conditional-count-after-groupby-on-a-pandas-dataframe +#grouped['type'].aggregate({'none_count': none_count}, {'base_count': base_count}) +#grouped.aggregate(none_count) +#https://deanla.com/pandas_named_agg.html + + + + + From 1e1ea08c181f2b0aa396ab288593cc69739d0618 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Sun, 19 Sep 2021 22:14:12 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 2/9] Update --- utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py | 28 +++------------------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py index e68c763..252dbb8 100644 --- a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py +++ b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ #for each token (word) of every sentence, what are the range of 'types' for the feature 'entity' and for a given token which type has the max agreement % and what is that %? #and count how many unique 'type' fields represented in each and save the output -grouped = data_entity.groupby(by=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"], as_index=False) +grouped = data_entity.groupby(by=["sentence", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"], as_index=False) #https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/groupby.html#groupby-aggregate-named @@ -50,29 +50,6 @@ result["max_agreement"] = result.max_agreement.round(2) -def get_max_percent(df): - cols_of_interest = [ - "none_count", - "base_count", - "type_of_count", - "aspect_changing_count", - "change_direction_count", - "to_whom_count", - "where_count", - "when_count", - "effect_size_count", - "confidence_count", - "predicate_count" - ] - max_metric = df[cols_of_interest].max() - percent = max_metric/df[cols_of_interest].sum() - - return percent - -def create_list(series): - return reduce(lambda x, y: (x + y, series)) - - # columns for annotator names that are in the agreement and not in the agreement joined_data = data_entity.merge(result, on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) @@ -88,7 +65,8 @@ def create_list(series): grouped_disagreement_annotators["disagreement_annotators"] = grouped_disagreement_annotators["annotator"] result_final = result.merge(grouped_agreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number","agreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) -result_final = result_final.merge(grouped_disagreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number","disagreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) +result_final = result_final.merge(grouped_disagreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number", "disagreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) + #save the result as output file From 46abb417873cd3ef05725447e90d43a3b77b7d43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Sat, 25 Sep 2021 20:10:38 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 3/9] Improvements --- utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py | 44 +++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py index 252dbb8..360afb3 100644 --- a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py +++ b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from functools import reduce -data_file = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540.csv" +data_file = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-25-2021_160514 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-25-2021_160514.csv" #read in the data data = pd.read_csv(data_file) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ data_entity = data[data['feature']=="entity"] #filter to remove 'answers' from the annotations -data_entity = data_entity[data_entity['annotator']!="answers"] +#data_entity = data_entity[data_entity['annotator']!="answers"] #for each token (word) of every sentence, what are the range of 'types' for the feature 'entity' and for a given token which type has the max agreement % and what is that %? #and count how many unique 'type' fields represented in each and save the output @@ -22,6 +22,34 @@ #https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/groupby.html#groupby-aggregate-named +#function to get 2nd most popular item +def get_most_popular_2nd(annotations): + most_popular_annotations = annotations.value_counts().index + if len(most_popular_annotations) > 1: + result = most_popular_annotations[1] + else: + result = "--" + return result + +#function to get 3rd most popular item +def get_most_popular_3rd(annotations): + most_popular_annotations = annotations.value_counts().index + if len(most_popular_annotations) > 2: + result = most_popular_annotations[2] + else: + result = "--" + return result + +#function to get 4th most popular item +def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): + most_popular_annotations = annotations.value_counts().index + if len(most_popular_annotations) > 3: + result = most_popular_annotations[3] + else: + result = "--" + return result + + # columns with counts for each entity type possible # column for total number of annotators for that sentence # column for number of unique different types @@ -42,20 +70,23 @@ annotators_total=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc="count"), unique_annotations=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc="nunique"), max_agreement=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:x.value_counts()[0]/x.count()*100), - most_popular=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x)), + #most_popular=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x)), + most_popular_1st=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:x.value_counts().index[0]), + most_popular_2nd=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:get_most_popular_2nd(x)), + most_popular_3rd=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:get_most_popular_3rd(x)), + most_popular_4th=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:get_most_popular_4th(x)), popularity_tie=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x).count()>1) ) - result["max_agreement"] = result.max_agreement.round(2) # columns for annotator names that are in the agreement and not in the agreement joined_data = data_entity.merge(result, on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) -agreement_annotators = joined_data.loc[joined_data.apply(lambda x: x["type"] in x["most_popular"], axis=1),["annotator", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]] +agreement_annotators = joined_data.loc[joined_data.apply(lambda x: x["type"] in x["most_popular_1st"], axis=1),["annotator", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]] -disagreement_annotators = joined_data.loc[joined_data.apply(lambda x: x["type"] not in x["most_popular"], axis=1),["annotator", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]] +disagreement_annotators = joined_data.loc[joined_data.apply(lambda x: x["type"] not in x["most_popular_1st"], axis=1),["annotator", "document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]] grouped_agreement_annotators = agreement_annotators.groupby(by=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"])["annotator"].apply(", ".join).reset_index() @@ -71,6 +102,7 @@ #save the result as output file output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement.csv" +#output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement_without_answers.csv" result_final.to_csv(output_path) From e6d6a6a67b355a900f1afedb9af4f1025f595ed6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Sun, 10 Oct 2021 19:38:45 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 4/9] Show unanimous agreement rows --- utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py | 11 +++++++---- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py index 360afb3..f711a63 100644 --- a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py +++ b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ data_entity = data[data['feature']=="entity"] #filter to remove 'answers' from the annotations -#data_entity = data_entity[data_entity['annotator']!="answers"] +data_entity = data_entity[data_entity['annotator']!="answers"] #for each token (word) of every sentence, what are the range of 'types' for the feature 'entity' and for a given token which type has the max agreement % and what is that %? #and count how many unique 'type' fields represented in each and save the output @@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): # column for number of unique different types # column for entity type with the most number of counts # % agreement for the most popular annotation + result = grouped.agg( none_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'None'].count()), base_count=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: x[x== 'base'].count()), @@ -70,8 +71,8 @@ def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): annotators_total=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc="count"), unique_annotations=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc="nunique"), max_agreement=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:x.value_counts()[0]/x.count()*100), - #most_popular=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x)), - most_popular_1st=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:x.value_counts().index[0]), + most_popular_1st=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x: pd.Series.mode(x)), + #most_popular_1st=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:x.value_counts().index[0]), most_popular_2nd=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:get_most_popular_2nd(x)), most_popular_3rd=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:get_most_popular_3rd(x)), most_popular_4th=pd.NamedAgg(column="type", aggfunc=lambda x:get_most_popular_4th(x)), @@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): grouped_disagreement_annotators["disagreement_annotators"] = grouped_disagreement_annotators["annotator"] result_final = result.merge(grouped_agreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number","agreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) -result_final = result_final.merge(grouped_disagreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number", "disagreement_annotators"]], on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) +result_final = result_final.merge(grouped_disagreement_annotators[["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number", "disagreement_annotators"]],how='left', on=["document id", "sentence id", "word", "token number"]) @@ -105,6 +106,8 @@ def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): #output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement_without_answers.csv" result_final.to_csv(output_path) +#this script appears to censor annotations with 100% agreement for some reason... why?! + #https://pbpython.com/groupby-agg.html #https://medium.com/escaletechblog/writing-custom-aggregation-functions-with-pandas-96f5268a8596 From 4ef44a75cea6ea1dfc84e095d052c39e8d60829f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Sun, 10 Oct 2021 19:41:19 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 5/9] Removed untrue comment --- utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py index f711a63..0e30642 100644 --- a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py +++ b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py @@ -106,8 +106,6 @@ def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): #output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement_without_answers.csv" result_final.to_csv(output_path) -#this script appears to censor annotations with 100% agreement for some reason... why?! - #https://pbpython.com/groupby-agg.html #https://medium.com/escaletechblog/writing-custom-aggregation-functions-with-pandas-96f5268a8596 From f6600842b65678e089af20da68e556e23a80aae9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Sun, 7 Nov 2021 09:31:02 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 6/9] File path changes --- utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py index 0e30642..3064d70 100644 --- a/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py +++ b/utils/interannotator_agreement_analysis.py @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from functools import reduce -data_file = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-25-2021_160514 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-25-2021_160514.csv" - +#data_file = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-25-2021_160514 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-25-2021_160514.csv" +data_file = "/Users/kameronr/Downloads/main_3_per_cluster_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_10-31-2021_124815.csv" #read in the data data = pd.read_csv(data_file) @@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ def get_most_popular_4th(annotations): #save the result as output file -output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement.csv" +#output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement.csv" +output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Downloads/main_3_per_cluster_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_10-31-2021_124815 agreement.csv" #output_path = "/Users/kameronr/Documents/personal/climate change outreach/new uploads/NLP data/checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 - checkin_three_all_labels_interannotator_agreement_data_setup_09-18-2021_132540 entity interannotator agreement_without_answers.csv" result_final.to_csv(output_path) From 7054c9e523146a6b4f71a6e93e7a86b374b52523 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 18:22:24 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 7/9] Update --- utils/analyze_jsonl.py | 25 +++++------ utils/semantic_clustering.py | 83 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) create mode 100644 utils/semantic_clustering.py diff --git a/utils/analyze_jsonl.py b/utils/analyze_jsonl.py index 4805f40..d6a3533 100644 --- a/utils/analyze_jsonl.py +++ b/utils/analyze_jsonl.py @@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import csv #file_path = "entity_checkin_one_download.49863984-3905-4e3d-a059-4b2ef0004267.jsonl" -file_name = "entity_checkin_one_download.850cb48f-8027-4380-a497-fc0f31e64f48" +#file_name = "entity_checkin_one_download.850cb48f-8027-4380-a497-fc0f31e64f48" +file_name = "database_download/main_3_per_cluster_download.66081fcf-3ef5-48ea-97e0-49298d29b477" file_path = file_name + ".jsonl" data = srsly.read_jsonl(file_path) @@ -83,28 +84,28 @@ else: throw("NO 'text' field encountered! This field is necessary for the rest of the script to work! Please fix this and then run this script.") - if "original_text" in entry: - original_text = entry["orig_text"] + if "original_md_text" in entry: + original_text = entry["original_md_text"] else: original_text = "None because no text modifications made. See 'text' field for the original text." - if "source" in entry: - source = entry["source"] + if "url" in entry: + source = entry["url"] else: - source = "source missing!" + source = "url missing!" - if "document_id" in entry: - document_id = entry["document_id"] + if "document_index" in entry: + document_id = entry["document_index"] else: - document_id = "document id missing!" + document_id = "document index missing!" - if "sentence_id" in entry: - sentence_id = entry["sentence_id"] + if "md_sentence_index" in entry: + sentence_id = entry["md_sentence_index"] else: - sentence_id = "sentence id missing!" + sentence_id = "md_sentence_index missing!" if "_session_id" in entry: username = entry["_session_id"] diff --git a/utils/semantic_clustering.py b/utils/semantic_clustering.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7670fca --- /dev/null +++ b/utils/semantic_clustering.py @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +#semantic clustering either with word2vec, sense2vec, or methods leveraging wordnet + +import spacy +import word2vec + +#https://ashutoshtripathi.com/2020/09/04/word2vec-and-semantic-similarity-using-spacy-nlp-spacy-series-part-7/ + +#https://spacy.io/models/en#en_vectors_web_lg +#https://spacy.io/models/en#en_core_web_lg +#https://spacy.io/models/en#en_core_web_md + +#python -m spacy download en_core_web_md +#python -m spacy download en_core_web_lg +#python -m spacy download en_vectors_web_lg  +import pandas as pd +import numpy as np + +bases = pd.read_csv("reduced_concept_bases.csv") + +bases_array = bases.concept_base.to_numpy() + +nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md') + + +vector_exists_check = [] +#has.vector check +for base in bases_array: + vector_exists_check.append(nlp(base).vector.sum()!=0) + +vector_check = np.asarray(vector_exists_check) + +base_indexes_to_remove = np.where(vector_check == False) +unclusterable_bases = bases_array[base_indexes_to_remove] + +bases_clusterable = np.delete(bases_array, base_indexes_to_remove) + +#identifying similar vectors + +#get the vectors for each word + +#nlp.vocab[bases_array[0]].vector +nlp(bases_array[0]).vector + +vectors = [] + +for base in bases_array: + vectors.append(nlp(base).vector) + +bases_vectors = np.asarray(vectors) + +vectors_clusterable = np.delete(bases_vectors, base_indexes_to_remove, axis=0) + + +#visualize using agglomerative heirarchical clustering +from matplotlib import pyplot as plt +from scipy.cluster.hierarchy import dendrogram +import scipy.cluster.hierarchy as shc +from sklearn.datasets import load_iris +from sklearn.cluster import AgglomerativeClustering + +#cluster = AgglomerativeClustering(n_clusters=2, affinity='euclidean', linkage='ward') +#cluster.fit_predict(X) +#print(cluster.labels_) + +#https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.AgglomerativeClustering.html + +#https://stackabuse.com/hierarchical-clustering-with-python-and-scikit-learn/ + +plt.figure(figsize=(30, 10)) +plt.title("Dendrogram of Bases from Climate Concepts") +#dend = shc.dendrogram(shc.linkage(bases_vectors, method='ward')) +dend = shc.dendrogram(shc.linkage(vectors_clusterable, method='average', metric='cosine'), labels=bases_clusterable) +#plt.show() + +plt.savefig('base_similarity_clustering.pdf') +#plt.savefig('base_similarity_clustering2.pdf', dpi=300) + + + + + + + From 764b404960e1d5878c6a71337fb7232d331c2ed2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 18:31:33 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 8/9] Update --- ...a80a0f12-c8ad-4c58-a458-27170af442da.jsonl | 600 --- ...c1e8d0c0-95d1-4ca1-9774-f712740939a3.jsonl | 4371 ----------------- 2 files changed, 4971 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 utils/database_download/cm-label-eval_download.a80a0f12-c8ad-4c58-a458-27170af442da.jsonl delete mode 100644 utils/database_download/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.c1e8d0c0-95d1-4ca1-9774-f712740939a3.jsonl diff --git a/utils/database_download/cm-label-eval_download.a80a0f12-c8ad-4c58-a458-27170af442da.jsonl b/utils/database_download/cm-label-eval_download.a80a0f12-c8ad-4c58-a458-27170af442da.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index 7da821e..0000000 --- a/utils/database_download/cm-label-eval_download.a80a0f12-c8ad-4c58-a458-27170af442da.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,600 +0,0 @@ -{"text":"\u201cIt is not caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.","_input_hash":-1542899504,"_task_hash":-163907089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This virus causes fevers and severe joint pain.","_input_hash":-1307134108,"_task_hash":-1820103654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBecause there could be an effect that would enhance climate change and enhance the rising temperatures.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-139619755,"_task_hash":-1561001295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"C3S admitted it is difficult to directly link the heatwave to climate change but noted that such extreme weather events are expected to become more common due to global warming.\n","_input_hash":-1696941663,"_task_hash":-1402992685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, human activities have caused an estimated 1.0 degree Celsius increase in global warming above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":-330063892,"_task_hash":1840791671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hospitals are stretched far beyond capacity, as pneumonia cases, particularly among the youngest, spike every winter.","_input_hash":-943453111,"_task_hash":1183406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He was concerned about my continued night sweats and air hunger.\n","_input_hash":1550095170,"_task_hash":2048033227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Syria's historically severe drought stretching from 2006 to 2010 acted as one of multiple contributing factors that led to migration, civil unrest, and ultimately armed conflict.","_input_hash":106582714,"_task_hash":1588569340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It cost an estimated $16.5 billion in damage, according to insurance company Munich Re, making it even more destructive than the year\u2019s worst hurricanes.\n","_input_hash":44835315,"_task_hash":-1234782131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"LGBT health disparities may be compounded by environmental exposures.\n","_input_hash":-593267566,"_task_hash":-1247250340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In many regions, floods and water quality problems are likely to be worse because of climate change.\n","_input_hash":882505743,"_task_hash":-1788739633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).\n","_input_hash":-1684109015,"_task_hash":381252635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many may have summers with heat waves and triple-digit days \u2014 summers that resemble Phoenix today.\n","_input_hash":-2084850075,"_task_hash":1245157017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat also warped tracks on BART Monday afternoon, and crews worked to cool down equipment as delays reverberated throughout the system, according to the transit agency.\n","_input_hash":1102211621,"_task_hash":1201562462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is not caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.","_input_hash":-1542899504,"_task_hash":-163907089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s when the sense of satisfaction from a good deed \u2014 say, installing that energy-efficient light bulb \u2014 diminishes or eliminates the sense of urgency around the greater problem.\n","_input_hash":1658145468,"_task_hash":1331391578,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Others caution that it is premature to see this as a major shift away from forecasts.","_input_hash":1946704356,"_task_hash":-777322100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2012 report from the Office of the U.S. Director of National Intelligence warned that when water problems combine with \u201cpoverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership, and weak political institutions,\u201d social disruptions and the threat of a failed state may emerge.","_input_hash":-2130459839,"_task_hash":1686134637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s clear that climate change is having an immediate, serious impact on the world.\n","_input_hash":1240254905,"_task_hash":-475870473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The long-term effects have only recently come into focus, with estimates that chronic smoke exposure causes about 20,000 premature deaths per year, said Jeff Pierce, an associate professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University.\n","_input_hash":-434275988,"_task_hash":1348255561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The state of coral reefs is a telling sign of the health of the seas.","_input_hash":-780502033,"_task_hash":493831437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As an example of the impacts natural disasters can have, among a sample of people living in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, suicide and suicidal ideation more than doubled, 1 in 6 people met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 49 percent developed an anxiety or mood disorder such as depression, said the report.\n","_input_hash":683505299,"_task_hash":2129001167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Processes of social marginalization have led to the establishment of gay enclaves that are both empowering, but also in response to stigmatization and marginalization.","_input_hash":1904756760,"_task_hash":-550856443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The ongoing effects of climate change in the Arctic illustrate how climate change can produce profound disruptions at both the local and international levels.","_input_hash":1928709980,"_task_hash":854668014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But attitudes shifted as growing awareness of climate change ushered in research examining the potential consequences of wildfires.\n","_input_hash":-381574240,"_task_hash":-574331981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers then studied the simulations to see how often heatwaves on the same scale to that seen in 2018 occur under the various climate conditions.\n","_input_hash":935340281,"_task_hash":1321312344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They add that this phenomenon appears to be driven by men's \"discomfort engaging with a woman who is not clearly heterosexual.\"\n","_input_hash":1828318695,"_task_hash":294429088,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found climate pressures can adversely impact resource availability and affect population dynamics, which can impact socioeconomic and political stability.\n","_input_hash":-2092292014,"_task_hash":-1135561840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results reveal that last summer\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave was \u201cextraordinary\u201d, says study lead author Dr Martha Vogel, a climate extremes researcher from ETH Zurich.","_input_hash":-1039553380,"_task_hash":-2066409887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And Francis says that persistent, wavy jet stream pattern is linked to much of this spring\u2019s unusual weather, from late spring snow in the Sierra Nevada to a heat wave in the southeast.\n","_input_hash":-1610742138,"_task_hash":-546564989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The overwhelmingly negative effects of climate change on health are a strong argument for urgent action to reduce our climate pollution.\n","_input_hash":-1581761191,"_task_hash":-195942740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of the most intense of these storms is projected to increase in the Atlantic and western North Pacific and in the eastern North Pacific.\n","_input_hash":-1902243476,"_task_hash":-1881170362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"C3S admitted it is difficult to directly link the heatwave to climate change but noted that such extreme weather events are expected to become more common due to global warming.\n","_input_hash":-1696941663,"_task_hash":-1402992685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, human activities have caused an estimated 1.0 degree Celsius increase in global warming above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":-330063892,"_task_hash":1840791671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hospitals are stretched far beyond capacity, as pneumonia cases, particularly among the youngest, spike every winter.","_input_hash":-943453111,"_task_hash":1183406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"He was concerned about my continued night sweats and air hunger.\n","_input_hash":1550095170,"_task_hash":2048033227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Syria's historically severe drought stretching from 2006 to 2010 acted as one of multiple contributing factors that led to migration, civil unrest, and ultimately armed conflict.","_input_hash":106582714,"_task_hash":1588569340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It cost an estimated $16.5 billion in damage, according to insurance company Munich Re, making it even more destructive than the year\u2019s worst hurricanes.\n","_input_hash":44835315,"_task_hash":-1234782131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"LGBT health disparities may be compounded by environmental exposures.\n","_input_hash":-593267566,"_task_hash":-1247250340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In many regions, floods and water quality problems are likely to be worse because of climate change.\n","_input_hash":882505743,"_task_hash":-1788739633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rostin Behnam, who sits on the federal government\u2019s five-member Commodity Futures Trading Commission, a powerful agency overseeing major financial markets including grain futures, oil trading and complex derivatives, said in an interview on Monday that the financial risks from climate change were comparable to those posed by the mortgage meltdown that triggered the 2008 financial crisis.\n","_input_hash":-1293935097,"_task_hash":-2146112453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Crop shortages will likely result in higher prices for consumers and since corn and soy are basically in every part of the American diet, that could be a real problem.\n","_input_hash":1898380649,"_task_hash":233486552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grief and depression that can result from the destruction of places and landscapes people love led Australian environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to create a new word: \u201csolastalgia\u201d.\n","_input_hash":485126541,"_task_hash":-393762451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Ecuador, floods in 1998 damaged farmland; by 2000, disease was affecting the country\u2019s aquaculture shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-734325344,"_task_hash":1018005895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We know that the warmer air gets, the more moisture it can hold \u2013 and then turn into flooding rains in a storm like this.","_input_hash":-9528235,"_task_hash":62522471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add to that all the fuel burned to mine and crush the aggregate, and you\u2019ve got a climate disaster.","_input_hash":-1391984657,"_task_hash":1815264474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Regenerative farming, rotational and mob grazing, reducing tillage, agroforestry, and soil improvements are all means to help mitigate the effects of extreme weather, and the resulting food shocks.","_input_hash":-275388102,"_task_hash":-507532294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And in June, 30% of the counties in Missouri were designated federal disaster areas due to flooding.\n","_input_hash":1255902189,"_task_hash":689446733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018 the total burn areareached 676,312 hectares (up from 505,294 in 2017), and 85 people lost their lives in unspeakable suffering during the Camp Fire alone.","_input_hash":761723998,"_task_hash":-1390232655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At best, there are hints as to what might happen with tornadoes in a warmer future.","_input_hash":1240899490,"_task_hash":-1645303705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Complications like pollen-induced asthma attacks have also proven fatal in some instances and lead to more than 20,000 emergency room visits each year in the US.\n","_input_hash":-1278171579,"_task_hash":217108480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the fundamental determinants of human health including \u201cwater, air, food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructure\u201d [2] (p. 393).","_input_hash":844802610,"_task_hash":822521359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a recent study of children aged 0\u201317 years, there was a higher incidence of type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, in regions of Israel that were attacked in the Second Lebanon War compared to other regions and to pre-war incidence, after taking account of family history of disease, age, sex, and season of diagnosis [66].\n","_input_hash":-1839769221,"_task_hash":-768680317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Brutal droughts, floods and wildfires were expected to make the environment a pivotal issue in Australia's election last Saturday (May 18).","_input_hash":1502476597,"_task_hash":1634342091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt was very hard to imagine that the ice sat around happily for millennia and then decided to retreat naturally just as humans started perturbing the system, but the evidence for forcing by natural variability was strong,\u201d writes Richard Alley, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University, in an email.\n","_input_hash":1265564028,"_task_hash":-251931656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And they had to forgo planting them because of the drought.","_input_hash":1777360592,"_task_hash":3168444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Arctic spring thaw has begun with a bang, with extensive melting of the Greenland ice sheet and sea ice loss that is already several weeks ahead of normal, scientists said.\n","_input_hash":-1359739473,"_task_hash":431650664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If global temperatures reach this threshold, an estimated 350 million people worldwide would be exposed to extreme heat stress sufficient to greatly reduce their labor productivity during the hottest months of the year, according to EASAC.\n","_input_hash":1682882643,"_task_hash":-392557310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage to homes, businesses, and farms is likely to rise into the hundreds of millions of dollars.\n","_input_hash":1394550344,"_task_hash":1608081228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: While wealthier farmers can install irrigation systems, Don Alfredo says he doesn't have the cash.","_input_hash":1969829264,"_task_hash":1545266800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, the rate of rotation varies by up to a millisecond per day.","_input_hash":1863220239,"_task_hash":766818894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If Florida, for instance, is going to see a lot of dengue, they're going to need to be better prepared, and if the southern US is going to suffer more dengue, that would be bad,\" Cohen said.","_input_hash":1013900646,"_task_hash":-1874164235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that hotter than average temperatures increase both suicide rates and the use of depressive language on Twitter.","_input_hash":544447320,"_task_hash":-1476364849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She also noted, \u201cSince the Dakota Pipeline protests took off, we\u2019ve seen a resurgence of references to \u2018eco-terrorism,\u2019\u201d which stokes fear, retaliation and legal repression.\n","_input_hash":-1125247484,"_task_hash":619352410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other trees, withering from the heat, have stopped bearing edible fruit.\n","_input_hash":1914312595,"_task_hash":1319384699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without this product, these people would have no other work.","_input_hash":-481844835,"_task_hash":-1145885149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A well-designed longitudinal study by John Aucott at Johns Hopkins showed the presence of persistent brain fog, joint pain, and related issues in approximately 10 percent of even an ideally treated population\u2014patients who got the Lyme rash and took the recommended antibiotics.","_input_hash":52827020,"_task_hash":-1102863156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2001, Don Alfredo hired a coyote to smuggle him into Arizona, surviving for over a week in the desert with no food, before being caught and deported.","_input_hash":-37981410,"_task_hash":-1780801814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, while not the focus of our study, these findings contribute to the mounting evidence regarding environmental injustices in Greater Houston based on race-, ethnicity- and class-based oppression.\n","_input_hash":1906371579,"_task_hash":-1537685327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The much warmer climates in Southeast Asia and West Africa will not be as suitable for the albopictus species.","_input_hash":928772068,"_task_hash":60991973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The spokeswoman, Megan King, added that it was not fair to compare emissions from ships and jets because a jet is just a transportation vehicle while a cruise ship is a floating resort and amusement park.\n","_input_hash":-192053116,"_task_hash":753463653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One bad snow year can wreak havoc on water systems across the western U.S.","_input_hash":-1248545150,"_task_hash":-57725892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI can\u2019t bring him outside to get any air, because it\u2019s so polluted,\u201d says his mother, Selengesaikhan Oyundelger.","_input_hash":-958131695,"_task_hash":-148717075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, is affecting our health, our economy and our ecosystems.","_input_hash":802037428,"_task_hash":1135877859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although this student argues that the post does not provide strong evidence, she still accepts the photo as evidence and simply wants more evidence about other damage caused by the radiation.\n","_input_hash":452344256,"_task_hash":771389995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.\n","_input_hash":-1295627124,"_task_hash":950376534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our finding that global warming has exacerbated economic inequality suggests that there is an added economic benefit of energy sources that don\u2019t contribute to further warming.\u201d\n","_input_hash":1014605076,"_task_hash":-664540742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Tackling the social determinants of health is critical to address health inequities, which arise because people with the least social and economic power tend to have the worst health, live in unhealthier environments and have worse access to healthcare.\n","_input_hash":1014314157,"_task_hash":-1358557816,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Switzerland, climate researcher Martha Vogel found relief by swimming in Lake Zurich.","_input_hash":-1251972716,"_task_hash":43957063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.","_input_hash":-814364654,"_task_hash":-670083556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, the effects felt by individual species will inevitably ripple through the ecosystems they occupy, leaving other organisms who may not feel the direct repercussions of climate change reeling by proxy.\n","_input_hash":-2063798323,"_task_hash":-435758802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the same amount of warming that climate activists are hoping to prevent on a global scale.\n","_input_hash":-58885212,"_task_hash":-1084624372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that climate change itself causes conflict, but it puts pressure on natural resources, on the security of land, water, health and food which are critical to human survival.\n","_input_hash":-1592731403,"_task_hash":1874451639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the end of the 21st century, the frequency of floods of this magnitude across the state is expected to increase by 300 to 400 percent.\n","_input_hash":-1998843315,"_task_hash":1222184788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Certain disadvantaged communities, such as indigenous communities, children and communities dependent on the natural environment can experience disproportionate mental health impacts.\n","_input_hash":-1233493013,"_task_hash":198993002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The consequences of such widespread devastation would extend far beyond the loss of valuable woodland habitat, according to Fei.","_input_hash":-1198961106,"_task_hash":-2082355659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasingly, they found, studies connect fracking operations to air pollution, contaminated or depleted drinking water, and earthquakes.","_input_hash":1604992256,"_task_hash":-137554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The best historical analogy is not the New Deal but World War II, when mobilization of the nation\u2019s vast productive capacity not only defeated Germany and Japan but also generated unprecedented domestic economic growth, hugely expanding the middle class.","_input_hash":874085521,"_task_hash":1106121761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe rise in days with extreme heat will change life as we know it nationwide,\u201d Licker said in a press release.\n","_input_hash":1104095224,"_task_hash":1398330760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of them make poisons that cause breathing problems.","_input_hash":874395799,"_task_hash":1586029459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change and its impacts will influence physiological and psychological stress on many young human bodies and minds.","_input_hash":-2040239729,"_task_hash":-1754153732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused by tornadoes and severe storms is already increasing, according to Munich Re, one of the world's top reinsurance companies.","_input_hash":154251829,"_task_hash":-1268739218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There\u2019s going to be more coal burned here.\u201d","_input_hash":-1670893463,"_task_hash":-2136469546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Particulate matter and other pollution have dramatically decreased over the past 40 years, in large part because of regulations put in place under the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its later updates, experts say.\n","_input_hash":178823633,"_task_hash":-1871537879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He said: the impact of climate change on small islands was no less threatening than the dangers guns and bombs posed to large nations.\n","_input_hash":-83557087,"_task_hash":-48848659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Turbulence is a threat to safety and economic security, but it\u2019s only part of the harm caused by climate change.","_input_hash":-839872058,"_task_hash":1793883066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"While fewer studies have investigated the potential harms of outdoor air pollution on the brains of older adults, the evidence is growing stronger that air pollution experienced by many older adults is one cause of neurodegenerative problems.\n","_input_hash":1388312873,"_task_hash":-52329514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there are many such indirect pathways to increased violence, we outline four that clearly link rapid climate change to the development of violence-prone adults: food insecurity, economic deprivation, susceptibility to terrorism, and preferential ingroup treatment.\n","_input_hash":-1877517610,"_task_hash":278469086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps this is an act of desperation in an era of political division, but it could prove suicidal.\n","_input_hash":1360418187,"_task_hash":1164096452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can trigger feelings of anger, grief, resentment, fear, frustration and being overwhelmed.","_input_hash":-1865105275,"_task_hash":945678815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While terrorism represents a particularly extreme and indirect outcome of climate change, researchers also believe that climate change will lead to more moderate forms of \u201cdefensive\u201d hostility toward others, particularly if they belong to different racial, ethnic, or religious groups.","_input_hash":-1168911360,"_task_hash":845817928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a deadly, man-made problem, responsible for the early deaths of some seven million people every year, around 600,000 of whom are children.","_input_hash":-269122006,"_task_hash":310515403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Instead, they are pushed around the ocean by wind streams, which are caused by high and low pressure systems in the atmosphere.\n","_input_hash":1112565777,"_task_hash":1772520182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused in these hotspots is also harmful for humanity, which relies on the oceans for oxygen, food, storm protection and the removal of climate-warming carbon dioxide the atmosphere, they say.\n","_input_hash":-2091552309,"_task_hash":296089757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With pressures increasing as warming progresses toward 4\u00b0C, and combining with non climate\u2013related social, economic, and population stresses, the risk of crossing critical social system thresholds will grow.","_input_hash":1730881803,"_task_hash":1485346042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018, my father died of complications from pneumonia, after recovering from the cancer.","_input_hash":-94846467,"_task_hash":-1192245849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Due in part to habitat loss, freshwater plant and animal species are now declining much faster than those on land.\n","_input_hash":1399521864,"_task_hash":1973870176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When government authorities are unable or unwilling to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and droughts, these extreme weather events are more likely to be followed by surges in crime, including homicide, robbery and sexual violence.\n","_input_hash":823271259,"_task_hash":365829533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There seems to be indications of some changes in the climate, and I don't know what causes it.","_input_hash":-1991279388,"_task_hash":1732356832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat stress and persistent dehydration can cause kidney damage.\n","_input_hash":-3031339,"_task_hash":-1929170814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If people do nothing about climate change, for example, Colombia in South America could have roughly 20 times more deaths from heat waves.","_input_hash":-563878286,"_task_hash":-808440441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the most prolonged, widespread flood fight in U.S. history.","_input_hash":-1615263107,"_task_hash":251495168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a fuller discussion of the different factors underlying aggressive behavior can be found elsewhere (e.g., Anderson & Bushman, 2002), we will briefly review some of the mechanisms thought to underlie the relationship between temperature and aggression.\n","_input_hash":1337509544,"_task_hash":-1838479441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The threat of the increasing popularity of the anti-vaccine movement is quite obvious: as more people refuse to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates will drop until an epidemic breaks out.\n","_input_hash":2146830991,"_task_hash":-840999746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Gutierrez still struggles with regular pain in his lungs and when he gets a cold or flu, he\u2019s in bed for weeks.\n","_input_hash":-92975381,"_task_hash":1420554590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMost don\u2019t remember what caused the Syria conflict to start,\u201d he told a Senate Armed Forces Committee.","_input_hash":1541166742,"_task_hash":-1630706790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can actually get a much better idea of which countries are most at risk, what are the types of risk and what would be the level of impact before it leads to a break or an implosion within the country.\u201d\n","_input_hash":284653776,"_task_hash":1118657457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to the mild El Ni\u00f1o conditions experienced this year as a possible factor.\n","_input_hash":-458831317,"_task_hash":-1205162556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After the damage to the dam\u2019s spillways, DigitalGlobe, a satellite imagery company, released images showing the extent of the damage.\n","_input_hash":860908951,"_task_hash":264147606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while the data in this study can\u2019t be extrapolated directly or definitively to other creatures, \u201cif we\u2019re seeing negative impacts with common species, then these issues will probably be even further exacerbated in rare and threatened animals.\u201d\n","_input_hash":1777607631,"_task_hash":1012675357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some marine wildlife is mobile and could in theory swim to cooler waters, but ocean heatwaves often strike large areas more rapidly than fish move, he said.\n","_input_hash":-903952176,"_task_hash":433589429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report notes that North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia are all likely to face major challenges coping with water-related issues such as water shortages, poor water quality, and floods by 2040.","_input_hash":-346375156,"_task_hash":-1927425588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution is having adverse effects on plants, and some research suggests it could even impact tree mortality.","_input_hash":-352429796,"_task_hash":-1261167743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This virus causes fevers and severe joint pain.","_input_hash":-1307134108,"_task_hash":-1820103654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average precipitation, including rain and melted snow, was 9.01 inches during meteorological winter, which spans December, January and February.","_input_hash":-649906167,"_task_hash":1373765100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites.\"\n","_input_hash":-1678282419,"_task_hash":73397902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest warming will occur over land and range from 4\u00b0C to 10\u00b0C.","_input_hash":1688972761,"_task_hash":1854078464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cRats are going to capitalize on chaos [and] climate change guarantees unpredictable events,\u201d she said.\n","_input_hash":-2111754792,"_task_hash":-1139358880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This last category refers to the psychological reaction of individuals to the stream of often dire predictions regarding the consequences of global climate change emanating from peers, teachers and the scientific and popular media.","_input_hash":115602367,"_task_hash":-1907946756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some farmers may cut their losses and turn to insurance if they\u2019re unable to plant; however, those same people would then also face challenges in qualifying for a federal government aid package designed to ease financial strain from the U.S.-China trade war because it requires that they plant crops.\n","_input_hash":-1719920553,"_task_hash":-940026363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme temperatures leading to greater morbidity and mortality is no surprise to the climate scientists who have been warning of such climate change impacts for years.","_input_hash":1567021462,"_task_hash":-1735825378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over time, the relevance of climate change denial will diminish while the need for mitigation and adaptation intensifies.\n","_input_hash":-1173920529,"_task_hash":329994527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An analysis from earlier this year by STR found that 31.3 percent of all U.S. hotels are located in low-lying coastal areas, defined as being threatened by a six-foot storm surge.","_input_hash":638736395,"_task_hash":-1117530862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global warming has already increased the odds of record hot and wet events happening in 75% of North America, said Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of climate science at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.\n","_input_hash":-2014705542,"_task_hash":-617691901,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires contributed to higher levels of PM2.5 pollution in the West, while the rise in ozone was attributed to warmer temperatures.","_input_hash":1938505472,"_task_hash":-2026083677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If collective action resulted in just one fewer devastating hurricane, just a few extra years of relative stability, it would be a goal worth pursuing.\n","_input_hash":1381690259,"_task_hash":-366625102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But when the water near a reef gets too hot, the algae begin producing toxins, and the corals expel them in self defense, turning ghostly white.","_input_hash":-1632785635,"_task_hash":253951803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I remember a mother who told me that her nine-year-old boy was experiencing post-traumatic stress after being rescued from their flooded home and did not want to sleep alone.","_input_hash":642004524,"_task_hash":-1993503265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In particular, floods and other hydrological events have quadrupled since 1980.\n","_input_hash":-1276387518,"_task_hash":435323767,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And once international scientists had eliminated the effect of temperature averages across the whole growing season, they still found that heatwaves, drought and torrential downfall accounted for 18% to 43% of losses.\n","_input_hash":422973446,"_task_hash":1608700950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cybersecurity and financial volatility ranked second and third behind climate change for largest current risks.\n","_input_hash":-1712387563,"_task_hash":147828059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, Emanuel has published research suggesting the enormous rainfall Hurricane Harvey dumped on Houston was made more possible because of climate change.\n","_input_hash":-1147931990,"_task_hash":-1406323733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It employs so many people.","_input_hash":-2065108628,"_task_hash":-641984570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rain and snowstorms will be more intense and frequent in some places and less predictable and lighter in others.\n","_input_hash":-559902411,"_task_hash":1707128915,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding \u201cis just something that happens,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-162113494,"_task_hash":1084829862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"The Juliana generation is going to feel and suffer from those impacts in a way that's really different and more extreme than what any previous generation has felt,\" Goho said.\n","_input_hash":-852644023,"_task_hash":-414470108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While North Yorkshire told BBC Look North that the heat may be a factor, with pressure peaking during hot weekends when people were \"outside, drinking in the sunshine\".\n","_input_hash":1471105295,"_task_hash":1400069325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So for us as Americans to say that our personal actions are too frivolous to matter when people died in Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, a country whose carbon footprint is barely visible next to ours, is moral bankruptcy of the highest order.\n","_input_hash":-426958580,"_task_hash":1036573513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing average global temperatures gradually creep up but one of the biggest risks are heat waves.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-1510910441,"_task_hash":2111246937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to the longer season, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air cause plants to produce more pollen, Kinney said.\n","_input_hash":-376646682,"_task_hash":912620710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is a very vulnerable area, higher in poverty\u201d than the one hit by Cyclone Idai, Red Cross spokeswoman Katie Wilkes said.\n","_input_hash":-1901824228,"_task_hash":1429504190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Trillion-dollar investment is needed to avert \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich escape the effects and the poor do not, but this investment is far smaller than the eventual cost of doing nothing.\n","_input_hash":176483764,"_task_hash":-1537843750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Powell, chair of the Federal Reserve, told legislators in February the inquiry about climate change was a \u201cfair question\u201d to ask and promised to look into it.","_input_hash":-411270542,"_task_hash":1626310874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of certain extreme weather events, said Stephen Vavrus, a weather researcher at the University of Wisconsin.","_input_hash":371075359,"_task_hash":-598380426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These sparks quickly ignited the vegetation that was dried out and made extremely flammable by the same extreme heat and low humidity, which research also shows can contribute to a fire's rapid and uncontrollable spread, said Randerson.","_input_hash":432307109,"_task_hash":1719850552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 21 children and young adults suing the federal government over climate change argue that they and their generation are already suffering the consequences of climate change, from worsening allergies and asthma to the health risks and stress that come with hurricanes, wildfires and sea level rise threatening their homes.\n","_input_hash":-817665833,"_task_hash":-2078435817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.\n","_input_hash":957285175,"_task_hash":-359313527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A record cold spell in Florida in 2010 induced genetic adaptation in the surviving Burmese pythons that made them more cold tolerant.","_input_hash":1137734836,"_task_hash":1161578463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It found that out of 49 total such sites along the coasts of the Mediterranean, 37 are already vulnerable to a 100-year storm surge event.\n","_input_hash":-894340713,"_task_hash":-1426199920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many surrounding communities will also face growing exposure to rising seas.\n","_input_hash":1253847199,"_task_hash":-1349760991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research team compared known health impacts from air pollution against future climate scenarios to derive its projections.\n","_input_hash":-1140642947,"_task_hash":-948645887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or how they\u2019ll get swamped first by sea-level rise.","_input_hash":1949428326,"_task_hash":-769915393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Storms such as Hurricanes Andrew, Irma, and Katrina exemplify how major weather events magnified by global warming can have long-lasting effects on the economy.\n","_input_hash":504305109,"_task_hash":-617805292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet they seemed to bring forth sadness or internalised grief that had been buried out of sight.","_input_hash":346266114,"_task_hash":2038108025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s normal in Mongolia,\u201d says Purevkhuu, a former television journalist.","_input_hash":-1993442643,"_task_hash":1105457563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.","_input_hash":1095111302,"_task_hash":518170552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There may also be a positive \u201cfertilizer\u201d effect on agriculture due to increased atmospheric CO2 [44].","_input_hash":-1702559670,"_task_hash":-347998738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution has improved dramatically over the past four decades because of federal rules.\n","_input_hash":1407590390,"_task_hash":-863379936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future sea level rise (SLR) poses serious threats to the viability of coastal communities, but continues to be challenging to project using deterministic modeling approaches.","_input_hash":-658287495,"_task_hash":-1225188778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of the most destructive storms to hit the US during its annual hurricane season \u2013 1 June to 30 November \u2013 have occurred in recent years at increasingly intense levels.","_input_hash":-1374225231,"_task_hash":480527785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): Simply put, there are families that won't have anything to eat because there are entire communities that depend totally and completely on coffee.","_input_hash":1665501251,"_task_hash":-1420823336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, this barrage of unsettling, overwhelming and threatening information may lead to a state of chronic low-grade anxiety, fear or hopelessness.","_input_hash":-384756378,"_task_hash":-379757074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"If we look at deaths avoided per 100,000 people,\" Lo added, \"Miami and Detroit would have the highest numbers of heat-related deaths avoided among the 15 cities that we studied.\"\n","_input_hash":-11902172,"_task_hash":-838604811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Runoff is directly affected by precipitation over land, snow cover and soil moisture.\n","_input_hash":982229223,"_task_hash":1110757417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There was 1993, when a 500-year flood swelled the river to more than 42 feet above flood level.","_input_hash":1817013174,"_task_hash":348568014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.","_input_hash":745957700,"_task_hash":-1704934654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"One recently published study found that extreme rainfall can be just as bad for crops as drought or intense heat.\n","_input_hash":-116477498,"_task_hash":-1841285296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much water inundating the system can also damage locks and other infrastructure.\n","_input_hash":-308983590,"_task_hash":-360911186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These are secondary environmental problems \u2014 such as damage to infrastructure or the release of chemicals or waste housed on site \u2014 that can manifest when temperatures and sea levels rise.","_input_hash":-1741578869,"_task_hash":-1412662149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change seems likely to become the dominant driver of ecosystem shifts, surpassing habitat destruction as the greatest threat to biodiversity.\n","_input_hash":-715703846,"_task_hash":-1783611315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The projected impacts on water availability, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health could lead to large-scale displacement of populations and have adverse consequences for human security and economic and trade systems.","_input_hash":-71608195,"_task_hash":149307406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cEach year, the data suggests with increasing certainty that fracking is causing irrevocable damage to public health, local economies, the environment, and to global sustainability,\u201d said Physicians for Social Responsibility\u2019s Kathleen Nolan, one of the study\u2019s authors, in a statement.","_input_hash":1472001742,"_task_hash":-2143290823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result of climate change, temperatures are generally warmer and therefore expand the time period for which ticks are active.\n","_input_hash":-878422261,"_task_hash":988208588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Injection of wastewater into deep boreholes (greater than one kilometer) can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage.\n","_input_hash":569100572,"_task_hash":-1531153461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between May and July of 2018, Vogel said, heat waves simultaneously afflicted one-fifth of the area studied.","_input_hash":-735742794,"_task_hash":-1152039609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Saharan dust storms rarely travel far north, Westrich added, and are unlikely to have caused the Delaware Vibrio cases.\n","_input_hash":1326327127,"_task_hash":1484123431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also know that emotional distress during pregnancy and mood disorders, which can be triggered as women face the uncertainty that climate change brings to their lives and the lives of their families, can affect not only the physical but also the neurological and cognitive development of the unborn child.\n","_input_hash":-1803851631,"_task_hash":514137154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of the evening he was on the defensive, as the Corps has been throughout the extraordinary spring deluge that has flooded rivers from Oklahoma to Louisiana, overtopping levees and forcing the federal agency into the position of choosing which communities will be inundated with water its dams can no longer hold.\n","_input_hash":-1796022276,"_task_hash":544878910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Japan, where 11 people died as a result of the summer heatwave, 10 all-time temperature highs were set.\n","_input_hash":-615153058,"_task_hash":1635110552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Roughly 5 percent of species worldwide are threatened with climate-related extinction if global average temperatures rise 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, the report concluded.","_input_hash":-1375532581,"_task_hash":-1407664732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And as extreme weather events like the Camp Fire and Hurricane Maria, which destroyed nearly 200,000 homes in Texas, become both more frequent and more intense, they threaten to worsen inequality and housing instability.\n","_input_hash":-592406875,"_task_hash":-165954158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma attacks are the most common allergy-related reason a child ends up in the emergency room, said Ari Bernstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and the co-director of Harvard\u2019s Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment.\n","_input_hash":-1616375832,"_task_hash":-2137168203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, choosing to bike or walk to work has been associated with decreased stress levels.","_input_hash":-511760001,"_task_hash":1139432951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Very wet winters, like the one that just passed, followed by dry summers have historically been particularly bad when it comes to the growth of cocci spores, said Lauer.\n","_input_hash":94125827,"_task_hash":1062054124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In India, where many cities now numbering in the many millions would become unliveably hot, there would be 32 times as many extreme heat waves, each lasting five times as long and exposing, in total, 93 times more people.","_input_hash":-700120795,"_task_hash":-118687331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, many people with the coronavirus don\u2019t experience any symptoms at all, and there is nothing precluding someone from having both allergies and the virus at the same time.","_input_hash":-353926359,"_task_hash":-2047545184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2018The planet has seen sudden warming before, it wiped out almost everything.\u2019\n","_input_hash":-1930508168,"_task_hash":-140533801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And with humans continuing to burn fossil fuels for energy, global warming is expected to compound the damage.","_input_hash":-1203415324,"_task_hash":1337256771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warm air can hold more moisture, resulting in heavier rainstorms.\n","_input_hash":-767664423,"_task_hash":-683374641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published this week in the journal Earth\u2019s Future concludes that this heat wave epidemic \u201cwould not have occurred without human-induced climate change.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-1069466419,"_task_hash":1654677546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The global insured losses from natural catastrophes was $79 billion in 2018.\n","_input_hash":-1174845279,"_task_hash":1793718441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What many scientists and experts agree on: As climate change increases extreme precipitation, cities will need to adapt.\n","_input_hash":-1828568977,"_task_hash":-1052265378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's not the same.","_input_hash":260461665,"_task_hash":2036286130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.\n","_input_hash":-279648414,"_task_hash":1558562609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, which is already causing heavier rainfall in many storms, is an important part of the mix.","_input_hash":-239243681,"_task_hash":1770358782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms. Bedenbaugh, who has lived in the house since 2004, said she had experienced minor flooding before, but this damage was by far the worst she had seen.\n","_input_hash":1346992498,"_task_hash":250834783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Male partnering is associated with greater health risks than female partnering.\n","_input_hash":-1768794764,"_task_hash":-923552074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"More explosive and rapidly spreading fires leave communities with little notice or chance to evacuate.","_input_hash":1003664296,"_task_hash":1629055679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, women in temporary housing attempted suicide 78 times more frequently than women not affected by the storms.\n","_input_hash":-541707532,"_task_hash":1314714350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that doesn\u2019t reflect the many ways in which climate change is making hurricane season anything but normal.","_input_hash":75397623,"_task_hash":-1561377681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"C3S admitted it is difficult to directly link the heatwave to climate change but noted that such extreme weather events are expected to become more common due to global warming.\n","_input_hash":-1696941663,"_task_hash":-1402992685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, human activities have caused an estimated 1.0 degree Celsius increase in global warming above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":-330063892,"_task_hash":1840791671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hospitals are stretched far beyond capacity, as pneumonia cases, particularly among the youngest, spike every winter.","_input_hash":-943453111,"_task_hash":1183406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He was concerned about my continued night sweats and air hunger.\n","_input_hash":1550095170,"_task_hash":2048033227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Syria's historically severe drought stretching from 2006 to 2010 acted as one of multiple contributing factors that led to migration, civil unrest, and ultimately armed conflict.","_input_hash":106582714,"_task_hash":1588569340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It cost an estimated $16.5 billion in damage, according to insurance company Munich Re, making it even more destructive than the year\u2019s worst hurricanes.\n","_input_hash":44835315,"_task_hash":-1234782131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).\n","_input_hash":-1684109015,"_task_hash":381252635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many may have summers with heat waves and triple-digit days \u2014 summers that resemble Phoenix today.\n","_input_hash":-2084850075,"_task_hash":1245157017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat also warped tracks on BART Monday afternoon, and crews worked to cool down equipment as delays reverberated throughout the system, according to the transit agency.\n","_input_hash":1102211621,"_task_hash":1201562462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s when the sense of satisfaction from a good deed \u2014 say, installing that energy-efficient light bulb \u2014 diminishes or eliminates the sense of urgency around the greater problem.\n","_input_hash":1658145468,"_task_hash":1331391578,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Others caution that it is premature to see this as a major shift away from forecasts.","_input_hash":1946704356,"_task_hash":-777322100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2012 report from the Office of the U.S. Director of National Intelligence warned that when water problems combine with \u201cpoverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership, and weak political institutions,\u201d social disruptions and the threat of a failed state may emerge.","_input_hash":-2130459839,"_task_hash":1686134637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s clear that climate change is having an immediate, serious impact on the world.\n","_input_hash":1240254905,"_task_hash":-475870473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The long-term effects have only recently come into focus, with estimates that chronic smoke exposure causes about 20,000 premature deaths per year, said Jeff Pierce, an associate professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University.\n","_input_hash":-434275988,"_task_hash":1348255561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The state of coral reefs is a telling sign of the health of the seas.","_input_hash":-780502033,"_task_hash":493831437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As an example of the impacts natural disasters can have, among a sample of people living in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, suicide and suicidal ideation more than doubled, 1 in 6 people met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 49 percent developed an anxiety or mood disorder such as depression, said the report.\n","_input_hash":683505299,"_task_hash":2129001167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Processes of social marginalization have led to the establishment of gay enclaves that are both empowering, but also in response to stigmatization and marginalization.","_input_hash":1904756760,"_task_hash":-550856443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The ongoing effects of climate change in the Arctic illustrate how climate change can produce profound disruptions at both the local and international levels.","_input_hash":1928709980,"_task_hash":854668014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But attitudes shifted as growing awareness of climate change ushered in research examining the potential consequences of wildfires.\n","_input_hash":-381574240,"_task_hash":-574331981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers then studied the simulations to see how often heatwaves on the same scale to that seen in 2018 occur under the various climate conditions.\n","_input_hash":935340281,"_task_hash":1321312344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They add that this phenomenon appears to be driven by men's \"discomfort engaging with a woman who is not clearly heterosexual.\"\n","_input_hash":1828318695,"_task_hash":294429088,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found climate pressures can adversely impact resource availability and affect population dynamics, which can impact socioeconomic and political stability.\n","_input_hash":-2092292014,"_task_hash":-1135561840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results reveal that last summer\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave was \u201cextraordinary\u201d, says study lead author Dr Martha Vogel, a climate extremes researcher from ETH Zurich.","_input_hash":-1039553380,"_task_hash":-2066409887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And Francis says that persistent, wavy jet stream pattern is linked to much of this spring\u2019s unusual weather, from late spring snow in the Sierra Nevada to a heat wave in the southeast.\n","_input_hash":-1610742138,"_task_hash":-546564989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The overwhelmingly negative effects of climate change on health are a strong argument for urgent action to reduce our climate pollution.\n","_input_hash":-1581761191,"_task_hash":-195942740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of the most intense of these storms is projected to increase in the Atlantic and western North Pacific and in the eastern North Pacific.\n","_input_hash":-1902243476,"_task_hash":-1881170362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rostin Behnam, who sits on the federal government\u2019s five-member Commodity Futures Trading Commission, a powerful agency overseeing major financial markets including grain futures, oil trading and complex derivatives, said in an interview on Monday that the financial risks from climate change were comparable to those posed by the mortgage meltdown that triggered the 2008 financial crisis.\n","_input_hash":-1293935097,"_task_hash":-2146112453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Crop shortages will likely result in higher prices for consumers and since corn and soy are basically in every part of the American diet, that could be a real problem.\n","_input_hash":1898380649,"_task_hash":233486552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grief and depression that can result from the destruction of places and landscapes people love led Australian environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to create a new word: \u201csolastalgia\u201d.\n","_input_hash":485126541,"_task_hash":-393762451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Ecuador, floods in 1998 damaged farmland; by 2000, disease was affecting the country\u2019s aquaculture shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-734325344,"_task_hash":1018005895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We know that the warmer air gets, the more moisture it can hold \u2013 and then turn into flooding rains in a storm like this.","_input_hash":-9528235,"_task_hash":62522471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add to that all the fuel burned to mine and crush the aggregate, and you\u2019ve got a climate disaster.","_input_hash":-1391984657,"_task_hash":1815264474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Regenerative farming, rotational and mob grazing, reducing tillage, agroforestry, and soil improvements are all means to help mitigate the effects of extreme weather, and the resulting food shocks.","_input_hash":-275388102,"_task_hash":-507532294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And in June, 30% of the counties in Missouri were designated federal disaster areas due to flooding.\n","_input_hash":1255902189,"_task_hash":689446733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2018 the total burn areareached 676,312 hectares (up from 505,294 in 2017), and 85 people lost their lives in unspeakable suffering during the Camp Fire alone.","_input_hash":761723998,"_task_hash":-1390232655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At best, there are hints as to what might happen with tornadoes in a warmer future.","_input_hash":1240899490,"_task_hash":-1645303705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Complications like pollen-induced asthma attacks have also proven fatal in some instances and lead to more than 20,000 emergency room visits each year in the US.\n","_input_hash":-1278171579,"_task_hash":217108480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the fundamental determinants of human health including \u201cwater, air, food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructure\u201d [2] (p. 393).","_input_hash":844802610,"_task_hash":822521359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a recent study of children aged 0\u201317 years, there was a higher incidence of type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, in regions of Israel that were attacked in the Second Lebanon War compared to other regions and to pre-war incidence, after taking account of family history of disease, age, sex, and season of diagnosis [66].\n","_input_hash":-1839769221,"_task_hash":-768680317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Brutal droughts, floods and wildfires were expected to make the environment a pivotal issue in Australia's election last Saturday (May 18).","_input_hash":1502476597,"_task_hash":1634342091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt was very hard to imagine that the ice sat around happily for millennia and then decided to retreat naturally just as humans started perturbing the system, but the evidence for forcing by natural variability was strong,\u201d writes Richard Alley, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University, in an email.\n","_input_hash":1265564028,"_task_hash":-251931656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And they had to forgo planting them because of the drought.","_input_hash":1777360592,"_task_hash":3168444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Arctic spring thaw has begun with a bang, with extensive melting of the Greenland ice sheet and sea ice loss that is already several weeks ahead of normal, scientists said.\n","_input_hash":-1359739473,"_task_hash":431650664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If global temperatures reach this threshold, an estimated 350 million people worldwide would be exposed to extreme heat stress sufficient to greatly reduce their labor productivity during the hottest months of the year, according to EASAC.\n","_input_hash":1682882643,"_task_hash":-392557310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage to homes, businesses, and farms is likely to rise into the hundreds of millions of dollars.\n","_input_hash":1394550344,"_task_hash":1608081228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: While wealthier farmers can install irrigation systems, Don Alfredo says he doesn't have the cash.","_input_hash":1969829264,"_task_hash":1545266800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, the rate of rotation varies by up to a millisecond per day.","_input_hash":1863220239,"_task_hash":766818894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If Florida, for instance, is going to see a lot of dengue, they're going to need to be better prepared, and if the southern US is going to suffer more dengue, that would be bad,\" Cohen said.","_input_hash":1013900646,"_task_hash":-1874164235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"LGBT health disparities may be compounded by environmental exposures.\n","_input_hash":-593267566,"_task_hash":-1247250340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In many regions, floods and water quality problems are likely to be worse because of climate change.\n","_input_hash":882505743,"_task_hash":-1788739633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).\n","_input_hash":-1684109015,"_task_hash":381252635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many may have summers with heat waves and triple-digit days \u2014 summers that resemble Phoenix today.\n","_input_hash":-2084850075,"_task_hash":1245157017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat also warped tracks on BART Monday afternoon, and crews worked to cool down equipment as delays reverberated throughout the system, according to the transit agency.\n","_input_hash":1102211621,"_task_hash":1201562462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is not caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.","_input_hash":-1542899504,"_task_hash":-163907089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s when the sense of satisfaction from a good deed \u2014 say, installing that energy-efficient light bulb \u2014 diminishes or eliminates the sense of urgency around the greater problem.\n","_input_hash":1658145468,"_task_hash":1331391578,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Others caution that it is premature to see this as a major shift away from forecasts.","_input_hash":1946704356,"_task_hash":-777322100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2012 report from the Office of the U.S. Director of National Intelligence warned that when water problems combine with \u201cpoverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership, and weak political institutions,\u201d social disruptions and the threat of a failed state may emerge.","_input_hash":-2130459839,"_task_hash":1686134637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s clear that climate change is having an immediate, serious impact on the world.\n","_input_hash":1240254905,"_task_hash":-475870473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The long-term effects have only recently come into focus, with estimates that chronic smoke exposure causes about 20,000 premature deaths per year, said Jeff Pierce, an associate professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University.\n","_input_hash":-434275988,"_task_hash":1348255561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The state of coral reefs is a telling sign of the health of the seas.","_input_hash":-780502033,"_task_hash":493831437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As an example of the impacts natural disasters can have, among a sample of people living in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, suicide and suicidal ideation more than doubled, 1 in 6 people met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 49 percent developed an anxiety or mood disorder such as depression, said the report.\n","_input_hash":683505299,"_task_hash":2129001167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Processes of social marginalization have led to the establishment of gay enclaves that are both empowering, but also in response to stigmatization and marginalization.","_input_hash":1904756760,"_task_hash":-550856443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The ongoing effects of climate change in the Arctic illustrate how climate change can produce profound disruptions at both the local and international levels.","_input_hash":1928709980,"_task_hash":854668014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But attitudes shifted as growing awareness of climate change ushered in research examining the potential consequences of wildfires.\n","_input_hash":-381574240,"_task_hash":-574331981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers then studied the simulations to see how often heatwaves on the same scale to that seen in 2018 occur under the various climate conditions.\n","_input_hash":935340281,"_task_hash":1321312344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They add that this phenomenon appears to be driven by men's \"discomfort engaging with a woman who is not clearly heterosexual.\"\n","_input_hash":1828318695,"_task_hash":294429088,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found climate pressures can adversely impact resource availability and affect population dynamics, which can impact socioeconomic and political stability.\n","_input_hash":-2092292014,"_task_hash":-1135561840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results reveal that last summer\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave was \u201cextraordinary\u201d, says study lead author Dr Martha Vogel, a climate extremes researcher from ETH Zurich.","_input_hash":-1039553380,"_task_hash":-2066409887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One bad snow year can wreak havoc on water systems across the western U.S.","_input_hash":-1248545150,"_task_hash":-57725892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And Francis says that persistent, wavy jet stream pattern is linked to much of this spring\u2019s unusual weather, from late spring snow in the Sierra Nevada to a heat wave in the southeast.\n","_input_hash":-1610742138,"_task_hash":-546564989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The overwhelmingly negative effects of climate change on health are a strong argument for urgent action to reduce our climate pollution.\n","_input_hash":-1581761191,"_task_hash":-195942740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of the most intense of these storms is projected to increase in the Atlantic and western North Pacific and in the eastern North Pacific.\n","_input_hash":-1902243476,"_task_hash":-1881170362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rostin Behnam, who sits on the federal government\u2019s five-member Commodity Futures Trading Commission, a powerful agency overseeing major financial markets including grain futures, oil trading and complex derivatives, said in an interview on Monday that the financial risks from climate change were comparable to those posed by the mortgage meltdown that triggered the 2008 financial crisis.\n","_input_hash":-1293935097,"_task_hash":-2146112453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Crop shortages will likely result in higher prices for consumers and since corn and soy are basically in every part of the American diet, that could be a real problem.\n","_input_hash":1898380649,"_task_hash":233486552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grief and depression that can result from the destruction of places and landscapes people love led Australian environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to create a new word: \u201csolastalgia\u201d.\n","_input_hash":485126541,"_task_hash":-393762451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Ecuador, floods in 1998 damaged farmland; by 2000, disease was affecting the country\u2019s aquaculture shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-734325344,"_task_hash":1018005895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We know that the warmer air gets, the more moisture it can hold \u2013 and then turn into flooding rains in a storm like this.","_input_hash":-9528235,"_task_hash":62522471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add to that all the fuel burned to mine and crush the aggregate, and you\u2019ve got a climate disaster.","_input_hash":-1391984657,"_task_hash":1815264474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Regenerative farming, rotational and mob grazing, reducing tillage, agroforestry, and soil improvements are all means to help mitigate the effects of extreme weather, and the resulting food shocks.","_input_hash":-275388102,"_task_hash":-507532294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And in June, 30% of the counties in Missouri were designated federal disaster areas due to flooding.\n","_input_hash":1255902189,"_task_hash":689446733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2018 the total burn areareached 676,312 hectares (up from 505,294 in 2017), and 85 people lost their lives in unspeakable suffering during the Camp Fire alone.","_input_hash":761723998,"_task_hash":-1390232655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At best, there are hints as to what might happen with tornadoes in a warmer future.","_input_hash":1240899490,"_task_hash":-1645303705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Complications like pollen-induced asthma attacks have also proven fatal in some instances and lead to more than 20,000 emergency room visits each year in the US.\n","_input_hash":-1278171579,"_task_hash":217108480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the fundamental determinants of human health including \u201cwater, air, food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructure\u201d [2] (p. 393).","_input_hash":844802610,"_task_hash":822521359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a recent study of children aged 0\u201317 years, there was a higher incidence of type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, in regions of Israel that were attacked in the Second Lebanon War compared to other regions and to pre-war incidence, after taking account of family history of disease, age, sex, and season of diagnosis [66].\n","_input_hash":-1839769221,"_task_hash":-768680317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Brutal droughts, floods and wildfires were expected to make the environment a pivotal issue in Australia's election last Saturday (May 18).","_input_hash":1502476597,"_task_hash":1634342091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt was very hard to imagine that the ice sat around happily for millennia and then decided to retreat naturally just as humans started perturbing the system, but the evidence for forcing by natural variability was strong,\u201d writes Richard Alley, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University, in an email.\n","_input_hash":1265564028,"_task_hash":-251931656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And they had to forgo planting them because of the drought.","_input_hash":1777360592,"_task_hash":3168444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Switzerland, climate researcher Martha Vogel found relief by swimming in Lake Zurich.","_input_hash":-1251972716,"_task_hash":43957063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Arctic spring thaw has begun with a bang, with extensive melting of the Greenland ice sheet and sea ice loss that is already several weeks ahead of normal, scientists said.\n","_input_hash":-1359739473,"_task_hash":431650664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that hotter than average temperatures increase both suicide rates and the use of depressive language on Twitter.","_input_hash":544447320,"_task_hash":-1476364849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She also noted, \u201cSince the Dakota Pipeline protests took off, we\u2019ve seen a resurgence of references to \u2018eco-terrorism,\u2019\u201d which stokes fear, retaliation and legal repression.\n","_input_hash":-1125247484,"_task_hash":619352410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other trees, withering from the heat, have stopped bearing edible fruit.\n","_input_hash":1914312595,"_task_hash":1319384699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without this product, these people would have no other work.","_input_hash":-481844835,"_task_hash":-1145885149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A well-designed longitudinal study by John Aucott at Johns Hopkins showed the presence of persistent brain fog, joint pain, and related issues in approximately 10 percent of even an ideally treated population\u2014patients who got the Lyme rash and took the recommended antibiotics.","_input_hash":52827020,"_task_hash":-1102863156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2001, Don Alfredo hired a coyote to smuggle him into Arizona, surviving for over a week in the desert with no food, before being caught and deported.","_input_hash":-37981410,"_task_hash":-1780801814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If global temperatures reach this threshold, an estimated 350 million people worldwide would be exposed to extreme heat stress sufficient to greatly reduce their labor productivity during the hottest months of the year, according to EASAC.\n","_input_hash":1682882643,"_task_hash":-392557310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage to homes, businesses, and farms is likely to rise into the hundreds of millions of dollars.\n","_input_hash":1394550344,"_task_hash":1608081228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: While wealthier farmers can install irrigation systems, Don Alfredo says he doesn't have the cash.","_input_hash":1969829264,"_task_hash":1545266800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, the rate of rotation varies by up to a millisecond per day.","_input_hash":1863220239,"_task_hash":766818894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If Florida, for instance, is going to see a lot of dengue, they're going to need to be better prepared, and if the southern US is going to suffer more dengue, that would be bad,\" Cohen said.","_input_hash":1013900646,"_task_hash":-1874164235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that hotter than average temperatures increase both suicide rates and the use of depressive language on Twitter.","_input_hash":544447320,"_task_hash":-1476364849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She also noted, \u201cSince the Dakota Pipeline protests took off, we\u2019ve seen a resurgence of references to \u2018eco-terrorism,\u2019\u201d which stokes fear, retaliation and legal repression.\n","_input_hash":-1125247484,"_task_hash":619352410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other trees, withering from the heat, have stopped bearing edible fruit.\n","_input_hash":1914312595,"_task_hash":1319384699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without this product, these people would have no other work.","_input_hash":-481844835,"_task_hash":-1145885149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A well-designed longitudinal study by John Aucott at Johns Hopkins showed the presence of persistent brain fog, joint pain, and related issues in approximately 10 percent of even an ideally treated population\u2014patients who got the Lyme rash and took the recommended antibiotics.","_input_hash":52827020,"_task_hash":-1102863156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2001, Don Alfredo hired a coyote to smuggle him into Arizona, surviving for over a week in the desert with no food, before being caught and deported.","_input_hash":-37981410,"_task_hash":-1780801814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, while not the focus of our study, these findings contribute to the mounting evidence regarding environmental injustices in Greater Houston based on race-, ethnicity- and class-based oppression.\n","_input_hash":1906371579,"_task_hash":-1537685327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The much warmer climates in Southeast Asia and West Africa will not be as suitable for the albopictus species.","_input_hash":928772068,"_task_hash":60991973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The spokeswoman, Megan King, added that it was not fair to compare emissions from ships and jets because a jet is just a transportation vehicle while a cruise ship is a floating resort and amusement park.\n","_input_hash":-192053116,"_task_hash":753463653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI can\u2019t bring him outside to get any air, because it\u2019s so polluted,\u201d says his mother, Selengesaikhan Oyundelger.","_input_hash":-958131695,"_task_hash":-148717075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, is affecting our health, our economy and our ecosystems.","_input_hash":802037428,"_task_hash":1135877859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although this student argues that the post does not provide strong evidence, she still accepts the photo as evidence and simply wants more evidence about other damage caused by the radiation.\n","_input_hash":452344256,"_task_hash":771389995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.\n","_input_hash":-1295627124,"_task_hash":950376534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our finding that global warming has exacerbated economic inequality suggests that there is an added economic benefit of energy sources that don\u2019t contribute to further warming.\u201d\n","_input_hash":1014605076,"_task_hash":-664540742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Tackling the social determinants of health is critical to address health inequities, which arise because people with the least social and economic power tend to have the worst health, live in unhealthier environments and have worse access to healthcare.\n","_input_hash":1014314157,"_task_hash":-1358557816,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Switzerland, climate researcher Martha Vogel found relief by swimming in Lake Zurich.","_input_hash":-1251972716,"_task_hash":43957063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.","_input_hash":-814364654,"_task_hash":-670083556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, the effects felt by individual species will inevitably ripple through the ecosystems they occupy, leaving other organisms who may not feel the direct repercussions of climate change reeling by proxy.\n","_input_hash":-2063798323,"_task_hash":-435758802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the same amount of warming that climate activists are hoping to prevent on a global scale.\n","_input_hash":-58885212,"_task_hash":-1084624372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that climate change itself causes conflict, but it puts pressure on natural resources, on the security of land, water, health and food which are critical to human survival.\n","_input_hash":-1592731403,"_task_hash":1874451639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the end of the 21st century, the frequency of floods of this magnitude across the state is expected to increase by 300 to 400 percent.\n","_input_hash":-1998843315,"_task_hash":1222184788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Certain disadvantaged communities, such as indigenous communities, children and communities dependent on the natural environment can experience disproportionate mental health impacts.\n","_input_hash":-1233493013,"_task_hash":198993002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The consequences of such widespread devastation would extend far beyond the loss of valuable woodland habitat, according to Fei.","_input_hash":-1198961106,"_task_hash":-2082355659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasingly, they found, studies connect fracking operations to air pollution, contaminated or depleted drinking water, and earthquakes.","_input_hash":1604992256,"_task_hash":-137554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The best historical analogy is not the New Deal but World War II, when mobilization of the nation\u2019s vast productive capacity not only defeated Germany and Japan but also generated unprecedented domestic economic growth, hugely expanding the middle class.","_input_hash":874085521,"_task_hash":1106121761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe rise in days with extreme heat will change life as we know it nationwide,\u201d Licker said in a press release.\n","_input_hash":1104095224,"_task_hash":1398330760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of them make poisons that cause breathing problems.","_input_hash":874395799,"_task_hash":1586029459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and its impacts will influence physiological and psychological stress on many young human bodies and minds.","_input_hash":-2040239729,"_task_hash":-1754153732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused by tornadoes and severe storms is already increasing, according to Munich Re, one of the world's top reinsurance companies.","_input_hash":154251829,"_task_hash":-1268739218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Particulate matter and other pollution have dramatically decreased over the past 40 years, in large part because of regulations put in place under the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its later updates, experts say.\n","_input_hash":178823633,"_task_hash":-1871537879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He said: the impact of climate change on small islands was no less threatening than the dangers guns and bombs posed to large nations.\n","_input_hash":-83557087,"_task_hash":-48848659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Turbulence is a threat to safety and economic security, but it\u2019s only part of the harm caused by climate change.","_input_hash":-839872058,"_task_hash":1793883066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While fewer studies have investigated the potential harms of outdoor air pollution on the brains of older adults, the evidence is growing stronger that air pollution experienced by many older adults is one cause of neurodegenerative problems.\n","_input_hash":1388312873,"_task_hash":-52329514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there are many such indirect pathways to increased violence, we outline four that clearly link rapid climate change to the development of violence-prone adults: food insecurity, economic deprivation, susceptibility to terrorism, and preferential ingroup treatment.\n","_input_hash":-1877517610,"_task_hash":278469086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps this is an act of desperation in an era of political division, but it could prove suicidal.\n","_input_hash":1360418187,"_task_hash":1164096452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can trigger feelings of anger, grief, resentment, fear, frustration and being overwhelmed.","_input_hash":-1865105275,"_task_hash":945678815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While terrorism represents a particularly extreme and indirect outcome of climate change, researchers also believe that climate change will lead to more moderate forms of \u201cdefensive\u201d hostility toward others, particularly if they belong to different racial, ethnic, or religious groups.","_input_hash":-1168911360,"_task_hash":845817928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a deadly, man-made problem, responsible for the early deaths of some seven million people every year, around 600,000 of whom are children.","_input_hash":-269122006,"_task_hash":310515403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Instead, they are pushed around the ocean by wind streams, which are caused by high and low pressure systems in the atmosphere.\n","_input_hash":1112565777,"_task_hash":1772520182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thus, while not the focus of our study, these findings contribute to the mounting evidence regarding environmental injustices in Greater Houston based on race-, ethnicity- and class-based oppression.\n","_input_hash":1906371579,"_task_hash":-1537685327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The much warmer climates in Southeast Asia and West Africa will not be as suitable for the albopictus species.","_input_hash":928772068,"_task_hash":60991973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The spokeswoman, Megan King, added that it was not fair to compare emissions from ships and jets because a jet is just a transportation vehicle while a cruise ship is a floating resort and amusement park.\n","_input_hash":-192053116,"_task_hash":753463653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One bad snow year can wreak havoc on water systems across the western U.S.","_input_hash":-1248545150,"_task_hash":-57725892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI can\u2019t bring him outside to get any air, because it\u2019s so polluted,\u201d says his mother, Selengesaikhan Oyundelger.","_input_hash":-958131695,"_task_hash":-148717075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, is affecting our health, our economy and our ecosystems.","_input_hash":802037428,"_task_hash":1135877859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although this student argues that the post does not provide strong evidence, she still accepts the photo as evidence and simply wants more evidence about other damage caused by the radiation.\n","_input_hash":452344256,"_task_hash":771389995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.\n","_input_hash":-1295627124,"_task_hash":950376534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our finding that global warming has exacerbated economic inequality suggests that there is an added economic benefit of energy sources that don\u2019t contribute to further warming.\u201d\n","_input_hash":1014605076,"_task_hash":-664540742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Tackling the social determinants of health is critical to address health inequities, which arise because people with the least social and economic power tend to have the worst health, live in unhealthier environments and have worse access to healthcare.\n","_input_hash":1014314157,"_task_hash":-1358557816,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.","_input_hash":-814364654,"_task_hash":-670083556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, the effects felt by individual species will inevitably ripple through the ecosystems they occupy, leaving other organisms who may not feel the direct repercussions of climate change reeling by proxy.\n","_input_hash":-2063798323,"_task_hash":-435758802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the same amount of warming that climate activists are hoping to prevent on a global scale.\n","_input_hash":-58885212,"_task_hash":-1084624372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that climate change itself causes conflict, but it puts pressure on natural resources, on the security of land, water, health and food which are critical to human survival.\n","_input_hash":-1592731403,"_task_hash":1874451639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the end of the 21st century, the frequency of floods of this magnitude across the state is expected to increase by 300 to 400 percent.\n","_input_hash":-1998843315,"_task_hash":1222184788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Certain disadvantaged communities, such as indigenous communities, children and communities dependent on the natural environment can experience disproportionate mental health impacts.\n","_input_hash":-1233493013,"_task_hash":198993002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The consequences of such widespread devastation would extend far beyond the loss of valuable woodland habitat, according to Fei.","_input_hash":-1198961106,"_task_hash":-2082355659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasingly, they found, studies connect fracking operations to air pollution, contaminated or depleted drinking water, and earthquakes.","_input_hash":1604992256,"_task_hash":-137554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The best historical analogy is not the New Deal but World War II, when mobilization of the nation\u2019s vast productive capacity not only defeated Germany and Japan but also generated unprecedented domestic economic growth, hugely expanding the middle class.","_input_hash":874085521,"_task_hash":1106121761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe rise in days with extreme heat will change life as we know it nationwide,\u201d Licker said in a press release.\n","_input_hash":1104095224,"_task_hash":1398330760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of them make poisons that cause breathing problems.","_input_hash":874395799,"_task_hash":1586029459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and its impacts will influence physiological and psychological stress on many young human bodies and minds.","_input_hash":-2040239729,"_task_hash":-1754153732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused by tornadoes and severe storms is already increasing, according to Munich Re, one of the world's top reinsurance companies.","_input_hash":154251829,"_task_hash":-1268739218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Particulate matter and other pollution have dramatically decreased over the past 40 years, in large part because of regulations put in place under the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its later updates, experts say.\n","_input_hash":178823633,"_task_hash":-1871537879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He said: the impact of climate change on small islands was no less threatening than the dangers guns and bombs posed to large nations.\n","_input_hash":-83557087,"_task_hash":-48848659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Turbulence is a threat to safety and economic security, but it\u2019s only part of the harm caused by climate change.","_input_hash":-839872058,"_task_hash":1793883066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While fewer studies have investigated the potential harms of outdoor air pollution on the brains of older adults, the evidence is growing stronger that air pollution experienced by many older adults is one cause of neurodegenerative problems.\n","_input_hash":1388312873,"_task_hash":-52329514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there are many such indirect pathways to increased violence, we outline four that clearly link rapid climate change to the development of violence-prone adults: food insecurity, economic deprivation, susceptibility to terrorism, and preferential ingroup treatment.\n","_input_hash":-1877517610,"_task_hash":278469086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps this is an act of desperation in an era of political division, but it could prove suicidal.\n","_input_hash":1360418187,"_task_hash":1164096452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can trigger feelings of anger, grief, resentment, fear, frustration and being overwhelmed.","_input_hash":-1865105275,"_task_hash":945678815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While terrorism represents a particularly extreme and indirect outcome of climate change, researchers also believe that climate change will lead to more moderate forms of \u201cdefensive\u201d hostility toward others, particularly if they belong to different racial, ethnic, or religious groups.","_input_hash":-1168911360,"_task_hash":845817928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a deadly, man-made problem, responsible for the early deaths of some seven million people every year, around 600,000 of whom are children.","_input_hash":-269122006,"_task_hash":310515403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Instead, they are pushed around the ocean by wind streams, which are caused by high and low pressure systems in the atmosphere.\n","_input_hash":1112565777,"_task_hash":1772520182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage caused in these hotspots is also harmful for humanity, which relies on the oceans for oxygen, food, storm protection and the removal of climate-warming carbon dioxide the atmosphere, they say.\n","_input_hash":-2091552309,"_task_hash":296089757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With pressures increasing as warming progresses toward 4\u00b0C, and combining with non climate\u2013related social, economic, and population stresses, the risk of crossing critical social system thresholds will grow.","_input_hash":1730881803,"_task_hash":1485346042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2018, my father died of complications from pneumonia, after recovering from the cancer.","_input_hash":-94846467,"_task_hash":-1192245849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Due in part to habitat loss, freshwater plant and animal species are now declining much faster than those on land.\n","_input_hash":1399521864,"_task_hash":1973870176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When government authorities are unable or unwilling to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and droughts, these extreme weather events are more likely to be followed by surges in crime, including homicide, robbery and sexual violence.\n","_input_hash":823271259,"_task_hash":365829533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There seems to be indications of some changes in the climate, and I don't know what causes it.","_input_hash":-1991279388,"_task_hash":1732356832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat stress and persistent dehydration can cause kidney damage.\n","_input_hash":-3031339,"_task_hash":-1929170814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If people do nothing about climate change, for example, Colombia in South America could have roughly 20 times more deaths from heat waves.","_input_hash":-563878286,"_task_hash":-808440441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the most prolonged, widespread flood fight in U.S. history.","_input_hash":-1615263107,"_task_hash":251495168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage caused in these hotspots is also harmful for humanity, which relies on the oceans for oxygen, food, storm protection and the removal of climate-warming carbon dioxide the atmosphere, they say.\n","_input_hash":-2091552309,"_task_hash":296089757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With pressures increasing as warming progresses toward 4\u00b0C, and combining with non climate\u2013related social, economic, and population stresses, the risk of crossing critical social system thresholds will grow.","_input_hash":1730881803,"_task_hash":1485346042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2018, my father died of complications from pneumonia, after recovering from the cancer.","_input_hash":-94846467,"_task_hash":-1192245849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Due in part to habitat loss, freshwater plant and animal species are now declining much faster than those on land.\n","_input_hash":1399521864,"_task_hash":1973870176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When government authorities are unable or unwilling to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and droughts, these extreme weather events are more likely to be followed by surges in crime, including homicide, robbery and sexual violence.\n","_input_hash":823271259,"_task_hash":365829533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There seems to be indications of some changes in the climate, and I don't know what causes it.","_input_hash":-1991279388,"_task_hash":1732356832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat stress and persistent dehydration can cause kidney damage.\n","_input_hash":-3031339,"_task_hash":-1929170814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If people do nothing about climate change, for example, Colombia in South America could have roughly 20 times more deaths from heat waves.","_input_hash":-563878286,"_task_hash":-808440441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the most prolonged, widespread flood fight in U.S. history.","_input_hash":-1615263107,"_task_hash":251495168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a fuller discussion of the different factors underlying aggressive behavior can be found elsewhere (e.g., Anderson & Bushman, 2002), we will briefly review some of the mechanisms thought to underlie the relationship between temperature and aggression.\n","_input_hash":1337509544,"_task_hash":-1838479441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBecause there could be an effect that would enhance climate change and enhance the rising temperatures.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-139619755,"_task_hash":-1561001295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The threat of the increasing popularity of the anti-vaccine movement is quite obvious: as more people refuse to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates will drop until an epidemic breaks out.\n","_input_hash":2146830991,"_task_hash":-840999746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Gutierrez still struggles with regular pain in his lungs and when he gets a cold or flu, he\u2019s in bed for weeks.\n","_input_hash":-92975381,"_task_hash":1420554590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cMost don\u2019t remember what caused the Syria conflict to start,\u201d he told a Senate Armed Forces Committee.","_input_hash":1541166742,"_task_hash":-1630706790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can actually get a much better idea of which countries are most at risk, what are the types of risk and what would be the level of impact before it leads to a break or an implosion within the country.\u201d\n","_input_hash":284653776,"_task_hash":1118657457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to the mild El Ni\u00f1o conditions experienced this year as a possible factor.\n","_input_hash":-458831317,"_task_hash":-1205162556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After the damage to the dam\u2019s spillways, DigitalGlobe, a satellite imagery company, released images showing the extent of the damage.\n","_input_hash":860908951,"_task_hash":264147606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a fuller discussion of the different factors underlying aggressive behavior can be found elsewhere (e.g., Anderson & Bushman, 2002), we will briefly review some of the mechanisms thought to underlie the relationship between temperature and aggression.\n","_input_hash":1337509544,"_task_hash":-1838479441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBecause there could be an effect that would enhance climate change and enhance the rising temperatures.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-139619755,"_task_hash":-1561001295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The threat of the increasing popularity of the anti-vaccine movement is quite obvious: as more people refuse to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates will drop until an epidemic breaks out.\n","_input_hash":2146830991,"_task_hash":-840999746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Gutierrez still struggles with regular pain in his lungs and when he gets a cold or flu, he\u2019s in bed for weeks.\n","_input_hash":-92975381,"_task_hash":1420554590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cMost don\u2019t remember what caused the Syria conflict to start,\u201d he told a Senate Armed Forces Committee.","_input_hash":1541166742,"_task_hash":-1630706790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can actually get a much better idea of which countries are most at risk, what are the types of risk and what would be the level of impact before it leads to a break or an implosion within the country.\u201d\n","_input_hash":284653776,"_task_hash":1118657457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to the mild El Ni\u00f1o conditions experienced this year as a possible factor.\n","_input_hash":-458831317,"_task_hash":-1205162556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After the damage to the dam\u2019s spillways, DigitalGlobe, a satellite imagery company, released images showing the extent of the damage.\n","_input_hash":860908951,"_task_hash":264147606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while the data in this study can\u2019t be extrapolated directly or definitively to other creatures, \u201cif we\u2019re seeing negative impacts with common species, then these issues will probably be even further exacerbated in rare and threatened animals.\u201d\n","_input_hash":1777607631,"_task_hash":1012675357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some marine wildlife is mobile and could in theory swim to cooler waters, but ocean heatwaves often strike large areas more rapidly than fish move, he said.\n","_input_hash":-903952176,"_task_hash":433589429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report notes that North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia are all likely to face major challenges coping with water-related issues such as water shortages, poor water quality, and floods by 2040.","_input_hash":-346375156,"_task_hash":-1927425588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is having adverse effects on plants, and some research suggests it could even impact tree mortality.","_input_hash":-352429796,"_task_hash":-1261167743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average precipitation, including rain and melted snow, was 9.01 inches during meteorological winter, which spans December, January and February.","_input_hash":-649906167,"_task_hash":1373765100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites.\"\n","_input_hash":-1678282419,"_task_hash":73397902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest warming will occur over land and range from 4\u00b0C to 10\u00b0C.","_input_hash":1688972761,"_task_hash":1854078464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cRats are going to capitalize on chaos [and] climate change guarantees unpredictable events,\u201d she said.\n","_input_hash":-2111754792,"_task_hash":-1139358880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while the data in this study can\u2019t be extrapolated directly or definitively to other creatures, \u201cif we\u2019re seeing negative impacts with common species, then these issues will probably be even further exacerbated in rare and threatened animals.\u201d\n","_input_hash":1777607631,"_task_hash":1012675357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some marine wildlife is mobile and could in theory swim to cooler waters, but ocean heatwaves often strike large areas more rapidly than fish move, he said.\n","_input_hash":-903952176,"_task_hash":433589429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report notes that North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia are all likely to face major challenges coping with water-related issues such as water shortages, poor water quality, and floods by 2040.","_input_hash":-346375156,"_task_hash":-1927425588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution is having adverse effects on plants, and some research suggests it could even impact tree mortality.","_input_hash":-352429796,"_task_hash":-1261167743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This virus causes fevers and severe joint pain.","_input_hash":-1307134108,"_task_hash":-1820103654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average precipitation, including rain and melted snow, was 9.01 inches during meteorological winter, which spans December, January and February.","_input_hash":-649906167,"_task_hash":1373765100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites.\"\n","_input_hash":-1678282419,"_task_hash":73397902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest warming will occur over land and range from 4\u00b0C to 10\u00b0C.","_input_hash":1688972761,"_task_hash":1854078464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cRats are going to capitalize on chaos [and] climate change guarantees unpredictable events,\u201d she said.\n","_input_hash":-2111754792,"_task_hash":-1139358880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing average global temperatures gradually creep up but one of the biggest risks are heat waves.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-1510910441,"_task_hash":2111246937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This last category refers to the psychological reaction of individuals to the stream of often dire predictions regarding the consequences of global climate change emanating from peers, teachers and the scientific and popular media.","_input_hash":115602367,"_task_hash":-1907946756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some farmers may cut their losses and turn to insurance if they\u2019re unable to plant; however, those same people would then also face challenges in qualifying for a federal government aid package designed to ease financial strain from the U.S.-China trade war because it requires that they plant crops.\n","_input_hash":-1719920553,"_task_hash":-940026363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme temperatures leading to greater morbidity and mortality is no surprise to the climate scientists who have been warning of such climate change impacts for years.","_input_hash":1567021462,"_task_hash":-1735825378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over time, the relevance of climate change denial will diminish while the need for mitigation and adaptation intensifies.\n","_input_hash":-1173920529,"_task_hash":329994527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An analysis from earlier this year by STR found that 31.3 percent of all U.S. hotels are located in low-lying coastal areas, defined as being threatened by a six-foot storm surge.","_input_hash":638736395,"_task_hash":-1117530862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Global warming has already increased the odds of record hot and wet events happening in 75% of North America, said Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of climate science at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.\n","_input_hash":-2014705542,"_task_hash":-617691901,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires contributed to higher levels of PM2.5 pollution in the West, while the rise in ozone was attributed to warmer temperatures.","_input_hash":1938505472,"_task_hash":-2026083677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If collective action resulted in just one fewer devastating hurricane, just a few extra years of relative stability, it would be a goal worth pursuing.\n","_input_hash":1381690259,"_task_hash":-366625102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But when the water near a reef gets too hot, the algae begin producing toxins, and the corals expel them in self defense, turning ghostly white.","_input_hash":-1632785635,"_task_hash":253951803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I remember a mother who told me that her nine-year-old boy was experiencing post-traumatic stress after being rescued from their flooded home and did not want to sleep alone.","_input_hash":642004524,"_task_hash":-1993503265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In particular, floods and other hydrological events have quadrupled since 1980.\n","_input_hash":-1276387518,"_task_hash":435323767,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And once international scientists had eliminated the effect of temperature averages across the whole growing season, they still found that heatwaves, drought and torrential downfall accounted for 18% to 43% of losses.\n","_input_hash":422973446,"_task_hash":1608700950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cybersecurity and financial volatility ranked second and third behind climate change for largest current risks.\n","_input_hash":-1712387563,"_task_hash":147828059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, Emanuel has published research suggesting the enormous rainfall Hurricane Harvey dumped on Houston was made more possible because of climate change.\n","_input_hash":-1147931990,"_task_hash":-1406323733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It employs so many people.","_input_hash":-2065108628,"_task_hash":-641984570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rain and snowstorms will be more intense and frequent in some places and less predictable and lighter in others.\n","_input_hash":-559902411,"_task_hash":1707128915,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding \u201cis just something that happens,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-162113494,"_task_hash":1084829862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"The Juliana generation is going to feel and suffer from those impacts in a way that's really different and more extreme than what any previous generation has felt,\" Goho said.\n","_input_hash":-852644023,"_task_hash":-414470108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While North Yorkshire told BBC Look North that the heat may be a factor, with pressure peaking during hot weekends when people were \"outside, drinking in the sunshine\".\n","_input_hash":1471105295,"_task_hash":1400069325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So for us as Americans to say that our personal actions are too frivolous to matter when people died in Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, a country whose carbon footprint is barely visible next to ours, is moral bankruptcy of the highest order.\n","_input_hash":-426958580,"_task_hash":1036573513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to the longer season, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air cause plants to produce more pollen, Kinney said.\n","_input_hash":-376646682,"_task_hash":912620710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is a very vulnerable area, higher in poverty\u201d than the one hit by Cyclone Idai, Red Cross spokeswoman Katie Wilkes said.\n","_input_hash":-1901824228,"_task_hash":1429504190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Trillion-dollar investment is needed to avert \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich escape the effects and the poor do not, but this investment is far smaller than the eventual cost of doing nothing.\n","_input_hash":176483764,"_task_hash":-1537843750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Powell, chair of the Federal Reserve, told legislators in February the inquiry about climate change was a \u201cfair question\u201d to ask and promised to look into it.","_input_hash":-411270542,"_task_hash":1626310874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of certain extreme weather events, said Stephen Vavrus, a weather researcher at the University of Wisconsin.","_input_hash":371075359,"_task_hash":-598380426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There\u2019s going to be more coal burned here.\u201d","_input_hash":-1670893463,"_task_hash":-2136469546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These sparks quickly ignited the vegetation that was dried out and made extremely flammable by the same extreme heat and low humidity, which research also shows can contribute to a fire's rapid and uncontrollable spread, said Randerson.","_input_hash":432307109,"_task_hash":1719850552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 21 children and young adults suing the federal government over climate change argue that they and their generation are already suffering the consequences of climate change, from worsening allergies and asthma to the health risks and stress that come with hurricanes, wildfires and sea level rise threatening their homes.\n","_input_hash":-817665833,"_task_hash":-2078435817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.\n","_input_hash":957285175,"_task_hash":-359313527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A record cold spell in Florida in 2010 induced genetic adaptation in the surviving Burmese pythons that made them more cold tolerant.","_input_hash":1137734836,"_task_hash":1161578463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It found that out of 49 total such sites along the coasts of the Mediterranean, 37 are already vulnerable to a 100-year storm surge event.\n","_input_hash":-894340713,"_task_hash":-1426199920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many surrounding communities will also face growing exposure to rising seas.\n","_input_hash":1253847199,"_task_hash":-1349760991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research team compared known health impacts from air pollution against future climate scenarios to derive its projections.\n","_input_hash":-1140642947,"_task_hash":-948645887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Or how they\u2019ll get swamped first by sea-level rise.","_input_hash":1949428326,"_task_hash":-769915393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Storms such as Hurricanes Andrew, Irma, and Katrina exemplify how major weather events magnified by global warming can have long-lasting effects on the economy.\n","_input_hash":504305109,"_task_hash":-617805292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet they seemed to bring forth sadness or internalised grief that had been buried out of sight.","_input_hash":346266114,"_task_hash":2038108025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s normal in Mongolia,\u201d says Purevkhuu, a former television journalist.","_input_hash":-1993442643,"_task_hash":1105457563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.","_input_hash":1095111302,"_task_hash":518170552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There may also be a positive \u201cfertilizer\u201d effect on agriculture due to increased atmospheric CO2 [44].","_input_hash":-1702559670,"_task_hash":-347998738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution has improved dramatically over the past four decades because of federal rules.\n","_input_hash":1407590390,"_task_hash":-863379936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future sea level rise (SLR) poses serious threats to the viability of coastal communities, but continues to be challenging to project using deterministic modeling approaches.","_input_hash":-658287495,"_task_hash":-1225188778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing average global temperatures gradually creep up but one of the biggest risks are heat waves.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-1510910441,"_task_hash":2111246937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the most destructive storms to hit the US during its annual hurricane season \u2013 1 June to 30 November \u2013 have occurred in recent years at increasingly intense levels.","_input_hash":-1374225231,"_task_hash":480527785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): Simply put, there are families that won't have anything to eat because there are entire communities that depend totally and completely on coffee.","_input_hash":1665501251,"_task_hash":-1420823336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, this barrage of unsettling, overwhelming and threatening information may lead to a state of chronic low-grade anxiety, fear or hopelessness.","_input_hash":-384756378,"_task_hash":-379757074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"If we look at deaths avoided per 100,000 people,\" Lo added, \"Miami and Detroit would have the highest numbers of heat-related deaths avoided among the 15 cities that we studied.\"\n","_input_hash":-11902172,"_task_hash":-838604811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Runoff is directly affected by precipitation over land, snow cover and soil moisture.\n","_input_hash":982229223,"_task_hash":1110757417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There was 1993, when a 500-year flood swelled the river to more than 42 feet above flood level.","_input_hash":1817013174,"_task_hash":348568014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.","_input_hash":745957700,"_task_hash":-1704934654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One recently published study found that extreme rainfall can be just as bad for crops as drought or intense heat.\n","_input_hash":-116477498,"_task_hash":-1841285296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much water inundating the system can also damage locks and other infrastructure.\n","_input_hash":-308983590,"_task_hash":-360911186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These are secondary environmental problems \u2014 such as damage to infrastructure or the release of chemicals or waste housed on site \u2014 that can manifest when temperatures and sea levels rise.","_input_hash":-1741578869,"_task_hash":-1412662149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change seems likely to become the dominant driver of ecosystem shifts, surpassing habitat destruction as the greatest threat to biodiversity.\n","_input_hash":-715703846,"_task_hash":-1783611315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The projected impacts on water availability, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health could lead to large-scale displacement of populations and have adverse consequences for human security and economic and trade systems.","_input_hash":-71608195,"_task_hash":149307406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEach year, the data suggests with increasing certainty that fracking is causing irrevocable damage to public health, local economies, the environment, and to global sustainability,\u201d said Physicians for Social Responsibility\u2019s Kathleen Nolan, one of the study\u2019s authors, in a statement.","_input_hash":1472001742,"_task_hash":-2143290823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result of climate change, temperatures are generally warmer and therefore expand the time period for which ticks are active.\n","_input_hash":-878422261,"_task_hash":988208588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Injection of wastewater into deep boreholes (greater than one kilometer) can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage.\n","_input_hash":569100572,"_task_hash":-1531153461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between May and July of 2018, Vogel said, heat waves simultaneously afflicted one-fifth of the area studied.","_input_hash":-735742794,"_task_hash":-1152039609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Saharan dust storms rarely travel far north, Westrich added, and are unlikely to have caused the Delaware Vibrio cases.\n","_input_hash":1326327127,"_task_hash":1484123431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also know that emotional distress during pregnancy and mood disorders, which can be triggered as women face the uncertainty that climate change brings to their lives and the lives of their families, can affect not only the physical but also the neurological and cognitive development of the unborn child.\n","_input_hash":-1803851631,"_task_hash":514137154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of the evening he was on the defensive, as the Corps has been throughout the extraordinary spring deluge that has flooded rivers from Oklahoma to Louisiana, overtopping levees and forcing the federal agency into the position of choosing which communities will be inundated with water its dams can no longer hold.\n","_input_hash":-1796022276,"_task_hash":544878910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Japan, where 11 people died as a result of the summer heatwave, 10 all-time temperature highs were set.\n","_input_hash":-615153058,"_task_hash":1635110552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Roughly 5 percent of species worldwide are threatened with climate-related extinction if global average temperatures rise 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, the report concluded.","_input_hash":-1375532581,"_task_hash":-1407664732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And as extreme weather events like the Camp Fire and Hurricane Maria, which destroyed nearly 200,000 homes in Texas, become both more frequent and more intense, they threaten to worsen inequality and housing instability.\n","_input_hash":-592406875,"_task_hash":-165954158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma attacks are the most common allergy-related reason a child ends up in the emergency room, said Ari Bernstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and the co-director of Harvard\u2019s Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment.\n","_input_hash":-1616375832,"_task_hash":-2137168203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, choosing to bike or walk to work has been associated with decreased stress levels.","_input_hash":-511760001,"_task_hash":1139432951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Very wet winters, like the one that just passed, followed by dry summers have historically been particularly bad when it comes to the growth of cocci spores, said Lauer.\n","_input_hash":94125827,"_task_hash":1062054124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In India, where many cities now numbering in the many millions would become unliveably hot, there would be 32 times as many extreme heat waves, each lasting five times as long and exposing, in total, 93 times more people.","_input_hash":-700120795,"_task_hash":-118687331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, many people with the coronavirus don\u2019t experience any symptoms at all, and there is nothing precluding someone from having both allergies and the virus at the same time.","_input_hash":-353926359,"_task_hash":-2047545184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2018The planet has seen sudden warming before, it wiped out almost everything.\u2019\n","_input_hash":-1930508168,"_task_hash":-140533801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And with humans continuing to burn fossil fuels for energy, global warming is expected to compound the damage.","_input_hash":-1203415324,"_task_hash":1337256771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warm air can hold more moisture, resulting in heavier rainstorms.\n","_input_hash":-767664423,"_task_hash":-683374641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published this week in the journal Earth\u2019s Future concludes that this heat wave epidemic \u201cwould not have occurred without human-induced climate change.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-1069466419,"_task_hash":1654677546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The global insured losses from natural catastrophes was $79 billion in 2018.\n","_input_hash":-1174845279,"_task_hash":1793718441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What many scientists and experts agree on: As climate change increases extreme precipitation, cities will need to adapt.\n","_input_hash":-1828568977,"_task_hash":-1052265378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's not the same.","_input_hash":260461665,"_task_hash":2036286130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.\n","_input_hash":-279648414,"_task_hash":1558562609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, which is already causing heavier rainfall in many storms, is an important part of the mix.","_input_hash":-239243681,"_task_hash":1770358782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms. Bedenbaugh, who has lived in the house since 2004, said she had experienced minor flooding before, but this damage was by far the worst she had seen.\n","_input_hash":1346992498,"_task_hash":250834783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Male partnering is associated with greater health risks than female partnering.\n","_input_hash":-1768794764,"_task_hash":-923552074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More explosive and rapidly spreading fires leave communities with little notice or chance to evacuate.","_input_hash":1003664296,"_task_hash":1629055679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, women in temporary housing attempted suicide 78 times more frequently than women not affected by the storms.\n","_input_hash":-541707532,"_task_hash":1314714350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that doesn\u2019t reflect the many ways in which climate change is making hurricane season anything but normal.","_input_hash":75397623,"_task_hash":-1561377681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to the longer season, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air cause plants to produce more pollen, Kinney said.\n","_input_hash":-376646682,"_task_hash":912620710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This last category refers to the psychological reaction of individuals to the stream of often dire predictions regarding the consequences of global climate change emanating from peers, teachers and the scientific and popular media.","_input_hash":115602367,"_task_hash":-1907946756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some farmers may cut their losses and turn to insurance if they\u2019re unable to plant; however, those same people would then also face challenges in qualifying for a federal government aid package designed to ease financial strain from the U.S.-China trade war because it requires that they plant crops.\n","_input_hash":-1719920553,"_task_hash":-940026363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme temperatures leading to greater morbidity and mortality is no surprise to the climate scientists who have been warning of such climate change impacts for years.","_input_hash":1567021462,"_task_hash":-1735825378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over time, the relevance of climate change denial will diminish while the need for mitigation and adaptation intensifies.\n","_input_hash":-1173920529,"_task_hash":329994527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis from earlier this year by STR found that 31.3 percent of all U.S. hotels are located in low-lying coastal areas, defined as being threatened by a six-foot storm surge.","_input_hash":638736395,"_task_hash":-1117530862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Global warming has already increased the odds of record hot and wet events happening in 75% of North America, said Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of climate science at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.\n","_input_hash":-2014705542,"_task_hash":-617691901,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires contributed to higher levels of PM2.5 pollution in the West, while the rise in ozone was attributed to warmer temperatures.","_input_hash":1938505472,"_task_hash":-2026083677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If collective action resulted in just one fewer devastating hurricane, just a few extra years of relative stability, it would be a goal worth pursuing.\n","_input_hash":1381690259,"_task_hash":-366625102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when the water near a reef gets too hot, the algae begin producing toxins, and the corals expel them in self defense, turning ghostly white.","_input_hash":-1632785635,"_task_hash":253951803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I remember a mother who told me that her nine-year-old boy was experiencing post-traumatic stress after being rescued from their flooded home and did not want to sleep alone.","_input_hash":642004524,"_task_hash":-1993503265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In particular, floods and other hydrological events have quadrupled since 1980.\n","_input_hash":-1276387518,"_task_hash":435323767,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And once international scientists had eliminated the effect of temperature averages across the whole growing season, they still found that heatwaves, drought and torrential downfall accounted for 18% to 43% of losses.\n","_input_hash":422973446,"_task_hash":1608700950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cybersecurity and financial volatility ranked second and third behind climate change for largest current risks.\n","_input_hash":-1712387563,"_task_hash":147828059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, Emanuel has published research suggesting the enormous rainfall Hurricane Harvey dumped on Houston was made more possible because of climate change.\n","_input_hash":-1147931990,"_task_hash":-1406323733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It employs so many people.","_input_hash":-2065108628,"_task_hash":-641984570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rain and snowstorms will be more intense and frequent in some places and less predictable and lighter in others.\n","_input_hash":-559902411,"_task_hash":1707128915,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding \u201cis just something that happens,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-162113494,"_task_hash":1084829862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"The Juliana generation is going to feel and suffer from those impacts in a way that's really different and more extreme than what any previous generation has felt,\" Goho said.\n","_input_hash":-852644023,"_task_hash":-414470108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While North Yorkshire told BBC Look North that the heat may be a factor, with pressure peaking during hot weekends when people were \"outside, drinking in the sunshine\".\n","_input_hash":1471105295,"_task_hash":1400069325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So for us as Americans to say that our personal actions are too frivolous to matter when people died in Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, a country whose carbon footprint is barely visible next to ours, is moral bankruptcy of the highest order.\n","_input_hash":-426958580,"_task_hash":1036573513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is a very vulnerable area, higher in poverty\u201d than the one hit by Cyclone Idai, Red Cross spokeswoman Katie Wilkes said.\n","_input_hash":-1901824228,"_task_hash":1429504190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Trillion-dollar investment is needed to avert \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich escape the effects and the poor do not, but this investment is far smaller than the eventual cost of doing nothing.\n","_input_hash":176483764,"_task_hash":-1537843750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Powell, chair of the Federal Reserve, told legislators in February the inquiry about climate change was a \u201cfair question\u201d to ask and promised to look into it.","_input_hash":-411270542,"_task_hash":1626310874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of certain extreme weather events, said Stephen Vavrus, a weather researcher at the University of Wisconsin.","_input_hash":371075359,"_task_hash":-598380426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There\u2019s going to be more coal burned here.\u201d","_input_hash":-1670893463,"_task_hash":-2136469546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These sparks quickly ignited the vegetation that was dried out and made extremely flammable by the same extreme heat and low humidity, which research also shows can contribute to a fire's rapid and uncontrollable spread, said Randerson.","_input_hash":432307109,"_task_hash":1719850552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 21 children and young adults suing the federal government over climate change argue that they and their generation are already suffering the consequences of climate change, from worsening allergies and asthma to the health risks and stress that come with hurricanes, wildfires and sea level rise threatening their homes.\n","_input_hash":-817665833,"_task_hash":-2078435817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.\n","_input_hash":957285175,"_task_hash":-359313527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A record cold spell in Florida in 2010 induced genetic adaptation in the surviving Burmese pythons that made them more cold tolerant.","_input_hash":1137734836,"_task_hash":1161578463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It found that out of 49 total such sites along the coasts of the Mediterranean, 37 are already vulnerable to a 100-year storm surge event.\n","_input_hash":-894340713,"_task_hash":-1426199920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many surrounding communities will also face growing exposure to rising seas.\n","_input_hash":1253847199,"_task_hash":-1349760991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research team compared known health impacts from air pollution against future climate scenarios to derive its projections.\n","_input_hash":-1140642947,"_task_hash":-948645887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or how they\u2019ll get swamped first by sea-level rise.","_input_hash":1949428326,"_task_hash":-769915393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Storms such as Hurricanes Andrew, Irma, and Katrina exemplify how major weather events magnified by global warming can have long-lasting effects on the economy.\n","_input_hash":504305109,"_task_hash":-617805292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet they seemed to bring forth sadness or internalised grief that had been buried out of sight.","_input_hash":346266114,"_task_hash":2038108025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s normal in Mongolia,\u201d says Purevkhuu, a former television journalist.","_input_hash":-1993442643,"_task_hash":1105457563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.","_input_hash":1095111302,"_task_hash":518170552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There may also be a positive \u201cfertilizer\u201d effect on agriculture due to increased atmospheric CO2 [44].","_input_hash":-1702559670,"_task_hash":-347998738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution has improved dramatically over the past four decades because of federal rules.\n","_input_hash":1407590390,"_task_hash":-863379936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future sea level rise (SLR) poses serious threats to the viability of coastal communities, but continues to be challenging to project using deterministic modeling approaches.","_input_hash":-658287495,"_task_hash":-1225188778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of the most destructive storms to hit the US during its annual hurricane season \u2013 1 June to 30 November \u2013 have occurred in recent years at increasingly intense levels.","_input_hash":-1374225231,"_task_hash":480527785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): Simply put, there are families that won't have anything to eat because there are entire communities that depend totally and completely on coffee.","_input_hash":1665501251,"_task_hash":-1420823336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over time, this barrage of unsettling, overwhelming and threatening information may lead to a state of chronic low-grade anxiety, fear or hopelessness.","_input_hash":-384756378,"_task_hash":-379757074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"If we look at deaths avoided per 100,000 people,\" Lo added, \"Miami and Detroit would have the highest numbers of heat-related deaths avoided among the 15 cities that we studied.\"\n","_input_hash":-11902172,"_task_hash":-838604811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Runoff is directly affected by precipitation over land, snow cover and soil moisture.\n","_input_hash":982229223,"_task_hash":1110757417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There was 1993, when a 500-year flood swelled the river to more than 42 feet above flood level.","_input_hash":1817013174,"_task_hash":348568014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.","_input_hash":745957700,"_task_hash":-1704934654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One recently published study found that extreme rainfall can be just as bad for crops as drought or intense heat.\n","_input_hash":-116477498,"_task_hash":-1841285296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much water inundating the system can also damage locks and other infrastructure.\n","_input_hash":-308983590,"_task_hash":-360911186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These are secondary environmental problems \u2014 such as damage to infrastructure or the release of chemicals or waste housed on site \u2014 that can manifest when temperatures and sea levels rise.","_input_hash":-1741578869,"_task_hash":-1412662149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change seems likely to become the dominant driver of ecosystem shifts, surpassing habitat destruction as the greatest threat to biodiversity.\n","_input_hash":-715703846,"_task_hash":-1783611315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The projected impacts on water availability, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health could lead to large-scale displacement of populations and have adverse consequences for human security and economic and trade systems.","_input_hash":-71608195,"_task_hash":149307406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cEach year, the data suggests with increasing certainty that fracking is causing irrevocable damage to public health, local economies, the environment, and to global sustainability,\u201d said Physicians for Social Responsibility\u2019s Kathleen Nolan, one of the study\u2019s authors, in a statement.","_input_hash":1472001742,"_task_hash":-2143290823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result of climate change, temperatures are generally warmer and therefore expand the time period for which ticks are active.\n","_input_hash":-878422261,"_task_hash":988208588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Injection of wastewater into deep boreholes (greater than one kilometer) can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage.\n","_input_hash":569100572,"_task_hash":-1531153461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between May and July of 2018, Vogel said, heat waves simultaneously afflicted one-fifth of the area studied.","_input_hash":-735742794,"_task_hash":-1152039609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Saharan dust storms rarely travel far north, Westrich added, and are unlikely to have caused the Delaware Vibrio cases.\n","_input_hash":1326327127,"_task_hash":1484123431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We also know that emotional distress during pregnancy and mood disorders, which can be triggered as women face the uncertainty that climate change brings to their lives and the lives of their families, can affect not only the physical but also the neurological and cognitive development of the unborn child.\n","_input_hash":-1803851631,"_task_hash":514137154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of the evening he was on the defensive, as the Corps has been throughout the extraordinary spring deluge that has flooded rivers from Oklahoma to Louisiana, overtopping levees and forcing the federal agency into the position of choosing which communities will be inundated with water its dams can no longer hold.\n","_input_hash":-1796022276,"_task_hash":544878910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Japan, where 11 people died as a result of the summer heatwave, 10 all-time temperature highs were set.\n","_input_hash":-615153058,"_task_hash":1635110552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Roughly 5 percent of species worldwide are threatened with climate-related extinction if global average temperatures rise 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, the report concluded.","_input_hash":-1375532581,"_task_hash":-1407664732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And as extreme weather events like the Camp Fire and Hurricane Maria, which destroyed nearly 200,000 homes in Texas, become both more frequent and more intense, they threaten to worsen inequality and housing instability.\n","_input_hash":-592406875,"_task_hash":-165954158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma attacks are the most common allergy-related reason a child ends up in the emergency room, said Ari Bernstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and the co-director of Harvard\u2019s Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment.\n","_input_hash":-1616375832,"_task_hash":-2137168203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, choosing to bike or walk to work has been associated with decreased stress levels.","_input_hash":-511760001,"_task_hash":1139432951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Very wet winters, like the one that just passed, followed by dry summers have historically been particularly bad when it comes to the growth of cocci spores, said Lauer.\n","_input_hash":94125827,"_task_hash":1062054124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In India, where many cities now numbering in the many millions would become unliveably hot, there would be 32 times as many extreme heat waves, each lasting five times as long and exposing, in total, 93 times more people.","_input_hash":-700120795,"_task_hash":-118687331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, many people with the coronavirus don\u2019t experience any symptoms at all, and there is nothing precluding someone from having both allergies and the virus at the same time.","_input_hash":-353926359,"_task_hash":-2047545184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2018The planet has seen sudden warming before, it wiped out almost everything.\u2019\n","_input_hash":-1930508168,"_task_hash":-140533801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And with humans continuing to burn fossil fuels for energy, global warming is expected to compound the damage.","_input_hash":-1203415324,"_task_hash":1337256771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warm air can hold more moisture, resulting in heavier rainstorms.\n","_input_hash":-767664423,"_task_hash":-683374641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published this week in the journal Earth\u2019s Future concludes that this heat wave epidemic \u201cwould not have occurred without human-induced climate change.\u201d\n","_input_hash":-1069466419,"_task_hash":1654677546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The global insured losses from natural catastrophes was $79 billion in 2018.\n","_input_hash":-1174845279,"_task_hash":1793718441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What many scientists and experts agree on: As climate change increases extreme precipitation, cities will need to adapt.\n","_input_hash":-1828568977,"_task_hash":-1052265378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's not the same.","_input_hash":260461665,"_task_hash":2036286130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.\n","_input_hash":-279648414,"_task_hash":1558562609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, which is already causing heavier rainfall in many storms, is an important part of the mix.","_input_hash":-239243681,"_task_hash":1770358782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms. Bedenbaugh, who has lived in the house since 2004, said she had experienced minor flooding before, but this damage was by far the worst she had seen.\n","_input_hash":1346992498,"_task_hash":250834783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Male partnering is associated with greater health risks than female partnering.\n","_input_hash":-1768794764,"_task_hash":-923552074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More explosive and rapidly spreading fires leave communities with little notice or chance to evacuate.","_input_hash":1003664296,"_task_hash":1629055679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, women in temporary housing attempted suicide 78 times more frequently than women not affected by the storms.\n","_input_hash":-541707532,"_task_hash":1314714350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that doesn\u2019t reflect the many ways in which climate change is making hurricane season anything but normal.","_input_hash":75397623,"_task_hash":-1561377681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm-label-eval-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} diff --git a/utils/database_download/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.c1e8d0c0-95d1-4ca1-9774-f712740939a3.jsonl b/utils/database_download/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.c1e8d0c0-95d1-4ca1-9774-f712740939a3.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index 9f9666d..0000000 --- a/utils/database_download/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.c1e8d0c0-95d1-4ca1-9774-f712740939a3.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4371 +0,0 @@ -{"text":"The Earth rotates about its axis once a day, but it does not do so uniformly.","_input_hash":-139850481,"_task_hash":692144583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Anthony","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Instead, the rate of rotation varies by up to a millisecond per day.","_input_hash":1863220239,"_task_hash":766818894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Anthony","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Like a spinning ice skater whose speed of rotation increases as the skater\u2019s arms are brought closer to their body, the speed of the Earth\u2019s rotation will increase if its mass is brought closer to its axis of rotation.","_input_hash":-502086775,"_task_hash":1485400248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Conversely, the speed of the Earth\u2019s rotation will decrease if its mass is moved away from the rotation axis.","_input_hash":1081256077,"_task_hash":-2060458065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting land ice, like mountain glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, will change the Earth\u2019s rotation only if the meltwater flows into the oceans.","_input_hash":-2018217686,"_task_hash":1643641985,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If the meltwater remains close to its source (by being trapped in a glacier lake, for example), then there is no net movement of mass away from the glacier or ice sheet, and the Earth\u2019s rotation won\u2019t change.","_input_hash":659556373,"_task_hash":2144552449,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But if the meltwater flows into the oceans and is dispersed, then there is a net movement of mass and the Earth\u2019s rotation will change.","_input_hash":859819278,"_task_hash":-87455070,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, if the Greenland ice sheet were to completely melt and the meltwater were to completely flow into the oceans, then global sea level would rise by about seven meters (23 feet) and the Earth would rotate more slowly, with the length of the day becoming longer than it is today, by about two milliseconds.","_input_hash":-1744785319,"_task_hash":30993403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting sea ice, such as the Arctic ice cap, does not change sea level because the ice displaces its volume and, hence, does not change the Earth\u2019s rotation.","_input_hash":676289388,"_task_hash":-12757137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)About a billion more people might be exposed to mosquito borne diseases as temperatures continue to rise with climate change, according to a new study.","_input_hash":867799289,"_task_hash":333575504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the planet gets warmer, scientists say, diseases like Zika, chikungunya and dengue will continue spreading farther north.","_input_hash":348456287,"_task_hash":287822701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors of the new study, published Thursday in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, created a model that includes data on predicted temperature changes and the known range of the day biting, disease carrying mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.","_input_hash":-445590841,"_task_hash":1832011353,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Europe will probably see some of the biggest increases in diseases from both of these species, the researchers say.","_input_hash":-1081773020,"_task_hash":1492775842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United States, East Asia, high elevation parts of central America, East Africa and Canada will also see large increases in risk for these diseases.","_input_hash":2096435631,"_task_hash":-1778634263,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The much warmer climates in Southeast Asia and West Africa will not be as suitable for the albopictus species.","_input_hash":928772068,"_task_hash":60991973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This study complements previous work on the link between climate change and bugs, well, bugging us to death.","_input_hash":-1011075709,"_task_hash":1143371693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Fourth National Climate Assessment, published by the US government in November, suggested that North America could see some of the largest increases in disease.","_input_hash":-469420643,"_task_hash":1351054663,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other reports have suggested that climate change could \"halt and reverse\" progress in human health over the past century.","_input_hash":1784297702,"_task_hash":1494679230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The cases of disease caused by mosquitoes have been increasing.","_input_hash":644134913,"_task_hash":1916271580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study in May found that tick and mosquito borne diseases have more than tripled since 2004 in the United States.","_input_hash":-45598741,"_task_hash":1782710216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"About a sixth of the illnesses and disability cases worldwide come from these conditions, according to the World Health Organization; every year, a billion people are infected and more than a million die from them.","_input_hash":1833558544,"_task_hash":902693029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The new study found that the number of people who will be at risk for these diseases in any month of the year will increase substantially by 2050, by about half a billion.","_input_hash":320356377,"_task_hash":1703098318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By 2080, the number of people at risk in one or more months increases to nearly a billion more than currently expected.","_input_hash":822626406,"_task_hash":1996630465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This model we created is a really large planning tool,\" said lead study author Sadie Ryan, an associate professor of medical geography at the University of Florida.","_input_hash":-211531457,"_task_hash":815923208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She hopes officials will use the work to anticipate problems so they can budget and plan to keep the bugs at bay, as such planning has worked well in the past.","_input_hash":-1765317665,"_task_hash":1645482400,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"If you think about why we don't have malaria in the US now, [it] is because we had incredibly successful vector control,\" Ryan said.","_input_hash":714318493,"_task_hash":139685350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We have these tools, but we have to want to use them.\"","_input_hash":2131849818,"_task_hash":-1061706646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ryan cautioned that countries in South and Central America had mostly gotten rid of Aedes aegypti by the 1970s.","_input_hash":-1011734141,"_task_hash":-1184197954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their vector control effort was \"so efficient.","_input_hash":-105216448,"_task_hash":-655141628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then we stopped funding it as well, and then it came roaring back in the '80s.","_input_hash":-2065308662,"_task_hash":-500633789,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" The study is \"provocative\" and \"well worth paying attention to,\" said Dr. Myron Cohen, a professor and director of the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.","_input_hash":-1859629830,"_task_hash":58184679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cohen was not involved in the study but has worked on research involving mosquito borne diseases such as Zika.","_input_hash":989445476,"_task_hash":-1663799166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The important question, he says, is whether politicians and policy makers the ones who will need to make the changes to slow climate change and prepare for its consequences see studies like this and act.","_input_hash":594375275,"_task_hash":-882627305,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If Florida, for instance, is going to see a lot of dengue, they're going to need to be better prepared, and if the southern US is going to suffer more dengue, that would be bad,\" Cohen said.","_input_hash":1013900646,"_task_hash":-1874164235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Information like this is very interesting and very important.","_input_hash":-1938014178,"_task_hash":-27864935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We hope politicians and policy makers will get this and act on this concern.\"","_input_hash":1668700728,"_task_hash":341038568,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This article was created in partnership with the National Geographic Society.","_input_hash":-1988442025,"_task_hash":1679295057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaCoal is everywhere in Mongolia\u2019s frigid capital.","_input_hash":580873164,"_task_hash":-181498779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It sits beneath the towering smokestacks of power plants in piles as big as football fields.","_input_hash":-1703882896,"_task_hash":414171409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drivers haul it through town in the open beds of pickup trucks.","_input_hash":-1962416112,"_task_hash":945323609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vendors stack yellow bags of the stuff along roadsides, and jagged pieces spill from metal buckets in the round felt yurts where the poorest families burn it to keep out the bitter cold.","_input_hash":1398806200,"_task_hash":-1013231439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The smoke in Ulaanbaatar is at times so thick that people and buildings are visible only in outline.","_input_hash":82493599,"_task_hash":-592386850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its smell is acrid and inescapable.","_input_hash":1502017465,"_task_hash":504963239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The sooty air stings throats and wafts into the gleaming modern office buildings in the center of town and into the blocky, Soviet style apartment towers that sprawl toward the mountains on the city\u2019s edges.","_input_hash":1705717415,"_task_hash":617797531,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On bad days, handheld pollution monitors max out, as readings soar dozens of times beyond recommended limits.","_input_hash":2078308519,"_task_hash":-793221059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Levels of the tiniest and most dangerous airborne particles, known as PM 2.5, once hit 133 times the World Health Organization\u2019s suggested maximum.","_input_hash":1874677818,"_task_hash":2091895301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mongolia\u2019s pollution problem is a more severe version of one playing out around the world.","_input_hash":1923506704,"_task_hash":-1760847084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From the United States and Germany to India and China, air pollution cuts short an estimated 7 million lives globally every year.","_input_hash":728282149,"_task_hash":-1427059305,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coal is one of the major causes of dirty air\u2014and of climate change.","_input_hash":450570652,"_task_hash":2043584057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Mongolia, at least for now, coal is essential to surviving the brutal winters.","_input_hash":-136992658,"_task_hash":-1645423697,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the toll it takes is steep.","_input_hash":-495995880,"_task_hash":88314232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI no longer know what a healthy lung sounds like\u201d This winter authorities closed the capital\u2019s schools for two full months, from mid December to mid February, in a desperate attempt to shield children from the toxic air.","_input_hash":1449126205,"_task_hash":-1817839723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s unclear how effective that measure is.","_input_hash":-1800445401,"_task_hash":-1076379306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hospitals are stretched far beyond capacity, as pneumonia cases, particularly among the youngest, spike every winter.","_input_hash":-943453111,"_task_hash":1183406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI no longer know what a healthy lung sounds like,\u201d says Ganjargal Demberel, a doctor who makes house calls in a neighborhood of yurts\u2014known in Mongolia as gers\u2014tucked into the jagged brown hills in the city\u2019s northeastern corner.","_input_hash":1177627756,"_task_hash":-492721223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEverybody has bronchitis or some other problem, especially during winter.\u201d","_input_hash":-1454089763,"_task_hash":-1945236749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One of Dr. Ganjargal\u2019s patients is Gal Erdene Sumiya, a shaggy haired seven month old who, when I meet him, is just getting over pneumonia.","_input_hash":-1641271351,"_task_hash":1596919503,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI can\u2019t bring him outside to get any air, because it\u2019s so polluted,\u201d says his mother, Selengesaikhan Oyundelger.","_input_hash":-958131695,"_task_hash":-148717075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She keeps her older children inside almost all the time too.","_input_hash":-825373995,"_task_hash":1720630602,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A patterned pink cloth covers the walls of the family\u2019s ger, and the wooden poles that support its round roof are brightly painted, creating a living space that\u2019s cozy and intimate.","_input_hash":106144301,"_task_hash":-608203111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A small stove keeps it warm as Selengesaikhan rolls out dough for mutton dumplings.","_input_hash":-536112068,"_task_hash":1116126176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She says the other mothers she met when her son was hospitalized talked about pollution incessantly: \u201cThey were saying they had no confidence in the future of this country.\u201d","_input_hash":-2009793994,"_task_hash":-1086752929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ger districts like hers, a mix of the traditional round tents and simple wood or brick houses, are home mostly to migrants from the countryside, former herders who have come to the capital seeking jobs and education.","_input_hash":751557031,"_task_hash":1328874895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because they lack the infrastructure available to apartment dwellers\u2014reliable electricity and district heating systems, as well as water and sanitation\u2014residents shovel coal into small stoves for warmth.","_input_hash":-1392454378,"_task_hash":-859924797,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A single family easily burns two tons or more each winter.","_input_hash":-1414039224,"_task_hash":-920226196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Smoke floats from the metal chimneys that poke up from every tent and house, and the ger districts are among the city\u2019s most polluted.","_input_hash":-1998555305,"_task_hash":1060902843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But bigger polluters darken Ulaanbaatar\u2019s air as well.","_input_hash":-108391411,"_task_hash":547975356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Huge black plumes waft from power plants, and smoke drifts too from the chimneys of apartment buildings, supermarkets, and schools where maintenance men heap coal into big boilers.","_input_hash":80431259,"_task_hash":583334645,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The blanket of foul air that engulfs this city for half the year is both a profound threat to its people\u2019s health and a symptom of a much wider set of failures.","_input_hash":2006519005,"_task_hash":691644593,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Almost 30 years after it ended decades of isolation, rejected communism, and became a democracy, Mongolia remains a nation in transition.","_input_hash":555298779,"_task_hash":1477365424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It has opened its rich mineral wealth to foreign mining companies that extract gold, copper\u2014and, of course, coal\u2014from the Gobi Desert.","_input_hash":-1528469176,"_task_hash":-1687846582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cold Place, Deadly Smog Nestled in a narrow valley, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia\u2019s capital, is home to nearly 1.5 million people and has some of the worst air pollution in the world\u2014especially in winter, when many homes are heated by coal stoves.","_input_hash":2050548385,"_task_hash":-225361385,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Levels of fine soot particles (PM2.5)\u2014the most dangerous type of air pollution\u2014can rise to more than 20 times the World Health Organization\u2019s safe limit.","_input_hash":-1817867134,"_task_hash":1759841720,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mountains trap air pollution","_input_hash":1150675646,"_task_hash":-13758790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In winter, cold, polluted air is trapped near the ground by an inversion: a layer of warmer air above that prevents the dispersion of pollutants.","_input_hash":-453332028,"_task_hash":1240207812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 10 most polluted capitals in 2018 Annual average levels of PM2.5, in micrograms per cubic meter (\u00b5g/m\u00b3)","_input_hash":-1275630281,"_task_hash":1770932510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Monthly PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar Death rate from air pollution (per 100,000 people)","_input_hash":-1315063593,"_task_hash":614430696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As environmental and economic changes have made the old nomadic way of life more tenuous, Ulaanbaatar\u2019s leaders have failed to plan for the mass migration to the capital of rural families who are no longer able to eke out a living tending livestock on the high, windswept steppe.","_input_hash":-131704337,"_task_hash":1747398364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mongolia is a nation of three million people inhabiting a space almost triple that of France\u2014but nearly half are now crowded into its ever more polluted capital.","_input_hash":-143145821,"_task_hash":406549598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI feel so guilty\u201d Purevkhuu Tserendorj\u2019s family didn\u2019t migrate from the countryside; they returned to Ulaanbaatar in 2015 from Los Angeles, where she and her husband had been studying.","_input_hash":-425783206,"_task_hash":-770437729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They felt the pollution\u2019s effects immediately.","_input_hash":-1216847846,"_task_hash":1029060765,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their younger son was a newborn then, and he started coughing only a few days after they landed.","_input_hash":-2085400083,"_task_hash":-1605572800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Before long, he had pneumonia.","_input_hash":-1737197724,"_task_hash":-833219392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Her friends told her their children got it several times a year, and soon her two boys did too.","_input_hash":-814702025,"_task_hash":975906179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s normal in Mongolia,\u201d says Purevkhuu, a former television journalist.","_input_hash":-1993442643,"_task_hash":1105457563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But she wasn\u2019t prepared to accept such a serious illness as routine.","_input_hash":1827231336,"_task_hash":1924855143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So on Facebook she called for angry parents to gather on Sukhbaatar Square, where a statue of Genghis Khan sits in front of the imposing marble parliament building.","_input_hash":1790057066,"_task_hash":1959523146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It was December 2016, with temperatures below zero Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":899198793,"_task_hash":-1823346612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe mothers couldn\u2019t feel their feet and fingers,\u201d Purvekhuu recalls.","_input_hash":-612737546,"_task_hash":1414692331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The movement that began that day has grown, but its founder is grappling with an awful dilemma.","_input_hash":1635580065,"_task_hash":41373716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Her older son, now five, endured eye cancer as a baby in L.A.","_input_hash":-1062662699,"_task_hash":936126080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To protect his health, she and her husband sent him to live temporarily with his grandparents in Washington, D.C., and it\u2019s agonizing to be so far apart.","_input_hash":1571813930,"_task_hash":1350205523,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEvery morning I wake up missing, dreaming about him,\u201d Purvekhuu says.","_input_hash":-1033200435,"_task_hash":-1422039738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The family is thinking of returning to America.","_input_hash":367420579,"_task_hash":273898087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But Purevkhuu has become the face of air quality activism in Mongolia, so she fears the government will let pollution get even worse if she leaves.","_input_hash":-335410692,"_task_hash":-1043536083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Staying is hard to contemplate too: \u201cI feel so guilty\u201d about living in Ulaanbaatar, she says.","_input_hash":-2010882214,"_task_hash":256110048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt affects my children very badly.\u201d","_input_hash":-1949673252,"_task_hash":-1559354965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Alex Heikens, UNICEF\u2019s Mongolia representative, believes the air pollution here \u201cis more than a public health crisis.\u201d","_input_hash":-1240172618,"_task_hash":-1303741174,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He sees it as a long term threat to the nation\u2019s well being, scarring lungs permanently, impairing children\u2019s brain development and endangering future productivity.","_input_hash":708280940,"_task_hash":318644411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cEven if we would stop the pollution now, we go down to zero today, many of these problems are already built into the health of the population,\u201d he says.","_input_hash":-1993411366,"_task_hash":1461035355,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even inside schools and hospitals, Heikens says, pollution levels are off the charts.","_input_hash":497101059,"_task_hash":238773588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn the maternity wards, a baby is born: First breath of air is 600 micrograms per cubic meter PM2.5\u201d\u201424 times the acceptable level.","_input_hash":1158470515,"_task_hash":-768239066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThat\u2019s not a good start of your life.\u201d","_input_hash":1399124886,"_task_hash":-306245244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe will not receive you\u201d So far, the official response has been ineffectual, and many Mongolians have begun to see it through a wider lens.","_input_hash":-1649884321,"_task_hash":-346458883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.","_input_hash":745957700,"_task_hash":-1704934654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The word Manan is a mashup of the two main parties\u2019 names, and critics use it to imply that there\u2019s little difference between them, that both sides put personal interests first.","_input_hash":-972244442,"_task_hash":1945745253,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The word also means \u201cfog,\u201d so it alludes to the lack of transparency that hides official misdeeds.","_input_hash":216594243,"_task_hash":-712921925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And these days, Manan also refers to the unnatural fog of pollution.","_input_hash":-1746413696,"_task_hash":-367965810,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That fog, says economist Jargal Dambadarjaa, \u201cis becoming thicker and thicker.\u201d","_input_hash":1697315126,"_task_hash":1637710751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Politicians \u201care not serving the people they\u2019re supposed to serve.","_input_hash":-1385556269,"_task_hash":1782085803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead they\u2019re serving the people who are financing them.\u201d","_input_hash":1648608970,"_task_hash":-498293526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But now Mongolians are getting mad.","_input_hash":347588353,"_task_hash":520535631,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI hope very much that we will clean the house relatively shortly.\u201d","_input_hash":1081429305,"_task_hash":305477887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When it comes to pollution, experts say the remedy should start with providing better services to the ger districts, whose residents are both a big cause and the worst victims of pollution.","_input_hash":-399699711,"_task_hash":278459003,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One study found ger district children had lung capacity 40 percent smaller than kids in the countryside\u2014a red flag for long term health problems.","_input_hash":993910040,"_task_hash":1059821410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the ger districts have grown rapidly in recent years, they have been part of Ulaanbaatar for decades, and officials have neglected to provide even basic infrastructure.","_input_hash":-1911931601,"_task_hash":427941725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ger families have enough electricity for light bulbs and a few appliances, but neither grid connections nor the city\u2019s power supply are sufficient for them to switch to electric heating.","_input_hash":-1262416043,"_task_hash":-1025799343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although most of Mongolia\u2019s electricity comes from coal, at least big plants can be regulated, and their smoke treated, says Regdel Duger, president of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences.","_input_hash":423360734,"_task_hash":-1388484612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Insulating gers could halve the energy needed to heat each one, he added.","_input_hash":-1274412926,"_task_hash":-1060068017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He recommended the government provide loans to help ger owners fund such improvements.","_input_hash":-611811570,"_task_hash":-1262745582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recently, officials have sought to limit the ger districts\u2019 growth by temporarily barring new migrants from coming to the city unless they can afford to buy or rent a home.","_input_hash":-1740719279,"_task_hash":-1348631079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf you are going to move into the ger district and add more stoves,\u201d says Deputy Mayor Batbayasgalan Jantsan, \u201cthen I\u2019m","_input_hash":845619112,"_task_hash":1042878300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"sorry, we will not receive you.\u201d","_input_hash":1167836888,"_task_hash":-1341270490,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Officials may introduce a fee for new arrivals when the migration ban expires, he said.","_input_hash":-2021303449,"_task_hash":207345489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many migrants, though, simply come illegally.","_input_hash":1890420490,"_task_hash":-1321238061,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The forces driving Mongolia\u2019s urbanization are powerful.","_input_hash":1982677065,"_task_hash":-184165207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Young people are pulled to the capital, as to cities around the world, by the prospect of jobs or better schooling.","_input_hash":1875386439,"_task_hash":-1936946080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Mongolia\u2019s nomads are also being pushed off the land, as mining accelerates desertification of grasslands, through the mines\u2019 heavy groundwater use and destruction of vegetation.","_input_hash":-337386583,"_task_hash":1576018495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Meanwhile climate change is increasing the frequency of the one two punch of harsh weather known as the dzud: a dry summer followed by an even colder than normal winter.","_input_hash":-266780680,"_task_hash":-1194912167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That decimates livestock and livelihoods.","_input_hash":-551045576,"_task_hash":1860643630,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even goats add to the trouble: Herders raise them for lucrative cashmere, but unlike camels, horses, and cows, they rip up plants by the roots, degrading pastures and ensnaring their owners in debt.","_input_hash":-968423170,"_task_hash":-792058319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThey\u2019re stuck in that box\u201d Beyond efforts to curb migration, the government is also planning a shift to a higher grade coal, barring the dirtiest grade of the fuel from entering the city starting in","_input_hash":-354094031,"_task_hash":-1314007042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"May. Tsogtbaatar Byambaa, a Ministry of Health official, expects that to help, but he knows there is far more to do.","_input_hash":199626905,"_task_hash":842353010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe magnitude of this issue is here,\u201d he says, raising one hand high.","_input_hash":1044301284,"_task_hash":1907112781,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat we might be doing is here,\u201d gesturing lower with the other.","_input_hash":864629202,"_task_hash":-59545723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe need to bring those closer.\u201d","_input_hash":335450374,"_task_hash":591833633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Much of the low grade coal that fills Ulaanbaatar\u2019s stoves, and that the government is outlawing, comes from Nalaikh, on the outskirts of the city.","_input_hash":-615225852,"_task_hash":-1694831596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A state owned company ran mining operations there until it collapsed in the 1990s.","_input_hash":-1022128749,"_task_hash":1465780874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now locals work the dozens of informal, unregulated holes that pock the landscape beneath the hulking shells of abandoned buildings.","_input_hash":-701878484,"_task_hash":237382988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Muhammad Ashimset is only 18, but he\u2019s been doing 12 hour shifts underground for three years.","_input_hash":-1239278758,"_task_hash":179866629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each morning, he climbs into a battered metal bucket the size and shape of a bathtub, and as the cable holding it unspools, slides down a 200 foot deep shaft.","_input_hash":-862529919,"_task_hash":-215275629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He and his co workers send the big bucket up full, and crews shovel the coal into pickup trucks bound for the city.","_input_hash":216005974,"_task_hash":-1601970199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Soon that trade will end\u2014legally, anyway.","_input_hash":887833064,"_task_hash":-2057636461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the warm ger where the miners shelter from the bitter wind during breaks, they say they hope there will be new jobs for them if these mines are forced to close when the law requiring higher grade coal kicks in.","_input_hash":-57168660,"_task_hash":-1985297044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As another dust covered miner pours salty milk tea into plastic bowls, Murat Ahambek says he understands the rationale behind that rule.","_input_hash":-1546034941,"_task_hash":-480886928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After all, his family feels the effects of air pollution too.","_input_hash":-463904770,"_task_hash":1070599185,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMy wife and my daughter, when they go home in the evening, they constantly cough,\u201d he says.","_input_hash":1376266536,"_task_hash":1379062965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many observers, though, doubt the move to refined coal will ease such symptoms.","_input_hash":-1892467172,"_task_hash":-1453080213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sukhgerel Dugersuren, chair of a mining oversight group called Oyu Tolgoi Watch, says it\u2019s long past time for Mongolia to shift away from coal altogether, not just to slightly better coal.","_input_hash":1613227458,"_task_hash":-512397803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But she sees little sign of the political will to make that happen.","_input_hash":-1762674216,"_task_hash":-69031464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere is reluctance to take on new things, or maybe just no capacity,\u201d she says of government officials who are invested\u2014both financially and intellectually\u2014in the toxic fuel, and uninterested in renewable energy, despite Mongolia\u2019s rich resources of wind and sunshine.","_input_hash":-54936885,"_task_hash":1468375797,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe people are old, their education is old, the mentality.","_input_hash":-1565984497,"_task_hash":-1446934671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They\u2019re kind of stuck in that box.\u201d","_input_hash":-657504838,"_task_hash":1291046921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, she says, Chinese money is readily available to finance coal mines and power plants\u2014but not clean energy.","_input_hash":1165327299,"_task_hash":-1457012641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While China has invested heavily in renewable power at home, it remains dependent on coal and has been eager to tap Mongolia\u2019s rich resources.","_input_hash":-446926906,"_task_hash":1793959017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cUlaanbaatar is already suffocating from its coal use,\u201d Sukhgerel says, but she fears \u201cthe way the planning is going, there\u2019s going to be more [coal fired] power plants.","_input_hash":-794472118,"_task_hash":-832256592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There\u2019s going to be more coal burned here.\u201d","_input_hash":-1670893463,"_task_hash":-2136469546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beth Gardiner is a London based journalist and the author of Choked:","_input_hash":-989817343,"_task_hash":-560922451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution.","_input_hash":1532554567,"_task_hash":1547084031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Matthieu Paley is a photographer and frequent contributor to National Geographic.","_input_hash":1930135270,"_task_hash":-1826632296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Follow him on Instagram.","_input_hash":-1373177859,"_task_hash":243734570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In rural Honduras, farming has been many residents\u2019 livelihood for generations.","_input_hash":1475903093,"_task_hash":-1738559188,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But now, rising temperatures and declining rainfall are killing crops and jeopardizing the farmers\u2019 very survival.","_input_hash":1842203292,"_task_hash":37224612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Special correspondent Marcia Biggs and videographer Julia Galiano Rios explore how climate change affects these rural populations, driving them into urban areas and ultimately, even out of the country.","_input_hash":1293073933,"_task_hash":-851825520,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Read the Full Transcript Judy Woodruff: We return to our series on migration from Central America.","_input_hash":-1868815489,"_task_hash":1430200706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We brought you stories of violence and insecurity driving people towards the U.S., but there are economic reasons, too.","_input_hash":-1928753708,"_task_hash":-1318079100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Honduras, where agriculture sustains many people, long term drought, caused in part by climate change, is forcing many to leave.","_input_hash":-230328436,"_task_hash":-151539150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In tonight's report, produced in partnership with the Pulitzer Center, special correspondent Marcia Biggs and videographer Julia Galiano Rios traveled to Lempira state in far Western Honduras.","_input_hash":-761898818,"_task_hash":-1102285626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: It's a typical morning for Catalina Ayala, grinding corn to make the day's tortillas.","_input_hash":-545161611,"_task_hash":-459810619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It serves as daily bread here in rural Honduras, where families live off the land, growing corn, beans, and coffee.","_input_hash":-1269654056,"_task_hash":1281907749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Her husband, Alfredo, has been a corn farmer all his life.","_input_hash":1475398,"_task_hash":1939135498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But this is the last of the family's harvest.","_input_hash":757531530,"_task_hash":-1847475190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How much reserves of corn do you have?","_input_hash":2001143185,"_task_hash":-1436447225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs:","_input_hash":1106412778,"_task_hash":2088018938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo's one of almost four million people struggling to survive in what's called Central America's Dry Corridor, an area that stretches from Costa Rica to the Mexican border.","_input_hash":66404747,"_task_hash":698099804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Historically known for its irregular rainfall, it earned the nickname in 2009, after a drought killed over half the crops in the region.","_input_hash":-830608935,"_task_hash":1779498368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Accelerated by climate change, rainfall in the Western Honduras state of Lempira has fallen sharply in the last five years.","_input_hash":964402967,"_task_hash":-1286709712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's just all dead.","_input_hash":-910993167,"_task_hash":-2098758370,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo says, 10 years ago, he could harvest around 4,000 pounds of corn each season.","_input_hash":-298091078,"_task_hash":-505270792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now he says he's lucky if he gets around 500.","_input_hash":-1678987426,"_task_hash":-1361111062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He says he's lost over 90 percent of his crop, and what was left wasn't even enough to live on.","_input_hash":-1863184671,"_task_hash":879779789,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"OK, so he's saying that, when there is rain, when there is no crop \u2014 no drought, that the corn crop obviously is much bigger, much wider, the kernels are much bigger.","_input_hash":-286518346,"_task_hash":878162120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And they had to forgo planting them because of the drought.","_input_hash":1777360592,"_task_hash":3168444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You see what came because of the drought.","_input_hash":1633105719,"_task_hash":-1171997930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So they started planting these maicillos, which is what they used to feed the animals.","_input_hash":1826397270,"_task_hash":-1202820002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo's","_input_hash":-1594652670,"_task_hash":-1381883814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"like most farmers we spoke to, who have started planting a lower quality corn called maicillo, which is more resistant to drought.","_input_hash":1353124520,"_task_hash":688894566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Traditionally used as chicken feed, it may keep them alive, but no one will buy it.","_input_hash":1358083568,"_task_hash":1078684541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What is the maicillo like to eat?","_input_hash":-1450000276,"_task_hash":-931861694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo Monge (through translator)","_input_hash":828362281,"_task_hash":-784714719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": Just bring it over.","_input_hash":-1780168507,"_task_hash":-863654941,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's not the same.","_input_hash":260461665,"_task_hash":2036286130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's a different flavor.","_input_hash":-1220006861,"_task_hash":-1974164714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The tortilla is darker.","_input_hash":-1467226785,"_task_hash":644686421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: While wealthier farmers can install irrigation systems, Don Alfredo says he doesn't have the cash.","_input_hash":1969829264,"_task_hash":1545266800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And without a crop, he will soon be out of a home.","_input_hash":24204376,"_task_hash":34882032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He used to pay the rent on his land with a percentage of his crops.","_input_hash":-813181270,"_task_hash":-355612557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And on good days, he's able to find work as a day laborer for around $4 per day.","_input_hash":161318777,"_task_hash":1803651983,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Today wasn't one of those days.","_input_hash":-1240311790,"_task_hash":-648050440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How bad is it for your family right now?","_input_hash":-1356322788,"_task_hash":838360193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": I am desperate.","_input_hash":-213349732,"_task_hash":551246921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That is my personal situation, and that of many other families here.","_input_hash":2088600631,"_task_hash":-2077396119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are desperate.","_input_hash":-1555456821,"_task_hash":-27420724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not having food makes one desperate.","_input_hash":640094056,"_task_hash":569194648,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not eating for just one day causes distress.","_input_hash":491759238,"_task_hash":545833324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization, there's been a surge of migration from rural areas in Honduras, where farmers lost an estimated 82 percent of corn and bean crops last year from lack of rain.","_input_hash":1088967127,"_task_hash":-857668510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And for coffee farmers, yet another problem, an epidemic of rust fungus, roya in Spanish, an insidious plant disease they liken to cancer, which grows quickly in dry, warm climates, destroying entire coffee plantations.","_input_hash":1472772244,"_task_hash":2027669137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"German Orellana is an agricultural engineer.","_input_hash":1454557400,"_task_hash":1597998657,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He did his postgraduate research in the U.S., before returning to his tiny village in Honduras to work on water sustainability projects.","_input_hash":256914648,"_task_hash":-1600015401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He took us to see the effects of the roya, its signature, this yellow discoloration.","_input_hash":1442152528,"_task_hash":727647363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): When the temperature is lower, 77 Fahrenheit or lower, this fungus will not spread.","_input_hash":1609903587,"_task_hash":-1483199187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when the temperature is really high, the climate hot and dry, it will breed on one leaf, to another leaf, and eventually to the entire plantation.","_input_hash":901151231,"_task_hash":727805997,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): In the last four years, there have been plantations like this one left completely abandoned.","_input_hash":1308077357,"_task_hash":-1299642483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, one can fertilize, eliminate, prune, clean, but the farmers haven't done any of that, because they know this can't be saved.","_input_hash":-507436031,"_task_hash":651254080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): Simply put, there are families that won't have anything to eat because there are entire communities that depend totally and completely on coffee.","_input_hash":1665501251,"_task_hash":-1420823336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The kids need to study.","_input_hash":2005540393,"_task_hash":1158332001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Families need to eat.","_input_hash":659652516,"_task_hash":-548990003,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If they can't sell this, the only option is to immigrate.","_input_hash":-476004298,"_task_hash":-168472672,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If this continues, there will be more violence, more poverty, more hunger, more illegal immigration.","_input_hash":-877769964,"_task_hash":-924924560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's not a problem in Honduras.","_input_hash":-1145061101,"_task_hash":62698658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's a global problem.","_input_hash":-617656676,"_task_hash":-600304626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: Some farmers are sticking it out, trying to fight the problem.","_input_hash":-438298264,"_task_hash":737622073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When the roya hit crops in 2012, farmers like Timoteo Cruz Alberto started planting a new type of coffee, called Lempira, thought to be resistant.","_input_hash":1068562933,"_task_hash":910825486,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It took three years for him to find out they were wrong.","_input_hash":-1510026467,"_task_hash":-1975819514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Timoteo Cruz Alberto (through translator)","_input_hash":-376540905,"_task_hash":-37744540,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": We had hope that they would be the solution for coffee farmers, but we have seen that's going to be difficult.","_input_hash":-1366619189,"_task_hash":65325837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As you can see, they are all affected.","_input_hash":799862808,"_task_hash":1116810587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So we will pick the beans from this plant, and then it will die.","_input_hash":-1694916649,"_task_hash":-1319743300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If the price of coffee was higher, we'd have the money to combat the problem.","_input_hash":-1176052102,"_task_hash":1644397027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But, instead, the alternative will be that maybe we will have to join the caravan.","_input_hash":243280244,"_task_hash":-939578096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": Without this product, we don't have anything else to turn to.","_input_hash":33542150,"_task_hash":-308391321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There's no other product.","_input_hash":-1733465215,"_task_hash":-1693459456,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This product is wonderful, because it's the most socially conscious we have in our country.","_input_hash":1197769100,"_task_hash":494010841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It employs so many people.","_input_hash":-2065108628,"_task_hash":-641984570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, you will see we have 20 people here cutting.","_input_hash":23186620,"_task_hash":560409912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Without this product, these people would have no other work.","_input_hash":-481844835,"_task_hash":-1145885149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: For now, Alberto's crop still yields results.","_input_hash":314778630,"_task_hash":-275198082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coffee beans spill into buckets.","_input_hash":1852381042,"_task_hash":-2108975208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Families working for him bring their children, on a winter break from school, to pitch in.","_input_hash":-2128123288,"_task_hash":667107296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We asked them if they were worried about what roya could do to the future of coffee farming.","_input_hash":1117779476,"_task_hash":947634440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For Don Alfredo, the decision to leave is more urgent.","_input_hash":-284689391,"_task_hash":-1287797139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He and his wife are eating the last of their crop.","_input_hash":-622633883,"_task_hash":-650941914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And Catalina suffers from diabetes, which requires expensive medication.","_input_hash":51496841,"_task_hash":-202439556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He's tried to leave before.","_input_hash":637199009,"_task_hash":577859036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2001, Don Alfredo hired a coyote to smuggle him into Arizona, surviving for over a week in the desert with no food, before being caught and deported.","_input_hash":-37981410,"_task_hash":-1780801814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You are going to go through all of this again, without any guarantee that you will be able to stay?","_input_hash":-1138574730,"_task_hash":-625554940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": I am 49 years old, and I already feel old, but the situation forces me to go.","_input_hash":-779811213,"_task_hash":1867958759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The day closes again without rain, and those who have lived off this land for generations face yet another day without food, closer to the day when many will leave this way of life behind.","_input_hash":-1238718697,"_task_hash":-1373203357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For the \"PBS NewsHour,\" I'm Marcia Biggs in Lempira, Western Honduras.","_input_hash":-474907903,"_task_hash":1617631025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.","_input_hash":576548055,"_task_hash":-1353088532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The financial and economic risks of climate change are already being considered by central banks in other countries and are increasingly a concern for the Federal Reserve Bank, said Glenn D. Rudebusch, a senior policy advisor and executive vice president in the Economic Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.","_input_hash":-1607079489,"_task_hash":-1283912963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His letter was posted on the bank\u2019s website on Monday.","_input_hash":1983556259,"_task_hash":-2002706892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research highlighted the economic risks associated with climate change, risks that were detailed in the Fourth National Climate Assessment released by U.S. government agencies last year that argued climate inaction would be far costlier to the national economy than climate mitigation.","_input_hash":-1147552500,"_task_hash":1319632291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout substantial and sustained global mitigation and regional adaptation efforts, climate change is expected to cause growing losses to American infrastructure and property and impede the rate of economic growth over this century,\u201d Rudebusch said, adding that risks to the economy include business interruptions resulting in loan defaults and bankruptcies caused by storms, droughts, wildfires, and other extreme events.","_input_hash":-1975005231,"_task_hash":1449536418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rudebusch said even financial firms with limited carbon emissions could face substantial climate risk exposure, through mortgages and business loans in coastal communities across the globe.","_input_hash":1360672074,"_task_hash":-1524573451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn response, the financial supervisory authorities in a number of countries have encouraged financial institutions to disclose any climate related financial risks and to conduct \u2018climate stress tests\u2019 to assess their solvency across a range of future climate change alternatives,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":1611117406,"_task_hash":785335890,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An international group of 18 central banks and bank supervisors organized as the Network for Greening the Financial System, acknowledged in October 2018 that climate related risks are a source of financial risk and clarified that central banks must ensure financial systems are resilient to climate related risks.","_input_hash":-246082225,"_task_hash":794662557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A letter from 20 U.S. senators to Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell, the head of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the comptroller of currency in January urged them to remember that their agencies are responsible for protecting the stability of the U.S. financial system and urged urgiedng them to ensure the nation\u2019s financial system is ready for climate change.","_input_hash":1763035404,"_task_hash":1559685661,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The senators also urged the heads of the agencies to join with global peers to ensure the financial system is resilient to climate related risks.","_input_hash":-1260528094,"_task_hash":888953263,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cU.S. regulators must take stock of these risks and require greater transparency and preparation from supervised financial institutions as we confront the growing impacts of climate change,\u201d the senators wrote in the letter.","_input_hash":403868404,"_task_hash":-488337283,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe request detailed information on the steps each of your organizations have taken to identify and manage climate related risks in the U.S. financial system.","_input_hash":-852037219,"_task_hash":-922933602,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, we have seen no evidence that your agencies have seriously considered the financial risks of climate change or incorporated those risks into your supervision of financial institutions,\u201d said the senators, who gave the agency chairs until Feb. 15 to respond to several climate change related questions.","_input_hash":-1062730823,"_task_hash":134915538,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Powell, chair of the Federal Reserve, told legislators in February the inquiry about climate change was a \u201cfair question\u201d to ask and promised to look into it.","_input_hash":-411270542,"_task_hash":1626310874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even climate solutions, such as a transition to a low carbon economy, involve financial risks, Rudebusch said in his letter, including losses by companies that depend on fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-2003279614,"_task_hash":95690686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He also said the financial system could be affected if municipalities are forced to use taxpayer money to protect their citizens from climate impacts.","_input_hash":89115745,"_task_hash":471798112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cOn top of these direct effects, climate adaptation\u2014with spending on equipment such as air conditioners and resilient infrastructure including seawalls and fortified transportation systems\u2014is expected to increasingly divert resources from productive capital accumulation,\u201d Rudebusch said.","_input_hash":71899466,"_task_hash":1327085801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many municipalities, including New York City, Baltimore, Rhode Island and several cities in Colorado, California and elsewhere have filed lawsuits against major oil companies to hold them accountable for climate impacts.","_input_hash":872684920,"_task_hash":947658433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The suits seek compensation from the industry to pay for improvements to infrastructure needed to protect their residents.","_input_hash":-767230602,"_task_hash":468731832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.","_input_hash":-814364654,"_task_hash":-670083556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change could cause such shocks to grow in size and frequency and their disruptive effects could become more persistent and harder to ignore,\u201d he said, adding that would signal a significant change, since monetary policy decisions often overlook short term disturbances.","_input_hash":-778252858,"_task_hash":1723234272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the other hand, he said long term factors could also become more relevant because central banks often consider policy implications of short term events.","_input_hash":1542070661,"_task_hash":1539428713,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rudebusch said economists view the growing losses to American infrastructure and property as the result of a fundamental market failure, meaning carbon fuel prices do not properly account for climate change costs.","_input_hash":-561673134,"_task_hash":-1721654310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBusinesses and households that produce greenhouse gas emissions, say, by driving cars or generating electricity, do not pay for the losses and damage caused by that pollution.","_input_hash":-1841352861,"_task_hash":388049404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Therefore, they have no direct incentive to switch to a low carbon technology that would curtail emissions,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":1266518444,"_task_hash":681900460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But while some have suggested a carbon tax would add incentive to transition from a high to a low carbon economy, others say it won\u2019t be enough.","_input_hash":-713371365,"_task_hash":2100358687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cInstead, a comprehensive set of government policies may be required, including clean energy and carbon capture research and development incentives, energy efficiency standards, and low carbon public investment,\u201d wrote Rudebusch.","_input_hash":-1323673169,"_task_hash":-2025684433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although the consequences of climate change are relevant for the Fed\u2019s monetary and financial policies, Rudebusch said issues like supporting environmental sustainability and limiting climate change are not directly included in the Fed\u2019s statutory mandate.","_input_hash":-375965021,"_task_hash":-899778977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But with looming climate impacts, he called on economists\u2014particularly those at central banks\u2014to contribute more to research on the economic and financial hazards of climate change.","_input_hash":1718727216,"_task_hash":443733527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Terry Hughes et","_input_hash":1695399762,"_task_hash":2057409411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"al./Nature SYDNEY, Australia \u2014","_input_hash":-2046582276,"_task_hash":-1227687877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has long been one of the world\u2019s most magnificent natural wonders, so enormous it can be seen from space,","_input_hash":2128464500,"_task_hash":1826057789,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"so beautiful it can move visitors to tears.","_input_hash":31250142,"_task_hash":-1600333605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the reef, and the profusion of sea creatures living near it, are in profound trouble.","_input_hash":-1760641202,"_task_hash":-382872787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Huge sections of the Great Barrier Reef, stretching across hundreds of miles of its most pristine northern sector, were recently found to be dead, killed last year by overheated seawater.","_input_hash":-877342401,"_task_hash":1533533035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More southerly sections around the middle of the reef that barely escaped then are bleaching now, a potential precursor to another die off that could rob some of the reef","_input_hash":-1495679378,"_task_hash":-1831429295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2019s most visited areas of color and life.","_input_hash":1286405925,"_task_hash":2001746318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe didn\u2019t expect to see this level of destruction to the Great Barrier Reef for another 30 years,\u201d said Terry P. Hughes, director of a government funded center for coral reef studies at James Cook University in Australia and the lead author of a paper on the reef that is being published Thursday as the cover article of the journal Nature.","_input_hash":1469788211,"_task_hash":-2040989838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn the north, I saw hundreds of reefs \u2014 literally two thirds of the reefs were dying and are now dead.\u201d","_input_hash":1644706462,"_task_hash":1480257030,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage to the Great Barrier Reef, one of the world\u2019s largest living structures, is part of a global calamity that has been unfolding intermittently for nearly two decades and seems to be intensifying.","_input_hash":95919787,"_task_hash":207498771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the paper, dozens of scientists described the recent disaster as the third worldwide mass bleaching of coral reefs since 1998, but by far the most widespread and damaging.","_input_hash":-740052321,"_task_hash":987995677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The state of coral reefs is a telling sign of the health of the seas.","_input_hash":-780502033,"_task_hash":493831437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their distress and death are yet another marker of the ravages of global climate change.","_input_hash":1141819836,"_task_hash":1532914004,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If most of the world\u2019s coral reefs die, as scientists fear is increasingly likely, some of the richest and most colorful life in the ocean could be lost, along with huge sums from reef tourism.","_input_hash":1384148688,"_task_hash":-2008934518,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In poorer countries, lives are at stake: Hundreds of millions of people get their protein primarily from reef fish, and the loss of that food supply could become a humanitarian crisis.","_input_hash":-438497788,"_task_hash":1733502726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With this latest global bleaching in its third year, reef scientists say they have no doubt as to the responsible party.","_input_hash":-210247811,"_task_hash":667013367,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They warned decades ago that the coral reefs would be at risk if human society kept burning fossil fuels at a runaway pace, releasing greenhouse gases that warm the ocean.","_input_hash":-711931311,"_task_hash":-903293885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Emissions continued to rise, and now the background ocean temperature is high enough that any temporary spike poses a critical risk to reefs.","_input_hash":-1152061596,"_task_hash":-725883868,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is not a future threat,\u201d Professor Hughes said.","_input_hash":-1792457691,"_task_hash":-1339068724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cOn the Great Barrier Reef, it\u2019s been happening for 18 years.\u201d","_input_hash":-2096473575,"_task_hash":2038222101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Corals require warm water to thrive, but they are exquisitely sensitive to extra heat.","_input_hash":-1419086381,"_task_hash":30283324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just two or three degrees Fahrenheit of excess warming can sometimes kill the tiny creatures.","_input_hash":-252719989,"_task_hash":-547508726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Globally, the ocean has warmed by about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 19th century, by a conservative calculation, and a bit more in the tropics, home to many reefs.","_input_hash":1704514157,"_task_hash":-1838137145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An additional kick was supplied by an El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.","_input_hash":1635244161,"_task_hash":-758202137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was obvious last year that the corals on many reefs were likely to die, but now formal scientific assessments are coming in.","_input_hash":143546350,"_task_hash":-2091470166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The paper in Nature documents vast coral bleaching in 2016 along a 500 mile section of the reef north of Cairns, a city on Australia\u2019s eastern coast.","_input_hash":-148426478,"_task_hash":-1369916115,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bleaching indicates that corals are under heat stress, but they do not always die and cooler water can help them recover.","_input_hash":78199556,"_task_hash":688296596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Subsequent surveys of the Great Barrier Reef, conducted late last year after the deadline for inclusion in the Nature paper, documented that extensive patches of reef had in fact died, and would not be likely to recover soon, if at all.","_input_hash":783786884,"_task_hash":756660724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Professor Hughes led those surveys.","_input_hash":-1625277335,"_task_hash":-1492816048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He said that he and his students cried when he showed them maps of the damage, which he had calculated in part by flying low in small planes and helicopters.","_input_hash":680236115,"_task_hash":-513478039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His aerial surveys, combined with underwater measurements, found that 67 percent of the corals had died in a long stretch north of Port Douglas, and in patches, the mortality reached 83 percent.","_input_hash":-550192891,"_task_hash":-1927184084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By luck, a storm stirred the waters in the central and southern parts of the reef at a critical moment, cooling them, and mortality there was much lower \u2014 about 6 percent in a stretch off Townsville, and even lower in the southernmost part of the reef.","_input_hash":885757480,"_task_hash":1684240706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But an Australian government study released last week found that over all, last year brought \u201cthe highest sea surface temperatures across the Great Barrier Reef on record.\u201d","_input_hash":-1785311023,"_task_hash":1051795724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Only 9 percent of the reef has avoided bleaching since 1998, Professor Hughes said, and now, the less remote, more heavily visited stretch from Cairns south is in trouble again.","_input_hash":1544745779,"_task_hash":-1748929447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Water temperatures there remain so high that another round of mass bleaching is underway, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority confirmed last week.","_input_hash":-699337777,"_task_hash":1897954861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Professor Hughes said he hoped the die off this time would not be as serious as last year\u2019s, but \u201cback to back bleaching is unheard of in Australia.\u201d","_input_hash":-1448762662,"_task_hash":1721593387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The central and southern part of the reef had already been badly damaged by human activities like dredging and pollution.","_input_hash":-1961027955,"_task_hash":1351502192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Australian government has tried to combat these local threats with its Reef 2050 plan, restricting port development, dredging and agricultural runoff, among other risks.","_input_hash":-1629796637,"_task_hash":35823081,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But Professor Hughes\u2019s research found that, given the high temperatures, these national efforts to improve water quality were not enough.","_input_hash":23102065,"_task_hash":1544768256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe reefs in muddy water were just as fried as those in pristine water,\u201d Professor Hughes said.","_input_hash":2053684000,"_task_hash":1228484988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThat\u2019s not good news in terms of what you can do locally to prevent bleaching \u2014 the answer to that is not very much at all.","_input_hash":493534499,"_task_hash":259896951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You have to address climate change directly.\u201d","_input_hash":-5301466,"_task_hash":-1627576883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the election of Donald J. Trump as the American president, a recent global deal to tackle the problem, known as the Paris Agreement, seems to be in peril.","_input_hash":729206886,"_task_hash":-1601148963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Australia\u2019s conservative government also continues to support fossil fuel development, including what many scientists and conservationists see as the reef\u2019s most immediate threat \u2014 a proposed coal mine, expected to be among the world\u2019s largest, to be built inland from the reef by the Adani Group, a conglomerate based in India.","_input_hash":-515159551,"_task_hash":-688344101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe fact is, Australia is the largest coal exporter in the world, and the last thing we should be doing to our greatest national asset is making the situation worse,\u201d said Imogen Zethoven, campaign director for the Australian Marine Conservation Society.","_input_hash":-1564404645,"_task_hash":63334126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Australia relies on the Great Barrier Reef for about 70,000 jobs and billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue, and it is not yet clear how that economy will be affected by the reef\u2019s deterioration.","_input_hash":-824120868,"_task_hash":1111530678,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even in hard hit areas, large patches of the Great Barrier Reef survived, and guides will most likely take tourists there, avoiding the dead zones.","_input_hash":729493337,"_task_hash":-610096935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.","_input_hash":-1353952892,"_task_hash":646234061,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.","_input_hash":-17573370,"_task_hash":1330556857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the changes humans are causing are so rapid, by geological standards, that it is not entirely clear that coral species will be able to keep up.","_input_hash":540157339,"_task_hash":-1085501760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And even if the corals do survive, that does not mean individual reefs will continue to thrive where they do now.","_input_hash":687986849,"_task_hash":1623677214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coral reefs are sensitive systems, built by unusual animals.","_input_hash":641574128,"_task_hash":1995972083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The corals themselves are tiny polyps that act like farmers, capturing colorful single celled plants called algae that convert sunlight into food.","_input_hash":-693057435,"_task_hash":432713173,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The coral polyps form colonies and build a limestone scaffolding on which to live \u2014 a reef.","_input_hash":1966030699,"_task_hash":-176155619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when the water near a reef gets too hot, the algae begin producing toxins, and the corals expel them in self defense, turning ghostly white.","_input_hash":-1632785635,"_task_hash":253951803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If water temperatures drop soon enough, the corals can grow new algae and survive, but if not, they may succumb to starvation or disease.","_input_hash":171681844,"_task_hash":1998630289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even when the corals die, some reefs eventually recover.","_input_hash":-1455768891,"_task_hash":-1790763469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years.","_input_hash":1905607777,"_task_hash":-1188332195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the temperature of the ocean is now high enough that global mass bleaching events seem to be growing more frequent.","_input_hash":-444458636,"_task_hash":475335226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If they become routine, many of the world\u2019s hard hit coral reefs may never be able to re establish themselves.","_input_hash":1065033140,"_task_hash":-731864311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.","_input_hash":99723401,"_task_hash":1496697203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI don\u2019t think the Great Barrier Reef will ever again be as great as it used to be \u2014 at least not in our lifetimes,\u201d said C. Mark Eakin, a reef expert with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Silver Spring,","_input_hash":279828176,"_task_hash":654175814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Md. Dr. Eakin was an author of the new paper and heads a program called Coral Reef Watch, producing predictive maps to warn when coral bleaching is imminent.","_input_hash":1236632259,"_task_hash":11746818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even though last year\u2019s El Ni\u00f1o has ended, water temperatures are high enough that his maps are showing continued hot water across millions of square miles of the ocean.","_input_hash":1997035563,"_task_hash":73979505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Kim M. Cobb, a climate scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology who was not involved in the writing of the new paper, described it and the more recent findings as accurate, and depressing.","_input_hash":-523165253,"_task_hash":776056308,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She said she saw extensive coral devastation last year off Kiritimati Island, part of the Republic of Kiribati several thousand miles from Australia and a place she visits regularly in her research.","_input_hash":-2022051128,"_task_hash":1443944594,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the international effort to fight climate change at risk of losing momentum, \u201cocean temperatures continue to march upward,\u201d Dr. Cobb said.","_input_hash":-1244063565,"_task_hash":3844776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe idea that we\u2019re going to have 20 or 30 years before we reach the next bleaching and mortality event for the corals is basically a fantasy.\u201d","_input_hash":-2137032239,"_task_hash":1252695914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An alarming heatwave in the sunless winter Arctic is causing blizzards in Europe and forcing scientists to reconsider even their most pessimistic forecasts of climate change.","_input_hash":-853781936,"_task_hash":-496951041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.","_input_hash":-1531635624,"_task_hash":1037828662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The north pole gets no sunlight until March, but an influx of warm air has pushed temperatures in Siberia up by as much as 35C above historical averages this month.","_input_hash":1717327980,"_task_hash":887371103,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greenland has already experienced 61 hours above freezing in 2018 more than three times as many hours as in any previous year.","_input_hash":-1645572839,"_task_hash":-1207655971,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Seasoned observers have described what is happening as \u201ccrazy,\u201d \u201cweird,\u201d and \u201csimply shocking\u201d.","_input_hash":333936328,"_task_hash":309457381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is an anomaly among anomalies.","_input_hash":-746190765,"_task_hash":-177645299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is far enough outside the historical range that it is worrying \u2013 it is a suggestion that there are further surprises in store as we continue to poke the angry beast that is our climate,\u201d said Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University.","_input_hash":-360457654,"_task_hash":-1942273245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe Arctic has always been regarded as a bellwether because of the vicious circle that amplify human caused warming in that particular region.","_input_hash":1693886721,"_task_hash":1156876450,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And it is sending out a clear warning.\u201d","_input_hash":1652896704,"_task_hash":984687946,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although most of the media headlines in recent days have focused on Europe\u2019s unusually cold weather in a jolly tone, the concern is that this is not so much a reassuring return to winters as normal, but rather a displacement of what ought to be happening farther north.","_input_hash":1173295365,"_task_hash":407422249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sign up to the Green Light email to get the planet's most important stories Read more At the world\u2019s most northerly land weather station Cape Morris Jesup at the northern tip of Greenland \u2013 recent temperatures have been, at times, warmer than London and Zurich, which are thousands of miles to the south.","_input_hash":112491517,"_task_hash":-1999988328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although the recent peak of 6.1C on Sunday was not quite a record, but on the previous two occasions (2011 and 2017) the highs lasted just a few hours before returning closer to the historical average.","_input_hash":189675741,"_task_hash":-833803130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Last week there were 10 days above freezing for at least part of the day at this weather station, just 440 miles from the north pole.","_input_hash":1743452375,"_task_hash":-542393528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cSpikes in temperature are part of the normal weather patterns \u2013 what has been unusual about this event is that it has persisted for so long and that it has been so warm,\u201d said Ruth Mottram of the Danish Meteorological Institute.","_input_hash":-1072043204,"_task_hash":-1485713019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cGoing back to the late 1950s at least we have never seen such high temperatures in the high Arctic.\u201d","_input_hash":1169999046,"_task_hash":-1173510133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The cause and significance of this sharp uptick are now under scrutiny.","_input_hash":346138101,"_task_hash":-1899847356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Temperatures often fluctuate in the Arctic due to the strength or weakness of the polar vortex, the circle of winds \u2013 including the jetstream \u2013 that help to deflect warmer air masses and keep the region cool.","_input_hash":-173031673,"_task_hash":1403556038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As this natural force field fluctuates, there have been many previous temperature spikes, which make historical charts of Arctic winter weather resemble an electrocardiogram.","_input_hash":1331888249,"_task_hash":-28245248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the heat peaks are becoming more frequent and lasting longer \u2013 never more so than this year.","_input_hash":-1321634323,"_task_hash":-472603168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn 50 years of Arctic reconstructions, the current warming event is both the most intense and one of the longest lived warming events ever observed during winter,\u201d said Robert Rohde, lead scientist of Berkeley Earth, a non profit organisation dedicated to climate science.","_input_hash":407368370,"_task_hash":1453974907,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The question now is whether this signals a weakening or collapse of the polar vortex, the circle of strong winds that keep the Arctic cold by deflecting other air masses.","_input_hash":-727179816,"_task_hash":-1258012649,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The vortex depends on the temperature difference between the Arctic and mid latitudes, but that gap is shrinking because the pole is warming faster than anywhere on Earth.","_input_hash":-511900146,"_task_hash":830514327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While average temperatures have increased by about 1C, the warming at the pole \u2013 closer to 3C \u2013 is melting the ice mass.","_input_hash":-1578609346,"_task_hash":748274087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Nasa, Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 13.2% per decade, leaving more open water and higher temperatures.","_input_hash":1036411971,"_task_hash":-1749996914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some scientists speak of a hypothesis known as \u201cwarm Arctic, cold continents\u201d as the polar vortex becomes less stable sucking in more warm air and expelling more cold fronts, such as those currently being experienced in the UK and northern Europe.","_input_hash":-2046782743,"_task_hash":93174373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rohde notes that this theory remains controversial and is not evident in all climate models, but this year\u2019s temperature patterns have been consistent with that forecast.","_input_hash":108404293,"_task_hash":1339702268,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Longer term, Rohde expects more variation.","_input_hash":-2058180818,"_task_hash":1376184577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAs we rapidly warm the Arctic, we can expect that future years will bring us even more examples of unprecedented weather.\u201d","_input_hash":136865717,"_task_hash":729474346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Jesper Theilgaard, a meteorologist with 40 years\u2019 experience and founder of website Climate Dissemination, said the recent trends are outside previous warming events.","_input_hash":-1698593176,"_task_hash":-924251640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cNo doubt these warming events bring trouble to the people and the nature.","_input_hash":1229402753,"_task_hash":-1065911583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Shifting rain and snow \u2013 melt and frost make the surface icy and therefore difficult for animals to find anything to eat.","_input_hash":-1709415798,"_task_hash":-777114292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Living conditions in such shifting weather types are very difficult.\u201d","_input_hash":-1029556401,"_task_hash":1909048329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Others caution that it is premature to see this as a major shift away from forecasts.","_input_hash":1946704356,"_task_hash":-777322100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe current excursions of 20C or more above average experienced in the Arctic are almost certainly mostly due to natural variability,\u201d said Zeke Hausfather of Berkeley Earth.","_input_hash":-1944064446,"_task_hash":1557583258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhile they have been boosted by the underlying warming trend, we don\u2019t have any strong evidence that the factors driving short term Arctic variability will increase in a warming world.","_input_hash":-624499319,"_task_hash":-709335729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If anything, climate models suggest the opposite is true, that high latitude winters will be slightly less variable as the world warms.\u201d","_input_hash":1016660632,"_task_hash":388598161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it is too soon to know whether overall projections for Arctic warming should be changed, the recent temperatures add to uncertainty and raises the possibility of knock on effects accelerating climate change.","_input_hash":797046710,"_task_hash":-843599658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is too short term an excursion to say whether or not it changes the overall projections for Arctic warming,\u201d says Mann.","_input_hash":-1988484531,"_task_hash":1952656047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBut it suggests that we may be underestimating the tendency for short term extreme warming events in the Arctic.","_input_hash":-1066980654,"_task_hash":1561132273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And those initial warming events can trigger even greater warming because of the \u2018feedback loops\u2019 associated with the melting of ice and the potential release of methane (a very strong greenhouse gas).\u201d","_input_hash":99412379,"_task_hash":-574509260,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"$0 contributions","_input_hash":-1492124355,"_task_hash":-1613584245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"$1,250,000","_input_hash":-151691198,"_task_hash":857549467,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"our goal 2021 will be ... \u2026 a defining year for democracy in America and around the world.","_input_hash":1152853525,"_task_hash":1763758903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the new year approaches, we have a small favour to ask.","_input_hash":-1817517326,"_task_hash":-18468551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Millions are flocking to the Guardian for open, independent, quality news every day.","_input_hash":320261768,"_task_hash":460816730,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Readers in all 50 states and in 180 countries around the world now support us financially.","_input_hash":1873807070,"_task_hash":1037863328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As we prepare for what promises to be a pivotal year, we\u2019re asking you to consider a year end gift to help fund our journalism.","_input_hash":-654881898,"_task_hash":-1318390712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We believe everyone deserves access to information that\u2019s grounded in science and truth, and analysis rooted in authority and integrity.","_input_hash":-1565541533,"_task_hash":1978483919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s why we made a different choice: to keep our reporting open for all readers, regardless of where they live or what they can afford to pay.","_input_hash":690310245,"_task_hash":-169953060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This means everyone can be better informed and inspired to take meaningful action.","_input_hash":1268647502,"_task_hash":-62067199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In these perilous times, an independent, global news organisation like the Guardian is essential.","_input_hash":-522812976,"_task_hash":352806600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We have no shareholders or billionaire owner, meaning our journalism is free from commercial and political influence.","_input_hash":-916598883,"_task_hash":-155584614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Amid the various intersecting crises of 2020 \u2013 from Covid 19, to police violence, to voter suppression \u2013 the Guardian has never sidelined the climate emergency.","_input_hash":-799060450,"_task_hash":1357548381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We keep the climate at the center of our reporting, and we practise what we preach: we no longer take advertising from fossil fuel companies, and we\u2019re on course to achieve net zero emissions by 2030.","_input_hash":792130505,"_task_hash":727391342,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If there were ever a time to join us, it is now.","_input_hash":-1438946779,"_task_hash":-257089196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Your funding powers our journalism.","_input_hash":1364713302,"_task_hash":1250964040,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019re asking readers to help us raise $1.25m to support our reporting in the new year.","_input_hash":-1986862525,"_task_hash":-282998319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Every contribution, however big or small, will help us reach our goal.","_input_hash":-1609055285,"_task_hash":-1717788823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Make a gift now from as little as $1.","_input_hash":520456505,"_task_hash":530410323,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thank you.","_input_hash":-596001498,"_task_hash":1635751997,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Support the Guardian","_input_hash":-1254173266,"_task_hash":404546670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dan Link/US Fish and Wildlife Service","_input_hash":-664513149,"_task_hash":-1454097120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First, the island was there.","_input_hash":-286801218,"_task_hash":1992647776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then, it was mostly gone.","_input_hash":25597442,"_task_hash":-463035379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Before Hurricane Walaka swept through the central Pacific this month, East Island was captured in images as an 11 acre sliver of sand that stood out starkly from the turquoise ocean.","_input_hash":-1434519531,"_task_hash":800256276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After the storm, government officials confirmed that the island, in the northwestern part of the Hawaiian archipelago, had been largely submerged by water, said Athline Clark of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","_input_hash":220647407,"_task_hash":-1187818474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"East Island is the second island to disappear in recent months from French Frigate Shoals, a crescent shaped reef including many islets, Ms. Clark said.","_input_hash":1685734014,"_task_hash":1448666226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Chip Fletcher, a climate scientist with the University of Hawaii who has been studying East Island\u2019s natural history, said it comprises loose sand and gravel rather than solid rock.","_input_hash":995761620,"_task_hash":-1254001022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His team had just taken geological samples from the island in July.","_input_hash":1479335893,"_task_hash":1536420074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But late last week, he said, he was alerted by government officials that it had mostly disappeared.","_input_hash":-333500506,"_task_hash":571633150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cFrom my experience in cases similar to this, I had just assumed that the island had another decade to three decades of life left,\u201d Dr. Fletcher said.","_input_hash":1894011904,"_task_hash":398737891,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is quite stunning that it is now, for the most part, gone.\u201d","_input_hash":-969696921,"_task_hash":-189800702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ms. Clark, the NOAA superintendent for the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, which includes the French Frigate Shoals, said no one immediately realized the island had largely disappeared because it is so remote.","_input_hash":-945684259,"_task_hash":96789828,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is 750 miles northwest of Oahu, the island that is home to Honolulu.","_input_hash":665107897,"_task_hash":-466564640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Unlock more free articles.","_input_hash":-762639610,"_task_hash":-1383311375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Create an account or log in The low lying island, with its sandy composition, wasn\u2019t much of a match for the storm in early October, which started off as a Category 5 hurricane and created large storm swells, Ms. Clark said.","_input_hash":1440463642,"_task_hash":-706702338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although experts cannot directly trace the shrinking of East Island to the effects of climate change, Ms. Clark said, it contributes to the strength and frequency of hurricanes like the one that overtook the island.","_input_hash":2051053397,"_task_hash":1369328094,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists say hurricanes will be stronger because warmer water provides more energy to feed them.","_input_hash":-902609076,"_task_hash":302392198,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe intensity and frequency of storms is likely to increase,\u201d Ms. Clark said.","_input_hash":-821100603,"_task_hash":1814164339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is probably a forebear of things to come.\u201d","_input_hash":2037012541,"_task_hash":978619008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2016, President Barack Obama more than quadrupled the size of the Papahanaumokuakea national monument, turning it into the world\u2019s largest protected marine area.","_input_hash":857346185,"_task_hash":-2119403334,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Created by President George W. Bush a decade earlier, the monument is home to an estimated 7,000 marine and terrestrial species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else on Earth.","_input_hash":-893124060,"_task_hash":-1181831215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Charles Littnan, a conservation biologist with NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, said about 96 percent of Hawaiian green sea turtles, a threatened species, travel to the French Frigate Shoals to nest.","_input_hash":-308424594,"_task_hash":1359460675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About half used East Island, Dr. Littnan said.","_input_hash":1283079633,"_task_hash":1343736512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The shoals are also home to more than 200 endangered Hawaiian monk seals, he said.","_input_hash":-1783699806,"_task_hash":-664224700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only 1,400 of the species remain in the state.","_input_hash":-831578470,"_task_hash":1157533359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The animals dodged the worst effects of the hurricane, Dr. Littnan said, because it struck late in their breeding seasons.","_input_hash":-1800811885,"_task_hash":-373340817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most of the turtles had already left the island by the time the storm hit.","_input_hash":1899131420,"_task_hash":-778239629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When the turtles return next year, they may try to find another island on which to nest, Dr. Littnan said.","_input_hash":-1903392893,"_task_hash":-354740962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But it is possible that East Island will resurface and the turtles and seals will return to their seasonal homes.","_input_hash":900553861,"_task_hash":-168013689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In images of the island after the storm, Dr. Littnan said he could already see that some monk seals had returned and hauled themselves onto the 150 foot long patch of sand that remained.","_input_hash":-2003300772,"_task_hash":-1409318131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He added that the island\u2019s future was uncertain.","_input_hash":-132526682,"_task_hash":1971295874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe\u2019ve seen islands disappear in the past and re emerge,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-130499100,"_task_hash":540336204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd we\u2019ve had islands that disappear and they\u2019re gone 30 years later.\u201d","_input_hash":-1496157332,"_task_hash":-1553925228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So we need to have a little talk about concrete.","_input_hash":-1330431023,"_task_hash":-602904015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We take it for granted, but concrete is the foundation (no pun intended) of countless buildings, homes, bridges, skyscrapers, millions of miles of highways, and some of the most impressive feats of civil engineering the world has ever known.","_input_hash":-259304613,"_task_hash":934469844,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s the most widely used human made substance on the planet.","_input_hash":-1911805969,"_task_hash":136272806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It also happens to be incredibly bad for the climate.","_input_hash":2133202270,"_task_hash":-854830903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Portland cement, the most commonly used base (the goop that gets mixed with sand and gravel, or aggregate, to form concrete), is made with limestone that is quarried and then heated to staggeringly high temperatures \u2014 releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide in the process.","_input_hash":1283505794,"_task_hash":288808498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add to that all the fuel burned to mine and crush the aggregate, and you\u2019ve got a climate disaster.","_input_hash":-1391984657,"_task_hash":1815264474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By some accounts, concrete alone is responsible for 4 8 percent of the world\u2019s CO2 emissions.","_input_hash":526456700,"_task_hash":858228597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s only getting worse.","_input_hash":1313485415,"_task_hash":-257195623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Between 2011 and 2013, China used more cement than the United States used in all of the 20th century \u2014 about enough to pave paradise and put up a parking lot the size of Hawaii\u2019s Big Island.","_input_hash":737857089,"_task_hash":2097824397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cement production worldwide could grow another 23 percent by 2050.","_input_hash":-196224629,"_task_hash":-304766947,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s no secret that we have already blown past the levels of climate altering pollution that scientists warn could have catastrophic effects on life as we know it.","_input_hash":238135389,"_task_hash":1289095235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We set a new CO2 record just last month, notching 411.66 parts per million of CO2 in the air in Mauna Loa, Hawaii \u2014 far higher than the 300 parts per million that is the highest humans have ever survived long term.","_input_hash":-1012337054,"_task_hash":-918238360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But a solution on the horizon could switch up the math completely.","_input_hash":-1080830673,"_task_hash":2020876745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new method of creating concrete actually pulls C02 out of the air, or directly out of industrial exhaust pipes, and turns it into synthetic limestone.","_input_hash":-1266761766,"_task_hash":347923775,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The technique, which has already been demonstrated in California, is part of a growing effort to not just slow the advance of climate change, but to reverse it, restoring a safe and healthy climate for ourselves and future generations.","_input_hash":1923495451,"_task_hash":-990660103,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To do that, the Foundation for Climate Restoration estimates that a trillion tons of CO2 must be removed from our atmosphere on top of additional efforts to curb emissions.","_input_hash":-324193847,"_task_hash":1123532406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The National Academies of Science agrees that \u201cnegative emissions technologies,\u201d as they\u2019re known, are essential.","_input_hash":16478939,"_task_hash":591618867,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s a massive undertaking, but if we change how we think about concrete, capturing a trillion tons of CO2 may not be so pie in the sky after all.","_input_hash":1239731763,"_task_hash":-547729879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Enter Brent Constantz, a Silicon Valley entrepreneur and marine geologist, who once treated cardiovascular calcification and created bone cements (used in operating rooms to mend broken limbs) by mimicking the process that corals and shellfish use to create their own shells.","_input_hash":-2129803738,"_task_hash":279261937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His patents and products are used by doctors around the world.","_input_hash":-1903048316,"_task_hash":-421027702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Developing and testing new medical procedures was perilous work, Constantz said, although the drive to cure terminal illnesses outweighed many of the risks involved.","_input_hash":-1787085856,"_task_hash":1590105753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That passion lead Constantz to launch a company in 2012 called Blue Planet, based in Los Gatos, California.","_input_hash":1097154606,"_task_hash":-668015369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its goal is \u201ceconomically sustainable carbon capture.\u201d","_input_hash":-271633336,"_task_hash":-1176322306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The company\u2019s technology, like his previous work, builds on the power of corals.","_input_hash":1902994702,"_task_hash":1603563871,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Corals turn millions of teeny polyps into stunning, full grown reefs through a process known as biomineralization, Constantz explained.","_input_hash":-1700366876,"_task_hash":1494346100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Inspired by this phenomenon, he developed a similar \u201clow energy mineralization\u201d technique that turns captured CO2 into the same bony stuff that corals secrete: calcium carbonate.","_input_hash":-340554135,"_task_hash":-14618536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Blue Planet\u2019s process starts with collecting CO2 and dissolving it in a solution.","_input_hash":1459006001,"_task_hash":-745254687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the process, the company creates carbonate that reacts with calcium from waste materials or rock to create calcium carbonate.","_input_hash":806939465,"_task_hash":-229444229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Calcium carbonate happens to be the main ingredient in limestone.","_input_hash":1028460623,"_task_hash":1982417028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But rather than superheating it to create cement (which would release all that CO2 right back into the atmosphere), Constantz and his team turn the resulting stone into pebbles that serve as aggregate.","_input_hash":91383288,"_task_hash":-1962121283,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is easiest to do where there\u2019s lots of CO2 \u2014 smokestacks at factories, refineries and power plants, for example \u2014 but it can also come from \u201cdirect air capture,\u201d using less concentrated air anywhere, a technology whose costs are rapidly declining.","_input_hash":1164825916,"_task_hash":1568652130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Do this on a large scale, Constantz said, and you could help satiate the growing global demand for rock and sand, and make a massive dent in the climate crisis at the same time: Every ton of Blue Planet\u2019s synthetic limestone contains 440 kilograms of CO2.","_input_hash":-1478843902,"_task_hash":-1528091866,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While it still needs to be mixed with cement (the goopy stuff) to make concrete, using this in place of gravel or stone that needs to be quarried and crushed creates a finished product that is carbon neutral, if not carbon negative, according to the company.","_input_hash":1727981494,"_task_hash":1559476095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The annual use of aggregate is over 50 billion tons and growing fast.","_input_hash":-15688159,"_task_hash":1504743968,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Making it from synthetic limestone instead of quarried rock could sequester 25 billion tons a year \u2014 meaning that, in 40 years, this solution alone could remove a trillion tons of CO2 from the air, enough to restore pre industrial levels.","_input_hash":109464692,"_task_hash":2135850760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while most other methods of sequestering carbon are good for only a short time, limestone is completely stable, Constantz said.","_input_hash":-1784039731,"_task_hash":1729328468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIf we look at the Earth, there\u2019s limestone that is millions of years old, like the White cliffs of Dover.\u201d","_input_hash":1314734148,"_task_hash":1314143486,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Blue Planet\u2019s limestone, created using emissions collected from the Moss Landing Power Plant on Monterey Bay and other sources, has already been added to concrete in areas of San Francisco International Airport.","_input_hash":1921325000,"_task_hash":-557832776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Constantz expects to open its first commercial production facility in the Bay Area within the year, producing a little over 300,000 tons of rock annually with C02 captured from an adjacent power plant\u2019s exhaust stack.","_input_hash":-1830722154,"_task_hash":-1783908393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Constantz dreams of having thousands of plants up and running by 2050, with most of the resulting rock being used by government agencies to construct roads and buildings.","_input_hash":1956687982,"_task_hash":-1188696963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEven the poorest countries in the world are still mining rock in open pit mines, and that\u2019s an important aspect to what we\u2019re doing,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-1946590430,"_task_hash":-518708775,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere is already funding out there that is paying for rock.","_input_hash":1086476039,"_task_hash":1454552899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I\u2019m not talking about increasing government spending a bit.\u201d","_input_hash":-2115094496,"_task_hash":1886186794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Foundation for Climate Restoration estimates that getting 30,000 Blue Planet plants running by 2030 would create enough CO2 removal capacity to remove all the excess CO2 from the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-1627605073,"_task_hash":-2073388447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Foundation is part of a growing movement for climate restoration, whose goal is to restore a climate with a CO2 concentration below 300 ppm, and rebuild the Arctic ice.","_input_hash":1779799356,"_task_hash":-1880342270,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Those actions, its leaders say, will get us back to a climate more like the one our grandparents or great grandparents lived in.","_input_hash":259221427,"_task_hash":1166602605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The bottom line?","_input_hash":1417763490,"_task_hash":320664194,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019re inching closer toward an uninhabitable planet of our own making \u2014 even faster than once thought.","_input_hash":1625436910,"_task_hash":-445608756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To get ourselves back on track, we need to continue curbing our emissions to avoid making the problem worse.","_input_hash":-125284158,"_task_hash":120261091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At the same time, we\u2019ll need to remove a trillion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere, says Peter Fiekowsky, Founder of the Foundation for Climate Restoration.","_input_hash":-2019620486,"_task_hash":1021784379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe all want to restore a safe and healthy climate for ourselves and future generations,\u201d Fiekowsky says.","_input_hash":1819611100,"_task_hash":-1917304530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMobilizing commitments from diverse stakeholders is required for success in any global endeavor, especially one as important as climate restoration.","_input_hash":1575125529,"_task_hash":-689933267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The explicit goal is what makes restoration possible now when it seemed impossible before.\u201d","_input_hash":-906610652,"_task_hash":-641628830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This article is sponsored by the Foundation for Climate Restoration, a nonprofit partnering with local governments, NGOs and communities around the world to launch ecosystem restoration projects at restoration scale.","_input_hash":-359981581,"_task_hash":1443906344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its Healthy Climate Alliance is an education, networking, and advocacy program to advance these goals.","_input_hash":-45336001,"_task_hash":1847965121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here at Grist, you know what we like almost as much as solar panels?","_input_hash":-1014467174,"_task_hash":-1990021653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Partners!","_input_hash":-421930697,"_task_hash":-1894355124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They help us keep the lights on","_input_hash":-1936408769,"_task_hash":-1764428714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"so we can keep bringing you the best and most Gristy journalism on the planet.","_input_hash":520873385,"_task_hash":1101234420,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Click here for more information.","_input_hash":246609715,"_task_hash":1039162217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Environmental journalism made possible by you.","_input_hash":513766223,"_task_hash":-1761555380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a nonprofit, we rely on reader support to help fund our award winning journalism.","_input_hash":-458248217,"_task_hash":1389058869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019re one of the few news outlets dedicated exclusively to people focused environmental coverage, and we believe our content should remain free and accessible to all our readers.","_input_hash":762882993,"_task_hash":-1913784050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If you dig our mission and agree news should never sit behind a paywall, donate today to help support our work.","_input_hash":-1487717823,"_task_hash":-2142768684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Donate now through December 31, and your donation will be matched dollar for dollar.","_input_hash":939090924,"_task_hash":-2029639970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"ATLANTA \u2014","_input_hash":1585970432,"_task_hash":-424511205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United States, East Asia, high-elevation parts of central America, East Africa and Canada will also see large increases in risk for these diseases.\r\n","_input_hash":2110535628,"_task_hash":681343082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About a sixth of the illnesses and disability cases worldwide come from these conditions, according to the World Health Organization; every year, a billion people are infected and more than a million die from them.\r\n","_input_hash":180651804,"_task_hash":745602159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coal is one of the major causes of dirty air\u2014and of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1495703871,"_task_hash":1391130302,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cEverybody has bronchitis or some other problem, especially during winter.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1240967149,"_task_hash":1861695992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Levels of fine soot particles (PM2.5)\u2014the most dangerous type of air pollution\u2014can rise to more than 20 times the World Health Organization\u2019s safe limit.\r\n","_input_hash":1004169646,"_task_hash":1897400676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ulaanbaatar\r\nDeath rate from air pollution (per 100,000 people)\r\n","_input_hash":-1024395026,"_task_hash":160427407,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution reaches higher levels in winter months\r\n","_input_hash":259819982,"_task_hash":920496951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He sees it as a long-term threat to the nation\u2019s well-being, scarring lungs permanently, impairing children\u2019s brain development and endangering future productivity.","_input_hash":-412813420,"_task_hash":1228282245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.\r\n","_input_hash":-1488703017,"_task_hash":-325734100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And these days, Manan also refers to the unnatural fog of pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-1682325698,"_task_hash":1281771383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Meanwhile climate change is increasing the frequency of the one-two punch of harsh weather known as the dzud: a dry summer followed by an even colder than normal winter.","_input_hash":-1045682746,"_task_hash":332721202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That decimates livestock and livelihoods.\r\n","_input_hash":1271998770,"_task_hash":-1053081855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cUlaanbaatar is already suffocating from its coal use,\u201d Sukhgerel says, but she fears \u201cthe way the planning is going, there\u2019s going to be more [coal-fired] power plants.","_input_hash":1555231371,"_task_hash":-1957978185,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Honduras, where agriculture sustains many people, long-term drought, caused in part by climate change, is forcing many to leave.\r\n","_input_hash":-1199241432,"_task_hash":-548050248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Accelerated by climate change, rainfall in the Western Honduras state of Lempira has fallen sharply in the last five years.\r\n","_input_hash":-683673549,"_task_hash":-489632106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"You see what came because of the drought.\r\n","_input_hash":-20887849,"_task_hash":737819281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not eating for just one day causes distress.\r\n","_input_hash":-114843152,"_task_hash":932761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization, there's been a surge of migration from rural areas in Honduras, where farmers lost an estimated 82 percent of corn and bean crops last year from lack of rain.\r\n","_input_hash":-805402628,"_task_hash":522399125,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And for coffee farmers, yet another problem, an epidemic of rust fungus, roya in Spanish, an insidious plant disease they liken to cancer, which grows quickly in dry, warm climates, destroying entire coffee plantations.\r\n","_input_hash":1623260657,"_task_hash":1726578735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And Catalina suffers from diabetes, which requires expensive medication.\r\n","_input_hash":-470383777,"_task_hash":1998713418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.\r\n","_input_hash":1566785603,"_task_hash":1889679630,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"His research highlighted the economic risks associated with climate change, risks that were detailed in the Fourth National Climate Assessment released by U.S. government agencies last year that argued climate inaction would be far costlier to the national economy than climate mitigation.\r\n","_input_hash":-1638483267,"_task_hash":741478527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout substantial and sustained global mitigation and regional adaptation efforts, climate change is expected to cause growing losses to American infrastructure and property and impede the rate of economic growth over this century,\u201d Rudebusch said, adding that risks to the economy include business interruptions resulting in loan defaults and bankruptcies caused by storms, droughts, wildfires, and other extreme events.\r\n","_input_hash":1854721827,"_task_hash":801650377,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate-related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.\r\n","_input_hash":792440324,"_task_hash":-1419215608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change could cause such shocks to grow in size and frequency and their disruptive effects could become more persistent and harder to ignore,\u201d he said, adding that would signal a significant change, since monetary policy decisions often overlook short-term disturbances.\r\n","_input_hash":-1106196430,"_task_hash":-2062974427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rudebusch said economists view the growing losses to American infrastructure and property as the result of a fundamental market failure, meaning carbon fuel prices do not properly account for climate change costs.\r\n","_input_hash":957652566,"_task_hash":2088439582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the paper, dozens of scientists described the recent disaster as the third worldwide mass bleaching of coral reefs since 1998, but by far the most widespread and damaging.\r\n","_input_hash":264103676,"_task_hash":-1800135714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their distress and death are yet another marker of the ravages of global climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-888481864,"_task_hash":1663423227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emissions continued to rise, and now the background ocean temperature is high enough that any temporary spike poses a critical risk to reefs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1926025710,"_task_hash":447605866,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fahrenheit of excess warming can sometimes kill the tiny creatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1986886589,"_task_hash":-37030167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An additional kick was supplied by an El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.\r\n","_input_hash":-707381183,"_task_hash":-112687668,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Water temperatures there remain so high that another round of mass bleaching is underway, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority confirmed last week.\r\n","_input_hash":2027760333,"_task_hash":428705424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Professor Hughes said he hoped the die-off this time would not be as serious as last year\u2019s, but \u201cback-to-back bleaching is unheard-of in Australia.\u201d","_input_hash":-1679606955,"_task_hash":502700902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The central and southern part of the reef had already been badly damaged by human activities like dredging and pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":1528915646,"_task_hash":602954179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An alarming heatwave in the sunless winter Arctic is causing blizzards in Europe and forcing scientists to reconsider even their most pessimistic forecasts of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1189330367,"_task_hash":1912283121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.\r\n","_input_hash":-305840213,"_task_hash":374987937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe Arctic has always been regarded as a bellwether because of the vicious circle that amplify human-caused warming in that particular region.","_input_hash":-1591485260,"_task_hash":206272920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn 50 years of Arctic reconstructions, the current warming event is both the most intense and one of the longest-lived warming events ever observed during winter,\u201d said Robert Rohde, lead scientist of Berkeley Earth, a non-profit organisation dedicated to climate science.\r\n","_input_hash":1976132815,"_task_hash":-1861545303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhile they have been boosted by the underlying warming trend, we don\u2019t have any strong evidence that the factors driving short-term Arctic variability will increase in a warming world.","_input_hash":1044740808,"_task_hash":1902252366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although it is too soon to know whether overall projections for Arctic warming should be changed, the recent temperatures add to uncertainty and raises the possibility of knock-on effects accelerating climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1849134353,"_task_hash":-1846023429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBut it suggests that we may be underestimating the tendency for short-term extreme warming events in the Arctic.","_input_hash":-540060418,"_task_hash":1422543851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And those initial warming events can trigger even greater warming because of the \u2018feedback loops\u2019 associated with the melting of ice and the potential release of methane (a very strong greenhouse gas).\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-2082026404,"_task_hash":8120170,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The low-lying island, with its sandy composition, wasn\u2019t much of a match for the storm in early October, which started off as a Category 5 hurricane and created large storm swells, Ms. Clark said.\r\n","_input_hash":1292255767,"_task_hash":560992851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By some accounts, concrete alone is responsible for 4-8 percent of the world\u2019s CO2 emissions.","_input_hash":1969659996,"_task_hash":80712171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s no secret that we have already blown past the levels of climate-altering pollution that scientists warn could have catastrophic effects on life as we know it.","_input_hash":603602694,"_task_hash":1356969627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"ATLANTA \u2014 Air pollution is one human-made factor that is trapping sunlight and causing climate change, but the relationship also goes the other way: Climate change stands to increase levels of air pollution, experts say.\r\n","_input_hash":-2048087847,"_task_hash":925949008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Research shows that \"a warming climate will lead to more severe air pollution,\" and that this holds true even if the only factor that changes is temperature, said Patrick Kinney, a professor of urban health and sustainability at the Boston University School of Public Health.","_input_hash":2131776557,"_task_hash":288771776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, higher temperatures, in particular, will increase smog pollution, Kinney said, in part because smog contains ozone particles, which form faster at higher temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-317856968,"_task_hash":1012454924,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But air pollution doesn't come only from the obvious human sources, such as cars and factories.","_input_hash":473621564,"_task_hash":398983196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other sources, such as burning forests, also contribute to air pollution, and these factors are also related to climate change, Kinney said.","_input_hash":-2083390952,"_task_hash":-714455407,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The smoke from wildfires remains in the air for a long time and can travel long distances, Kinney said.","_input_hash":1609559136,"_task_hash":1130898475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This type of air pollution kills nearly half a million people prematurely every year, worldwide, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-464237642,"_task_hash":-270835843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the negative health effects of air pollution go beyond a scratchy throat or a nagging cough.\r\n","_input_hash":-2049700806,"_task_hash":204986551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Major health consequences of exposure to air pollution include an increased risk for heart disease and lung cancer, Kinney told Live Science.","_input_hash":74226809,"_task_hash":-177568564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We know a lot about how cigarette smoke can cause [health] problems; air pollution is doing the same thing,\" he added.","_input_hash":180956423,"_task_hash":-1914053612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The links between air pollution and both heart disease and lung cancer may not be obvious to many people because these conditions develop over many years, Kinney said.","_input_hash":-2115092405,"_task_hash":309332239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The finding that climate change can play a role in increasing air pollution means that air pollution will be \"more difficult to control in the future than we thought,\" Kinney said.\r\n","_input_hash":1467022491,"_task_hash":997958437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to the longer season, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air cause plants to produce more pollen, Kinney said.\r\n","_input_hash":-211031116,"_task_hash":-1815936143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If global temperatures continue to rise, rainfall will increasingly become a beast of extremes: long dry spells here, dangerous floods there \u2013 and in some places, intense water shortages.","_input_hash":-1101295143,"_task_hash":-1980762509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So when water supplies come up short, it's often a slow-moving disaster, with effects that accumulate \u2013 and linger \u2013 for years until rainfall rates seem to return to normal.","_input_hash":-1406285825,"_task_hash":134373118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although a shortage of clean drinking water is the most immediate threat to human health, water scarcity can have far-reaching consequences.","_input_hash":1229893862,"_task_hash":-675482830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought can also elevate risk of wildfires and dust storms that may lead to irritation of lungs and airways.\r\n","_input_hash":1016478499,"_task_hash":-1474564858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rainfall declines induced by climate change are expected to be compounded by historically limited water resources and ballooning population growth punctuated by influxes of refugees.","_input_hash":-1053669743,"_task_hash":-507270595,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What's more, flows in one of the nation's key freshwater resources \u2013 the Yarmouk-Jordan River \u2013 have dwindled as a result of dam building and have also been affected by conflict-driven land-use changes in Syria.\r\n","_input_hash":1175254845,"_task_hash":-239953616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results showed that, barring significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emission rates, rainfall in Jordan will decline by 30 percent and the occurrence of drought will triple by 2100.","_input_hash":182623428,"_task_hash":-159012725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even under this optimistic scenario, Jordan is likely to experience more frequent and longer droughts of moderate severity by 2100.","_input_hash":53035553,"_task_hash":1184486877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warmer temperatures are having a ripple effect on food webs in Ontario lakes, according to a new University of Guelph study.\r\n","_input_hash":-1545125966,"_task_hash":-779678784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There they hunt different prey species, causing a climate-induced \"rewiring\" of food webs, altering the flow of energy and nutrients in the lake.\r\n","_input_hash":1190999058,"_task_hash":-1189093067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The behavioural changes we see imply major reorganization of ecosystems.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1847814456,"_task_hash":1210502257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There has been little dispute that microscopic particulate matter in air pollution penetrates into the deepest parts of the lungs and contributes to the early deaths each year of thousands of people in the United States with heart and lung disease.\r\n","_input_hash":519338703,"_task_hash":-1253396625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One recent study called PM 2.5 \u201cthe largest environmental risk factor worldwide,\u201d responsible for many more deaths than alcohol use, physical inactivity or high sodium intake.\r\n","_input_hash":-27567291,"_task_hash":1660080717,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s own website says: \u201cNumerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including: premature death in people with heart or lung disease, nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, increased respiratory symptoms.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-916356248,"_task_hash":-1646645520,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is despite the fact that epidemiological studies from around the world have shown a robust association between real-world exposure to PM 2.5 and premature mortality.\r\n","_input_hash":1060248717,"_task_hash":884405320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of it results from the combustion of fossil fuels and is emitted from power plants, industrial smokestacks and motor vehicles.","_input_hash":-1118238897,"_task_hash":141076595,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On days when PM 2.5 levels spike, more people with heart and lung disease die than on cleaner days.","_input_hash":1328178069,"_task_hash":-1127560463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"They have argued that epidemiological studies should not be used to set air quality standards because the health effects of air pollution are hopelessly confounded by other risk factors, like poverty, poor diet, smoking and diabetes.","_input_hash":-152669920,"_task_hash":-361724379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And, he says, while \"there's no guarantee that any introduction leads to an explosive outbreak,\" climate change makes it a whole lot more likely.","_input_hash":603613891,"_task_hash":-1366481747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Millions of children are already affected by climate change, around the world and in the US.","_input_hash":963920956,"_task_hash":-1914343602,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By virtue of its effect on sea levels, more frequent and severe hurricanes, heatwaves and droughts, air pollution, forest fires, and increases in infectious diseases, climate change is already affecting the way children live.","_input_hash":1253651014,"_task_hash":-441834097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What I see most frequently are children whose asthma and/or nasal allergies are getting out of control during days of poor air quality, in spite of their parents\u2019 best efforts and compliance with medications.\r\n","_input_hash":-1728084268,"_task_hash":-1955085016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I see patients whose eczema, a type of allergic skin disease, gets out of control on days of extreme heat or air pollution.","_input_hash":534001674,"_task_hash":-1169943994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What happened during Hurricane Harvey is difficult to forget.","_input_hash":-1027887093,"_task_hash":574233388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to Save the Children, 3 million children were affected by the hurricane.","_input_hash":-855856693,"_task_hash":1395623820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the emotional toll caused by Hurricane Harvey did not end after the shelters were emptied and the houses restored.","_input_hash":-203793964,"_task_hash":-1921122591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many were experiencing anxiety, behavior problems, and nightmares.\r\n","_input_hash":68695758,"_task_hash":-2002341090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I remember a mother who told me that her nine-year-old boy was experiencing post-traumatic stress after being rescued from their flooded home and did not want to sleep alone.","_input_hash":642004524,"_task_hash":-1993503265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is hard to imagine the crisis children in Puerto Rico experienced during Hurricane Maria.","_input_hash":-1285228356,"_task_hash":1541596291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After the violent winds and rain, every person on Puerto Rico, including over half a million children, woke up to a devastated island.","_input_hash":595242493,"_task_hash":1470327352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The challenge imposed by environmental instability starts before the child is even born.","_input_hash":1937382780,"_task_hash":1611396564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Exposure to extreme heat, air pollution, and increased rates of infection during pregnancy has been associated with poorly developed lungs, prematurity, stillbirth, brain abnormalities, heart abnormalities, and increased incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders.\r\n","_input_hash":1326388334,"_task_hash":-476312281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We also know that emotional distress during pregnancy and mood disorders, which can be triggered as women face the uncertainty that climate change brings to their lives and the lives of their families, can affect not only the physical but also the neurological and cognitive development of the unborn child.\r\n","_input_hash":996915564,"_task_hash":539151368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many of a child\u2019s vital organs, such as the lungs and brain, are immature and more susceptible to air pollution.","_input_hash":66024613,"_task_hash":-2050334702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Newborns and very young children are also more susceptible to illness and even death during heat waves.\r\n","_input_hash":-486737339,"_task_hash":605843739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On very hot days, this makes them prone to dehydration and other potentially fatal heat-induced conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":736949609,"_task_hash":-622631141,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cFor example, climate-related financial risks could affect the economy through elevated credit spreads, greater precautionary saving, and, in the extreme, a financial crisis,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":671096330,"_task_hash":-871324140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThere could also be direct effects in the form of larger and more frequent macroeconomic shocks associated with the infrastructure damage, agricultural losses, and commodity price spikes caused by the droughts, floods, and hurricanes amplified by climate change,\u201d Rudebusch says.\r\n","_input_hash":-1816094653,"_task_hash":-41303106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After all, financial crises are often the result of large, unexpected losses in some corner of the capital markets that banks and other major financial institutions end up having greater exposure to than previously estimated (or at least officially reported).\r\n","_input_hash":1140897535,"_task_hash":-331127171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Imagine the ripple effects that catastrophic climate events of a highly unpredictable nature could have on financial portfolios.","_input_hash":-381242338,"_task_hash":-1729357329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Say, for instance, that faster-than-expected changes in climate force a more rapid reduction in fossil-fuel energy sources?","_input_hash":-218205687,"_task_hash":496434827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout greater action, Schroders, which is a signatory to the statement, point to long-run temperature rises of around 4\u00b0C, with $23 trillion of associated global economic losses over the next 80 years.","_input_hash":-1240108356,"_task_hash":90123695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is permanent economic damage three or four times the scale of the impacts of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, while continuing to escalate.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":742547879,"_task_hash":326481563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the same vein, the investments need to reduce carbon emissions resulting in warming climates are likely to affect trends in credit markets.\r\n","_input_hash":242267040,"_task_hash":-1419032098,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Instead, he says, \u201cclimate change could cause such shocks to grow in size and frequency and their disruptive effects could become more persistent and harder to ignore.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1246156322,"_task_hash":-954449944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new report from the Congressional Budget Office estimates annual losses from damage linked to hurricanes and flooding at $54 billion under current conditions (which are changing rapidly).\r\n","_input_hash":687145754,"_task_hash":-969221357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Previous research from the San Francisco Fed found the disturbances from climate change would shave about a third off U.S. economic growth rates by the end of this century.\r\n","_input_hash":1213554614,"_task_hash":-1715439683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme turbulence is on the rise around the world.","_input_hash":-81443408,"_task_hash":2099161940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It isn\u2019t just nauseating or scary \u2014 it\u2019s dangerous.\r\n","_input_hash":-2062692272,"_task_hash":644679210,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In June 2017, nine passengers and a crew member were hospitalized after extreme turbulence rocked their United Airlines flight from Panama City to Houston.\r\n","_input_hash":-69464140,"_task_hash":-929748309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe turbulence is becoming more frequent and intense due in part to climate change.","_input_hash":-1256539184,"_task_hash":-1741180511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Research indicates that rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere cause disruptions to the jet streams and create dangerous wind shears that greatly increase turbulence, especially at moderate latitudes where the majority of air travel occurs.\r\n","_input_hash":1368325623,"_task_hash":-1492436319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For flight attendants and passengers alike, that dangerous, shaky feeling in midair comes from air currents shifting.","_input_hash":-1984742814,"_task_hash":1907301223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Turbulence is already costing US airlines $200 million per year, with damage to aircraft plus injuries to passengers and crew.","_input_hash":1750013379,"_task_hash":-911297820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That number will skyrocket as extreme incidents increase.","_input_hash":-574920473,"_task_hash":1206904419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Turbulence is a threat to safety and economic security, but it\u2019s only part of the harm caused by climate change.","_input_hash":-839872058,"_task_hash":1793883066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past two summers, flights in Phoenix and Salt Lake City were canceled due to excessive heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-425529401,"_task_hash":-939245395,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires in the West reduced visibility, slowed frequency of landings, and rerouted planes.","_input_hash":-393067932,"_task_hash":-1040242747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricanes and floods damaged airport infrastructure and altered flight service for weeks and months as battered islands and cities struggled to recover.","_input_hash":80117771,"_task_hash":1853204629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thunderstorms and severe winter storms strand more passengers and airline crews each year.","_input_hash":355728976,"_task_hash":-374541050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And as the planet warms, we\u2019re seeing more and more severe versions of nearly all of these weather events.\r\n","_input_hash":243779777,"_task_hash":-1758011881,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change affects our home lives, too, as extreme events fueled by warming wreak havoc on US communities.","_input_hash":-1968337725,"_task_hash":-1316690665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found that in certain years and certain contexts, warming-related drought sparked conflicts that sent refugees abroad.\r\n","_input_hash":-288729674,"_task_hash":-307642808,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study found the clearest climate fingerprint on the violent conflicts that erupted in western Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa between 2011 and 2015 and that resulted in migration.","_input_hash":2097578798,"_task_hash":336572759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change had a hand in the Arab Spring uprising in Tunisia, Libya, Yemen and Syria between 2010 and 2012.\r\n","_input_hash":-666894167,"_task_hash":-1222254466,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Outward migration after those conflicts is indirectly linked to climate change, according to the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-336687782,"_task_hash":-423848562,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"We can say the effect of climate change on migration is causal, and it operates through conflict,\" said Raya Muttarak, one of the report's co-authors.\r\n","_input_hash":-1438514827,"_task_hash":773849981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She stressed that climate change may also contribute to low agricultural yields and gross domestic product \u2014 conditions that might set the stage for conflict or compel people to leave a country.","_input_hash":-1207522479,"_task_hash":392770112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its bloody eight-year-old civil war followed years of droughts and crop failures that caused an internal migration of Syrian farmers into city slums already crowded with Iraqi war refugees.","_input_hash":1554182719,"_task_hash":-508652369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"President Bashar al-Assad's response to the humanitarian and economic hardships led to political unrest that then erupted into war.","_input_hash":-84855721,"_task_hash":1875853250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But while small island nations in the Caribbean and South Pacific are ground zero for climate-induced disasters like sea-level rise, they've rarely ranked as hotbeds of terrorism or armed conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":-1134025661,"_task_hash":1356595126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new Stanford University study shows global warming has increased economic inequality since the 1960s.","_input_hash":-1356077982,"_task_hash":-695549163,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperature changes caused by growing concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth\u2019s atmosphere have enriched cool countries like Norway and Sweden, while dragging down economic growth in warm countries such as India and Nigeria.\r\n","_input_hash":-584682070,"_task_hash":-434730870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study builds on previous research in which Burke and co-authors analyzed 50 years of annual temperature and GDP measurements for 165 countries to estimate the effects of temperature fluctuations on economic growth.","_input_hash":1961505806,"_task_hash":34093981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They demonstrated that growth during warmer than average years has accelerated in cool nations and slowed in warm nations.\r\n","_input_hash":394025850,"_task_hash":1838191285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Using the climate models to isolate how much each country has already warmed due to human-caused climate change, the researchers were able to determine what each country\u2019s economic output might have been had temperatures not warmed.\r\n","_input_hash":2011078334,"_task_hash":-1917403700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s less clear how warming has influenced growth in countries in the middle latitudes, including the United States, China and Japan.","_input_hash":1985334158,"_task_hash":1542731949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dragged down by warming\r\nWhile the impacts of temperature may seem small from year to year, they can yield dramatic gains or losses over time.","_input_hash":226201029,"_task_hash":363347291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, after accumulating decades of small effects from warming, India\u2019s economy is now 31 percent smaller than it would have been in the absence of global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":726948011,"_task_hash":2003905484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(Percentages refer to the median change in per capita GDP from global warming between 1961 and 2010.)\r\n","_input_hash":-1478850934,"_task_hash":102697638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is on par with the decline in economic output seen in the U.S. during the Great Depression,\u201d Burke said.","_input_hash":1376036603,"_task_hash":-424116336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHistorically, rapid economic development has been powered by fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-342339148,"_task_hash":-1422897616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our finding that global warming has exacerbated economic inequality suggests that there is an added economic benefit of energy sources that don\u2019t contribute to further warming.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":59690091,"_task_hash":-679748457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Costing out the effects of climate change\r\nEpisodes of severe weather in the United States, such as the present abundance of rainfall in California, are brandished as tangible evidence of the future costs of current climate trends.","_input_hash":-1213032986,"_task_hash":1523030616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change.","_input_hash":694339757,"_task_hash":411590684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).\r\n","_input_hash":-321031803,"_task_hash":-87989949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, the estimated benefits of greenhouse gas abatement\u2014or conversely, the \u201cdamages\u201d from climate change\u2014are conceptually and computationally challenging to construct.","_input_hash":1927369945,"_task_hash":914696233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, we develop an integrated architecture to compute potential economic damages from climate change based on empirical evidence, which we apply to the United States.","_input_hash":-2145429258,"_task_hash":-472628095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(ix) Inundation from localized probabilistic sea level rise projections (36) interacting with storm surge and wind exposure in (viii) are mapped onto a database of all coastal properties maintained by Risk Management Solutions, where engineering models predict damage (SM section H).\r\n","_input_hash":1072648950,"_task_hash":1017842324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Direct impacts from (vi), (vii), and (ix) are aggregated across space or time within each sector.","_input_hash":-689262500,"_task_hash":1469670850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Various previous analyses [e.g., (39)] note that natural demographic change and economic growth may dominate climate change effects in overall magnitude, although such comparisons are not our focus here.","_input_hash":-1225415413,"_task_hash":-1048283056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"S2 display the median average impact during the period 2080 to 2099 due to climate changes in RCP8.5, a trajectory consistent with fossil-fuel\u2013intensive economic growth, for each county.","_input_hash":757118773,"_task_hash":-1430439099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, warming reduces mortality in cold northern counties and elevates it in hot southern counties (Fig. 2B).","_input_hash":-1322804071,"_task_hash":-1647873364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Atlantic coast counties suffer the largest losses from cyclone intensification and mean sea level (MSL) rise (Fig. 2F and fig.","_input_hash":-1965035096,"_task_hash":1176253714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In general (except for crime and some coastal damages), Southern and Midwestern populations suffer the largest losses, while Northern and Western populations have smaller or even negative damages, the latter amounting to net gains from projected climate changes.\r\n","_input_hash":76043283,"_task_hash":2031369013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Combining impacts across sectors reveals that warming causes a net transfer of value from Southern, Central, and Mid-Atlantic regions toward the Pacific Northwest, the Great Lakes region, and New England (Fig. 2I).","_input_hash":755363767,"_task_hash":-757111143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here climbers are killed by avalanches or rockfall, by injuries sustained from a fall, from exposure to the elements, from exhaustion or from altitude illness.\r\n","_input_hash":-1939819557,"_task_hash":-2054200033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Chinese and Nepalese sources, the discovery of many corpses of climbers in the Mount Everest area in the last years is due to climate change.","_input_hash":668134561,"_task_hash":-1354347207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nepal\u2019s army drained the Imja lake near Mount Everest in 2016 after its water from rapid glacial melt had reached dangerous levels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1828820557,"_task_hash":1832171982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After years of being battered by hurricanes, wildfires, and heat waves coupled with a climate denier-in-chief, it seems Americans might finally be coming around to the stance that climate change is real and we should do something about it thing.","_input_hash":-646831374,"_task_hash":-226875311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These kinds of responses reveal the limits of what people are willing to do and and underscore a lack of urgency.","_input_hash":-2101843790,"_task_hash":-887373328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Asked by reporters after the hearing what triggered the new review, Spencer was blunt.\r\n","_input_hash":93395561,"_task_hash":838944138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"People understand that the planet is getting hotter, a change that is both easy to understand and directly familiar to almost everyone.\r\n","_input_hash":-207894010,"_task_hash":1317583303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the effects of the increased heat are much broader than simply higher temperatures.","_input_hash":612737544,"_task_hash":-831519158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased health risks\r\n","_input_hash":-1363806898,"_task_hash":-1503179699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Big precipitation events with even more rain and snow\r\n","_input_hash":-1399310940,"_task_hash":244969954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased flooding\r\n","_input_hash":1691633797,"_task_hash":-1009871293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea levels\r\n","_input_hash":-1475372929,"_task_hash":-1077902403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ice melt\r\nShifts in sea habitats\r\n","_input_hash":123064131,"_task_hash":1307505955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Also frightening is that this is happening during the African summer, when there is usually more rain.","_input_hash":197001769,"_task_hash":348824036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study\u2019s authors implicate climate change in the loss of tropical invertebrates \u2014 moths, butterflies, grasshoppers and spiders.","_input_hash":79742285,"_task_hash":1471554127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coral bleaching occurs when corals lose their color after the symbiotic algae that live in coral cells and provide them with nutrients are expelled due to heat stress.","_input_hash":752360183,"_task_hash":-107005796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So scientists tend to distinguish between moderate bleaching, which can be managed, and severe bleaching, which can kill corals and also leave surviving corals more vulnerable to disease and other threats.\r\n","_input_hash":1729888581,"_task_hash":-1530266796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201c[We\u2019re] looking at 90 percent of reefs seeing the heat stress that causes severe bleaching on an annual basis by mid-century.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1676748443,"_task_hash":-1862171349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study comes after the unprecedented 2014-2017 global bleaching event that produced devastating consequences to the Great Barrier Reef off Australia and many other global reefs.\r\n","_input_hash":-486781831,"_task_hash":-2146796608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The new survey of 100 major coral reefs, from 1980 through 2016, found only a handful that had not suffered severe bleachings during that period.","_input_hash":533702189,"_task_hash":724765581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More striking, it found that the rate of severe bleaching is increasing over time.","_input_hash":1512437598,"_task_hash":1005602437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The average reef in the group bleached severely once every 25 or 30 years at the beginning of the 1980s, but by 2016 the recurrence time for severe bleaching was just 5.9 years.","_input_hash":-1194759681,"_task_hash":-1583342615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study said that as ocean waters have grown steadily warmer, global bleaching events are now triggered not only in warm-water El Ni\u00f1o years, but potentially in any year, including cooler La Ni\u00f1a years.\r\n","_input_hash":-817246480,"_task_hash":-382449460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Did climate change make Hurricane Florence worse?\r\n","_input_hash":-1457162457,"_task_hash":-717840693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Preliminary research has shown that Hurricane Florence, which struck North Carolina in September 2018, was probably somewhat larger and dumped more rain than it would have if the same storm had arrived in a world without humans\u2019 greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-1469082576,"_task_hash":125918596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(warm seas are the central energy source for hurricanes).\r\n","_input_hash":-304926822,"_task_hash":-476321887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, rising seas, caused by the melting of the planet\u2019s ice and the swelling of the ocean as it warms, make any coastal flooding event worse, even on sunny days.","_input_hash":2066638589,"_task_hash":-12661067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can say, with a high probability, that at least five or six of those inches are human-caused climate change,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":233819277,"_task_hash":-680610581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, as seas continue to rise (and rise at a faster rate), more and more water driven inland by storms will be attributable to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1034870464,"_task_hash":-125906537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the cover: Larry Hickman stands in floodwaters after Hurricane Florence in Bucksport,","_input_hash":-802957701,"_task_hash":-258380346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"S.C. The September storm caused damaging floods in the Carolinas.\r\n","_input_hash":-1712653048,"_task_hash":-136249833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires, climate change and the destruction of a California town\r\nBy Zoeann Murphy and Chris Mooney\r\n","_input_hash":-1511349395,"_task_hash":-1060065897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More explosive and rapidly spreading fires leave communities with little notice or chance to evacuate.","_input_hash":1003664296,"_task_hash":1629055679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such fire behavior stood out in the deadly 2018 Carr and Camp fires in California.\r\n","_input_hash":-735960545,"_task_hash":-1501987235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the West, human-caused climate change is a significant factor in worsening wildfires, scientists at the University of Idaho and Columbia University in New York have found.","_input_hash":2093084785,"_task_hash":519031408,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The hotter and drier conditions parch soil and wither plants and brush, increasing fuel for more forest fires.\r\n","_input_hash":395532769,"_task_hash":-840328207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Carr Fire, which killed eight, generated an enormous tornado-like vortex that stunned fire researchers.","_input_hash":979478878,"_task_hash":1625437522,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Camp Fire \u2014 the worst fire in California history \u2014 destroyed an entire town, Paradise, and killed at least 85 people.","_input_hash":1311972623,"_task_hash":1077328960,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It cost an estimated $16.5 billion in damage, according to insurance company Munich Re, making it even more destructive than the year\u2019s worst hurricanes.\r\n","_input_hash":-828003700,"_task_hash":843492751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On the cover: The November 2018 Camp Fire left destruction in its wake in Paradise, Calif.\r\n","_input_hash":1161862082,"_task_hash":1570339752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Antarctic glaciers have been melting at an accelerating pace over the past four decades thanks to an influx of warm ocean water \u2014 a startling new finding that researchers say could mean sea levels are poised to rise more quickly than predicted in coming decades.\r\n","_input_hash":-835868424,"_task_hash":-1453590636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Even Greater Unfreezing\r\n","_input_hash":-25692574,"_task_hash":-1465009180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That is considerably more ice melt than Antarctica is contributing, even though the Antarctic contains far more ice.","_input_hash":946094446,"_task_hash":-1324145810,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s mainly driven by the Arctic contribution, the Antarctic and a third major factor \u2014 that ocean water naturally expands as it warms.\r\n","_input_hash":-518222955,"_task_hash":1276678961,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The cause of the sunflower sea star\u2019s demise is a mystery, but it coincided with a warming event in the Pacific Ocean, possibly tied to the climate, that lasted for two years, ending in 2015.","_input_hash":453383699,"_task_hash":1409604096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It heated vast stretches of water in patches and probably exacerbated a wasting disease that had earlier struck the creature.\r\n","_input_hash":-258392248,"_task_hash":-387303098,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a new report, global energy experts have found that not only are planet-warming carbon-dioxide emissions still increasing, but the world\u2019s growing thirst for energy has led to higher emissions from coal-fired power plants than ever before.\r\n","_input_hash":-1611367206,"_task_hash":1829976203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To meet that demand, largely fueled by a booming economy, countries turned to an array of sources, including renewables.\r\n","_input_hash":-1553682663,"_task_hash":-996407793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In particular, a fleet of relatively young coal plants located in Asia, with decades to go on their lifetimes, led the way toward a record for emissions from coal-fired power plants \u2014 exceeding 10 billion tons of carbon dioxide \u201cfor the first time,\u201d the agency said.","_input_hash":-1697942637,"_task_hash":687641130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greenhouse-gas emissions from the use of energy \u2014 by far their largest source \u2014 reached a record high of 33.1 billion tons in 2018.","_input_hash":684330652,"_task_hash":-67142752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emissions showed 1.7 percent growth, well above the average since 2010.\r\n","_input_hash":-1969969129,"_task_hash":403676817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That added heat is contributing to raging forest fires and bark beetle outbreaks, a combination that has devastated the state\u2019s forests.","_input_hash":1789615573,"_task_hash":578441973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In recent years, disease and other disturbances have caused forests to die, emitting carbon dioxide instead as they rot.\r\n","_input_hash":1657468393,"_task_hash":-608897993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While beetle outbreaks have happened before, scientists think rising temperatures have made them worse.","_input_hash":-2064448352,"_task_hash":-107594275,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Trees stressed by drought struggle to resist beetle attacks, and the drier ground makes forests more susceptible to fires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1560699939,"_task_hash":1107835974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A survey of global fossil and temperature records from the past 20,000 years suggests that Earth\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems are at risk of an even faster transformation than one that took place after the end of the last ice age, when sea levels rose, glaciers receded and global average temperatures soared as much as 7 degrees Celsius.\r\n","_input_hash":2084756078,"_task_hash":246219938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricanes are going to get worse.","_input_hash":831146554,"_task_hash":-1715600510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A stretch of desolate Alaskan shoreline is eroding more than twice as fast as it used to, fueled by Earth\u2019s warming temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1628831160,"_task_hash":-1841403013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"About 40 historic Mediterranean sites, representing cultures extending from the Phoenicians through the Venetians, are already at risk due to rising seas, research finds.","_input_hash":-717240457,"_task_hash":782847288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found that out of 49 total such sites along the coasts of the Mediterranean, 37 are already vulnerable to a 100-year storm surge event.\r\n","_input_hash":119527365,"_task_hash":636768347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a world of rising sea levels, those risks will grow only more severe, threatening the destruction of irreplaceable cultural landmarks.","_input_hash":-711228503,"_task_hash":1402755722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For Joseph Manning \u2014 a professor of ancient Greek history at Yale who praised the new research \u2014 rising seas could be the next destroyer of human culture to come along after massive losses in the past decade alone tied to violence and civil war in Syria, Iraq and Egypt, among other countries.","_input_hash":-629513454,"_task_hash":189983702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"most viscerally, a surge in the number of grapes that are singed by the intensifying summer heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-219482354,"_task_hash":-195366532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And after World War II, fishery disputes prompted militarized action in democratic countries.","_input_hash":2049999000,"_task_hash":1090311255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since the goal is to reduce global \u201cgreenhouse gas emissions from human sources\u201d by \u201c40 to 60 percent from 2010 levels by 2030,\u201d pretty much everyone and everything will need to be mobilized in the \u201cFederal Government-led\u201d effort.\r\n","_input_hash":-887206471,"_task_hash":617536347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The best historical analogy is not the New Deal but World War II, when mobilization of the nation\u2019s vast productive capacity not only defeated Germany and Japan but also generated unprecedented domestic economic growth, hugely expanding the middle class.","_input_hash":874085521,"_task_hash":1106121761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Howard is worried about what\u2019s coming: the heat and humidity of a Boston summer.\r\n","_input_hash":1369202851,"_task_hash":-2069156170,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Howard, who is 57, has COPD, a progressive lung disease that can be exacerbated by heat and humidity.","_input_hash":-441117870,"_task_hash":-1540172111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"The overall trend of the hotter summers that we\u2019re seeing [is] due to climate change,\" Rice says, \"and with the overall upward trend, we've got the consequences of climate change.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1983252637,"_task_hash":-1112209696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So Rice focuses on steps her patients can take to cope with the consequences of heatwaves, more potent pollen and a longer allergy season.\r\n","_input_hash":2025604601,"_task_hash":835497497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The 64-year-old has asthma that is worse during the allergy season.","_input_hash":1556918726,"_task_hash":58604414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"The hard thing about this is to articulate the risk does elicit a lot of reasonable and rationale concern,\" Basu says.","_input_hash":-1647859243,"_task_hash":-1763444184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Nicholas attributes the delay, in part, to politics.","_input_hash":-1500995844,"_task_hash":246626055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Decades-long patterns of frost, heat and rain","_input_hash":-1755977500,"_task_hash":661415559,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Early rains, unexpected droughts and late freezes leave farmers uncertain over what comes next.\r\n","_input_hash":-20881822,"_task_hash":345021238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The chickpea is enjoying an unexpected assist from extreme weather.","_input_hash":1542627007,"_task_hash":1823170068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average annual temperature in Montana has increased by 2.4 degrees over the last century, but the amount of rain hasn\u2019t changed much.\r\n","_input_hash":-1797218876,"_task_hash":325049721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drought isn\u2019t helping.","_input_hash":1408453547,"_task_hash":385643388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When he was growing up, predictable spring rains led to even summer heat and a reliable crop of corn.","_input_hash":-1210922451,"_task_hash":1189677750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, trees are blooming too early and then being hit by unusual frosts, which result in less sellable fruit.","_input_hash":690827517,"_task_hash":1767088097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One problem that comes with hotter spring weather is an increase in diseases like fire blight, which can be especially hard to prevent in organic orchards where antibiotics can\u2019t be used, said Kate Prengaman, associate editor of Good Fruit Grower, a Washington-based magazine for tree fruit and grape farmers.\r\n","_input_hash":347562615,"_task_hash":1419993197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hotter temperatures can subject both organic and conventionally grown apples to sunburn, which causes defects on the fruit\u2019s skin.","_input_hash":-510058852,"_task_hash":764756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBut we\u2019ve noticed that as the climate changes and the weather is getting erratic, the freezes we get are more unpredictable.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-227755321,"_task_hash":39339507,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But changing weather patterns produce less rain during the growing season, and the underground aquifers that feed the state\u2019s crop are drying out.","_input_hash":1291567604,"_task_hash":-1232032880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much heat alters the starch that the plants produce.","_input_hash":1730090803,"_task_hash":1352656438,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It breaks apart more easily at the mill, causing waste.","_input_hash":-624886817,"_task_hash":50821779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than 1,000 people died in this country, Malawi and Zimbabwe.","_input_hash":1330010833,"_task_hash":2094823889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Floods shut down much of the city\u2019s water and sanitation systems.","_input_hash":-2146751015,"_task_hash":-1484488169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bacteria in contaminated water cause this disease.","_input_hash":832897107,"_task_hash":1190965121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its symptoms include severe diarrhea, violent vomiting and dehydration.","_input_hash":-1718786949,"_task_hash":565368535,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists can\u2019t yet say exactly what role climate change may have played in Cyclone Idai.","_input_hash":-975520306,"_task_hash":-329690413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But they do know that extreme storms will become more common with climate change.","_input_hash":-898992042,"_task_hash":183670846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme heat is one problem.","_input_hash":-1084284922,"_task_hash":2147280083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More intense hurricanes, rainstorms and wildfires are others.","_input_hash":-1572267440,"_task_hash":41898598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such events cause direct harm.","_input_hash":-1203765827,"_task_hash":-702772920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air and water pollution will worsen in many places.","_input_hash":1581796890,"_task_hash":-1170350036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIf we understand that we are part of the cause, it gives some hope that we can be a part of the solution,\u201d says Sarah Kew.","_input_hash":513096603,"_task_hash":313065400,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cyclone Idai was just the latest in a series of devastating storms, many of which have been intensified by climate change.","_input_hash":1318421985,"_task_hash":925370461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last September in the United States, for instance, Hurricane Florence flooded huge areas of North Carolina.","_input_hash":804938866,"_task_hash":1307936839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Storms can bring contamination.","_input_hash":2007787240,"_task_hash":202673293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of them make poisons that cause breathing problems.","_input_hash":874395799,"_task_hash":1586029459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change will likely bring more bad blooms.","_input_hash":1390994787,"_task_hash":1034843226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet the health impacts of climate change don\u2019t stop there.\r\n","_input_hash":-1848815130,"_task_hash":-537568898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the name given to a heat wave that made many people think about fires in hell.","_input_hash":2122937764,"_task_hash":2069764409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lucifer-like heat waves were once rare.","_input_hash":-1548723898,"_task_hash":-859666076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe estimate that human-caused climate change has increased the odds of such an event more than threefold since 1950,\u201d says Kew.","_input_hash":-1026023334,"_task_hash":1292757783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout human influence, half of the extreme heat waves projected to occur in the future wouldn\u2019t happen\u201d in most of the United States, he says.","_input_hash":-1726455840,"_task_hash":-1545372439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An increased risk of death from heat waves exists worldwide, says Yuming Guo.","_input_hash":-1481341336,"_task_hash":427497992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He and other scientists calculated the added risks for heat-wave deaths in 20 countries and regions.","_input_hash":95333819,"_task_hash":-1185026767,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If people do nothing about climate change, for example, Colombia in South America could have roughly 20 times more deaths from heat waves.","_input_hash":-563878286,"_task_hash":-808440441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moldova in Eastern Europe would have about 50 percent more deaths.","_input_hash":-70848383,"_task_hash":1933997561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not breathing easy\r\n","_input_hash":-1001053897,"_task_hash":613846577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change isn\u2019t just warming the air.","_input_hash":-1804882302,"_task_hash":-881996224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of the reasons include rising levels of pollen, pollution and other air quality problems.\r\n","_input_hash":-438181655,"_task_hash":1467238368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Plant pollen can cause hay fever.","_input_hash":-1236682357,"_task_hash":-1953231411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its misery includes sneezes, runny noses, sore throats, headaches and itchy eyes.","_input_hash":-754710282,"_task_hash":-169159942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Pollen also can trigger asthma attacks, making it hard to take a breath.","_input_hash":-311146194,"_task_hash":487553108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI personally suffer from spring-time allergies and fear a longer and potentially worse pollen season,\u201d says Michael Case.","_input_hash":-1479288179,"_task_hash":737670771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change will bring warming and a shift in rainfall patterns.","_input_hash":-672004765,"_task_hash":-1398744850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThese changes will have real effects on people\u2019s health,\u201d Case says, \u201cmaking it worse in some areas and potentially better in other areas.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":407764916,"_task_hash":-1662685025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Trees, too, can trigger allergies and asthma.","_input_hash":240510899,"_task_hash":538144699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Oak pollen led to 21,000 emergency room trips there for asthma in 2010.","_input_hash":2010118849,"_task_hash":962821665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sunlight triggers chemical reactions in both types of chemicals.","_input_hash":332138566,"_task_hash":24740740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And ozone is a trigger for asthma attacks and other breathing problems.\r\n","_input_hash":290850776,"_task_hash":1260529285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Particulate pollution can cause lung disease.","_input_hash":2115701060,"_task_hash":884740454,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies show those tiny bits can cause heart and circulation problems.","_input_hash":-441081962,"_task_hash":-1362622370,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wildfires spew particulates, too, along with other pollutants.","_input_hash":631756484,"_task_hash":1062357855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bad air quality affected vast areas of the western United States, where wildfires raged last year.","_input_hash":1687826254,"_task_hash":26965292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Even droughts can make breathing harder.","_input_hash":1414450925,"_task_hash":-1356429214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dry soil also kick-starts the growth of a harmful fungus.","_input_hash":-1903268038,"_task_hash":686896839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It causes a disease commonly known as valley fever.","_input_hash":-1285779669,"_task_hash":1314360375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These worms cause schistosomiasis (Shis-toh-so-MY-uh-sis).","_input_hash":637098560,"_task_hash":-2141784972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s why \u201cany change to climate is expected to have a big influence on the importance and distribution of insect-borne diseases,\u201d says Jennifer Lord.","_input_hash":265354323,"_task_hash":223953979,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These insects carry the parasites that cause sleeping sickness in people and nagana in cattle.","_input_hash":-1146015288,"_task_hash":-870039147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People with mild cases suffer with fevers, headaches and chills.","_input_hash":-1517918431,"_task_hash":281100013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Roughly 435,000 people died from the disease in 2017, notes the World Health Organization.\r\n","_input_hash":597471591,"_task_hash":172611903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This virus causes fevers and severe joint pain.","_input_hash":-1307134108,"_task_hash":-1820103654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Taking action\r\nThe more the average global temperature climbs,","_input_hash":297630087,"_task_hash":243773752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the worse climate\u2019s health impacts will be.","_input_hash":129900018,"_task_hash":-255124794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEach additional unit of warming will increase the risks for adverse health outcomes,\u201d says Ebi.","_input_hash":1121905681,"_task_hash":1720279996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fortunately, she adds, \u201cThere\u2019s a lot we can do now to reduce the number of people who are suffering and dying from climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":169042418,"_task_hash":-1636322149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Indeed, pollution already imposes huge costs to society.","_input_hash":-1861529378,"_task_hash":-1021815401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The new target encompasses all greenhouse gas emissions, including those from international aviation and shipping -- two industries that do not fall under the 2015 Paris climate agreement, which calls on countries to reduce their carbon output and halt global warming below 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.\r\n","_input_hash":687973092,"_task_hash":885074025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fish are disappearing because of climate change\r\n","_input_hash":1338841673,"_task_hash":494979424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And a lot of people have been \u2014 and will be \u2014 harmed by the effects of rising greenhouse gases.","_input_hash":1130350784,"_task_hash":-123934046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many of those impacts will clearly hurt the physical health of people, such as by aggravating asthma or heart disease.","_input_hash":509286084,"_task_hash":1080795524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But climate change can be bad for mental health as well.","_input_hash":512047648,"_task_hash":483672889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme weather and sea-level rise can destroy homes and property.","_input_hash":-1756549647,"_task_hash":2125406870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People can suffer physical harm from extreme events as well.","_input_hash":-1117284770,"_task_hash":1006875389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Depression, anxiety, post-trauma stress, sleep disorders and other problems can result.\r\n","_input_hash":1148096629,"_task_hash":1233762112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But climate change can pose a risk to mental health even without a direct physical threat.","_input_hash":316643855,"_task_hash":-880276784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can trigger feelings of anger, grief, resentment, fear, frustration and being overwhelmed.","_input_hash":-1865105275,"_task_hash":945678815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"anxiety A nervous reaction to events causing excessive uneasiness and apprehension.","_input_hash":-1814226808,"_task_hash":-650244843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People with anxiety may even develop panic attacks.\r\n","_input_hash":-1570933823,"_task_hash":-1895355441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"climate change Long-term, significant change in the climate of Earth.","_input_hash":1501369338,"_task_hash":-2067581105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It can happen naturally or in response to human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests.\r\n","_input_hash":-1087462718,"_task_hash":-1492029124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A mental illness characterized by persistent sadness and apathy.","_input_hash":-1226119766,"_task_hash":1293236386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although these feelings can be triggered by events, such as the death of a loved one or the move to a new city, that isn\u2019t typically considered an \u201cillness\u201d \u2014 unless the symptoms are prolonged and harm an individual\u2019s ability to perform normal daily tasks (such as working, sleeping or interacting with others).","_input_hash":-22943600,"_task_hash":-1075570068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"People suffering from depression often feel they lack the energy needed to get anything done.","_input_hash":348697920,"_task_hash":1690247006,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A condition where the body does not work appropriately, leading to what might be viewed as an illness.","_input_hash":1879014377,"_task_hash":-2095976991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat.","_input_hash":-1116582503,"_task_hash":-1980484296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For instance, exposure to radiation poses a risk of cancer.","_input_hash":686450663,"_task_hash":-1142451319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(For instance: Among cancer risks that the people faced were radiation and drinking water tainted with arsenic.)\r\n","_input_hash":1631382743,"_task_hash":-927212344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A factor \u2014 such as unusual temperatures, movements, moisture or pollution \u2014 that affects the health of a species or ecosystem.","_input_hash":819606198,"_task_hash":727033201,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A mental, physical, emotional or behavioral reaction to an event or circumstance (stressor) that disturbs a person or animal\u2019s usual state of being or places increased demands on a person or animal; psychological stress can be either positive or negative.\r\n","_input_hash":477329827,"_task_hash":1603795904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rising levels of carbon dioxide could make crops less nutritious and damage the health of hundreds of millions of people, research has revealed, with those living in some of the world\u2019s poorest regions likely to be hardest hit.\r\n","_input_hash":1036132295,"_task_hash":501619721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Now experts say such changes could mean that by the middle of the century about 175 million more people develop a zinc deficiency, while 122 million people who are not currently protein deficient could become so.\r\n","_input_hash":-2098945381,"_task_hash":1659262288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Poor mental health can be triggered by disease or merely reflect a short-term response to life\u2019s challenges.","_input_hash":1177626178,"_task_hash":1993806670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among other problems, zinc deficiencies are linked to troubles with wound healing, infections and diarrhoea; protein deficiencies are linked to stunted growth; and iron deficiencies are tied to complications in pregnancy and childbirth.\r\n","_input_hash":-1163200844,"_task_hash":58952251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors note that even if individuals were able to eat more of the plants to get the same nutrient intake, they might end up with other issues like obesity, while climate effects such as increased temperatures and water stress could actually result in an overall decrease in crop yields.\r\n","_input_hash":1343604406,"_task_hash":59558566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf no actions are taken, additional millions to billions of people will be nutrition deficient because of rising CO2, and the most vulnerable regions in the world will suffer the greatest impacts,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":2069771674,"_task_hash":-172486796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From broken healthcare to corrosive racial inequality, from rapacious corporations to a climate crisis, the need for fact-based reporting that highlights injustice and offers solutions is as great as ever.","_input_hash":-493641651,"_task_hash":-330232369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s a dramatic shift from previous years, when climate change lagged well behind other dangers to people and property.","_input_hash":41127227,"_task_hash":1058067830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to one estimate, natural disasters caused about $340 billion in damage across the world in 2017, with insurers paying out a record $138 billion.","_input_hash":-1022728585,"_task_hash":500590217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change can make a sizable dent on economic growth by disrupting supply chains and demand for products, and creating harsh working conditions, among other issues.\r\n","_input_hash":1303011883,"_task_hash":811359955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While scientists warn that climate change is a likely factor in the unprecedented flooding that inundated eastern Nebraska in March, directors at the state\u2019s largest utility largely do not see the event as a call to hasten the utility\u2019s transition away from fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1859626486,"_task_hash":-1684452828,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The flood was estimated to have caused about $1.3 billion in damage to roads, dams, levees and other structures, as well as farm crops and livestock.","_input_hash":-2094653138,"_task_hash":-1038221567,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI have recognized that climate change is causing these extreme events we\u2019ve seen around this country and the world for several years,\u201d Thompson said.","_input_hash":-1755493584,"_task_hash":-78124047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although he views the flooding as a consequence of the warming world, Thompson didn\u2019t exactly advocate accelerating the utility\u2019s shift away from fossil fuels and the adoption of more renewable generation.","_input_hash":-541039623,"_task_hash":-1478816414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"towers causing turbulence in the atmosphere.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2024795142,"_task_hash":1645838100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is caused by man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which wind turbines do not emit.\r\n","_input_hash":134270034,"_task_hash":-1151424238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding \u201cis just something that happens,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-162113494,"_task_hash":1084829862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Jerry Chlopek, from Columbus, also sees the flood as nothing more than a freak occurrence.\r\n","_input_hash":-1304955161,"_task_hash":-868411317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI don\u2019t know what to blame on climate change and what not to blame on climate change.","_input_hash":1289456032,"_task_hash":22551001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen we face the utter devastation of this last big event, the millions and millions of dollars of income and capital that are gone for people who were already struggling a little to make ends meet, I think people are beginning to wonder if it\u2019s responsible to just say, \u2018No, it couldn\u2019t be climate change and we need to keep doing what we\u2019re doing.\u2019\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1691064207,"_task_hash":-1811135677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events, and the world's most vulnerable children will bear the brunt of these disasters.\r\n","_input_hash":970788087,"_task_hash":1754024349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While Cyclone Fani is putting millions at risk in India and Bangladesh, Mozambique is still recovering from back-to-back cyclones that tore through the region in March and April, causing serious damage to the lives of thousands of children.","_input_hash":449843179,"_task_hash":920213510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These powerful storms should be an urgent wakeup call to world leaders on the grave risks that extreme weather events pose to the lives of children.\r\n","_input_hash":1386642842,"_task_hash":-962812196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Cyclones, droughts and other extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity.","_input_hash":644166449,"_task_hash":-1315709243,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cyclone Kenneth, the strongest storm ever recorded in Mozambique, damaged or destroyed at least 400 schools, affecting over 40,000 schoolchildren.","_input_hash":1222340176,"_task_hash":1731983247,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Kenneth struck just six weeks after Cyclone Idai pummeled Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, affecting 1 million children.","_input_hash":-953799543,"_task_hash":-1748659489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is deepening the environmental threat faced by families in Bangladesh's poorest communities, leaving them unable to keep their children properly housed, fed, healthy and educated,\" said Fore. \"","_input_hash":-1352856668,"_task_hash":1949122458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Bangladesh and around the world, climate change has the potential to reverse many of the gains that countries have achieved in child survival and development.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1975657067,"_task_hash":-342642225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Climate change is linked to rising sea levels and the increase in rainfall associated with cyclones, thus causing more devastation in coastal but also inland areas.","_input_hash":686480412,"_task_hash":-521462827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the short term, the most vulnerable children are at risk of drowning and landslides, deadly diseases including cholera and malaria, malnutrition from reduced agricultural production and psychological trauma \u2014 all of which are compounded when health centers and schools are impacted.","_input_hash":-2111498504,"_task_hash":1472568053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the long term, cycles of poverty can linger for years and limit the capacity of families and communities to adapt to climate change and to reduce the risk of disasters.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-788278020,"_task_hash":-1417795476,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"UNICEF works to curb the impact of extreme weather events in many ways, including:\r\ndesigning water systems that can withstand cyclones and salt water contamination\r\nstrengthening school structures and supporting preparedness drills\r\nsupporting community health systems in risk-prone areas\r\n","_input_hash":660340051,"_task_hash":-1255650153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without mitigating actions, global temperatures are projected to rise by 4oC above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century\u2014with increasing and irreversible risks of collapsing ice sheets, inundation of low-lying island states, extreme weather events, and runaway warming scenarios.\r\n","_input_hash":157117498,"_task_hash":-1987255072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A warming climate could also mean increased extinction risk for a large fraction of species, the spread of diseases, an undermining of food security, and reduced renewable surface water and groundwater resources.\r\n","_input_hash":-1270841026,"_task_hash":-1682122262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another key point is that the damage done by fossil fuel energy use is not limited to climate change.","_input_hash":-977431590,"_task_hash":1231015818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its use also gives rise to local air pollution deaths, and road congestion and accidents.\r\n","_input_hash":1040685808,"_task_hash":-1859964345,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Humans emit 30 billion to 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide, or the greenhouse gas known as CO2, into the atmosphere each year.\r\n","_input_hash":-1543804642,"_task_hash":-974536235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In truth, we would have to cover the entire contiguous US with trees just to capture 10% of the CO2 we emit annually.\r\n","_input_hash":984601992,"_task_hash":-1429561950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers fear global warming will cause the Sierra Nevada snowpack to lose much of its freshwater by the end of the century, spelling trouble for water management throughout the state.\r\n","_input_hash":1895522883,"_task_hash":263403545,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) expect to see an increase in \u2018precipitation whiplash\u2019 events in the region, with rapid transitions between extreme wet and extreme dry periods.\r\n","_input_hash":-1298438011,"_task_hash":1378908564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These extreme precipitation events pose a risk to dams, levees and canals, few of which have been tested against intense storms such as those that caused the Great Flood of 1862.","_input_hash":-18850520,"_task_hash":847360752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the end of the 21st century, the frequency of floods of this magnitude across the state is expected to increase by 300 to 400 percent.\r\n","_input_hash":510527950,"_task_hash":-1386458903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the winter of 2017, record snowfall in the Sierras caused a spillway to fail on the Oroville Dam, sending water spilling over the dam.","_input_hash":1739473061,"_task_hash":-1485834746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After the damage to the dam\u2019s spillways, DigitalGlobe, a satellite imagery company, released images showing the extent of the damage.\r\n","_input_hash":1138447768,"_task_hash":1813466242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists from UCLA\u2019s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and the Center for Climate Science predicted increased warming in the region will cause snow to melt faster.","_input_hash":-202122078,"_task_hash":-679813452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human society is in jeopardy from the accelerating decline of the Earth\u2019s natural life-support systems, the world\u2019s leading scientists have warned, as they announced the results of the most thorough planetary health check ever undertaken.\r\n","_input_hash":-916079317,"_task_hash":-1819108973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In economic terms, the losses are jaw-dropping.","_input_hash":1256062851,"_task_hash":1480973691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Pollinator loss has put up to $577bn (\u00a3440bn) of crop output at risk, while land degradation has reduced the productivity of 23% of global land.\r\n","_input_hash":-297185729,"_task_hash":-1134299215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The knock-on impacts on humankind, including freshwater shortages and climate instability, are already \u201cominous\u201d and will worsen without drastic remedial action, the authors said.\r\n","_input_hash":1768069919,"_task_hash":1578058875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Remedies are possible, but they require urgent, transformative action because policies until now have failed to halt the tide of human-made extinctions.","_input_hash":1696328847,"_task_hash":-217364392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report also examines five main drivers of unprecedented biodiversity and ecosystem change over the past 50 years, identifying them as: changes in land and sea use; direct exploitation of organisms; climate change; pollution; and invasion of alien species.\r\n","_input_hash":-116936250,"_task_hash":-808218059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If we see business as usual going forward then we\u2019ll see a very fast decline in the ability of nature to provide what we need and to buffer climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-586973735,"_task_hash":628722226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Agriculture and fishing are the primary causes of the deterioration.","_input_hash":-2145856572,"_task_hash":-733040751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study paints a picture of a suffocating human-caused sameness spreading across the planet, as a small range of cash crops and high-value livestock are replacing forests and other nature-rich ecosystems.","_input_hash":784119594,"_task_hash":1205351108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As well as eroding the soil, which causes a loss of fertility, these monocultures are more vulnerable to disease, drought and other impacts of climate breakdown.\r\n","_input_hash":1496252877,"_task_hash":1015903980,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, pollution and invasive species have had a relatively low impact, but these factors are accelerating.","_input_hash":-1660175136,"_task_hash":-943542861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Population growth is noted as a factor, along with inequality.","_input_hash":-388796354,"_task_hash":-928814812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It says values and goals need to change across governments so local, national and international policymakers are aligned to tackle the underlying causes of planetary deterioration.","_input_hash":601899126,"_task_hash":910794911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At the same time, a new threat has emerged: Global warming has become a major driver of wildlife decline, the assessment found, by shifting or shrinking the local climates that many mammals, birds, insects, fish and plants evolved to survive in.","_input_hash":546264776,"_task_hash":2002852041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When combined with the other ways humans are damaging the environment, climate change is now pushing a growing number of species, such as the Bengal tiger, closer to extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":1215214949,"_task_hash":933263565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result, biodiversity loss is projected to accelerate through 2050, particularly in the tropics, unless countries drastically step up their conservation efforts.\r\n","_input_hash":-345751090,"_task_hash":859220328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The loss of mangrove forests and coral reefs along coasts could expose up to 300 million people to increased risk of flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1514105440,"_task_hash":-892494252,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors note that the devastation of nature has become so severe that piecemeal efforts to protect individual species or to set up wildlife refuges will no longer be sufficient.","_input_hash":-1006481620,"_task_hash":200301683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though outside experts cautioned it could be difficult to make precise forecasts, the report warns of a looming extinction crisis, with extinction rates currently tens to hundreds of times higher than they have been in the past 10 million years.\r\n","_input_hash":871427337,"_task_hash":-661293008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHuman actions threaten more species with global extinction now than ever before,\u201d the report concludes, estimating that \u201caround 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action is taken.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1974390257,"_task_hash":-1219419287,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past 50 years, global biodiversity loss has primarily been driven by activities like the clearing of forests for farmland, the expansion of roads and cities, logging, hunting, overfishing, water pollution and the transport of invasive species around the globe.\r\n","_input_hash":-2040075722,"_task_hash":-159769581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And with humans continuing to burn fossil fuels for energy, global warming is expected to compound the damage.","_input_hash":-1203415324,"_task_hash":1337256771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Roughly 5 percent of species worldwide are threatened with climate-related extinction if global average temperatures rise 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, the report concluded.","_input_hash":-1375532581,"_task_hash":-1407664732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And it could become harder in the future to breed new, hardier crops and livestock to cope with the extreme heat and drought that climate change will bring.\r\n","_input_hash":1308523205,"_task_hash":-237270016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change has raised the risk of a fungal disease that ravages banana crops, new research shows.\r\n","_input_hash":-302041105,"_task_hash":705299356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The new study, by the University of Exeter, says changes to moisture and temperature conditions have increased the risk of Black Sigatoka by more than 44% in these areas since the 1960s.\r\n","_input_hash":1010231921,"_task_hash":1283451750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Black Sigatoka is caused by a fungus (Pseudocercospora fijiensis) whose lifecycle is strongly determined by weather and microclimate,\" said Dr. Daniel Bebber, of the University of Exeter.\r\n","_input_hash":-951763026,"_task_hash":1975919046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"This research shows that climate change has made temperatures better for spore germination and growth, and made crop canopies wetter, raising the risk of Black Sigatoka infection in many banana-growing areas of Latin America.\r\n","_input_hash":1069689771,"_task_hash":-812654758,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Despite the overall rise in the risk of Black Sigatoka in the areas we examined, drier conditions in some parts of Mexico and Central America have reduced infection risk.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-508342170,"_task_hash":-1586975799,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Pseudocercospora fijiensis fungus spreads via aerial spores, infecting banana leaves and causing streaked lesions and cell death when fungal toxins are exposed to light.\r\n","_input_hash":698839184,"_task_hash":-2073841149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Species loss is accelerating to a rate tens or hundreds of times faster than in the past, the report said.","_input_hash":-140240361,"_task_hash":2005745074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The habitat loss leaves plants and animals homeless.","_input_hash":352606752,"_task_hash":1486467012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2014 Permitting climate change from the burning of fossil fuels to make it too hot, wet or dry for some species to survive.","_input_hash":-340278452,"_task_hash":-2017762073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Both problems exacerbate each other because a warmer world means fewer species, and a less biodiverse world means fewer trees and plants to remove heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the air, Lovejoy said.\r\n","_input_hash":1333740291,"_task_hash":1106146704,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Five times in the past, Earth has undergone mass extinctions where much of life on Earth blinked out, like the one that killed the dinosaurs.","_input_hash":-23276761,"_task_hash":-440547971,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Watson said the report was careful not to call what\u2019s going on now as a sixth big die-off because current levels don\u2019t come close to the 75% level in past mass extinctions.\r\n","_input_hash":526713306,"_task_hash":556436377,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Habitat loss is one of the biggest threats, and it\u2019s happening worldwide, Watson said.","_input_hash":1529126287,"_task_hash":1722652363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many of the worst effects can be prevented by changing the way we grow food, produce energy, deal with climate change and dispose of waste, the report said.","_input_hash":-19509217,"_task_hash":-99956899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Using data from field experiments and modeling of ground faults, researchers at Tufts University have discovered that the practice of subsurface fluid injection used in \u2018fracking\u2019 and wastewater disposal for oil and gas exploration could cause significant, rapidly spreading earthquake activity beyond the fluid diffusion zone.","_input_hash":-1023759299,"_task_hash":-972256156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet the study, published today in the journal Science, tests and strongly supports the hypothesis that fluid injections are causing potentially damaging earthquakes further afield by the slow slip of pre-existing fault fracture networks, in domino-like fashion.\r\n","_input_hash":-695215776,"_task_hash":-456296084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results account for the observation that the frequency of man-made earthquakes in some regions of the country surpass natural earthquake hotspots.\r\n","_input_hash":938761181,"_task_hash":-1252885936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, earthquakes and fault rupture occur over vastly larger scales.","_input_hash":1291906183,"_task_hash":273035965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stress from this fault slip may be the leading cause of an expanding cloud of seismicity (grey circles).","_input_hash":-692192816,"_task_hash":4182085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The hazard posed by fluid-induced earthquakes is a matter of increasing public concern in the US.","_input_hash":-782299788,"_task_hash":-127180116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The man-made earthquake effect is considered responsible for making Oklahoma\u2014 a very active region of oil and gas exploration\u2014the most productive seismic region in the country, including California.","_input_hash":1529090922,"_task_hash":-1840296075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s remarkable that today we have regions of man-made earthquake activity that surpass the level of activity in natural hot spots like southern California,\u201d said Robert C. Viesca, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Tufts University\u2019s School of Engineering, co-author of the study and Bhattacharya\u2019s post-doc supervisor.","_input_hash":837185866,"_task_hash":-669925867,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most earthquakes induced by fracking are too small -- 3.0 on the Richter scale -- to be a safety or damage concern.","_input_hash":343600664,"_task_hash":-1689400795,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Injection of wastewater into deep boreholes (greater than one kilometer) can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage.\r\n","_input_hash":-37773336,"_task_hash":893708741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the largest earthquake induced by fluid injection and documented in the scientific literature was a magnitude 5.8 earthquake in September 2016 in central Oklahoma.","_input_hash":1843702089,"_task_hash":150393981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Four other earthquakes greater than 5.0 have occurred in Oklahoma as a result of fluid injection, and earthquakes of magnitude between 4.5 and 5.0 have been induced by fluid injection in Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas and Texas.\r\n","_input_hash":-1715619821,"_task_hash":1419405892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bhattacharya, P. and Viesca, R.C. \"Fluid-induced aseismic fault slip outpaces pore-fluid migration\u201d Science, 364","_input_hash":1503336917,"_task_hash":1815189691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Three deaths were reported from Cyclone Kenneth and the U.N. warned of \u201cmassive flooding\u201d ahead.\r\n","_input_hash":2038961988,"_task_hash":1851649509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the first time in recorded history that the southern African nation has been hit by two cyclones in one season, the U.N. said.\r\n","_input_hash":2107222113,"_task_hash":191276148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He said two island residents were reported dead, and Mozambique\u2019s emergency operations center said a woman in the city of Pemba was killed by a falling tree.\r\n","_input_hash":14415198,"_task_hash":23256460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While the region that took the brunt of Kenneth is more sparsely populated than the area hit by Idai, Mozambique\u2019s disaster management agency said nearly 700,000 people could be at risk, many left exposed and hungry as flood waters rise.\r\n","_input_hash":-1570574696,"_task_hash":2113106995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The cyclone cut off electricity on the island and toppled a mobile phone tower, cutting off communications, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":853523899,"_task_hash":-1943387928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The aid group cited weekend forecasts of as much as 250 millimeters (9 inches) of torrential rain, or about a quarter of the average annual rainfall for the region.","_input_hash":195865041,"_task_hash":1746655783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest city in the cyclone-hit region, Pemba, had significant power outages.\r\n","_input_hash":-1851746734,"_task_hash":-987114047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is a very vulnerable area, higher in poverty\u201d than the one hit by Cyclone Idai, Red Cross spokeswoman Katie Wilkes said.\r\n","_input_hash":1054752379,"_task_hash":-1219960729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some saw parents killed or lost in the flooding that followed the storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-2025558791,"_task_hash":1276588076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Kenneth made landfall just over a week ago, killing 41 people and now sparking a cholera outbreak.","_input_hash":-284191752,"_task_hash":-314224313,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last month Cyclone Idai struck central Mozambique, killing more than 600 people and leading to thousands of cases of cholera and malaria.\r\n","_input_hash":2060604087,"_task_hash":422409108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the 150,000 people affected by Kenneth, half are children, UNICEF spokesman Daniel Timme told the Associated Press.\r\n","_input_hash":623074929,"_task_hash":-1082958998,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" We have known about the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect for many decades, and I have previously described it in Forbes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1810983489,"_task_hash":-1949489652,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":", this essay is written as an antidote to wild claims spouting the \"cliche\" or \"zombie theory\" that climate warming is caused by urban heat bias.","_input_hash":1218976031,"_task_hash":1734760512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hausfather and colleagues found that \"urbanization accounts for 14% to 21% of the rise in unadjusted minimum temperatures since 1895 and 6% to 9% since 1960.\"","_input_hash":967250255,"_task_hash":-1834867853,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, the paper goes on to say that correction procedures have effectively removed the urban heat signal such that it has not caused a bias in temperature assessment over the past 50-80 years.","_input_hash":1476722074,"_task_hash":-1737542597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cities are made with heat-absorbing materials, have less vegetation to provide evapotranspirational cooling, and consist of anthropogenic heat from transportation and heating systems.","_input_hash":-333459214,"_task_hash":137371690,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many buildings also contribute to the UHI by emitting its heat into urban corridors.","_input_hash":166192641,"_task_hash":1760521310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Stone and colleagues have argued that scientists have been so careful to make sure we are not biasing the global temperature record (rightfully so) with the \"urban signal\" that we have overlooked that urban areas are warming with greater intensity.","_input_hash":2138202671,"_task_hash":997498059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Urban areas have the \"double-whammy\" of the background anthropogenic warming associated with greenhouse gas emissions plus the warming signal from the urban heat island.","_input_hash":-1409869949,"_task_hash":-1886123151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate scientists really do understand the role that urbanization plays in temperature warming, and the new study also shows that they will be cognizant of urban encroachment on the observation.","_input_hash":-824837690,"_task_hash":-1355374549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate scientists agree that the globe is warming, and that it\u2019s due to humans.","_input_hash":-382445799,"_task_hash":63038501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Shorter winters, longer and more intense heat waves, rising sea level, and bigger rain storms \u2013 all these things show that climate change isn\u2019t something that\u2019s coming","_input_hash":-6147522,"_task_hash":-413208000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warming oceans and melting ice sheets are also causing sea level to rise on Long Island Sound.","_input_hash":322159674,"_task_hash":330131512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While a foot doesn't seem like much we're already seeing an increase in flooding.","_input_hash":-1197164663,"_task_hash":-1019277497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Storms like Hurricane Sandy will produce more severe flooding in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-904555407,"_task_hash":492726250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By 2050, a 1 in 100 year flood today will be more like a 1 in 23 year flood.","_input_hash":-853997758,"_task_hash":-2058213796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Floods that happened once in a life time will be nearly 4 times as frequent.\r\n","_input_hash":1763618826,"_task_hash":-1751203939,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The result is heavier rainstorms.","_input_hash":-383676416,"_task_hash":-1160364629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the northeast, heavy precipitation events have increased 55 percent in the last 60 years.","_input_hash":-1214729163,"_task_hash":1716361788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flash floods are becoming more common as every degree we warm the atmosphere can hold about 4 percent more water.\r\n","_input_hash":752959877,"_task_hash":263629986,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the earth continues to warm the impacts will become more and more severe here in Connecticut and throughout the globe.\r\n","_input_hash":698051426,"_task_hash":1870389825,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here is a look at current temperatures and the historic trend that shows a nearly 2-degree rise since 1950.","_input_hash":621463579,"_task_hash":-259235785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to major hurricanes in 2017 and the longer, more intense wildfire seasons we're seeing in the west.\r\n","_input_hash":-290720924,"_task_hash":-455118087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cybersecurity and financial volatility ranked second and third behind climate change for largest current risks.\r\n","_input_hash":451235327,"_task_hash":707618826,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is particularly poignant because those richer countries have disproportionately benefited from the natural resource use that is driving climate change.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-972502804,"_task_hash":-2034164923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They found evidence that this decline was not so much because people had less sex in hot weather, but because hot weather decreases sperm production.","_input_hash":909073516,"_task_hash":11973951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More species are now threatened than at any other period in human history, with climate change contributing to the decline in biodiversity.\r\n","_input_hash":-243778690,"_task_hash":-1646536215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI feel like I got a slap in the face,\u201d Liisa Rohweder, the CEO of WWF Finland, which is an observer at the Arctic Council, told the broadcaster.\r\n","_input_hash":-1445404755,"_task_hash":685462716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Industry explains that this increase of production is fueled by expected increases in demand for disposable plastics, such as soft drinks and packaging, by millennials in developed countries, and growing consumer markets in developing countries.","_input_hash":-1344304248,"_task_hash":397775804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even the UN Environment Program has taken a strong stance against plastic pollution, and started a global campaign to reduce marine debris from microplastics and single use plastics by 2022.","_input_hash":1166117873,"_task_hash":-524179489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This makes the fight against single-use plastic pollution more compelling and holistic, realizing that good choices in renewable energy and climate friendly decisions may also help reduce single-use plastic production and pollution, and vice versa.\r\n","_input_hash":1866562366,"_task_hash":1284112069,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Stories that link extreme weather and climate change can overlook other relevant factors; Revkin mentions the California wildfires, and notes the role that development played in contributing to damage and loss.\r\n","_input_hash":-2081650976,"_task_hash":-168941251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cowan cites the UK\u2019s role in the global climate crisis, which stems from a history of extractive colonialism and continues through entities such as UK-traded fossil-fuel companies operating across Africa, as an example.","_input_hash":-288912108,"_task_hash":-30079755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Journalism too often reflects and reinforces this problem of silence, abetting years of lackluster policy debate and ever-rising emissions.","_input_hash":1715540035,"_task_hash":1676080905,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Storms are projected to get bigger and more frequent, which can create waves that are more powerful and, in many places, bigger.\r\n","_input_hash":233846320,"_task_hash":-1811944231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"[Waning winters: In the Netherlands, an iconic skating race \u2014 and a way of life \u2014 faces extinction from climate change]\r\n","_input_hash":1774869827,"_task_hash":1805667638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 26-year-old Maui native can tick off the dangers climate change poses to the ocean he loves: \u201cBleaching of reefs; the damage of the shoreline from stronger storms; the changing of wind patterns so that a particular wave might not be as good anymore; the shifting of currents, which could destroy a particular break along a coastline.","_input_hash":-1951408076,"_task_hash":-669977883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nothing will be universal across the globe, and while some areas might see smaller waves, others \u2014 particularly those at high latitudes \u2014 could see more pronounced effects.","_input_hash":143402514,"_task_hash":-1216559875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study noted that wave power \u2014 the transfer of energy from wind to sea \u2014 increased by an average of 0.47 percent per year from 1948 to 2008 and has risen by 2.3 percent annually since 1994.","_input_hash":-1276314932,"_task_hash":1477714418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, more work is still required to be certain the changes we observe are caused by climate change,\u201d said Ian Young, a researcher at the University of Melbourne who led the study.\r\n","_input_hash":-513968549,"_task_hash":-558219544,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Erosion also could spoil beaches, and shifting wind conditions not only could alter the way water moves toward shores but also could change sediment transport patterns, which could relocate or eliminate sandbars that trip waves.\r\n","_input_hash":-1419878997,"_task_hash":1314132202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The hydrofoil acts similarly to an airplane wing, and the power from the swell creates movement and lift.","_input_hash":-1889123660,"_task_hash":-1871822614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A massive United Nations report this week warned that nature is in trouble, estimated 1 million species are threatened with extinction if nothing is done and said the worldwide deterioration of nature is everybody\u2019s problem.\r\n","_input_hash":11528625,"_task_hash":81590628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Food, energy, medicine, water, protection from storms and floods and slowing climate change are some of the 18 ways nature helps keep people alive, the report said.","_input_hash":-284899837,"_task_hash":-717506067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even though overall the world is growing more food, pressure on crops from pollution, habitat changes and other forces has made prices soar and even caused food riots in Latin America, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":319985604,"_task_hash":1988766430,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s about 60% of what humans produce through burning fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1027030002,"_task_hash":2121406090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change and biodiversity loss are equally huge environmental problems that make each other worse, report chairman Robert Watson said.\r\n","_input_hash":-238194456,"_task_hash":542301755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People can build expensive time-consuming sea walls to fight the rise of oceans from climate change or the same protection can be offered by coastal mangroves, the report said.\r\n","_input_hash":-2120720138,"_task_hash":963951216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd they clearly help to protect land from severe weather events and storm surges from the sea.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":117534341,"_task_hash":-2102442156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A mysterious epidemic of chronic kidney disease among agricultural workers and manual laborers may be caused by a combination of increasingly hot temperatures, toxins and infections, according to researchers at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.\r\n","_input_hash":-1791144820,"_task_hash":1986931483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In recent years, chronic kidney disease has emerged as a major illness among workers in hot climates.","_input_hash":862797479,"_task_hash":659177225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the exact cause has been hard to determine.\r\n","_input_hash":2062367418,"_task_hash":-649197919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Newman and study co-author Richard Johnson, MD, of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, said the disease could be caused by heat, a direct health impact of climate change, as well as pesticides like glyphosate.\r\n","_input_hash":-705610572,"_task_hash":-1194465373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Lead and cadmium, known to cause kidney injury, have been reported in the soils of Sri Lanka and Central America.\r\n","_input_hash":1026781637,"_task_hash":-755948917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other potential causes include infectious diseases that can hurt the kidneys such as the hanta virus and leptospirosis, common in sugar cane workers.","_input_hash":-1651012529,"_task_hash":-691557862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe common factors are heat exposure and heavy labor,\u201d Newman said.\r\n","_input_hash":296196874,"_task_hash":-677022963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat stress and persistent dehydration can cause kidney damage.\r\n","_input_hash":284773903,"_task_hash":-439858528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is not caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.","_input_hash":-1542899504,"_task_hash":-163907089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The usual suspects are not the cause.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1418629621,"_task_hash":1746780027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Newman and Johnson believe the epidemic is caused by a combination of heat and some kind of toxin and they recognize the need to take preventative action immediately.","_input_hash":-1771430926,"_task_hash":-772379369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The number of billion-dollar weather disasters in the United States has more than doubled in recent years, as devastating hurricanes and ferocious wildfires that experts suspect are fueled in part by climate change have ravaged swaths of the country, according to data released by the federal government Wednesday.\r\n","_input_hash":-1788956063,"_task_hash":1207579966,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since 1980, the United States has experienced 241 weather and climate disasters where the overall damage reached or exceeded $1 billion, when adjusted for inflation, according to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","_input_hash":-643907105,"_task_hash":1490824408,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The disasters killed at least 247 people and cost the nation an estimated $91 billion.","_input_hash":1559094708,"_task_hash":767584011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The bulk of that damage, about $73 billion, was attributable to three events:","_input_hash":1675966249,"_task_hash":103269079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricanes Michael and Florence and the collection of wildfires that raged across the West.\r\n","_input_hash":2091783426,"_task_hash":-1991455044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That distinction belongs to 2017, when Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria combined with devastating Western wildfires and other natural catastrophes","_input_hash":-559135205,"_task_hash":1951639160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"caused $306 billion in total damage.","_input_hash":-1315879750,"_task_hash":-1097864788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the most recent numbers continue what some experts call an alarming trend toward an increasing number of billion-dollar disasters, fueled, at least in part, by the warming climate.\r\n","_input_hash":760615825,"_task_hash":-289325485,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"where you know there is some big piece of this that is probably coming from climate change, but at the same time, there are a lot of moving parts,\u201d said Solomon Hsiang, a public policy professor at the University of California at Berkeley, who has studied how natural disasters affect societies.\r\n","_input_hash":1287995777,"_task_hash":1183447225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many factors contribute to the cost of any one disaster.","_input_hash":-768121273,"_task_hash":252978584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hsiang said that climate models predict that the country can expect more of the most catastrophic and costly events over time \u2014 namely, more powerful hurricanes slamming into the East and Gulf coasts and more intense wildfires in the West.","_input_hash":-1521241513,"_task_hash":-12898647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists also have predicted that a warming climate will fuel more severe droughts, longer wildfire seasons and more frequent floods.\r\n","_input_hash":2098737677,"_task_hash":-332665159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change has helped to shape the severity of at least some of the natural disasters in recent years, said Kerry Emanuel, a top hurricane expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","_input_hash":974484962,"_task_hash":2040153266,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, Emanuel has published research suggesting the enormous rainfall Hurricane Harvey dumped on Houston was made more possible because of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1586250622,"_task_hash":1357513653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, that\u2019s different than saying that the overall aggregate damage figures are definitely rising because of climate change.","_input_hash":1919442790,"_task_hash":920057410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2014 analysis by the Rhodium Group, for instance, projected that by 2030, the average damage from hurricanes and nor\u2019easters, to the East and Gulf coasts in particular, should be $3 billion to $7.3 billion higher each year.","_input_hash":-1069471151,"_task_hash":1884772727,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The distribution of damages from billion-dollar disasters has long been dominated by hurricanes, which can wreak havoc over multiple large states and millions of people in a matter of hours.","_input_hash":-1144203679,"_task_hash":1276761469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since 1980, hurricanes traditionally have caused more than half the total losses tallied by the government.","_input_hash":-951676360,"_task_hash":1459942820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the Camp Fire in the fall, which became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, also fueled a historically damaging wildfire season.","_input_hash":2130833425,"_task_hash":-1014504855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"NOAA estimated that wildfires accounted for $24 billion of damage last year, well in excess of the record of $18 billion, set in 2017.\r\n","_input_hash":-1733872438,"_task_hash":-1540899072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While fires and hurricanes are responsible for the bulk of disaster-related damages \u2014 and also disaster-related headlines \u2014 a number of other events also routinely have surpassed the billion-dollar mark over the years.","_input_hash":-2097305422,"_task_hash":1786836587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They include droughts, hailstorms, winter storms and tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1914165583,"_task_hash":74769426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while calamities have struck nearly every corner of the country, climate change is likely to make the impact disproportionate going forward \u2014 not just from hurricanes and other storms, but also from economic losses associated with an ever-growing number of hotter days.\r\n","_input_hash":26028895,"_task_hash":2111851330,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High levels of CO2 in the atmosphere -- caused by humans burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests -- prevent the Earth's natural cooling cycle from working, trapping heat near the surface and causing global temperatures to rise and rise, with devastating effects.\r\n","_input_hash":2138982594,"_task_hash":1926757587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases has already led to a 1C rise in global temperatures, and we are likely locked in for a further rise, if more immediate action is not taken by the world's governments.\r\n","_input_hash":1572142967,"_task_hash":423875207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to 70 peer-reviewed climate studies, in a world that is 2 degrees warmer, there will be 25% more hot days and heatwaves -- which bring with them major health risks and risks of wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":1112531916,"_task_hash":-1018680579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Around the world, 37% of the population will be exposed to at least one severe heatwaves every five years, and the average length of droughts will increase by four months, exposing some 388 million people to water scarcity, and 194.5 million to severe droughts.\r\n","_input_hash":-947070776,"_task_hash":-1620152286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding and extreme weather like cyclones and typhoons will increase, wildfires will become more frequent and crop yields will fall.","_input_hash":47568267,"_task_hash":1669479964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also know what needs to be done to stop it -- a drastic cut in carbon emissions, reforestation and creation of carbon sinks, and new technologies for carbon capture and other innovations, or, in the words of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, \"rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-385056877,"_task_hash":-1387590060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Like many of our coastal species, they\u2019re vulnerable to habitat loss and warming seas, which are more hospitable to algal blooms and red tide.","_input_hash":1755287852,"_task_hash":-1418105053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On the list of the 20 urban areas in America that will suffer the most from rising seas, Florida has five: St Petersburg, Tampa, Miami, Miami Beach and Panama City.","_input_hash":-853868046,"_task_hash":-1638858913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You will see emerging issues like Miami\u2019s climate gentrification, where previously low-income neighborhoods like Little Haiti are rising in value and under pressure from developers because of their higher ground, resulting in the displacement of people and place-based culture.","_input_hash":1253370052,"_task_hash":-1479172527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd it\u2019s at risk from sea level rise.","_input_hash":-1635990319,"_task_hash":968649241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are air quality issues and forest fires out west, and extreme heat inland.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1741002892,"_task_hash":2145224596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Union of Concerned Scientists point out that \u201cnearly 175 communities nationwide can expect significant chronic flooding by 2045\u201d and of those \u201cnearly 40% \u2013 or 67 communities \u2013 currently have poverty levels above the national average\u201d.","_input_hash":-1984079453,"_task_hash":1444091479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The climate change-induced real estate crisis is imminent in the south, and it\u2019s going to have a brutal impact on those who can\u2019t afford new insurance, relocation, lowered property values, or bandages such as private sea walls.","_input_hash":-229985522,"_task_hash":-1087272556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The eight Torres Strait Islanders will tell the UN Human Rights Committee in the Swiss city of Geneva that rising seas caused by global warming are threatening their homelands and culture, according to lawyers representing the group.\r\n","_input_hash":-1959204789,"_task_hash":-22059010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other trees, withering from the heat, have stopped bearing edible fruit.\r\n","_input_hash":1954359529,"_task_hash":-1303831798,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But their efforts are no match for the king tides that sweep through the island on full moons, sometimes flooding homes on the coast.\r\n","_input_hash":-1389281143,"_task_hash":1134338693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The erosion of the land, along with the unpredictability of the seasons and intensified cyclones, islanders said, also gnaws at their mental health.\r\n","_input_hash":2140393848,"_task_hash":-41298364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While the cultures and circumstances of these communities are diverse, Blackman says they share a common health threat: that the harmful impacts of poverty are magnified in remote locations.\r\n","_input_hash":791325778,"_task_hash":1062158011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Blackman, a Gubbi Gubbi woman and CEO of an Aboriginal community-controlled health service Gidgee Healing, sees poverty contributing to poor health in remote communities in many ways.","_input_hash":1470054491,"_task_hash":-1715191604,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Western Australian government\u2019s recent Sustainable Health Review cites US research suggesting that only 16% of a person\u2019s overall health and wellbeing relates to clinical care and the biggest gains, especially for those at greatest risk of poor health, come from action on the social determinants of health.","_input_hash":1408232358,"_task_hash":-1435061238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Tackling the social determinants of health is critical to address health inequities, which arise because people with the least social and economic power tend to have the worst health, live in unhealthier environments and have worse access to healthcare.\r\n","_input_hash":473471087,"_task_hash":-1122166611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Queensland is being subjected to increasingly frequent extreme heatwaves.","_input_hash":1124386461,"_task_hash":452604750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It\u2019s like operating under war conditions\u2019\r\nAboriginal Community Controlled Health Services have a long history of working holistically and innovatively to address the wider determinants of health, and Gidgee Healing incorporates legal services, knowing that legal concerns \u201ccause a lot of worry for families\u201d, Blackman says.\r\n","_input_hash":-1993510539,"_task_hash":-2084973012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But climate change and extreme weather events, such as recent flooding that cut road access to many remote communities for several weeks, are making it ever-more difficult.\r\n","_input_hash":-1373886996,"_task_hash":1816437451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is exacerbating the social and economic inequalities that already contribute to profound health inequities.\r\n","_input_hash":1406475840,"_task_hash":-1602538148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The mental health impacts are also huge, Blackman says, mentioning the deaths of hundreds of thousands of livestock during the floods.","_input_hash":1663323023,"_task_hash":-864195753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is devastation, this is loss, this is grief, we are already facing a suicide crisis in the north-west across all of the community, including the Aboriginal community,\u201d she says.","_input_hash":-628139292,"_task_hash":1006290536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A multiplier effect\r\nHurricane Katrina is often held up as a textbook example of how climate change hits poor people hardest, and not only because the poorest areas in New Orleans were worst affected by flooding.","_input_hash":-369322530,"_task_hash":1497989062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As Sharon Friel, professor of health equity at the Australian National University, outlines in a new book, Climate Change and the People\u2019s Health, most of those who died because of Hurricane Katrina came from disadvantaged populations.","_input_hash":1358549503,"_task_hash":-3076156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"These were also the groups that suffered most in the aftermath, as a result of damage to infrastructure and loss of livelihoods.\r\n","_input_hash":-336889636,"_task_hash":-2014655612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is not only the direct and indirect impacts of climate change that worsen health inequities; policies to address climate change can have unintended consequences.","_input_hash":1220051193,"_task_hash":-1317031831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"During heatwaves in Melbourne, community health service provider Cohealth checks on the safety of public housing residents.","_input_hash":430543907,"_task_hash":867262858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She adds that local governments and service providers have been left to carry an unfair burden due to inaction on climate and health by governments, especially the federal government.\r\n","_input_hash":-41662563,"_task_hash":-974692192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Kellie Caught, senior advisor on climate and energy at Acoss, is calling for the next federal government to invest in vulnerability mapping to identify communities most at risk from climate change, in order to support development of local climate adaptation and resilience plans.\r\n","_input_hash":1785615770,"_task_hash":-665209695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A widely cited randomised trial, published in 2007 in the BMJ, found that insulating low-income households in New Zealand led to a significantly warmer, drier indoor environment, and resulted in significant improvements in health and comfort, a lower risk of children having time off school or adults having sick days off work, and a trend for fewer hospital admissions for respiratory conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":-683516063,"_task_hash":1062623806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Like Venn, Towle stresses the need to invest far more in primary healthcare and the prevention of chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, lung and cardiac disease, which are more common in poorer communities, and make people less resilient to the effects of heat, which he says \u201cis emerging as a big silent killer\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-919105018,"_task_hash":-1100354708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the COVID-19 pandemic and state-imposed restrictions continue to cripple the Illinois hotel industry, things in nearby states are improving.","_input_hash":1004475362,"_task_hash":-446630716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The \u201cBig Game\u201d between the California and Stanford football teams originally set for Saturday was postponed to Dec. 1 because of poor air quality resulting from wildfires in northern California.\r\n","_input_hash":1413296270,"_task_hash":-794402840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In November, the Camp Fire in Butte County and the Woolsey Fire near Los Angeles together killed at least 90 people, burned more than 250,000 acres, destroyed more than 20,000 structures and generated unhealthy air conditions in communities hundreds of miles away.","_input_hash":896340236,"_task_hash":1101006564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The National Climate Assessment that was released by the U.S. government the day after Thanksgiving confirmed this evidence, highlighting that global warming has been responsible for around half of the historical increase in area burned.\r\n","_input_hash":-613281769,"_task_hash":-2000674172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With regards to the conditions in California over the past few years, it is clear from multiple lines of evidence that California is now in a new climate, in which conditions are much more likely to be hot, leading to earlier melting of snowpack and exacerbating periods of low precipitation when they occur.","_input_hash":193543159,"_task_hash":-890148008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The net effect is an extension of the fire season and greater potential for large, intense wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":1091314065,"_task_hash":1698287071,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While we have been investigating the impact of air pollution and wildfires on health, the main focus previously for us and others has been on the health consequences for those relatively close to the fire.","_input_hash":570004628,"_task_hash":835306036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a result, our center (The Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research) collected biomarkers (for example, blood and saliva) from Bay Area residents during the period of increased smoke exposure from the Camp Fire.","_input_hash":-616490582,"_task_hash":-1216562056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"State legislators responded to the catastrophic 2017 wildfire season with bills that proposed to increase fuel treatments around California through timber thinning and prescribed burns.","_input_hash":164896054,"_task_hash":-97267410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The devastating 2018 wildfires place greater urgency on the need to respond to California\u2019s wildfire problem.","_input_hash":1591460916,"_task_hash":1104898419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There are dozens of communities in California and in the rest of the western United States that are at risk of a catastrophic fire in a similar way as Paradise, California, and we need new strategies and technologies to proactively protect them instead of being limited to reactive suppression efforts.","_input_hash":122519961,"_task_hash":203253976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Moreover, post-fire investigation is often unable to determine any obvious culprit and the cause of ignition is reported with the exceedingly unhelpful \u201cundetermined\u201d designation.","_input_hash":1901273983,"_task_hash":-1034844345,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Worst of all, the large fire occurred while the Woolsey Fire was raging.","_input_hash":1364961054,"_task_hash":1459512255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(It wasn\u2019t started by the Woolsey Fire).","_input_hash":-1174285753,"_task_hash":-72166792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Stanford Climate and Energy Policy Program has been working with California legislators since the 2017 wildfires to help them better understand the root causes of destructive wildfires and to take legal and policy steps aimed at reducing risks and creating greater safety for California.","_input_hash":42274255,"_task_hash":1307044763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The loss of life and destruction from this year\u2019s California fires is record-breaking and tragic.","_input_hash":-1712455602,"_task_hash":-1520123530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Smoky air affects us all, but our young and our old are the most vulnerable by far.\r\n","_input_hash":922701332,"_task_hash":320811784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Our work on droughts and fires highlights some of the increased risks observed today.","_input_hash":-712987004,"_task_hash":-1790685776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"[Jackson recently wrote about increased fire risk and other climate-related threats in this Scientific American blog post.]\r\n","_input_hash":583523737,"_task_hash":-909136745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For more faculty who study climate, health and policy related to wildfires, see Stanford\u2019s wildfire experts list.\r\n","_input_hash":1963154454,"_task_hash":-941685371,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Diversions and dams can also increase flooding in some regions, displacing populations of humans and wildlife alike.","_input_hash":-2001543580,"_task_hash":-1915690513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Due in part to habitat loss, freshwater plant and animal species are now declining much faster than those on land.\r\n","_input_hash":-1163717022,"_task_hash":1681600994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And these consequences aren\u2019t just hypothetical: Dams in the Columbia River in the United States and the Yangtze River in China have led to crashes in salmon and paddlefish populations, respectively, Lovgren reports.\r\n","_input_hash":141352695,"_task_hash":-1333430505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since 2009, one person has been displaced every second by a natural disaster.","_input_hash":588587560,"_task_hash":-456241978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rapid and large-scale migration can place significant strain on countries already facing economic, political, and environmental challenges, increasing their vulnerability to instability and humanitarian crisis.\r\n","_input_hash":-530704796,"_task_hash":-1140231563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt amplifies and increases many of the threats that we face around the world today,\u201d she affirms, \u201cfrom terrorism to instability [and] political strife.\u201d","_input_hash":867711854,"_task_hash":-298723859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On this episode of Displaced, Goodman sits down with hosts Ravi and Grant to discuss how climate change can exacerbate political unrest, violent conflict, and geopolitical competition.\r\n","_input_hash":-2039009392,"_task_hash":1997469505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Migration toward cities that already face capacity constraints \u2014 due to environmental conditions, resource scarcity, and unemployment \u2014 \u201ccreates for further mayhem [and] civil unrest, leading to larger state-on-state conflict,\u201d Goodman says.","_input_hash":283492369,"_task_hash":-1745442484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the role that drought played in the ongoing Syrian conflict, Goodman reflects, \u201cWe didn\u2019t understand well enough, before the conflict became deadly, that it was the drought that was driving populations into ever more congested areas,\u201d fostering greater political instability.\r\n","_input_hash":-2073222009,"_task_hash":-1387924640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet, as chapter 3 of the 2018 IPCC report notes, evidence of a causal relationship between climate change, migration, and conflict is inconsistent; the effects of climate change are likely mediated by a range of factors, including state capacity, resilient infrastructure, and agricultural dependence.","_input_hash":-1627650350,"_task_hash":-2114918951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The ongoing effects of climate change in the Arctic illustrate how climate change can produce profound disruptions at both the local and international levels.","_input_hash":1928709980,"_task_hash":854668014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Melting ice has also opened up new shipping lanes, creating new economic opportunities that could exacerbate great power rivalries.","_input_hash":-1133313213,"_task_hash":1653889625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Impacts of 1.5\u00b0C of Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems \u2014 IPCC\r\n","_input_hash":2061931055,"_task_hash":2101811840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We demonstrate that research on climate change and violent conflict suffers from a streetlight effect.","_input_hash":1329037386,"_task_hash":1069847513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"These biases mean that research on climate change and conflict primarily focuses on a few accessible regions, overstates the links between both phenomena and cannot explain peaceful outcomes from climate change.","_input_hash":-62890623,"_task_hash":-351152389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This could result in maladaptive responses in those places that are stigmatized as being inherently more prone to climate-induced violence.\r\n","_input_hash":758721222,"_task_hash":1746126848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Direct Effects of Climate Change on Individuals\r\n","_input_hash":1243008042,"_task_hash":942132836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For decades, psychologists and sociologists have studied the relationship between heat (e.g., uncomfortably warm temperatures) and aggression (i.e., behavior intended to inflict harm upon others motivated to avoid that harm; for reviews on the subject, see Anderson & Anderson, 1998; Anderson et al., 2000; Anderson, 2001).","_input_hash":1513528522,"_task_hash":1693769379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Because participants were randomly assigned to the rooms, and because the measure of participants\u2019 aggression occurred after participants had spent time in the rooms, the researcher can conclude that differences in aggression between the two groups of participants were caused by the room conditions, and not the other way around (i.e., that more aggressive participants chose hotter rooms).","_input_hash":1744810629,"_task_hash":-1971561502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore, one field experiment showed that even extremely violent behavior is affected by temperature.","_input_hash":-1793062964,"_task_hash":-2086957374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This relationship between temperature and violence held even after controlling for numerous alternative explanations, including differences in poverty, unemployment, age distribution, and other sociocultural differences.","_input_hash":-2127222892,"_task_hash":1901312053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To be sure, these other factors can and often do independently affect violent behavior, but they are also likely amplifiers of the effects of climate on aggression (Van de Vliert, 2009).\r\n","_input_hash":-1445691925,"_task_hash":1378673170,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The authors concluded that temperature was associated with violence, particularly in regions plagued with existing conflict and instability.","_input_hash":151855852,"_task_hash":504799000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"They found that the hotter annual temperatures yielded significantly higher violent crime rates and, in 96.4% of the years studied, violent crime rates were higher in the summer than the rest of the year (Anderson & DeLisi, 2011).\r\n","_input_hash":-1310796296,"_task_hash":-1646432475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mechanisms Underlying Temperature-Aggression Effects\r\n","_input_hash":1981077618,"_task_hash":-1132878246,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Given the complexity of almost any human behavior, it makes sense to consider aggression as a product of numerous interacting factors: physiological predispositions, psychological processes, and sociocultural factors.","_input_hash":875291,"_task_hash":-330854669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a fuller discussion of the different factors underlying aggressive behavior can be found elsewhere (e.g., Anderson & Bushman, 2002), we will briefly review some of the mechanisms thought to underlie the relationship between temperature and aggression.\r\n","_input_hash":1734034516,"_task_hash":509491136,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Several biological factors are thought to underlie the link between temperature and aggression.","_input_hash":896564128,"_task_hash":-1266392181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Others suggest that the human body produces extra adrenaline in response to extreme temperatures, which may in turn facilitate aggression (Simister & Cooper, 2005).","_input_hash":498968545,"_task_hash":-633045732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Others suggest that hot temperatures produce discomfort, increasing irritability and hostile perceptions of others, both of which increase the likelihood of aggression (Anderson & Bushman, 2002; Anderson, 1989).","_input_hash":-11587164,"_task_hash":297963822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such findings cannot be fully explained through physiological mechanisms and suggest that both biological and psychological factors underlie the relationship between heat and aggression.\r\n","_input_hash":1552785704,"_task_hash":1324204974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Taken together, research shows that individuals exposed to hot temperatures are more likely to be violent as a direct result of the heat.","_input_hash":1262383659,"_task_hash":123441928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers estimate that even modest increases in average annual temperature (e.g., 1.1\u00b0C) could result in 25,000 more serious and deadly assaults per year in the United States alone (Anderson & DeLisi, 2011; IPCC, 2007).\r\n","_input_hash":1605977925,"_task_hash":-150055083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is unlikely that rapid climate change effects on aggression and violence will be limited to the immediate and direct effect of heat on individuals.","_input_hash":1551096033,"_task_hash":-1206740877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In this next section, we review a growing body of research showing that climate change is also likely to have a multitude of subtler, indirect effects on individuals\u2019 violent behavior, effects that may be even larger in terms of the amount and types of violence engendered.\r\n","_input_hash":-992062390,"_task_hash":1869262854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Individuals\r\n","_input_hash":2044442458,"_task_hash":-1792271203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rapid global climate change will likely affect other variables that, in turn, also increase aggressive behavior in individuals.","_input_hash":1117059843,"_task_hash":1413038499,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such developmental effects arise because rapid climate change increases exposure of children (and fetuses) to risk factors that are known to lead to violence-prone adults.","_input_hash":-1706371751,"_task_hash":1055197713,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there are many such indirect pathways to increased violence, we outline four that clearly link rapid climate change to the development of violence-prone adults: food insecurity, economic deprivation, susceptibility to terrorism, and preferential ingroup treatment.\r\n","_input_hash":938503192,"_task_hash":1960511390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Food insecurity brings with it a multitude of problems, and the research reviewed below shows that, among these problems, compromised access to food increases aggression and antisocial behavior.\r\n","_input_hash":199242243,"_task_hash":578747089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children who suffered from malnutrition at the age of 3 were more likely than children who were adequately fed to be aggressive and hyperactive at age 8","_input_hash":135157126,"_task_hash":1261525489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"childhood aggression, hyperactivity, school problems, conduct disorder) are, themselves, risk factors for adulthood antisocial and violent behavior.\r\n","_input_hash":41166373,"_task_hash":-68561095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Converging evidence for these findings comes from an unfortunate natural experiment that affected 100,000 Dutch men born before and after World War II.","_input_hash":1312414081,"_task_hash":1960994608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From October 1944 to May 1945, residents living in the western Netherlands were subjected to a German blockade that resulted in significant food insecurity.","_input_hash":1765966782,"_task_hash":-1222609779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the decades that followed, the men who experienced maternal malnourishment during pregnancy were 2.5 times more likely than men who had not to develop antisocial personality disorder, a condition characterized by frequent violence and antisocial behavior (","_input_hash":-1559259835,"_task_hash":771267095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Given that climate change is projected to significantly compromise agricultural production and increase food insecurity for hundreds of millions of people (IPCC, 2007), and given the role that food insecurity plays in the development of violent and antisocial behavior, it is reasonable to expect that climate change\u2019s impact on food accessibility is a risk factor for violence at the individual level.","_input_hash":1357185285,"_task_hash":-131649039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moreover, this effect is theoretically distinct from the effect that food shortages also have as a catalyst for intergroup conflict, described later in this chapter.\r\n","_input_hash":953110032,"_task_hash":1882126254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Economic Deprivation\r\nClimate change is projected to have a detrimental impact on economies worldwide, including reduced crop yields, less grazing land, and the loss of homes and jobs due to wildfires and flooding (IPCC, 2007).","_input_hash":1442157038,"_task_hash":-187800730,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the economic impact will likely be felt by most people, the most vulnerable populations are likely to be disproportionately affected, including increased poverty and income disparity (Cullen & Agnew, 2011).","_input_hash":-1262428843,"_task_hash":1062635220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And although poverty and income disparity are problems in and of themselves, they can also foster decreased life satisfaction, increased resentment, and dissent, all of which are risk factors for retributive aggression (Doherty & Clayton, 2011).","_input_hash":512286073,"_task_hash":-2059432569,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As noted earlier, one consequence of rapid global warming is an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and flooding.","_input_hash":280106504,"_task_hash":1458370517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When Butler and Gates (2012) studied income disparity in East African cattle herders, they discovered that resource asymmetries caused by extreme and adverse weather contribute to conflict in the region.","_input_hash":-1453378294,"_task_hash":-1099364911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This conflict, in turn, is thought to fuel retaliatory attacks, both for vengeance and as a means of dissuading other herders from attacking them in the future.","_input_hash":-426169605,"_task_hash":-2015762929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of course, actual poverty is not a necessary condition for violence to occur\u2014researchers have shown that significant income disparity is sufficient to yield violent behavior (Barnett & Adger, 2007), particularly if the relative deprivation occurs rapidly (e.g., in the wake of a natural disaster) or if it contributes to uncertainty about one\u2019s own future (Goodhand, 2003; Nafziger & Auvinen, 2002; Ohlsson, 2000).\r\n","_input_hash":1423054987,"_task_hash":20564903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many of the factors thought to motivate terrorism are byproducts of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":158006096,"_task_hash":-1623771712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, one factor that motivates people to pursue terrorism is frustration over the sudden loss of one\u2019s livelihood, particularly when the loss can be attributed to the behavior of others, or when people perceive the loss as disproportionately affecting them, their families, and their larger ingroup (e.g., others are prospering while they suffer; the decisions made by others contributed to their plight).","_input_hash":-593251469,"_task_hash":1646382919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Droughts, which are projected to increase in frequency as a result of climate change, bring about many of the conditions that foment terrorism (e.g., threatened livelihood, perceived inability to sustain oneself) and can lead to increased violence in an already violent and vulnerable region.","_input_hash":1871949064,"_task_hash":-1607914195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Illustrating this point, researchers estimate that a one standard deviation increase in drought intensity and duration increases the likelihood of conflict in a region by 62% (Maystadt & Ecker, 2014).\r\n","_input_hash":-639671828,"_task_hash":-1848142363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The economic effects of climate change are projected to have a number of detrimental effects.","_input_hash":1647041047,"_task_hash":-1917622384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"While poverty and starvation are some of the more direct and immediate outcomes, research is beginning to show how climate may have remote effects that include terrorism and militia violence, civil war, and interstate war, illustrating the complexity of climate change effects on humanity and the multitudinous pathways to violent behavior.\r\n","_input_hash":-1176701234,"_task_hash":1626570234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While terrorism represents a particularly extreme and indirect outcome of climate change, researchers also believe that climate change will lead to more moderate forms of \u201cdefensive\u201d hostility toward others, particularly if they belong to different racial, ethnic, or religious groups.","_input_hash":-1168911360,"_task_hash":845817928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is expected to create harsher, more threatening climates (e.g., more frequent and extreme storms, droughts, floods, reduced crop, and livestock yields; IPCC, 2007).","_input_hash":-562203620,"_task_hash":-1400981723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such climates threaten both livelihoods and lives, but, as the reviewed research suggests, it will also likely increase violence, particularly toward outgroup members.","_input_hash":-374174876,"_task_hash":-1752968581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Because ongoing rapid climate change in the next century is projected to displace hundreds of millions of people as a result of lost homes and insufficient resources, it is increasingly likely that people will be forced to interact with outgroup member refugees.","_input_hash":2063108224,"_task_hash":607297433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This already-volatile situation, combined with the other factors described in this chapter, may well lead to eruptions of violence.\r\n","_input_hash":-378618728,"_task_hash":-1168405751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In the preceding sections, we have outlined a number of direct and indirect pathways through which climate change may increase the risk of violence in individuals\u2014directly through increased temperature, or indirectly through genetic predispositions, food insecurity, economic deprivation, and defensiveness against outgroups.","_input_hash":1060533882,"_task_hash":-1381580844,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Effects of Climate Change on Groups\r\n","_input_hash":-814260064,"_task_hash":1830807583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most of the examples presented involve populations whose livelihood is threatened by deleterious climate change and more frequent and extreme weather patterns.","_input_hash":-1998646623,"_task_hash":-437307921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Such changes can lead to increased economic and political instability and ecomigration\u2014migration of groups ranging from small herding kinship groups to whole nations\u2014as a result of ecological disasters.","_input_hash":-1779470511,"_task_hash":-49713556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Ecomigration further contributes to violent conflict risk through increased competition for dwindling resources, tensions between disparate groups suddenly occupying the same region, distrust regarding each group\u2019s motives, and other socioeconomic issues (Reuveny, 2007).","_input_hash":-177491010,"_task_hash":1867229888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not all ecomigration is the result of rapid climate change, of course (e.g., volcanoes, earthquakes), but ecomigration as the direct result of rapid climate change (e.g., increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, droughts, flooding) is quite common (Piguet, P\u00e9coud, & de Guchteneire, 2011).\r\n","_input_hash":-354718398,"_task_hash":752559392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To demonstrate the impact that climate can have on intergroup conflict, we first present evidence from illustrative case studies in which rapid climate change contributed, in part, to conflict in the region.","_input_hash":-75126470,"_task_hash":-663792256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We conclude this section by discussing some of the mechanisms underlying or which amplify climate change effects on intragroup and intergroup violence.\r\n","_input_hash":586510424,"_task_hash":539101753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Many of the case studies presented here result from rapid-onset environmental disasters.","_input_hash":-324332764,"_task_hash":1005255181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To be sure, not all natural disasters are caused by climate change (e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes).","_input_hash":-1566101718,"_task_hash":209452138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, many environmental disasters are directly influenced by climate change (e.g., flooding due to glacial melting, droughts due to shifting precipitation patterns, increased hurricane frequency and intensity; IPCC, 2007).","_input_hash":1095008640,"_task_hash":-1158473107,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, to argue that climate change is a risk factor for violence, it is not necessary for climate change to be the largest or even the most immediate contributing factor to the violence in a region.","_input_hash":1024227080,"_task_hash":1795197052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In many of these cases, an environmental disaster was a flashpoint which ultimately culminated in interpersonal violence due to lost infrastructure, fear and uncertainty, perceived scarcity or competition, or massive relocation\u2014","_input_hash":240022115,"_task_hash":-975899521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, significant changes in rainfall patterns and frequent droughts in Kenya, Sudan, and southern Ethiopia threatened the livelihood of pastoralists in these particularly arid regions (Boko et al., 2007), sparking violent conflict as herders were forced to share dwindling water sources and pastures (Leff, 2009).","_input_hash":2035539113,"_task_hash":-1457892284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Uganda, droughts in cattle-producing regions led to food costs soaring by more than 200% (IFRCRCS, 2006) and forced more than 1.5 million to move due to violent internal strife.","_input_hash":1410652512,"_task_hash":808501119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Together, these examples illustrate the tensions that can arise, both within groups and between groups, when environmental conditions destroy vital resources.\r\n","_input_hash":-60211903,"_task_hash":-1771299391,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, one study suggested that for every 1\u00b0C increase in average temperature, civil war frequency across Africa are expected to increase by 5%, even after accounting for social and economic factors (Burke et al., 2009).","_input_hash":1174285037,"_task_hash":-1265963323,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This research incorporated a number of geographical variables, and found that warmer temperatures predict increased violence across the continent.","_input_hash":1826079024,"_task_hash":461254895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Models of civil war in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that droughts threaten personal income and livelihood, both of which contribute to the prevalence of civil war (Devitt & Tol, 2012).","_input_hash":-2002897749,"_task_hash":-392042727,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They found that extreme fluctuations in rainfall (droughts and floods) led to political conflict, protests, riots, strikes, intra-governmental violence, coups, violent repression, and anti-government violence.","_input_hash":1501447232,"_task_hash":-1052814896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When looked at as a whole, the research suggests that rapid climate change (and the extreme weather it produces) plays a major role, even if not the largest or most direct, in violent conflicts in Africa.\r\n","_input_hash":-1194693293,"_task_hash":122650199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effect of climate change on conflict is not limited to the African continent, however.","_input_hash":1196048204,"_task_hash":355854344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, the country of Bangladesh has experienced significant ecomigration due to its rapidly-growing population, unsustainable farming practices, and environmental disasters: more than 25 million have been affected by droughts, 270 million by floods, and 41 million by severe storms.","_input_hash":1899929830,"_task_hash":-121409665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The result has been a mass migration of 12 to 17 million Bangladeshis into neighboring India since the 1950s, a migration which has led to significant conflict.","_input_hash":558708815,"_task_hash":-869347993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In one poignant example, a 5-hour rampage in 1983 led to 1,700 Bengali migrants being killed in India, having been accused of stealing farmland (Homer-Dixon et al., 1993).","_input_hash":205527836,"_task_hash":1505420162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This incident was just one of numerous group conflicts that arose as a result of the disrupted land and economic distribution and the balance of power between religious and ethnic groups in the region (Homer-Dixon, 1994).","_input_hash":24971781,"_task_hash":-1329009716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecomigration has played a similar role in the Syrian Civil War, after a multi-year drought turned 60% of the country\u2019s land into desert and killed entire herds of cattle.","_input_hash":890886511,"_task_hash":251730723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In both cases, rapid climate changes led to ecomigration which, in turn, contributed to conflict\u2014both between ethnic groups and within the citizens of a single country.","_input_hash":653356025,"_task_hash":2069803655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In other regions, the problem is not water scarcity, but land scarcity:","_input_hash":-931853331,"_task_hash":-324829435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"island countries such as Tuvalu and Kiribati face possible inundation and loss of nationhood due to rising sea levels (Barnett & Adger, 2001; Nurse & Sem, 2001; Perry, 2012; Rahman, 1999; Watson, 2000).","_input_hash":1205330704,"_task_hash":-928663495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It has been suggested that by 2080 as much as 70% of the world\u2019s current coastal wetlands could be lost due to rising sea levels (Nicholls et al., 1999), forcing tens or hundreds of millions of people to relocate to other regions.\r\n","_input_hash":1549149310,"_task_hash":-2038127728,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the relationship between climate change and conflict is often mediated by ecomigration, this is not always the case.","_input_hash":-1267705864,"_task_hash":1784085573,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, water scarcity amplified religious and political tensions in the Arab-Israeli wars due to disputed control over the Jordan River basin, which is shared by Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (Gleick, 1993; see Postel & Wolf, 2001, for additional examples of other important water conflicts).\r\n","_input_hash":-1276930970,"_task_hash":841592940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So far, our examples have involved regions suffering from significant political or economic turmoil, and which are already predisposed to violent conflict.","_input_hash":809074641,"_task_hash":1547469550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wealthier, more stable nations are more resilient in the face of climate change effects, but even in such nations there are examples of ecological disasters contributing to conflict.","_input_hash":-1322581497,"_task_hash":-1509138167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One example is the U.S. Dust Bowl in the 1930s, where poor farming practices, a prolonged drought, and strong winds caused 2.5 million Americans to lose their livelihoods and leave the Great Plains to adjacent states (Reuveny, 2008).","_input_hash":581184092,"_task_hash":1028563053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moderating factors (e.g., federal aid) prevented these incidents from becoming full-blown armed conflicts and a civil war, but the impact of these natural disasters nevertheless had a visible impact on violence in these regions, demonstrating that no country is immune to climate-driven effects on aggression.\r\n","_input_hash":913764148,"_task_hash":1077990485,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, the Little Ice Age\u2014a period of cooling from 1300\u20131850, ushered in a number of significant cultural changes, including shorter growing seasons, changing agricultural practices, and civil war, as disruption in food production led to shortages, famines, and unrest, particularly in agrarian societies lacking the resources to cope with these crises (Fagan, 2000).","_input_hash":1707036177,"_task_hash":-2027323977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rapid climate shifts in the past millennium are said to have contributed, in part, to wars across the Northern Hemisphere and in China","_input_hash":-2063918716,"_task_hash":110881671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Looking at shorter, predictable changes in inter-annual climate in the past half-century, researchers suggest that as many as 21% of all civil conflicts since 1950 were influenced, in part, by climate conditions (Hsiang et al., 2011).\r\n","_input_hash":-1760981965,"_task_hash":457834253,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A comprehensive meta-analysis of such studies predicted that a 1 standard deviation increase in global temperatures or extreme rainfall could increase the frequency of interpersonal violence by 4% and intergroup conflict by 14% (Hsiang et al., 2013).","_input_hash":-199514170,"_task_hash":660746695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although rapid climate change and ensuing ecological disasters may not be the sole or largest factor in determining whether conflict will occur in a region, it is a statistically significant contributor.","_input_hash":891396556,"_task_hash":-816073955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In addition to understanding whether climate change affects conflict and violence, scientists have begun to explore whether it is possible to predict when, where, and for whom these effects are likely to be strongest, and to explore some of the mechanisms driving climate change effects on aggression.","_input_hash":-514734933,"_task_hash":582438875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While it seems that most places are susceptible to the effects of global climate change on violence, the impact of these effects is more likely to be felt by some groups than others.","_input_hash":85907320,"_task_hash":-84185445,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While not studied within the context of global warming, there is evidence that, in the aftermath of severe floods, food shortages, and war, when social norms break down, there is an increase in rape, assault, and homicide (","_input_hash":1460267463,"_task_hash":-1746937383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, in the aftermath of a 2009 cyclone that devastated the Sundarbans\u2014an island region bordering India and Bangladesh\u2014many people lost their homes and their jobs.","_input_hash":-695046072,"_task_hash":1703339296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"While natural disasters impact everyone involved, it would be worth pursuing research on particularly vulnerable groups within these populations to better understand the full extent of climate change effects and to understand both the factors that contribute to conflict and violence as well as the impact it has on its victims.\r\n","_input_hash":516568444,"_task_hash":1465293073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, researchers recognize the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying violent conflicts that arise due to climate change.","_input_hash":-1396205924,"_task_hash":724736150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, while climate change may cause droughts and other resource shortages, knowing the variables which comprise the causal chain may help policymakers to anticipate and minimize the damage from climate change effects.","_input_hash":536985407,"_task_hash":-1881588484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, one of the important variables in determining whether climate-change-induced resource scarcity will lead to violent conflict is whether a region is already dealing with violence and insecurity (Adano et al., 2012).","_input_hash":769389846,"_task_hash":-1461860893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Existing violence reduces people\u2019s resilience by reducing efficient resource use, market stability, and access to education\u2014all factors that would normally make a region resilient to natural disasters.","_input_hash":-273293161,"_task_hash":620449609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a 2015 article, Goodell writes that the United States military faces multi-billion dollar expenses as a direct result of climate change, including the need to upgrade, replace, or relocate naval and air force bases located along vulnerable coastlines or on islands threatened by rising sea levels.","_input_hash":1589919110,"_task_hash":2028465309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change also indirectly increases military expenditures by increasing the need to prepare for new and more complex deployments (e.g., responding to emergencies such as Hurricane Sandy, climate-related conflicts in regions such as Syria; Department of Defense, 2015), and by increasing the cost of supporting domestic installations (e.g., upgrading port facilities in response to rising sea levels; Department of Defense, 2014).","_input_hash":2107765537,"_task_hash":-1030287801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As an illustrative example of increased military costs due to climate change: receding Arctic ice cover requires deployment of new naval vessels to address growing tensions between Canada, the United States, Russia, and China over newly-exposed natural resources and shipping lanes (Department of Defense, 2015).","_input_hash":-874983555,"_task_hash":-1276684848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In this final section, we address criticisms of the position put forth in this chapter that global climate change contributes to increased global conflict and violence.","_input_hash":-2043810458,"_task_hash":-1616721616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"is not the biggest, or even a practically significant cause of conflict or violence; b) abundance, not scarcity, causes conflict; and c) climate change is neither necessary nor sufficient for violence to occur.\r\n","_input_hash":1408665205,"_task_hash":-782671372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The first criticism argues that climate change is not the sole cause of violence and conflict, nor is it even a large enough effect to warrant practical consideration.","_input_hash":763668771,"_task_hash":-475498844,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These critics often agree that rapid climate change can contribute to violence through resource scarcity and ecomigration.","_input_hash":25552541,"_task_hash":-242732051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, others argue that whether people go to war or seek out peaceful resolutions (be they pastoral cattle herders or countries) is more strongly determined by rational considerations of the cost of war and the value of potential gains from the conflict (Gartzke, 2012), the presence of diplomatic agreements (e.g., Bernauer & Siegfried, 2012), or the availability of technological solutions (e.g., Feitelson et al., 2012).","_input_hash":383301845,"_task_hash":581713249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are not proposing that rapid climate change is the only contributing factor to human aggression, or even the most important one.","_input_hash":-250464833,"_task_hash":-497748258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This position is in line with a report from the Center for Security Studies and swisspeace, which suggested that environmental factors are inextricably intertwined with political, economic, and cultural factors as causes of conflict (Mason et al., 2008).","_input_hash":-1872493370,"_task_hash":-1878791421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This conclusion acknowledges variables that counteract the effects of climate change on violence while still acknowledging that climate change, in and of itself, constitutes both a direct and an indirect risk factor.","_input_hash":1313784207,"_task_hash":37399263,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This point is made even more apparent in reports suggesting that many of the \u201cbigger\u201d factors are, themselves, caused by or amplified by climate change (CNA, 2007; Department of Defense, 2014), as exemplified by Raleigh and Kniveton (2012), whose research suggests that extreme rainfall variation increases the frequency of violent conflict in East Africa.","_input_hash":2032231566,"_task_hash":-558987684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To summarize, it is unlikely that future conflicts will be attributed solely to climate change; this does not mean, however, that climate change is not among the distal causes of such conflicts.\r\n","_input_hash":1563376447,"_task_hash":-1739322157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cAbundance causes conflict, not scarcity\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":757921170,"_task_hash":-777852321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A second criticism leveled against the proposed relationship between climate change and conflict states that in some studies, an abundance\u2014not scarcity\u2014of resources causes conflicts; moreover, these authors claim that, in times of scarcity, people are more willing to cooperate than in times of abundance (e.g., Hendrix, 2010; Hendrix & Glaser, 2007).","_input_hash":-1258670444,"_task_hash":-272254524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In responding to this position, it should be noted that climate change is expected to bring about both scarcity and abundance of resources, depending on the location.","_input_hash":-729067610,"_task_hash":1936198379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As such, as has been conceded by some holding these positions (e.g., Hendrix & Salehyan, 2012), conflicts fueled primarily by an abundance of resources do not necessarily detract from the argument that climate change, scarcity, and ecomigration are important risk factors for violence.","_input_hash":-1384300976,"_task_hash":-1505334783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change can contribute to the sort of abundances that, in and of themselves, contribute to conflicts.","_input_hash":708641207,"_task_hash":306781660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Furthermore, other data support the claim that both scarcity and abundance can contribute to conflicts (Raleigh & Kniveton, 2012), and that the relationship between resource availability and conflict is likely not a simple one-or-the-other relationship.\r\n","_input_hash":552275398,"_task_hash":-1011014259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cRapid climate change is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause of conflict\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1156087432,"_task_hash":1759323596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, Reuveny (2007) looked at 38 contemporary examples of environmental migration and found that 19 of them resulted in violent conflict while 19 of them did not.","_input_hash":1112140813,"_task_hash":1863991876,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These data alone \u201cprove\u201d that climate-driven migration is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain conflict.","_input_hash":246172547,"_task_hash":1457848079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, they argue that climate is one of many risk factors that contribute to violence and conflict, shifting the debate to one about the magnitude, mechanisms, and moderators of climate change effects as compared to social, political, and economic effects (e.g., Zhang et al., 2007a).","_input_hash":1074724187,"_task_hash":-932794126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The bad news is that countries already particularly vulnerable to conflict and aggression, or which are already experiencing significant land degradation, water scarcity, or high population density, are at the greatest risk of experiencing an increase in conflict and violence due to global climate change (Hallegatte et al., 2016; Mares & Moffett, 2015; O\u2019Loughlin et al., 2014; Raleigh et al., 2014; Raleigh & Urdal, 2007; Van de Vliert, 2013).","_input_hash":545346332,"_task_hash":1625719143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Furthermore, even though some countries are better-shielded from famine by protective economic or political factors, even developed countries are likely to see increases in the proportion of children exposed to risk factors for violence, and may find themselves struggling to defend their way of life against worsening climate-driven economic conditions (Van de Vliert, 2013).","_input_hash":-1880040838,"_task_hash":1659196839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Even within wealthy, highly developed countries, the socially disadvantaged are likely to experience the detrimental effects of climate change, as illustrated by a study of crime data in St. Louis, Missouri, which found that unusually hot temperatures disproportionately increased violent crime in disadvantaged neighborhoods (Mares, 2013).","_input_hash":-602381671,"_task_hash":-1018812426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moreover, increased poverty, civil dissolution, and wars in developing countries can have a spreading impact on developed countries, either from an increase in the global need for resources, the involvement of developed countries in wars worldwide, and the breeding of terrorist groups in have-not countries fueled by resentment toward primarily Western countries (e.g., Doherty & Clayton, 2011).","_input_hash":1526320567,"_task_hash":-77058669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And while some may argue that technological breakthroughs will ameliorate some of these effects, existing technology, including air conditioning in cars and buildings, water desalination techniques, and better irrigation systems often consume power themselves, which only further contributes to greenhouse gases and the problem of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-558252151,"_task_hash":16303217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Such actions include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which reduces the speed and magnitude of climate change, and the use of better population control (given that most of the increase in population in the next decade is expected to take place in developing countries, with huge increases in greenhouse gas emissions as a result).","_input_hash":220654693,"_task_hash":2026092944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"can lead to significant population-level effects on carbon emission reduction.","_input_hash":-1988289908,"_task_hash":-1051217736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other research suggests that framing climate change as a global issue, rather than as a source of localized disasters, fosters peaceful coexistence and reconciliation","_input_hash":-1885465703,"_task_hash":-202454245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"If governments begin preparing now to feed, shelter, educate, and move at-risk populations to regions in which they can maintain their livelihoods and cultures, we could reduce both the development of violence-prone individuals and the civil unrest, ecomigration, and war associated with climate change.","_input_hash":2110216994,"_task_hash":1778687653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Given the potentially disastrous consequences of inaction, however, the costs seem well-justified.\r\n","_input_hash":-741280719,"_task_hash":-2066290708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview.","_input_hash":-355499854,"_task_hash":-1148595699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is growing evidence that climate change can increase the risks of conflict and violence.","_input_hash":2132650761,"_task_hash":688537646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When government authorities are unable or unwilling to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and droughts, these extreme weather events are more likely to be followed by surges in crime, including homicide, robbery and sexual violence.\r\n","_input_hash":-344013122,"_task_hash":-907190227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Desertification and shrinking water resources can sharpen disputes, including in areas where extremist groups are active, such as the Sahel region in West Africa.","_input_hash":1075656732,"_task_hash":-1183400144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Research indicates that climate change rarely, if ever, causes conflicts directly; intervening variables \u2014 most of them related to governance, underdevelopment and resource management \u2014 mediate this relationship.","_input_hash":-1588732149,"_task_hash":1758918671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While reliably quantifying how much climate change contributes to a single event is challenging, researchers are identifying the causal paths in which climate conditions worsen insecurity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1160105127,"_task_hash":363639184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is also growing evidence from the Sahel, the Caribbean, the Horn of Africa, the Amazon Basin and the Pacific Ocean that extreme weather accelerates and multiplies social tensions and violent disputes, often by worsening water or food shortages or more dire scarcity.","_input_hash":206972428,"_task_hash":1701275427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Droughts have killed hundreds of thousands people in Somalia and contributed to the displacement of millions of Syrians; they may also be helping to drive the crisis in Venezuela.\r\n","_input_hash":42017933,"_task_hash":537867834,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change may also increase risks of interstate conflict, as in raising tensions between Sudan and Chad over pastoral land.","_input_hash":-1184412290,"_task_hash":-184312632,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"With rising sea levels or soil degradation, climate change intensifies insecurity by shrinking sources of income and tearing apart communities.\r\n","_input_hash":561860046,"_task_hash":-429174614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, in the Northern Triangle of Central America \u2014 Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala \u2014 this chain is provoking increased internal displacement, primarily within the countries.","_input_hash":-1275670754,"_task_hash":-1972709230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Bolivia, the disappearance of Lake Poop\u00f3 has caused entire indigenous communities to relocate because their main livelihood, fishing, is vanishing.","_input_hash":440832686,"_task_hash":1364953516,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These people express a huge sense of loss of belonging, identity and stability.\r\n","_input_hash":-889168207,"_task_hash":1442218430,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The most recent special report of the International Panel on Climate Change says that we have only 11 years to avoid a climate change catastrophe; many of the risks cited, including flooding of low-lying coastal areas and damage to critical infrastructure, are relevant to national, regional and international security and stability.\r\n","_input_hash":-1152225438,"_task_hash":22570415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Diplomats and researchers have noted that nowhere on the planet can climate change contribute toward insecurity more than in the Arctic, where geopolitical rivalries are mounting as the ice melts with global results.","_input_hash":1909329903,"_task_hash":1523789306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate and security factors should be included, wherever possible, in national development strategies \u2014 while keeping in mind that poorly planned adaptation responses can lead to unintended consequences, as when newly introduced crops damage ecosystems and livelihoods.","_input_hash":-1735688299,"_task_hash":1964052609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"When it came to rates of disorderly conduct, they were 7 percent higher on 98-degree days than on 57-degree days.\r\n","_input_hash":-1244209224,"_task_hash":-1970349604,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Following that more pleasant weather results in more crime, it could be assumed that cooler days in hot weather months would result in more crime.\r\n","_input_hash":-377007080,"_task_hash":-912326010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cI could speculate about the reasons that cooler, more comfortable summer temperatures are not associated with higher rates of crime, but I am honestly not sure,\u201d Schinasi said.","_input_hash":-2056074509,"_task_hash":-115847788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Regardless, seeing increases in crime during warmer days is particularly concerning when taking climate change into account.","_input_hash":1676666987,"_task_hash":253544610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is important to recognize the implications of these climate change effects for public health, including changes in crime rates,\u201d Schinasi said.","_input_hash":820133235,"_task_hash":-1999451951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Infant Mortality in the U.S.","_input_hash":-2040528979,"_task_hash":1943926909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Why the rise in shootings during warmer weather?","_input_hash":1022887736,"_task_hash":1753533623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"(There\u2019s also some evidence that hot weather increases irritability and anger, although the question of causality regarding crime is hotly debated).","_input_hash":-238028883,"_task_hash":-73795927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nearly all of the 20 cities with the most murders in 2014 experienced fewer cold days and/or more hot days in 2015 and 2016 than they averaged per year over the preceding 25 years.","_input_hash":-2146326254,"_task_hash":1344273989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effect of warmer weather on rising gun violence in 2015 and 2016 in any individual city might have been small, but all told across the nation, it might have been significant.","_input_hash":1075057668,"_task_hash":-1964441149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Warmer weather can\u2019t really explain big increases in murder in Chicago or Baltimore in 2015 and 2016 \u2014 or in Orlando, where the Pulse nightclub mass shooting took place.","_input_hash":-1533076359,"_task_hash":1764485783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers have suggested that crime and social disorder could rise along with further temperature increases.\r\n","_input_hash":-1036899153,"_task_hash":1648074325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This would match a slight drop in the national average annual temperature last year, although it\u2019s not clear what role, if any, weather might have played.\r\n","_input_hash":-921505030,"_task_hash":1765097474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That suggests the need for more research and better data on shootings in American cities to understand how weather affects gun violence.\r\n","_input_hash":672980627,"_task_hash":1453111572,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"West Midlands police force said: \"A combination of the World Cup, summer heatwave and excess alcohol are being blamed for the surge.\"\r\n","_input_hash":322268734,"_task_hash":-1231438550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While North Yorkshire told BBC Look North that the heat may be a factor, with pressure peaking during hot weekends when people were \"outside, drinking in the sunshine\".\r\n","_input_hash":785394187,"_task_hash":-1304153612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And a 1992 study of crime across England and Wales found \"strong evidence that temperature has a positive effect on most types of property and violent crime\", regardless of the season.\r\n","_input_hash":1933115835,"_task_hash":1330578439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Outdoor gun violence increases in the city as the temperature rises, while there\u2019s virtually no change for indoors.\r\n","_input_hash":1336837655,"_task_hash":-1068716571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, studies from around the world and over different time periods have repeatedly found a link between hotter weather and rising crime rates.\r\n","_input_hash":974903431,"_task_hash":-450795062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And research from Mexico, which took 16 years' worth of daily crime records from different municipalities, equating to 12 million days of data, found an increase in temperature of 1C correlated with an increase across all types of crime of 1.3%.\r\n","_input_hash":-1924122144,"_task_hash":-1192537392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some studies suggest crime rises along with temperature to a certain point, after which it becomes \"too hot\" and crime starts to fall again - but this is disputed.\r\n","_input_hash":1197728327,"_task_hash":1334680690,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So there's lots of data linking rising crime to rising temperature - but why is this happening?","_input_hash":1037527185,"_task_hash":1524521221,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the physical effects of heat on people's responses\r\na change in the opportunities available to commit crime\r\n","_input_hash":-295338492,"_task_hash":286594693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat is an irritant and the discomfort it causes, including getting less sleep, might make people shorter tempered.\r\n","_input_hash":46612787,"_task_hash":1969404747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This revealed a drop in happiness between a day in the range of 15-20C and a day in the range of 27-32C comparable to the drop in happiness the average American feels from Sunday to Monday according to the same Twitter data.\r\n","_input_hash":-1045879953,"_task_hash":-1296084736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But if discomfort alone is the explanation, then why doesn't the discomfort of extreme cold have the same effect?\r\n","_input_hash":2079053089,"_task_hash":-1125825902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists have hypothesised that heat triggers a particular physiological response that makes people angrier and more impatient.\r\n","_input_hash":-1959461518,"_task_hash":-251970208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There are studies linking heat to lowered cognitive function, an increased heart rate, higher testosterone production and even a perception of time passing more slowly than normal.\r\n","_input_hash":943889448,"_task_hash":916836581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While violent crimes increase, other crimes actually appear to decrease when it's warmer.","_input_hash":-1457119933,"_task_hash":1458571199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same factors - more people being around and longer hours of daylight in the summer - which might drive violent crime serve as deterrents for burglary and street robbery.\r\n","_input_hash":-836494555,"_task_hash":-854973256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is backed up by the fact that crime rises when temperatures are unseasonably warm in the winter, even if the actual temperature is still fairly mild, as well as during a summer heatwave.","_input_hash":1349856337,"_task_hash":-2044086680,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Does global warming really increase armed conflict?","_input_hash":-2080307805,"_task_hash":-1300580069,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These stories surely generated clicks, given the public\u2019s interest in climate change and climate change denial.","_input_hash":1260125778,"_task_hash":-873533135,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The underlying assumption is that rainfall affects refugee flows only through its effect on warfare.\r\n","_input_hash":783615697,"_task_hash":370642548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"One problem with using rainfall in this context is the fact that the effects of rainfall on conflict are often imperceptible or even positive, meaning that often warfare intensifies with more \u2013 not less \u2013 precipitation, as several researchers have found.","_input_hash":-1869165370,"_task_hash":-1460345331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There are also several reasons why increased rainfall can lead to higher numbers of refugees.","_input_hash":-1318168760,"_task_hash":-1073542381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Assuming that conflict is only affected by rainfall in the model without clearly illustrating it can make it difficult to identify the most pertinent relationships.","_input_hash":-2129514625,"_task_hash":807161662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A recent paper by McGuirk and Burke, for example, shows that in Africa \u201cfactor conflicts\u201d \u2013 conflicts over controlling a territory where food is grown \u2013 occur where there is more abundance, while \u201coutput conflicts\u201d over the appropriation of surplus arise when resources are scarce.","_input_hash":1800882303,"_task_hash":-1250862798,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other findings show that conflict between non-state actors is also more susceptible to rainfall anomalies.\r\n","_input_hash":-354336294,"_task_hash":-821584584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The link between low precipitation and violence seems to be stronger when the focus is on violence perpetrated against civilians, rather than between armed actors.","_input_hash":773695678,"_task_hash":-1367685352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change, therefore, is not a universal cause of armed conflict.","_input_hash":1838962996,"_task_hash":1265537336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, a recent study by von Uexkull and colleagues finds that while growing-season drought has no noticeable effect on most types of conflict, it can contribute to sustaining violence among vulnerable groups.","_input_hash":491962309,"_task_hash":513231717,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Urban areas are more susceptible to fluctuating food prices, which often leads to social unrest.\r\n","_input_hash":1915236433,"_task_hash":1646925205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We might see other areas of consensus emerge, especially where scholars work to identify specific pathways that can lead conflict rather than broad explanations.\r\n","_input_hash":-494379565,"_task_hash":-1357835771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These claims can lead to bad policies that hurt rather than help people at risk of conflict and the effects of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1280914542,"_task_hash":-1297651154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Does climate change lead to violent conflict?","_input_hash":1671156118,"_task_hash":-1386380051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It finds that the existing literature has not detected a robust and general effect from climate to conflict onset.","_input_hash":-1775703239,"_task_hash":-1442852693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Moreover, there exists scientific agreement that climatic changes can contribute to conflict under some conditions and through certain pathways.","_input_hash":-1389452513,"_task_hash":-28012383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In particular, the recent literature offers considerable suggestive evidence that climatic changes can lead to conflict in countries and/or regions, which are dependent on agriculture, host politically excluded groups, and have ineffective institutions.","_input_hash":1678584299,"_task_hash":290291330,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future research should focus not only on understanding of the pathways and contexts in which climatic changes are most likely to increase or exacerbate the risk of conflict but also work to understand the mechanisms by which climate variability and change might cause conflict.","_input_hash":-514775893,"_task_hash":2115890153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Impacts typical of a changing climate are already buffeting the front lines of America\u2019s military presence.","_input_hash":1446065568,"_task_hash":392569504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, in Alaska, erosion from warmer weather is undermining the foundations at some radar facilities that are critical early-warning networks for attacks on the United States.","_input_hash":1314299085,"_task_hash":-716115943,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They are among dozens of facilities the Pentagon has tagged as at risk from recurrent flooding, drought, desertification, wildfires or thawing permafrost resulting from shifts in climate that are happening much faster than expected.","_input_hash":1676808585,"_task_hash":967121802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much more insidious are the effects of warming on the social fabric and confidence in government in countries whose stability matters to American security.","_input_hash":-1269216528,"_task_hash":1662128669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Afghanistan, for example, the failure of the state is linked in part to weaker agriculture (the main source of income in most communities).\r\n","_input_hash":-1674831841,"_task_hash":1631303272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What makes climate change such a pernicious problem is that it increases the odds of those adverse conditions arising \u2014 especially in places where government already does not function well.","_input_hash":711874281,"_task_hash":793807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Getting serious about the odds that global warming could be much more harmful than expected could amplify previous assessments for the nation\u2019s security.\r\n","_input_hash":-2066374139,"_task_hash":-2086095288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Uncertainty is endemic to climate science because the exact level of future changes in climate are hard to pin down.","_input_hash":1099484548,"_task_hash":-776891633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The pathways that lead from warming to tangible harm to the nation\u2019s coastlines, crops, military and overseas interests are highly complex.","_input_hash":-2018093639,"_task_hash":413716032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A report released this January by DoD found that of the 79 major military installations in the U.S. that were examined, the majority were at a worsening risk of flooding, drought, wildfires and other hazards driven by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-407099558,"_task_hash":1663916398,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That evaluation did not factor in smaller facilities like the one at Tin City, many of which are poised to see destructive impacts from coastal erosion and thawing permafrost in the near future.\r\n","_input_hash":417136453,"_task_hash":204724189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"I don't know what's causing it, but we have to do something about it, because it's impacting our mission.\"\r\n","_input_hash":2045612014,"_task_hash":-2102623028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As Boulds led us up a metal flight of stairs, the room filled with a high-pitched oscillating hum.\r\n","_input_hash":1114387658,"_task_hash":-755431478,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Already, the Pentagon is spending big to slow down impacts from climate change at other radar sites.","_input_hash":-207328884,"_task_hash":-357263015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"According to Lemon, at the Cape Lisburne site more than 200 miles north near the community of Point Hope, waves from the encroaching Chukchi Sea were washing over the airstrip.\r\n","_input_hash":368980178,"_task_hash":814484575,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These risks led DOD to declare that \"while climate change alone does not cause conflict, it may act as an accelerant of instability or conflict, placing a burden to respond on civilian institutions and militaries around the world.","_input_hash":-255738879,"_task_hash":-91839989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The department's leaders recognized that the United States' existing role in responding to extreme weather events, delivering humanitarian assistance, and preserving national security would be made all the more difficult by climate change.","_input_hash":-441689312,"_task_hash":1641949411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review labeled climate change as a \"threat multiplier,\" meaning the stressors already present around the world (\"poverty, environmental degradation, political instability, and social tensions\") will likely be amplified and worsened by the introduction of climate impacts.","_input_hash":1826560757,"_task_hash":-1912069117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u0336 Secretary of Defense James Mattis6\r\ndrought and disease as potential destabilizing events in that region.3","_input_hash":-1593218037,"_task_hash":557701716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A region faced with severe water and food shortages may become more susceptible to having contributing elements of extremism and violence take","_input_hash":927571414,"_task_hash":2134425650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"root.4 The degradation or outright loss of land due to drought, erosion, and/or sea level rise can contribute to the threat multiplier equation through the displacement of people and the subsequent loss of a population's livelihood, housing, and agricultural capabilities.","_input_hash":12094617,"_task_hash":57726980,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warmer temperatures can also exacerbate the introduction and proliferation of heat-related illnesses and disease vectors, such as mosquitoes, into vulnerable regions.5 Humanitarian aid has the power to bring additional stability to impoverished nations, buffering them against natural disasters and political forces that may instigate conflict.","_input_hash":-643295224,"_task_hash":219854992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Foreign investment in resilient infrastructure can allow vulnerable nations to better stand on their own and recover more quickly when disaster strikes.6 Extreme weather events are projected to increase in severity and frequency over the next several decades and will place a greater burden on DOD units, personnel, and assets tasked with responding to such events and delivering humanitarian and disaster relief, both in the United States and abroad.7","_input_hash":-274637737,"_task_hash":-1939459047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The consequences of climate change will likely heighten the risk DOD infrastructure already faces from severe weather events.","_input_hash":1609632558,"_task_hash":1666677227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Beyond infrastructure damages, sea level rise and extreme weather could be particularly disruptive to training operations that rely on reliable access to land, air, and sea-based training facilities.","_input_hash":-472065926,"_task_hash":50903159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events could also hinder acquisition and supply chain operations that maintain these facilities, potentially influencing the types of equipment DOD acquires and the ways goods are transported, distributed, and stored.13 The U.S. military will have to face the fallout of these impacts, given its operations in vulnerable and potentially volatile parts of the world.","_input_hash":222444714,"_task_hash":-1950273448,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2013, outgoing Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano warned that her successor would need to be prepared for more severe weather-related events as a result of climate change.17","_input_hash":-258375998,"_task_hash":-1149997375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These risks are crop insurance, health care, wildfire suppression, hurricane-related disaster relief, and federal facility flood risk, all of which are anticipated to cost billions of dollars more by the end of the century due to the impacts of climate change.23","_input_hash":478263531,"_task_hash":1108821818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Environmental Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons One of the biggest risks posed by climate change is the potential for massive population displacement.","_input_hash":911999188,"_task_hash":721079305,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change is also unique in that the losses inflicted upon a population's homeland (whether from sea level rise, desertification, flooding, or a surge in deadly heat conditions) is most likely permanent.","_input_hash":1317136266,"_task_hash":-256101446,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Joseph Cassidy, the former Director for Policy, Regional, and Functional Organizations at the U.S. Department of State, identified three categories of risk associated with climate-induced migration and displacement and how governments respond:","_input_hash":1768327267,"_task_hash":130617166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Indirect risks, such as disruptions to the global economy brought on by mass migration, would also have significant ramifications for the United States.","_input_hash":791810983,"_task_hash":-821105501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Third-order risks would primarily be conflicts sparked or worsened by an influx of climate migrants, exemplifying climate change as a threat multiplier.36,37","_input_hash":769471900,"_task_hash":1590246119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Examples of the devastating impacts climate-related migration could have on the social, economic, and political stability of countries","_input_hash":335056802,"_task_hash":-646044967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Perhaps one of the most well-known examples is the conflict beginning in 2003 in Sudan's Darfur region, which has been partly attributed to climate- and drought-related migration that led to competition for scarce resources before escalating into a full-scale war.38","_input_hash":-372902108,"_task_hash":1043209199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Syria's historically severe drought stretching from 2006 to 2010 acted as one of multiple contributing factors that led to migration, civil unrest, and ultimately armed conflict.","_input_hash":106582714,"_task_hash":1588569340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists concluded that a prolonged drought of this severity became more than twice as likely to strike Syria due to impacts from anthropogenic climate change.39\r\nWater Conflict","_input_hash":268597930,"_task_hash":-115137805,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another major impact of climate change on the international stage will be on water supply and the increased likelihood of intra- and inter-state conflict over this finite resource.","_input_hash":-284814739,"_task_hash":-1400820783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although struggles over water resources are not a new occurrence, climate change will only intensify and increase the frequency of such issues\u2014similar to migration.","_input_hash":1892017675,"_task_hash":-1385444361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 2012 report from the Office of the U.S. Director of National Intelligence warned that when water problems combine with \u201cpoverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership, and weak political institutions,\u201d social disruptions and the threat of a failed state may emerge.40","_input_hash":-1242565896,"_task_hash":-2079183653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The report notes that North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia are all likely to face major challenges coping with water-related issues such as water shortages, poor water quality, and floods by 2040.","_input_hash":-346375156,"_task_hash":-1927425588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In rating the management capacity for seven different river basins in these hot spots based on the \u201cstrength and resilience\" of their governance mechanisms, the report cautioned that \"even well-prepared river basins are likely to be challenged by increased water demand and impacts from climate change.","_input_hash":1316990246,"_task_hash":1926938401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Severe water scarcity could also lead to the \u201cweaponization of water.\u201d","_input_hash":1482134247,"_task_hash":-625663741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"continuing a steady climb in ocean surface temperatures over the past three decades.43,44 Record ocean temperatures have contributed to a decline in sea ice levels.","_input_hash":-1552882438,"_task_hash":184770303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If we fail to act upon climate change, instability around the globe will inevitably intensify, and even our bases will risk being lost.","_input_hash":-1597779272,"_task_hash":558443537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A modern energy revolution, a strategic resolve to respond to climate change can transform how we fight.","_input_hash":1687122712,"_task_hash":631725392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The vast geographic distribution of these facilities, their often advanced age, and the less severe environmental conditions they were originally built to withstand has been a cause for grave concern among base commanders.54 Extreme weather events\u2014flooding, drought, and wildfire\u2014","_input_hash":-599065529,"_task_hash":1685839125,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Damage inflicted upon defense facilities and the interdependent assets they host (such as aircraft, hangars, and radar equipment)","_input_hash":-476996837,"_task_hash":295288119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hazardous temperatures and storms can also disrupt scheduled training activities and put personnel at risk.","_input_hash":-48089114,"_task_hash":-235444254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These relationships foster deep economic benefits across the local economy, but also present underlying challenges in the event of a natural disaster or other disruption.","_input_hash":-1076228558,"_task_hash":-961982064,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Given the shared risks posed by climate impacts, future partnerships between base managers and local government leaders could be mutually beneficial.","_input_hash":1810886766,"_task_hash":1900148182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The order cites climate-related water restrictions, coastal flooding, wildfires, severe weather, and an influx of invasive species as examples of climate impacts program managers may have to consider.83","_input_hash":-624297641,"_task_hash":1166323447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Air Force has also included climate change vulnerability metrics in its comprehensive planning guidelines for installations.84 Coastal erosion accelerated by melting permafrost and extreme weather prompted the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) to conduct coastal erosion studies to determine the risks to Air Force airfields and radar stations located in Alaska.","_input_hash":1923685261,"_task_hash":960915514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The effort examined how future hurricanes and storm surges may be amplified by climate change and the risks these events could pose to resources relied upon by the Air Force's 45th Space Wing.85\r\nPast Congressional Actions and Proposals Despite widespread agreement among the scientific, and more recently military, communities on the grave and growing risk of climate change, Congressional action has resulted in relatively few concrete policy proposals and even fewer successfully-passed bills.","_input_hash":-4100621,"_task_hash":274467403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However,\r\nthe House version of the NDAA for FY2017 expressly forbids any of its appropriated funds from being used to implement climate adaptation measures, which the Pentagon had previously outlined in an official directive.90,91 Tensions arising from the military's desire to insulate its operations from climate risks and the fiscal priorities of influential groups within Congress","_input_hash":1863023221,"_task_hash":-2086332107,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"projections not flooded in 2067 by future sea level rise \u2013 thanks to those new levees.\r\n","_input_hash":-1305878663,"_task_hash":-1903347222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Temperature, in particular, exerts remarkable influence over human systems at many social scales; heat induces mortality, has lasting impact on fetuses and infants, and incites aggression and violence while lowering human productivity.","_input_hash":-1924867351,"_task_hash":-1377513023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High temperatures also damage crops, inflate electricity demand, and may trigger population movements within and across national borders.","_input_hash":-2015539654,"_task_hash":-1610042950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Tropical cyclones cause mortality, damage assets, and reduce economic output for long periods.","_input_hash":-1799309194,"_task_hash":1925365197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Precipitation extremes harm economies and populations predominately in agriculturally dependent settings.","_input_hash":601963272,"_task_hash":20024226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These effects are often quantitatively substantial; for example, we compute that temperature depresses current U.S. maize yields roughly 48%, warming trends since 1980 elevated conflict risk in Africa by 11%, and future warming may slow global economic growth rates by 0.28 percentage points year\u22121.\r\n","_input_hash":1933038324,"_task_hash":1015654369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much research aims to forecast impacts of future climate change, but we point out that society may also benefit from attending to ongoing impacts of climate in the present, because current climatic conditions impose economic and social burdens on populations today that rival in magnitude the projected end-of-century impacts of climate change.","_input_hash":676893237,"_task_hash":386857736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, we calculate that current temperature climatologies slow global economic growth roughly 0.25 percentage points year\u22121, comparable to the additional slowing of 0.28 percentage points year\u22121 projected from future warming.\r\n","_input_hash":911029551,"_task_hash":333105596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, clear patterns of adaptation in health impacts and in response to tropical cyclones contrast strongly with limited adaptation in agricultural and macroeconomic responses to temperature.","_input_hash":-1319083892,"_task_hash":1683257494,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, calculations used to design global climate change policies require as input \u201cdamage functions\u201d that describe how social and economic losses accrue under different climatic conditions, essential elements that now can (and should) be calibrated to real-world relationships.","_input_hash":-1617498716,"_task_hash":1331527688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because of persistent \u201cadaptation gaps,\u201d current climate conditions continue to play a substantial role in shaping modern society, and future climate changes will likely have additional impact.","_input_hash":-1505972487,"_task_hash":-240897570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, we compute that temperature depresses current U.S. maize yields by ~48%, warming since 1980 elevated conflict risk in Africa by ~11%, and future warming may slow global economic growth rates by ~0.28 percentage points per year.","_input_hash":-1290992624,"_task_hash":25375818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In general, we estimate that the economic and social burden of current climates tends to be comparable in magnitude to the additional projected impact caused by future anthropogenic climate changes.","_input_hash":422862767,"_task_hash":724696913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nArmed conflict within nations has had disastrous humanitarian consequences throughout much of the world.","_input_hash":1666572728,"_task_hash":2091084134,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We find strong historical linkages between civil war and temperature in Africa, with warmer years leading to significant increases in the likelihood of war.","_input_hash":1663288917,"_task_hash":985116184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When combined with climate model projections of future temperature trends, this historical response to temperature suggests a roughly 54% increase in armed conflict incidence by 2030, or an additional 393,000 battle deaths if future wars are as deadly as recent wars.","_input_hash":211686610,"_task_hash":389365019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than two-thirds of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa (\u201cAfrica\u201d hereinafter) have experienced civil conflict since 1960 (1), resulting in millions of deaths and monumental human suffering.","_input_hash":1446901470,"_task_hash":-963638675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Understanding the causes and consequences of this conflict has been a major focus of social science research, with recent empirical work highlighting the role of economic fluctuations in shaping conflict risk (2).","_input_hash":-1905521008,"_task_hash":1071712735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Combined with accumulating evidence on the potentially disruptive effects of climate change on human enterprise, such as through possible declines in global food production (3) and significant sea level rise (4), such findings have encouraged claims that climate change will worsen instability in already volatile regions (5\u20137).\r\n","_input_hash":-1526681458,"_task_hash":-126641352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most existing studies linking the 2 variables have focused on the role of precipitation in explaining conflict incidence, finding past conflict in Africa more likely in drier years (2, 7).","_input_hash":1485083989,"_task_hash":908052976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But such a focus bears uncertain implications for changes in conflict risk under global climate change, as climate models disagree on both the sign and magnitude of future precipitation change over most of the African continent (9).","_input_hash":-1185461815,"_task_hash":344536647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With recent studies emphasizing the particular role of temperature in explaining past spatial and temporal variation in agricultural yields and economic output in Africa (10, 11), it thus appears plausible that temperature fluctuations could affect past and future conflict risk, but few studies have explicitly considered the role of temperature.","_input_hash":-504299519,"_task_hash":589385669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis of historical climate proxies since 1400 C.E. finds that long-term fluctuations of war frequency follow cycles of temperature change (12); however, the relevance of this to modern-day Africa is uncertain.\r\n","_input_hash":-362650015,"_task_hash":1453025916,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We provide quantitative evidence linking past internal armed conflict incidence to variations in temperature, finding substantial increases in conflict during warmer years, and we use this relationship to build projections of the potential effect of climate change on future conflict risk in Africa.","_input_hash":-854048455,"_task_hash":-1321512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our model relates country-level fluctuations in temperature and precipitation to the incidence of African civil war, defined as the use of armed force between 2 parties, one of which is the government of a state, resulting in at least 1,000 battle-related deaths (13).","_input_hash":-204596554,"_task_hash":255326414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Consistent with previous studies (2, 7), and to capture the potentially delayed response of conflict to climate-induced economic shocks (due to, e.g., the elapsed time between climate events and the harvest period), we allow both contemporaneous and lagged climate variables to affect conflict risk.\r\n","_input_hash":-354292680,"_task_hash":65335092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperature variables are strongly related to conflict incidence over our historical panel, with a 1 \u00b0C increase in temperature in our preferred specification leading to a 4.5% increase in civil war in the same year and a 0.9% increase in conflict incidence in the next year (model 1 in Table 1).","_input_hash":-1481038090,"_task_hash":854607925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Relative to the 11.0% of country-years that historically experience conflict in our panel, such a 1 \u00b0C warming represents a remarkable 49% relative increase in the incidence of civil war.\r\n","_input_hash":-1362102767,"_task_hash":-484666401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Despite the prominence of precipitation in past conflict studies, this temperature effect on conflict is robust to the inclusion of precipitation in the regression (model 2 in Table 1) and also robust to explicit controls for country-level measures of per capita income and democracy over the sample period (model 3 in Table 1)\u2014factors highlighted by previous studies as potentially important in explaining conflict risk (1, 14\u201316).","_input_hash":-586876123,"_task_hash":1457088759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To predict changes in the incidence of civil war under future climate change, we combine our estimated historical response of conflict to climate with climate projections from 20 general circulation models that have contributed to the World Climate Research Program's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (WCRP CMIP3).","_input_hash":-1369533252,"_task_hash":595571154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We focus on climate changes and associated changes in conflict risk to the year 2030, both because the host of factors beyond climate that contribute to conflict risk (e.g., economic performance, political institutions) are more likely to remain near-constant over the next few decades relative to mid-century or end of century, and because climate projections themselves are relatively insensitive to alternate greenhouse gas emissions scenarios to 2030.\r\n","_input_hash":1207355352,"_task_hash":1019367157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Again given the 11% of country-years in our panel that experience conflict, this increase corresponds to a 54% rise in the average likelihood of conflict across the continent (Table 2).","_input_hash":1379806787,"_task_hash":-1395463285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If future conflicts are on average as deadly as conflicts during our study period, and assuming linear increases in temperature to 2030, this warming-induced increase in conflict risk would result in a cumulative additional 393,000 battle deaths by 2030 (see Methods).","_input_hash":955209375,"_task_hash":-1135361430,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Given that total loss of life related to conflict events can be many times higher than direct battle deaths (18), the human costs of this conflict increase likely would be much higher.\r\n","_input_hash":38154282,"_task_hash":978825756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because uncertainty in projections of conflict incidence appear driven more by the uncertainty in the climate\u2013conflict relationship than by climate model projections (Fig.","_input_hash":166416008,"_task_hash":1990336262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Estimates of the median and range of projected increases in conflict remain remarkably consistent across specifications of how civil war responds to climate (Fig. 2, Top), including whether war is assumed to respond to levels of climate variables or year-to-year changes in those variables, whether or not potential response to precipitation in addition to temperature is included, and the use of alternative climate data sets.","_input_hash":-388307431,"_task_hash":1781365692,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Projected percent changes in the incidence of civil war for all of sub-Saharan Africa, including both climate and conflict uncertainty as calculated as in Fig.","_input_hash":1651119330,"_task_hash":-1741799022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(Bottom) Projected combined effects of changes in climate, per capita income, and democracy.","_input_hash":721097786,"_task_hash":31189388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, because nonclimate factors that affect conflict risk also could change over time, we include 2 projections of 2030 civil war incidence taking into account the combined effects of projected changes in climate, economic growth, and democratization (Fig. 2, Bottom).","_input_hash":-1037320611,"_task_hash":-1876503677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We find that neither is able to overcome the large effects of temperature increase on civil war incidence, although the optimistic scenario reduces the risk of civil war by roughly 2% relative to the linear extrapolation, corresponding to a 20% relative decline in conflict (Fig. 2, Bottom).\r\n","_input_hash":-2097543849,"_task_hash":1319393811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The large effect of temperature relative to precipitation is perhaps surprising given the important role that precipitation plays in rural African livelihoods and previous work emphasizing the impact of falling precipitation on conflict risk (2).","_input_hash":300255114,"_task_hash":-626981506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, precipitation and temperature fluctuations are negatively correlated (r = \u22120.34) over our study period, suggesting that earlier findings of increased conflict during drier years might have been partly capturing the effect of hotter years.","_input_hash":-67791676,"_task_hash":66464621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nevertheless, the temperature signal is robust across datasets and is consistent with a growing body of evidence demonstrating the direct negative effects of higher temperatures on agricultural productivity and the importance of these fluctuations for economic performance (10, 11, 19).\r\n","_input_hash":-633402921,"_task_hash":532850167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperature can affect agricultural yields both through increases in crop evapotranspiration (and hence heightened water stress in the absence of irrigation) and through accelerated crop development, with the combined effect of these 2 mechanisms often reducing African staple crop yields by 10%\u201330% per \u00b0C of warming (3, 11, 20).","_input_hash":-389610718,"_task_hash":-156554626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because the vast majority of poor African households are rural, and because the poorest of these typically derive between 60% and 100% of their income from agricultural activities (21), such temperature-related yield declines can have serious economic consequences for both agricultural households and entire societies that depend heavily on agriculture (10).","_input_hash":-618497333,"_task_hash":129766255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Finally, because economic welfare is the single factor most consistently associated with conflict incidence in both cross-country and within-country studies (1, 2, 14\u201316), it appears likely that the variation in agricultural performance is the central mechanism linking warming to conflict in Africa.","_input_hash":-512732378,"_task_hash":-1899088978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Yet because our study cannot definitively rule out other plausible contributing factors\u2014for instance, violent crime, which has been found to increase with higher temperatures (22), and nonfarm labor productivity, which can decline with higher temperatures (23)\u2014further elucidating the relative contributions of these factors remains a critical area for future research.\r\n","_input_hash":-481899139,"_task_hash":-596664028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When combined with the unanimous projections of near-term warming across climate models and climate scenarios, this temperature effect provides a coherent and alarming picture of increases in conflict risk under climate change over the next 2 decades in Africa.","_input_hash":1666171208,"_task_hash":-432110343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore, the adverse impact of warming on conflict by 2030 appears likely to outweigh any potentially offsetting effects of strong economic growth and continued democratization.","_input_hash":-2060352767,"_task_hash":-150119394,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We view this final result with some caution, however, because economic and political variables are clearly endogenous to conflict; for example, conflict may both respond to and cause variation in economic performance (2) or democratization.","_input_hash":1752662980,"_task_hash":2145784443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Consequently, credibly identifying past or future contributions of economic growth or democratization to civil war risk is difficult.","_input_hash":-431071913,"_task_hash":404965908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We interpret our result as evidence of the strength of the temperature effect rather than as documentation of the precise future contribution of economic progress or democratization to conflict risk.","_input_hash":132993978,"_task_hash":-812776426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The possibility of large warming-induced increases in the incidence of civil war has a number of public policy implications.","_input_hash":-1460800153,"_task_hash":-2124945258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First, if temperature is primarily affecting conflict via shocks to economic productivity, then, given the current and expected future importance of agriculture in African livelihoods (24), governments and aid donors could help reduce conflict risk in Africa by improving the ability of African agriculture to deal with extreme heat.","_input_hash":-823710283,"_task_hash":-1559273190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"if there was a conflict resulting in >1,000 deaths in country i in year t and 0 otherwise.\r\n","_input_hash":1109129526,"_task_hash":101820379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additional battle deaths related to warming are calculated using historical battle death data (32), and assume a linear increase in the conflict risk related to warming beginning in 1990 (corresponding to historical risk levels in our panel) and ending in 2030 (a 54% increase in risk).","_input_hash":-481403033,"_task_hash":-553404124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sea levels are rising as global warming heats up the planet.","_input_hash":-1901916150,"_task_hash":-1419514106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Tidal flooding will become more frequent and extensive.","_input_hash":1209523605,"_task_hash":1741475803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When hurricanes strike, deeper and more extensive storm surge flooding will occur.\r\n","_input_hash":1443832793,"_task_hash":1875436428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We must prepare for the growing exposure of our military bases to sea level rise.\r\n","_input_hash":-507778092,"_task_hash":-452963739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By 2050, most of the installations in this analysis will see more than 10 times the number of floods they experience today.\r\n","_input_hash":-1510619027,"_task_hash":-1376958636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By 2070, half of the sites could experience 520 or more flood events annually\u2014the equivalent of more than one flood daily.\r\n","_input_hash":-250226198,"_task_hash":896850384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many surrounding communities will also face growing exposure to rising seas.\r\n","_input_hash":908656702,"_task_hash":-2050151338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Moreover, recent studies suggest that ice sheet loss is accelerating and that future dynamics and instability could contribute significantly to sea level rise this century.\r\n","_input_hash":1970887925,"_task_hash":-132267255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nUrban crime may be an important but overlooked public health impact of rising ambient temperatures.","_input_hash":409143398,"_task_hash":-132268732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Overall, these analyses suggest that disorderly conduct and violent crimes are highest when temperatures are comfortable, especially during cold months.","_input_hash":-1144642293,"_task_hash":-1552195525,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We suggest that high temperatures increase retaliation by increasing hostile attributions when teammates are hit by a pitch and by lowering inhibitions against retaliation.","_input_hash":-1250336883,"_task_hash":990861242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Results indicated a direct linear increase in horn honking with increasing temperature.","_input_hash":980173280,"_task_hash":1777910845,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"I identify the effect of weather on monthly crime by using a semi-parametric bin estimator and controlling for state-by-month and county-by-year fixed effects.","_input_hash":1103008155,"_task_hash":299391801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The results show that temperature has a strong positive effect on criminal behavior, with little evidence of lagged impacts.","_input_hash":1216762871,"_task_hash":-668219972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 2010 and 2099, climate change will cause an additional 22,000 murders, 180,000 cases of rape, 1.2 million aggravated assaults, 2.3 million simple assaults, 260,000 robberies, 1.3 million burglaries, 2.2 million cases of larceny, and 580,000 cases of vehicle theft in the United States.\r\n","_input_hash":-1389792537,"_task_hash":1033709693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a serious problem that affects billions of people globally.","_input_hash":-712616719,"_task_hash":509413569,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Although the environmental and health costs of air pollution are well known, the present research investigates its ethical costs.","_input_hash":-621113784,"_task_hash":1071571197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We propose that air pollution can increase criminal and unethical behavior by increasing anxiety.","_input_hash":-1963636822,"_task_hash":864817255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Consistent with our theoretical perspective, results revealed that anxiety mediated this effect.","_input_hash":-150207152,"_task_hash":-198684462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution not only corrupts people\u2019s health, but also can contaminate their morality.","_input_hash":-140044856,"_task_hash":996125861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This Ebola outbreak in eastern Congo, the second-largest ever recorded, is now spiraling out of control.","_input_hash":1876054132,"_task_hash":746491327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So far nearly 1,150 people have died in the outbreak, according to the World Health Organization.","_input_hash":-629540076,"_task_hash":-1903227579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet optimism ran strong among the arriving wave of international health experts and humanitarian workers, many of whom had experience treating Ebola, an often fatal disease caused by a virus that is transmitted by body fluids.\r\n","_input_hash":1752404489,"_task_hash":-857241768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many of the symptoms of Ebola resemble those of more common maladies, such as malaria.","_input_hash":740124753,"_task_hash":509324255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe way my wife died, it is not Ebola that killed her that day,\u201d said H\u00e9ritier Bedico Zawadi, an engineer, one sleepless month after the death of his wife, Suzanne Kahindo Kitseghe, a 29-year-old doctor.\r\n","_input_hash":526353974,"_task_hash":1788234237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI think that is one motivation\u201d for the hostility to Ebola responders.\r\n","_input_hash":31718448,"_task_hash":2035205879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A severe drought in Panama has resulted in lower water levels in the Panama Canal, forcing some shippers to limit the amount of cargo their largest ships carry so they can safely navigate the waterway.\r\n","_input_hash":1761823888,"_task_hash":-1131103943,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such restrictions may have to be imposed more frequently if, as scientists expect, climate change leads to more extreme storms and dry periods.\r\n","_input_hash":804765947,"_task_hash":2047987301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The drought is linked to an El Ni\u00f1o that developed early this year and is expected to continue into the fall.","_input_hash":-904258114,"_task_hash":-496656264,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"During an El Ni\u00f1o, warmer-than-normal surface waters in the equatorial Pacific can affect weather patterns in many parts of the world, including rainfall in Central America.","_input_hash":904327179,"_task_hash":-20007386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They have led to canal restrictions in the past.\r\n","_input_hash":-378046992,"_task_hash":938245433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Already, four of the most intense storms and several of the worst droughts since the canal opened 105 years ago have occurred in the past decade, said Robert F. Stallard, a hydrologist with the United States Geological Survey and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute who has studied water issues in Panama for decades.\r\n","_input_hash":-1767647639,"_task_hash":-1072842252,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Draft restrictions have been imposed before, during previous El Ni\u00f1o years, and have sometimes caused greater revenue losses.","_input_hash":-62079825,"_task_hash":-2009912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dr. Stallard said the impact of the drought this year was reduced in part because of heavy rains last fall.\r\n","_input_hash":235082480,"_task_hash":686210145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In December 2010, torrential rains caused the lakes to overflow; the resulting flooding forced the canal to be closed for a day.","_input_hash":1861016108,"_task_hash":-776159189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much water inundating the system can also damage locks and other infrastructure.\r\n","_input_hash":2128834098,"_task_hash":1778882635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even for skeptics, the effects of climate change are becoming harder to deny.","_input_hash":285939384,"_task_hash":1589752502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The country\u2019s tropics are spreading south, bringing storms and mosquito-borne illnesses like dengue fever to places unprepared for such problems, while water shortages have led to major fish die-offs in drying rivers.\r\n","_input_hash":353556458,"_task_hash":2065321521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cYou can\u2019t trigger the pride response,\u201d Ms. Harris-Rimmer said.\r\n","_input_hash":-800540506,"_task_hash":-266884608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scholars of Australian populism agree, arguing that the weakening of the major parties and the country\u2019s tilt to the right have been driven mainly by class envy and alienation, including the belief that the elite do not understand the needs and values of the working class.\r\n","_input_hash":-841210738,"_task_hash":1588307084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ice loss through the Fram Strait used to be offset by ice growth in the Beaufort Gyre, northeast of Alaska, where perennial ice could persist for years.\r\n","_input_hash":372151158,"_task_hash":1843353193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Environmental Protection Agency plans to change the way it calculates the health risks of air pollution, a shift that would make it easier to roll back a key climate change rule because it would result in far fewer predicted deaths from pollution, according to five people with knowledge of the agency\u2019s plans.\r\n","_input_hash":-1347311923,"_task_hash":754303145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The E.P.A. had originally forecast that eliminating the Obama-era rule, the Clean Power Plan, and replacing it with a new measure would have resulted in an additional 1,400 premature deaths per year.","_input_hash":-1651053207,"_task_hash":2045585096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The proposed shift is the latest example of the Trump administration downgrading the estimates of environmental harm from pollution in regulations.","_input_hash":-506583103,"_task_hash":907079332,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many experts said that approach was not scientifically sound and that, in the real world, there are no safe levels of the fine particulate pollution associated with the burning of fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1435709935,"_task_hash":-2099755027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The E.P.A., when making major regulatory changes, is normally expected to demonstrate that society will see more benefits than costs from the change.","_input_hash":689658177,"_task_hash":-1219956186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cParticulate matter is extremely harmful and it leads to a large number of premature deaths,\u201d said Richard L. Revesz, an expert in environmental law at New York University.","_input_hash":-17546586,"_task_hash":-1980192679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It would also allow older coal plants to remain in operation longer and result in an increase of particulate matter.\r\n","_input_hash":-1890779164,"_task_hash":176073290,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The greatest health risk comes from what is known as PM 2.5, the range of fine particles that are less than 2.5 microns in diameter.","_input_hash":1299092756,"_task_hash":52347936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cHow in the world can you get $30 or $40 billion of benefit to public health when most of that is attributable to reductions in areas that already meet a health-based standard,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-284700442,"_task_hash":-1914379927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mr. Wehrum acknowledged that the administration was considering a handful of analyses that would reduce the prediction of 1,400 premature deaths as a result of the measure.\r\n","_input_hash":1478537547,"_task_hash":1688845539,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But that doesn\u2019t mean the risk of an accident disappears at 55 m.p.h.","_input_hash":1124030955,"_task_hash":1635456904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBecause there could be an effect that would enhance climate change and enhance the rising temperatures.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1724159769,"_task_hash":-288393230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The pace of permafrost melt and its release of carbon is of great concern to researchers who model climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":361464651,"_task_hash":1789538609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study from Stanford published on Earth Day concluded with near certainty that global warming is fueling a global disparity in wealth.","_input_hash":1141939978,"_task_hash":-1181934009,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past 50 years, global warming has contributed to an approximately 25 percent larger wealth gap between the poorest and wealthiest nations in the world than if global temperatures had remained stable.\r\n","_input_hash":63548841,"_task_hash":713837763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe\u2019re not arguing that global warming created inequality,\u201d emphasized a study author to Time Magazine.","_input_hash":868552169,"_task_hash":-1085213838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A cruel irony behind climate injustice is that the biggest drivers of climate change happen to be some of the wealthiest countries of the world, many of which may actually benefit from the warmer seasons.","_input_hash":-2110390775,"_task_hash":788707111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe historical data clearly show that crops are more productive, people are healthier and we are more productive at work when temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold,\u201d said another one of the study\u2019s authors in a statement, suggesting that cooler, wealthier countries will experience an economic boost from warmer temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1487179672,"_task_hash":941106771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As many as one million plant and animal species are now threatened with extinction because of farming, poaching, pollution, the transport of invasive species and, increasingly, global warming.","_input_hash":-1835549041,"_task_hash":344762774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One possible reason for the disparity is that the effects of global warming are more apparent to many people.","_input_hash":-336314842,"_task_hash":-1196417906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record-breaking heat waves, deadly wildfires, rising sea levels","_input_hash":-141027429,"_task_hash":1437557771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The loss of wild plant varieties could make it harder in the future to breed new, hardier crops to cope with threats like increased heat and drought.\r\n","_input_hash":-1100857269,"_task_hash":-481300519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future sea level rise (SLR) poses serious threats to the viability of coastal communities, but continues to be challenging to project using deterministic modeling approaches.","_input_hash":-658287495,"_task_hash":-1225188778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Inclusion of thermal expansion and glacier contributions results in a global total SLR estimate that exceeds 2 m at the 95th percentile.","_input_hash":-399519211,"_task_hash":-2009738565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global mean sea-level rise (SLR), which during the last quarter century has occurred at an accelerating rate (1), averaging about +3 mm\u22c5y\u22121, threatens coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide.","_input_hash":-1523270946,"_task_hash":-2033873286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Adaptation measures accounting for the changing hazard, including building or raising permanent or movable structures such as surge barriers and sea walls, enhancing nature-based defenses such as wetlands, and selective retreat of populations and facilities from areas threatened by episodic flooding or permanent inundation, are being planned or implemented in several countries.","_input_hash":486352244,"_task_hash":1142166317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the nearly 40 y since the first modern, scientific assessments of SLR, understanding of the various causes of this rise has advanced substantially.","_input_hash":1757321112,"_task_hash":-1154858384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a consequence, it is unclear to what extent recent observed ice sheet changes (11) are a result of internal variability (ice sheet weather) or external forcing (ice sheet climate).\r\n","_input_hash":-893336322,"_task_hash":-2010150330,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combined sea-level contribution from all processes and ice sheets was determined assuming either independence or dependence.","_input_hash":-467713753,"_task_hash":-1468033650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is driven, primarily, by larger uncertainty ranges for the WAIS and GrIS contributions (Fig. 3), possibly resulting from experts\u2019 consideration of the aforementioned nonlinear processes.","_input_hash":-1234041322,"_task_hash":-2076655116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In comparison, our current findings result in a larger uncertainty range at a lower temperature increase (Fig. 2).","_input_hash":-1199799815,"_task_hash":2009712829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The reduction in the sea-level contribution from the ice sheets at this lower temperature for our study is broadly in line with the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on 1.5 \u00b0C, which obtained a value of 10 cm reduction in global mean sea level from all sources (26).\r\n","_input_hash":340677310,"_task_hash":-922877075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is difficult to determine the basis for this, but we note that the experts overwhelmingly believe that the recent (last 2 decades) acceleration in mass loss from the GrIS is predominantly a result of external forcing, rather than internal variability.","_input_hash":1868708548,"_task_hash":885950025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the 22 experts, 18 judge the acceleration is largely or entirely a result of external forcing (SI Appendix, Fig.","_input_hash":1239572250,"_task_hash":-935757603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The rather high median and 95% values for 2100 SLR (Fig. 2 and Table 1), found here, likely reflect recent studies that have explored, in particular, AIS sensitivity to CO2 forcing during previous warm periods (27, 28) and new positive feedback processes such as the Marine Ice Cliff Instability (19), alongside the increasing evidence for a secular trend in Arctic climate (29) and subsequent increasing GrIS mass loss (4).","_input_hash":-1315132874,"_task_hash":1627612809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It may also be related to the observational record, which indicates continued increase in mass loss from both the AIS and GrIS during this time.","_input_hash":-1690118714,"_task_hash":-31567411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This could result in land loss of 1.79 M km2, including critical regions of food production, and displacement of up to 187 million people (38).","_input_hash":1927567447,"_task_hash":-46668982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effect of this optimization is a moderate reduction in the 90th percentile credible range relative to the PW01 combination.\r\n","_input_hash":1413393900,"_task_hash":1665105665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although hurricanes are no stranger to the Caribbean, the overwhelming scientific evidence of how extreme weather conditions are worsening due to global warming shows that we need to take the signals that our Earth is sending us seriously.","_input_hash":-1261680101,"_task_hash":510423312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That evidence can be found in the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) 2018 special report on the effects of global warming above 1.5 degrees Celsius -- and in the devastation left by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in the region, in the form of mangled towns, villages, homes and critical infrastructure, wrecked lives, devastated crops and ecosystems, damaged economies and financial markets.\r\n","_input_hash":-715094140,"_task_hash":1554399414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I am at the complete mercy of the hurricane.","_input_hash":-982570484,"_task_hash":969168014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricane Maria is regarded as one of the worst natural disasters to hit our neighboring islands of the Caribbean.\r\n","_input_hash":937681477,"_task_hash":1334546439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to a 2018 Swiss Re report, $92 billion -- nearly half of 2017's total insured cost -- was caused by hurricane damage in the US and the Caribbean.","_input_hash":-2077654603,"_task_hash":190099065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And a 2018 UN report detailing the impact of Irma and Maria showed the ways in which islands suffered after the storms' fury.","_input_hash":-135483004,"_task_hash":988641909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Affected islands struggled for weeks without electricity and running water, increasing the likelihood for disease.\r\n","_input_hash":380313288,"_task_hash":-918084749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while damages to the Caribbean's housing and infrastructure sectors remained the highest, many sources of our livelihood -- crops, trees and livestock -- were devastated.","_input_hash":1694199584,"_task_hash":1648421146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are experiencing the devastating economic and social impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":759415231,"_task_hash":-1544842215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We will lead on creating the frameworks that can incentivize clean transport on our islands, power that is generated from the sun, wind, waves and ecosystems.","_input_hash":-1097430905,"_task_hash":371073977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The painful interruption in business-as-usual caused by the trade war presents an opportunity to rethink U.S. farming\u2019s dependence on Chinese buyers.\r\n","_input_hash":-574625243,"_task_hash":-2096926392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Midwest was inundated by flooding this spring, again, as entire towns and tens of thousands of acres of cropland along the Missouri River were washed away.","_input_hash":357459667,"_task_hash":1513418886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The United States is at an inflection point brought by a trade war and climate change.","_input_hash":-1808831151,"_task_hash":689297491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Brutal droughts, floods and wildfires were expected to make the environment a pivotal issue in Australia's election last Saturday (May 18).","_input_hash":1502476597,"_task_hash":1634342091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Burning coal is the single largest source of mankind's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and coal is more polluting than oil and gas.\r\n","_input_hash":882512257,"_task_hash":-1768332596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Farmers - who are worst hit by floods, droughts and fires - are also starting to demand action to curb the effects of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-955346461,"_task_hash":-1557767160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The period from January through April produced a global temperature 1.62 degrees F above the average of 54.8 degrees, which is the third-hottest YTD on record.","_input_hash":-1691870969,"_task_hash":1170511461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Driven by global warming \u2013 and with it ever greater extremes of heat, drought and rainfall \u2013 the rising mercury can explain up to half of all variations in harvest yields worldwide.\r\n","_input_hash":1805059728,"_task_hash":1661440505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unusually cold nights, ever greater numbers of extremely hot summer days, weeks with no rainfall, or torrents of storm-driven precipitation, account for somewhere between a fifth to 49% of yield losses for maize, rice, spring wheat and soy beans.\r\n","_input_hash":-814071050,"_task_hash":-426394580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And once international scientists had eliminated the effect of temperature averages across the whole growing season, they still found that heatwaves, drought and torrential downfall accounted for 18% to 43% of losses.\r\n","_input_hash":2009056967,"_task_hash":608894766,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impact of climate change driven by global warming fuelled by profligate fossil fuel use had been worrying ministries and agricultural researchers for years: more carbon dioxide should and sometimes could mean a greener world.\r\n","_input_hash":248331203,"_task_hash":-757828312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More warmth and earlier springs mean a longer growing season with lower risks of late frost.","_input_hash":1474152246,"_task_hash":-167693016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the average rise in temperature worldwide of just 1 \u00b0C in the last century is exactly that: an average.","_input_hash":-1163847149,"_task_hash":-1603679410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What cities and countryside have observed is an increase both in the number and intensity of potentially lethal heatwaves, of longer and more frequent parching in those landscapes that are normally dry, with heavier downpours in places that can depend on reliable rainfall.\r\n","_input_hash":936112045,"_task_hash":1963635233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cInterestingly, we found that the most important climate factors for yield anomalies were related to temperature, not precipitation, as one could expect, with average growing season temperature and temperature extremes playing a dominant role in predicting crop yields,\u201d said Elisabeth Vogel of the University of Melbourne, who led the study.\r\n","_input_hash":-645864587,"_task_hash":384528849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But impacts of extremes vary according to region, soil, latitude and other factors too.\r\n","_input_hash":1089055126,"_task_hash":962844533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In some years excessive rain reduced the corn yield by as much as 34%; drought and heat in turn could be linked to losses of 37%.","_input_hash":1587593501,"_task_hash":-800872925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And British scientists report in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B that changes in temperature and moisture linked to global warming could be bad for the banana crop.\r\n","_input_hash":1588368182,"_task_hash":42170032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These have increased the risk of infection by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, or Black Sigatoka disease, by more than 44% in Latin America and the Caribbean.","_input_hash":-969633348,"_task_hash":250957632,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, farmers endure extreme weather challenges such as drought and flash flooding -- and, thus, some of the highest food shortages.\r\n","_input_hash":686609576,"_task_hash":1484362695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather is adding to the problem, with most agreeing that conditions are very different from 20 or 30 years ago.\r\n","_input_hash":133590794,"_task_hash":324685935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Food shortages are already acute.","_input_hash":-1511318631,"_task_hash":2008319324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Zimbabwean government estimates that more than 2.4 million people in rural areas will face acute food insecurity at the peak of the current \"lean season\" of January to March.\r\n","_input_hash":-1330261471,"_task_hash":-1086199405,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased uncertainty'\r\n","_input_hash":-625974489,"_task_hash":1915710132,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Mwenezi, people have also reported heavy hailstorms and strong winds that have destroyed crops.\r\n","_input_hash":-611088802,"_task_hash":-2113284933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But he adds that while it's known that climate change is bringing more heat and rising risk of drought to this area, there is no clear scientific evidence about changes in hail or strong winds -- mainly because researchers don't have the data.\r\n","_input_hash":-687735381,"_task_hash":-1170770341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Separate from these climate changes is the weather phenomenon El Ni\u00f1o, a fluctuation in the climate system that warms the sea surface temperature in the Pacific.","_input_hash":-1734107135,"_task_hash":-2116258382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2015-16, this caused a drought in Zimbabwe, followed by flooding.","_input_hash":-1133451827,"_task_hash":1759735627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Petteri Taalas, secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization, says another El Ni\u00f1o is now likely, and although it won't be as bad as four years ago, it will still have \"considerable impacts\" such as higher-than-normal temperatures and a more prolonged dry spell.\r\n","_input_hash":1861340457,"_task_hash":-1036158749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the consequences of such extreme weather go even further, beyond livelihoods, hunger and education, to the population's health -- including HIV.\r\n","_input_hash":1164352203,"_task_hash":1911879268,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Restaurant owner Musa Sibanda, 56, a volunteer with the Zimbabwean Red Cross, says she commonly sees people living with HIV who have complications after harvest failures because the lack of food affects the effectiveness of their treatment.\r\n","_input_hash":-1839275286,"_task_hash":-98812161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If they don't have enough food, their already-vulnerable bodies will not respond as well, and they may experience side effects such as nausea and stomach upset, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":49438011,"_task_hash":1213914643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The mother of five maintains her two-field smallholder farm in Mwenezi district while struggling with night sweats, severe headaches and weakness because of her HIV.\r\n","_input_hash":-2115352823,"_task_hash":2076453886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought and resulting issues around food security were also shown in a recent study to affect rates of new HIV infections.","_input_hash":1783672239,"_task_hash":-1315140279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Climate extremes are often associated with changes in behavior as people struggle to survive in the face of loss of agricultural production.,\" wrote lead author Andrea Low, assistant professor of epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University.","_input_hash":-821860988,"_task_hash":-1563748838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most Americans (73%) are aware that air pollution from the use of fossil fuels harms human health.","_input_hash":-64019462,"_task_hash":747527404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, the most frequently cited health impacts are general (e.g., breathing problems, respiratory illness) rather than specific (e.g., asthma).\r\n","_input_hash":1222578062,"_task_hash":-1053890280,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In a nationally representative survey conducted in December 2018 by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication, respondents were asked: \u201cIn your view, does air pollution from the use of fossil fuels harm the health of Americans?\u201d","_input_hash":1027472150,"_task_hash":944606272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Participants who answered \u201cyes\u201d were then asked an open-ended follow-up question: \u201cTo the best of your knowledge, what health problems are caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels?\u201d","_input_hash":742160643,"_task_hash":-1273796204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Slightly more than half (55%) of all participants named at least one health problem related to air pollution from the use of fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-463847238,"_task_hash":612144954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The results indicate that Americans are particularly unaware of neurological health problems caused by exposure to air pollution from the use of fossil fuels.","_input_hash":2087609747,"_task_hash":2146518160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Only one percent of participants responding to the open-ended question cited neurological health problems, and no respondents mentioned a number of other health conditions linked to air pollution, including diabetes, kidney disease, or weakening of the bones.\r\n","_input_hash":721420384,"_task_hash":-1034462294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Those respondents who said that air pollution from the use of fossil fuels causes health problems were asked an additional set of questions.","_input_hash":-2047613478,"_task_hash":151398624,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"First, we asked \u201cDo you think that some groups of Americans are more likely than other Americans to experience health problems caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels?\u201d","_input_hash":1024219428,"_task_hash":94103788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In response, 56% of participants said they think some groups of Americans are more affected by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels than others, while 4% said no group is at higher risk, and 12% indicated that they \u201cdon\u2019t know.","_input_hash":-1222856574,"_task_hash":1676600886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Participants who responded that they did think some groups of Americans are more affected by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels than others were then asked an open-ended follow-up question: \u201cWhich groups of Americans do you think are more likely than other Americans to experience health problems caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels?\u201d","_input_hash":-1372388547,"_task_hash":-1509826582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the American Lung Association, children and teenagers, older adults, people who have low incomes, people who work or exercise outdoors, people who live or work near busy highways, and people with lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes are all at higher risk of suffering health problems from air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-402953424,"_task_hash":-2097960931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These findings demonstrate that many Americans are unable to name a specific health problem caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels, and many more Americans are unaware of the full array of serious health problems caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-863934562,"_task_hash":-1114410540,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many Americans are also unaware that some groups are more likely to be affected by air pollution from fossil fuels than others, and even fewer are able to name which groups are more vulnerable.\r\n","_input_hash":-1427508555,"_task_hash":1172349306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Click here for more information about Coding instructions for content analysis of perceived problems of air pollution from fossil fuels\r\n","_input_hash":596038026,"_task_hash":-1252907728,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Click here for more information about Coding instructions for content analysis of perceived populations affected by air pollution from fossil fuels\r\n","_input_hash":1831985318,"_task_hash":-1430274567,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Burning fossil fuels produces harmful air pollution and increases people\u2019s exposure to toxic chemicals that can harm their brains and nervous systems.","_input_hash":-1913276469,"_task_hash":-18229626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is an emerging scientific consensus that air pollution from fossil fuel use is harmful to children\u2019s developing brains and may also affect the cognitive functioning of older adults\u2014although not all studies have found these results.","_input_hash":-277260228,"_task_hash":1695414020,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In children, exposure to air pollution has been linked to development delays, reduced IQ, cognitive deficits and autism spectrum disorder.","_input_hash":-1330552202,"_task_hash":-1485967425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In adults, exposure to air pollution has been linked to higher rates of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-426020279,"_task_hash":-1094095774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The very young, the elderly and people with low household income are especially vulnerable to the harmful impacts of exposure to toxic chemicals in the air.\r\n","_input_hash":833797497,"_task_hash":2135164096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The world\u2019s reliance on burning fossil fuels to produce electricity, heat, transportation and industry began during the Industrial Revolution.\r\n","_input_hash":-1202329697,"_task_hash":-376464147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Burning fossil fuel releases hundreds of toxic pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM), black carbon, polycyclic\r\naromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mercury, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.","_input_hash":521205671,"_task_hash":-348427392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"MOST AIR POLLUTION IS CREATED BY THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS.\r\n","_input_hash":1917764217,"_task_hash":-1739316469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.S. Department of Energy, over the past 20 years, three-fourths of human-caused emissions were produced from burning fossil fuels.1\r\n","_input_hash":-2106145231,"_task_hash":-2037221740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Almost everyone in the world is affected by air pollution; only one person in 10 lives in a city with air clean enough to meet World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines.2\r\n","_input_hash":882068828,"_task_hash":-1747077327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Fuel combustion creates 85 percent of airborne particulate pollution.3 Inhaling these tiny particles can be extremely harmful to human health and development, particularly early in life.","_input_hash":1079283105,"_task_hash":209342787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"AIR POLLUTION HARM","_input_hash":-721111802,"_task_hash":-1417173603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over the past decade, many studies have linked exposure to outdoor air pollution to harmful impacts on the brain.\r\n","_input_hash":-1379709551,"_task_hash":506304537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Air pollution contributes to neurodevelopmental damage to the growth and functioning of the brain and nervous system.","_input_hash":-1914295596,"_task_hash":-181940097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, an emerging body of scientific evidence suggests that air pollution may also be a factor in neurodegenerative disorders that many older adults experience.4\r\n","_input_hash":916931349,"_task_hash":-1358796258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Link Between Fossil Fuels and Neurological Harm\r\n","_input_hash":-1146211907,"_task_hash":1295664289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the evidence mounts about the harmful effects of air pollution on people\u2019s brains, the world\u2019s health professionals and health organizations are becoming increasingly concerned.\r\n","_input_hash":-1069406777,"_task_hash":2007940180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Consensus Statement noted evidence of danger to children in the United States due to air pollution, listing fossil fuel-related air pollutants (including particulate matter, PAHs, and nitrogen dioxide) as \u201cprime examples of toxic chemicals that can contribute to learning, behavioral, or intellectual impairment, as well as specific neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder] or autism.","_input_hash":97447027,"_task_hash":-1008366745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specifically, it noted \u201cemerging evidence\u201d of causal associations from air pollution exposure to fine particulate matter and decreased cognitive function, attention-deficit or hyperactivity and autism in children, as well as dementia in adults.7\r\n","_input_hash":-9406987,"_task_hash":-48747822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Prenatal and early childhood exposures to air pollution and toxic chemicals in general can be especially damaging, as these are critical periods of development.\r\n","_input_hash":318525726,"_task_hash":-1269479329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Neurological damage that occurs during childhood may continue to cause harm over the course of a person\u2019s lifetime.10\r\n","_input_hash":712094725,"_task_hash":1172099222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"BY EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION.\r\n","_input_hash":683989928,"_task_hash":1764220577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the United States, people in low-income communities and communities of color experience disproportionately high exposure to particulate air pollution and air pollution from coal- fired power plants.11 Poor children living in developing countries are also disproportionately exposed to air pollution.12","_input_hash":-329033792,"_task_hash":1481310579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effects of toxic exposure may be further magnified by poor nutrition, lack of social support, and psychosocial stress due to poverty or racism.13\r\n","_input_hash":-382766108,"_task_hash":-1805245147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While children are especially vulnerable to toxic exposures from air pollution because they are still developing, the elderly may also be at increased risk from environmental exposures due to deterioration associated with the aging process.14\r\n","_input_hash":-886031120,"_task_hash":-19543685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"CURRENTLY CONSIDERED \u201cSAFE\u201d LEVELS OF RESIDENTIAL AIR POLLUTION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE HARM.\r\n","_input_hash":-406085108,"_task_hash":-972195875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A 2018 Dutch study published in Biological Psychiatry found that prenatal exposure to outdoor air pollution \u2013 even at levels currently considered safe in European Union policies \u2013 was associated with brain abnormalities later in childhood.","_input_hash":-1620004367,"_task_hash":-1857706862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"These abnormalites were associated with impaired impulse control.15\r\n","_input_hash":-546993253,"_task_hash":-1284022509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"MANY RIGOROUS STUDIES HAVE DOCUMENTED THAT AIR POLLUTION HARMS PEOPLE\u2019S","_input_hash":483264323,"_task_hash":-1818473543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":", they performed lower on IQ tests than children with lower exposure rates.17\r\n\u25a0 As these children grew older, they continued to exhibit adverse neurological impacts \u2013 including anxiety, depression and hyperactivity \u2013 compared to children less exposed before birth to PAHs.18\r\n\u25a0 A review of 31 studies published between 2006 and 2015 found that traffic-related air pollution has been associated with cognitive impairment.","_input_hash":194451042,"_task_hash":-1663698615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Pollution exposure in utero was associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay.","_input_hash":185433542,"_task_hash":1086654252,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Exposure during childhood was associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in younger children and decreased academic achievement and neurocognitive performance in older children.","_input_hash":1201030350,"_task_hash":167285011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In older adults, exposure to traffic pollution was associated with cognitive decline.19\r\n\u25a0 In a study of 263 children ages 8 to 12, higher exposure to urban traffic pollution was linked to slower brain maturation.20\r\n\u25a0 Four studies investigating prenatal exposure to PAHs found links to delayed verbal, psychomotor and/or general development in children.21\r\n\u25a0 A 2014 cross-sectional study in the U.S. found an association between postnatal exposure to PAHs and special education needs in boys.22\r\n\u25a0 Three studies that investigated prenatal exposure to air pollutants found increased exposure was associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder.23\r\n","_input_hash":-1654798137,"_task_hash":1973675875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u25a0 The 2013 Nurses Health Study II found an increased risk for autism disorder related to perinatal (late pregnancy and newborn) exposure to diesel exhaust, particulates, lead, manganese and nickel.24\r\n","_input_hash":853225266,"_task_hash":-335980864,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u25a0 Four studies investigating pre- and postnatal exposure to nitrogen dioxide and fine particulates showed an association with autism spectrum disorder.25\r\n\u25a0 A study of 524 children enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study in California found exposure to traffic-related air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter) during pregnancy and the first year of life was associated with autism.26\r\n","_input_hash":1038461011,"_task_hash":1951988697,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u25a0 While fewer studies have investigated the potential harms of outdoor air pollution on the brains of older adults, the evidence is growing stronger that air pollution experienced by many older adults is one cause of neurodegenerative problems.\r\n","_input_hash":-826446414,"_task_hash":-1088146150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u25a0 A 2017 study from the University of Southern California found living in areas where fine particle levels exceed EPA standards increased the risks for global cognitive decline by 81 percent and all-cause dementia by 92 percent in people with a genetic risk for Alzheimer","_input_hash":-76791758,"_task_hash":-2001083526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u25a0 A 2017 meta-predictive analysis found increased air pollution levels may impact susceptibility to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.29\r\n","_input_hash":1965476413,"_task_hash":-234783746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Scientists and health professionals have long known that exposure to air pollution causes respiratory damage, such as asthma.","_input_hash":-129229762,"_task_hash":995898629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A growing body of science now indicates that air pollution from burning fossil fuels is contributing to serious neurodevelopmental problems in the very young that may be life-altering, as well as to neurological decline in aging adults.","_input_hash":1967532686,"_task_hash":-1506354554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These health consequences of fossil fuel use inflict major economic and societal costs that will continue to increase until we shift course toward clean energy sources.\r\n","_input_hash":-1539650318,"_task_hash":1923000235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change-induced severe weather and other natural disasters have the most immediate effects on mental health in the form of the trauma and shock due to personal injuries, loss of a loved one, damage to or loss of personal property or even the loss of livelihood, according to the report.","_input_hash":-556051099,"_task_hash":-805521247,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Terror, anger, shock and other intense negative emotions that can dominate people\u2019s initial response may eventually subside, only to be replaced by post-traumatic stress disorder.\r\n","_input_hash":-1820621134,"_task_hash":-1059419536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As an example of the impacts natural disasters can have, among a sample of people living in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, suicide and suicidal ideation more than doubled, 1 in 6 people met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 49 percent developed an anxiety or mood disorder such as depression, said the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-924303189,"_task_hash":-740964024,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There are also significant mental health impacts from longer-term climate change.","_input_hash":-1720536145,"_task_hash":-693117086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in climate affect agriculture, infrastructure and livability, which in turn affect occupations and quality of life and can force people to migrate.","_input_hash":-2115936772,"_task_hash":-389287140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These effects may lead to loss of personal and professional identity, loss of social support structures, loss of a sense of control and autonomy and other mental health impacts such as feelings of helplessness, fear and fatalism.","_input_hash":-685322305,"_task_hash":-1089879140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High levels of stress and anxiety are also linked to physical health effects, such as a weakened immune system.","_input_hash":176780679,"_task_hash":-198515382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Worry about actual or potential impacts of climate change can lead to stress that can build over time and eventually lead to stress-related problems, such as substance abuse, anxiety disorders and depression, according to research reviewed in the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-990778153,"_task_hash":-932866633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is likewise having mental health impacts at the community level.","_input_hash":321720229,"_task_hash":-1896230993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Both acute and long-term changes have been shown to elevate hostility and interpersonal and intergroup aggression, and contribute to the loss of social identity and cohesion, said the report.","_input_hash":-1365286859,"_task_hash":1857266072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Certain disadvantaged communities, such as indigenous communities, children and communities dependent on the natural environment can experience disproportionate mental health impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":-230336008,"_task_hash":2071112224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The key to combating the potential negative psychological effects of climate change, according to the report, is building resilience.","_input_hash":-1962867007,"_task_hash":-1294643443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cResearchers have found that higher levels of social support during and in the aftermath of a disaster are associated with lower rates of psychological distress.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":909801316,"_task_hash":1111201362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, choosing to bike or walk to work has been associated with decreased stress levels.","_input_hash":-511760001,"_task_hash":1139432951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"If walking or biking to work is impractical or unsafe, use of public transportation has been associated with an increase in community cohesion and a reduction in symptoms of depression and stress, according to the report.","_input_hash":1552592440,"_task_hash":140663838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Also, increased accessibility to parks and other green spaces could benefit mental health as spending more time in nature has been shown to lower stress levels and reduce stress-related illness, regardless of socioeconomic status, age or gender.\r\n","_input_hash":1310382025,"_task_hash":126098654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The number of individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 reporting symptoms of major depression increased 52% from 2005 to 2017, while older adults did not experience any increase in psychological stress at this time, and some age groups even saw decreases.","_input_hash":558922453,"_task_hash":-1420171643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Study author Jean Twenge says this may be attributed to the increased use of digital media, which has changed modes of interaction enough to impact social lives and communication.","_input_hash":14539430,"_task_hash":-239158779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Millennials are also said to suffer from \u201ceco-anxiety,\u201d according to a 2018 report from the American Psychological Association, with 72% saying their emotional well-being is affected by the inevitability of climate change, compared with just 57% of people over the age of 45.\r\n","_input_hash":-254855050,"_task_hash":1729905004,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A perennial problem\r\nFrom the chaos of World War II to the draft for the Vietnam War and the looming threat of nuclear conflict during the Cold War, every generation has its own source of doubt about the future, but millennials are uniquely poised to distrust systems propping up the concept of retirement, says Brad Klontz, 48, associate professor of practice at the Financial Psychology Institute.","_input_hash":-1931616191,"_task_hash":-1697185665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The current generation of young people witnessed the dot-com bubble burst after the turn of the millennium, the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11 and the wars that followed, and the stock-market crash in 2008 and the associated housing crisis.\r\n","_input_hash":954310275,"_task_hash":-1658895189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That brings out catastrophic thinking, because they\u2019ve already seen a catastrophe.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1028346308,"_task_hash":-980523578,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI was in college when the financial collapse happened, and I remember the intense dread and panic around me as people who played by the rules of the system and did everything right lost all of their savings,\u201d she says.","_input_hash":-1837045750,"_task_hash":1892910744,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If urgent and unprecedented changes are not made while that 12-year window remains open, the planet will be engulfed by extreme heat, drought, floods and poverty by 2050, the nonpartisan report predicted.\r\n","_input_hash":-1784084101,"_task_hash":-1352954397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On average, one person dies every five minutes from the bite of a venomous snake.","_input_hash":-1708839291,"_task_hash":973351813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This oversight reflects a bigger problem: the widespread failure of public health systems from Kenya to India to the United States to prepare for the threats posed by snakes on the move.","_input_hash":279269725,"_task_hash":-759236553,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To stem this rising tide of death and disability, health systems must begin preparing now.\r\n","_input_hash":-1744151842,"_task_hash":-1247538453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Human-driven climate change \u2014 including rising temperatures and an increase in severe events like drought, heat waves, floods, cold spells, and wildfires \u2014 are making snakes\u2019 traditional territories uninhabitable.","_input_hash":-278367987,"_task_hash":463416452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is also driving snake evolution.","_input_hash":-869873031,"_task_hash":-460160341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A record cold spell in Florida in 2010 induced genetic adaptation in the surviving Burmese pythons that made them more cold tolerant.","_input_hash":1137734836,"_task_hash":1161578463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The decline of rattlesnakes, for example, has been associated with a rise in tick-borne diseases like Lyme disease.\r\n","_input_hash":1204315338,"_task_hash":561031857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Countries need to update their maps of snake habitats and educate communities about new threats they may face from venomous snakes.","_input_hash":-1333047351,"_task_hash":864564711,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To be sure, these actions should not distract from the root cause of the problem.","_input_hash":1715916954,"_task_hash":-1538046543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Global efforts to mitigate and reverse climate change must accelerate.","_input_hash":-581726826,"_task_hash":-1408844963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most lawmakers agree that spending money to help communities recover from disasters has long been a central job of the federal government, and it\u2019s becoming more important as climate change exacerbates extreme weather.\r\n","_input_hash":1490189761,"_task_hash":-1189369994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But a combination of a less-effective Congress, a Republican focus on austerity and general political polarization have contributed to a disaster aid package stumbling through Congress right now to help clean up from Midwest flooding, California wildfires and hurricanes that ravaged Puerto Rico.","_input_hash":-754404657,"_task_hash":400133691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Which means as climate change gets worse,","_input_hash":-1043595893,"_task_hash":1569396666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There are a few reasons for the politicization of disaster aid, says Molly Reynolds, a congressional expert at the Brookings Institution who carefully follows spending debates.","_input_hash":-1764929572,"_task_hash":-1712794116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2011, in the wake of Hurricane Irene racking the East Coast, Republicans started insisting that disaster spending get offset by other federal budget cuts.\r\n","_input_hash":-1968214086,"_task_hash":-1149998764,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the worst of the violent winds has passed, the region is now bracing for massive flooding, following record amounts of rain brought by the severe weather system and with more expected over the weekend.","_input_hash":986097007,"_task_hash":46237338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s coming on the heels of the wettest 12 months the US has seen since record-keeping began in 1895.\r\n","_input_hash":1652334555,"_task_hash":1993242737,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which earlier this year predicted that two-thirds of the states in the lower 48 would risk major or moderate flooding between March and","_input_hash":169474234,"_task_hash":521342253,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage to homes, businesses, and farms is likely to rise into the hundreds of millions of dollars.\r\n","_input_hash":-1361105461,"_task_hash":-296304110,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists say it\u2019s too early to tell to what degree this particularly relentless spring storm season is the result of human-induced climate change.","_input_hash":628173190,"_task_hash":109167541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But they agree that rising temperatures allow the atmosphere to hold more moisture\u2014about 7 percent more for every 1 degree rise in Celsius\u2014which produces more precipitation and has been fueling a pattern of more extreme weather events across the US.","_input_hash":35626465,"_task_hash":-1018432282,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or how they\u2019ll get swamped first by sea-level rise.","_input_hash":1949428326,"_task_hash":-769915393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But climate change will bring more moisture to the middle parts of the country too, and after decades of draining wetlands and clearing forests for agricultural use, those changes to the timing, type, and amount of precipitation will fall on a system already profoundly altered in ways that make flooding much more likely.\r\n","_input_hash":-824005958,"_task_hash":-397659586,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Using a statistical method to blend data from global climate models with local information, the researchers predicted that the severity of extreme hydrologic events, so-called 100-year floods, hitting 20 watersheds in the Midwest and","_input_hash":630180501,"_task_hash":-1979937100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In South Bend, Indiana, where Notre Dame is located, the city is still recovering from back-to-back biblical deluges\u2014a 500-year flood last spring preceded by a 1,000-year flood in 2016 that broke all historical records.","_input_hash":-418022982,"_task_hash":241941057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Besides all the damage to homes, businesses, and municipal infrastructure, increasingly frequent flooding events in the Midwest would have a huge impact on the nation\u2019s ability to produce food.","_input_hash":149386836,"_task_hash":1223656142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But in a world that is both warming and graying, older adults suffer disproportionately from climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":215191998,"_task_hash":1963418988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The risk of heat stroke, which is potentially fatal, increases because older adults may be less mobile, and thus less able to reach cooler locations in a heat wave.","_input_hash":692613041,"_task_hash":-1865957515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With impaired cognitive function, \u201cyou might be less able to judge what to do,\u201d Dr. Kinney said.","_input_hash":-1446460976,"_task_hash":1663005409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The air pollution often associated with heat waves intensifies the problems.","_input_hash":1366473121,"_task_hash":-1649033960,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Chicago heat wave of July 1995, for instance, caused 514 heat-related deaths; people older than 65 accounted for 72 percent of the fatalities.\r\n","_input_hash":62862805,"_task_hash":2050802236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Kinney and his colleagues found that the risk of dying from heat in New York City declined 65 percent from the early 1970s to 2006 as the proportion of households with air-conditioning surged.","_input_hash":550554407,"_task_hash":1609907931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But air-conditioners also contribute to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":456996063,"_task_hash":-1236484204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But the overall relationship is clear: Aside from heat waves, climate change will bring other kinds of extreme weather and disasters.","_input_hash":-1924165235,"_task_hash":1259132541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nearly half of the individuals who died during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 were 75 or older.","_input_hash":-1203492636,"_task_hash":-481292329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, almost half of those who died were over age 65.\r\n","_input_hash":68140593,"_task_hash":-1270645865,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Older volunteers would benefit by working to halt climate change, Dr. Pillemer said: \u201cParticipants gain fulfillment from activities that have results they will not be here to enjoy.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-658827084,"_task_hash":-1707734042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Why is Google to Blame for the Nonsense Epidemic?\r\n","_input_hash":-1084361566,"_task_hash":731236597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Moreover, personalization is not the only feature that might lead to bias.","_input_hash":1243656741,"_task_hash":1119475276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The threat of the increasing popularity of the anti-vaccine movement is quite obvious: as more people refuse to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates will drop until an epidemic breaks out.\r\n","_input_hash":-1401504838,"_task_hash":1139019472,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Personalization and the bias it causes is a threat to the very values our society relies on.","_input_hash":859272305,"_task_hash":-1828649752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Isn\u2019t securing a child\u2019s freedom not to die from an easily preventable disease a good enough reason?\r\n","_input_hash":420490151,"_task_hash":2124500941,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And if it seems like your allergies are getting worse year after year,","_input_hash":-1764185122,"_task_hash":-2022540708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And that\u2019s becoming a problem, whether you suffer from seasonal allergies \u2014 or not.","_input_hash":-228539572,"_task_hash":-1698678976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Boosted by February\u2019s relentless low-elevation rains and blockbuster mountain snows, the United States notched its wettest winter on record, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\r\n","_input_hash":425935698,"_task_hash":1310906895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average precipitation, including rain and melted snow, was 9.01 inches during meteorological winter, which spans December, January and February.","_input_hash":-649906167,"_task_hash":1373765100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both the winters of 1997-1998 and the present featured El Ni\u00f1o events, which tend to increase the flow of Pacific moisture into the Lower 48 states.\r\n","_input_hash":-253004020,"_task_hash":870371391,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greg Carbin, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service, told The Washington Post that a record 5.5 percent of the Lower 48 received more than 10 inches of rain in February.\r\n","_input_hash":-928534861,"_task_hash":-1788956106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While precipitation over a short period cannot be conclusively linked to climate change, a greater frequency of heavy downpours is projected in a warming world, which would increase the likelihood of any given period being abnormally wet.","_input_hash":-1473733823,"_task_hash":1921543914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"At the same time, greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels \u2014 as well as deforestation and intensive agriculture \u2014 have skyrocketed to levels not seen in more than 800,000 years.\r\n","_input_hash":-241643897,"_task_hash":1265277619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The latest: An unusually warm April followed a top 3 hottest March, and indicates that the Earth is headed for yet another top 3 warmest year on record.","_input_hash":633895745,"_task_hash":-462248015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to NOAA, the annual global land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.13\u00b0F (0.07\u00b0C) per decade since 1880.","_input_hash":-1671974991,"_task_hash":292281655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The impacts of long-term global warming are already being felt \u2014 in coastal flooding, heat waves, intense precipitation and ecosystem change,\" Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA GISS, said in a press release.\r\n","_input_hash":-165995040,"_task_hash":-1213123746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since the 1880s, the average global surface temperature has risen about 2\u00b0F (1\u00b0C), which Schmidt \u2014 along with the vast majority of climate scientists \u2014 attributes largely to increased emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities.\r\n","_input_hash":608388827,"_task_hash":1939067517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing average temperatures are most pronounced in the Arctic, where temperatures have jumped at more than twice the rate of the rest of the globe, triggering sea ice and land-based glaciers to melt.\r\n","_input_hash":1161499660,"_task_hash":-939541413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas ticked up in 2018, to the highest levels in recorded history, according to the Global Carbon Project and the International Energy Agency.\r\n","_input_hash":-1978114843,"_task_hash":-1425585060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A separate report showed that U.S. carbon emissions from energy \u2014 which is the overwhelming cause of planet-warming emissions \u2014 jumped by 3.4% last year, ending years of declines.\r\n","_input_hash":-2142740142,"_task_hash":-98229183,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis of winter temperatures indicates that 98% (236) of 242 cities had an increase in average winter temperatures from 1970, with the highest increases around the Great Lakes and Northeast region.","_input_hash":-1920874480,"_task_hash":-263582928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Akin to a warming fall season, a warmer winter can have negative impacts.","_input_hash":222842883,"_task_hash":31351344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But that\u2019s also the bad news, at least for anyone who suffers from spring allergies.","_input_hash":929605864,"_task_hash":1729187919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now here\u2019s the worse news: rising carbon dioxide levels, mainly due to human-induced emissions, are increasing pollen production.\r\n","_input_hash":1480936348,"_task_hash":1469988759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is adding to the allergy season in another way, too.","_input_hash":1995478894,"_task_hash":1512275402,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Generally higher temperatures over the past few decades, mainly due to rising levels of heat-trapping carbon dioxide, have extended the frost-free season and made spring come earlier on average (although not this year in the East) \u2014 lengthening the pollen season.","_input_hash":-842434311,"_task_hash":-987865169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This trend is consistent with many other observations showing that climate is changing more rapidly at higher latitudes.6\r\n","_input_hash":1686748534,"_task_hash":-155996151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Allergies are a major public health concern, with hay fever (congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes) accounting for more than 13 million visits to physicians\u2019 offices and other medical facilities","_input_hash":318150588,"_task_hash":-199157277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One of the most common environmental allergens is ragweed, which can cause hay fever and trigger asthma attacks, especially in children and the elderly.2","_input_hash":-1233719177,"_task_hash":1327783255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change can affect pollen allergies in several ways.","_input_hash":-1964001812,"_task_hash":1351797273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This means that many locations could experience longer allergy seasons and higher pollen counts as a result of climate change.5\r\nAbout the Indicator\r\n","_input_hash":-704921476,"_task_hash":1958099821,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many factors can influence year-to-year changes in pollen season, including typical local and regional variations in temperature and precipitation, extreme events such as floods and droughts, and changes in plant diversity.","_input_hash":-1332542011,"_task_hash":-1169623722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America.","_input_hash":-869896037,"_task_hash":1269715303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Researchers are probing the health and economic fallout from this year's record allergy season to understand how warming weather and shifting rainfall may lead to more widespread and costlier allergy problems in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":1052033214,"_task_hash":-418767745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Itchy eyes and runny noses are rarely fatal, but the risk of allergen exposure is increasing as insects migrate north to newly hospitable land while oak, birch and ragweed disperse pollen more intensely and for longer stretches of the year.\r\n","_input_hash":-523816980,"_task_hash":2095384380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"I personally didn't know that the impact of allergies and asthma is this large,\" said Kevin Lyons, an assistant professor of supply chain management at Rutgers University.","_input_hash":2070433038,"_task_hash":-1143821787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bielory and Lyons co-authored a paper in Current Allergy and Asthma Reports last month on allergies driven by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1419344410,"_task_hash":-1049755817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Growing productivity losses\r\n","_input_hash":1733294119,"_task_hash":43167439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The allergy expenses don't just come from treating them; a large chunk of the economic footprint comes from lost productivity as people stay home or work less to deal with puffy faces, labored breathing and rashes, according to Lyons.","_input_hash":-1802904366,"_task_hash":1007726840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Lyons observed that temperature changes and erratic weather drive a cycle that could further worsen allergy risks.","_input_hash":-801106659,"_task_hash":-34836609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This increased consumption further drives energy demands and production of goods, which can increase greenhouse gas output.\r\n","_input_hash":1058304128,"_task_hash":1166554035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the sound of sneezing grows louder, the health care system will likely become more streamlined and efficient to deal with more patients.","_input_hash":1407048678,"_task_hash":-1849442033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, Lyons expects that the rate of new allergy sufferers seeking help will likely outpace any improvements from scaling up treatments.\r\n","_input_hash":-1958184396,"_task_hash":1607048111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The list of coronavirus symptoms continues to get longer \u2014 fever, coughing, loss of smell, chills \u2014 and as it does, it overlaps with other health problems even more, making it harder to know what\u2019s what.","_input_hash":1421672989,"_task_hash":1379248909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And with a shortage of Covid-19 tests, many people can\u2019t be sure whether the pollen or the virus is behind their malaise.\r\n","_input_hash":-1432134876,"_task_hash":-98465310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The main symptoms common to Covid-19 but not to allergies are fever, cough, and shortness of breath.","_input_hash":-1402649194,"_task_hash":-1794222938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, many people with the coronavirus don\u2019t experience any symptoms at all, and there is nothing precluding someone from having both allergies and the virus at the same time.","_input_hash":-353926359,"_task_hash":-2047545184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The AAAAI says it\u2019s important to continue managing allergies during the pandemic, and that it\u2019s safe to use allergy control medicines like inhaled corticosteroids.\r\n","_input_hash":700689271,"_task_hash":-2026552711,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Allergy season has become so predictably terrible that late-night comedians have taken to venting about warnings of the \u201cpollen tsunami\u201d or the \u201cpollen vortex\u201d or the \u201cperfect storm for allergies.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1873116939,"_task_hash":1127024919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And a major driver behind this increase is climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":631658633,"_task_hash":-1953960609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, rising average temperatures are leading to a longer ragweed pollen season, as you can see here:\r\n","_input_hash":-1450912156,"_task_hash":-100420534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The majority of the 17 sites studied showed both an increase in the amount of pollen and longer pollen seasons over 20 years.\r\n","_input_hash":1732779928,"_task_hash":839142972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the faster the climate changes, the worse it gets.","_input_hash":-13538373,"_task_hash":-1583791224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s why residents of Alaska, which is warming twice as fast as the global average, now face especially high allergy risks.\r\n","_input_hash":891611883,"_task_hash":688222387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Allergies, which are already a major health burden, will become an even larger drain on the economy.\r\n","_input_hash":-1263251376,"_task_hash":1598955792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And since so many are afflicted \u2014 some estimates say up to 50 million Americans have nasal allergies \u2014 scientists and health officials are now trying to tease out the climate factors driving these risks in hopes of bringing some relief in the wake of growing pollen avalanches.\r\n","_input_hash":1741744818,"_task_hash":-212780875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This can cause mild annoyances like hives or itchy eyes, or life-threatening issues like anaphylaxis, where blood pressure plummets and airways start swelling shut.\r\n","_input_hash":1958389301,"_task_hash":-215302418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About 8 percent of US adults suffer from hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, brought on by pollen allergies.","_input_hash":-1411597507,"_task_hash":-820941046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most cases can be treated with antihistamines, but they cost the US between $3.4 billion and $11.2 billion each year just in direct medical expenses, with a substantially higher toll from lost productivity.","_input_hash":212959166,"_task_hash":-408187014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Complications like pollen-induced asthma attacks have also proven fatal in some instances and lead to more than 20,000 emergency room visits each year in the US.\r\n","_input_hash":866713818,"_task_hash":-1815423667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High concentrations of pollen in the air trigger allergic reactions and can spread for miles, even indoors if structures are not sealed.\r\n","_input_hash":2037009306,"_task_hash":741076052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Lewis Ziska, a plant physiologist who formerly worked at the USDA\u2019s Agricultural Research Service, told Vox that the change in carbon dioxide concentrations from a preindustrial level of 280 parts per million to today\u2019s concentrations of more than 400 ppm has led to a corresponding doubling in pollen production per plant of ragweed.\r\n","_input_hash":-1386081931,"_task_hash":-371704921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Researchers have found that grasses and ragweed plants increase their pollen production in response to localized surges in carbon dioxide, like from the exhaust of cars along a highway.\r\n","_input_hash":-414196246,"_task_hash":702785137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s having huge consequences for allergy sufferers in the state, and not just from pollen.\r\n","_input_hash":-439423009,"_task_hash":403966325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This dampness then allows mold to grow, causing more people to seek treatment for mold allergies.\r\n","_input_hash":-1025651044,"_task_hash":-1072798119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2006, Anchorage saw a spike in the numbers of these insects and suffered its first two deaths ever due to insect sting allergies.\r\n","_input_hash":1937958204,"_task_hash":-1482939938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Looking at patterns of people seeking medical treatment from insect stings, Demain found that the increases grew starker going northward in Alaska, with the northernmost part of the state experiencing a 626 percent increase in insect bites and stings between 2004 and 2006 compared with the period between 1999 and 2001.\r\n","_input_hash":2075343534,"_task_hash":-391577832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So it\u2019s not just more pollen; the pollen itself is becoming more potent in causing an immune response.\r\n","_input_hash":-880797627,"_task_hash":1262576622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Allergies are going to get way, way worse\r\n","_input_hash":1571096999,"_task_hash":332470127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here\u2019s how scientists project allergy risks from tree pollen will change in the eastern United States under a \u201chigh\u201d greenhouse gas emissions scenario:\r\n","_input_hash":-601114321,"_task_hash":-2010190942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Oklahoma and Arkansas were collectively holding their breaths and watching the river on Tuesday, as widespread flooding and dam releases threatened riverside cities and put increased pressure on aging levees amid a forecast that called for even more rain.\r\n","_input_hash":676753861,"_task_hash":-2120511417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ark. In Oklahoma, all of the state\u2019s 77 counties remained in a state of emergency, and the Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management reported six fatalities and 107 injuries attributed to the flooding and severe weather.\r\n","_input_hash":1350196506,"_task_hash":18366374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Something that sounded like a gunshot rang out: Locals figured someone had shot a snake, which have been rampant in the floodwaters.\r\n","_input_hash":-1066278898,"_task_hash":-1807354177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After days of being cut off, frustration and anxiety are quietly spreading.\r\n","_input_hash":-1006126950,"_task_hash":-1618949738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Braggs is one of the communities in Oklahoma affected most by the storm, but the flooding for the most part only encircles it.","_input_hash":-1035036801,"_task_hash":1168137959,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The flood that people in this part of Oklahoma recall was the one in 1986, but Ms. Arney and others said the current one was worse.\r\n","_input_hash":-1389932748,"_task_hash":-1778814152,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Residents were told it could take weeks for the water levels to drop, and the increased releases from Keystone Dam might raise it even higher.\r\n","_input_hash":-223648410,"_task_hash":-987427526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Chlorine is added to the water to eradicate harmful bacteria that cause illnesses like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.","_input_hash":1523921671,"_task_hash":426547875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We would like to understand how the choices to control air pollutants, and thus, reduce air quality-associated risk, affect the changes in risk from the bromide discharges.","_input_hash":-245880082,"_task_hash":1980797284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The number of heatwaves affecting the planet\u2019s oceans has increased sharply, scientists have revealed, killing swathes of sea-life like \u201cwildfires that take out huge areas of forest\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":1936621296,"_task_hash":-1389058066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused in these hotspots is also harmful for humanity, which relies on the oceans for oxygen, food, storm protection and the removal of climate-warming carbon dioxide the atmosphere, they say.\r\n","_input_hash":1652894095,"_task_hash":-1205515205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Global warming is gradually increasing the average temperature of the oceans, but the new research is the first systematic global analysis of ocean heatwaves, when temperatures reach extremes for five days or more.\r\n","_input_hash":-388300008,"_task_hash":2046096585,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The research found heatwaves are becoming more frequent, prolonged and severe, with the number of heatwave days tripling in the last couple of years studied.","_input_hash":1646181928,"_task_hash":1436178788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the longer term, the number of heatwave days jumped by more than 50% in the 30 years to 2016, compared with the period of 1925 to 1954.\r\n","_input_hash":-719779979,"_task_hash":-260229972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As heatwaves have increased, kelp forests, seagrass meadows and coral reefs have been lost.","_input_hash":-2039854915,"_task_hash":2116774598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cYou have heatwave-induced wildfires that take out huge areas of forest, but this is happening underwater as well,\u201d said Dan Smale at the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth, UK, who led the research published in Nature Climate Change.","_input_hash":550569070,"_task_hash":1337938045,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As well as quantifying the increase in heatwaves, the team analysed 116 research papers on eight well-studied marine heatwaves, such as the record-breaking \u201cNingaloo Nin\u0303o\u201d that hit Australia in 2011 and the hot \u201cblob\u201d that persisted in the north-east Pacific from 2013 to 2016.","_input_hash":1392553072,"_task_hash":589122748,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientists compared the areas where heatwaves have increased most with those areas harbouring rich biodiversity or species already near their temperature limit and those where additional stresses, such as pollution or overfishing, already occur.","_input_hash":1075924589,"_task_hash":406121030,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The natural ocean cycle of El Nin\u0303o is a key factor in pushing up temperatures in some parts of the ocean and the effect of global warming on the phenomenon remains uncertain, but the gradual overall heating of the oceans means heatwaves are worse when they strike.\r\n","_input_hash":-2121733712,"_task_hash":395754733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some marine wildlife is mobile and could in theory swim to cooler waters, but ocean heatwaves often strike large areas more rapidly than fish move, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-908413771,"_task_hash":244714504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers said ocean heatwaves can have \u201cmajor socioeconomic and political ramifications\u201d, such as in the north-west Atlantic in 2012, when lobster stocks were dramatically affected, creating tensions across the US-Canada border.\r\n","_input_hash":-124804812,"_task_hash":1592320195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis [research] makes clear that heatwaves are hitting the ocean all over the world \u2026","_input_hash":-1300063068,"_task_hash":-1749930502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThese events are likely to become more extreme and more common in the future unless we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-2115765081,"_task_hash":-49445193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Dr \u00c9va Plag\u00e1nyi at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia also likened ocean heatwaves to wildfires.","_input_hash":1586352966,"_task_hash":-2111308481,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage global warming is causing to the oceans has also been shown in a series of other scientific papers published in the last week.","_input_hash":1922174001,"_task_hash":583069326,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists have predicted that the flooding this year could be worse than the historic floods of 1993, which devastated the region.\r\n","_input_hash":774745676,"_task_hash":892154211,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At times, an overwhelming flood on one tributary can be devastating locally, but soon be subsumed into the larger system and forgotten.","_input_hash":53054702,"_task_hash":-752956782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when so many parts of what feeds the Mississippi River are experiencing record flooding, the effects are felt all the way down.\r\n","_input_hash":1175123492,"_task_hash":1718624062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The punishing rains are consistent with the effects of climate change, since warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture \u2014 and release it.\r\n","_input_hash":-742449198,"_task_hash":1403537489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Beneath the persistent whoosh of the water, people stood on the banks beneath the dam, watching and sightseeing and taking pictures.\r\n","_input_hash":535095849,"_task_hash":-633391219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Officials are bracing for some of the worst flooding in decades in the Tulsa area this weekend, after the Army Corps of Engineers increased its release flow.\r\n","_input_hash":184061197,"_task_hash":63687601,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hardin has seen catastrophic floods before.","_input_hash":880400125,"_task_hash":-2025065481,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There was 1993, when a 500-year flood swelled the river to more than 42 feet above flood level.","_input_hash":1817013174,"_task_hash":348568014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because of the tornado, most state employees in Jefferson City had been told to stay home the rest of the week.","_input_hash":-805297375,"_task_hash":-1842168433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"You can be drawn to the Missouri but also in awe of its power, said Carrie Tergin, the mayor of Jefferson City, as she coordinated cleanup efforts from the tornado while simultaneously tracking developments on the Missouri.\r\n","_input_hash":1009622672,"_task_hash":1206753139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Three years ago, thousands of area homes flooded after heavy rain \u2013 displacing entire families.\r\n","_input_hash":675182685,"_task_hash":-482934267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And some even showed signs of post-traumatic stress disorder.\r\n","_input_hash":136208005,"_task_hash":-831683366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Study finds one of the clearest climate change signals to date in July 2018\u2019s record high temperatures, in a result that surprised scientists\r\n","_input_hash":-145895144,"_task_hash":-531052816,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Japan\u2019s heatwave in July 2018 could not have happened without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-228623129,"_task_hash":-2134168113,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The July 2018 heatwave, which killed 1,032 people, saw temperatures reach 41.1C, the highest temperature ever recorded in the country.","_input_hash":-1814986274,"_task_hash":-1094862255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Torrential rains also triggered landslides and the worst flooding in decades.\r\n","_input_hash":1655553840,"_task_hash":-1682125051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Penned by the Meteorological Society of Japan, the study is the first to establish that some aspects of the international heatwave could not have occurred in the absence of global warming.","_input_hash":-1373090318,"_task_hash":969883926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The relatively new method, lead author Yukkiko Imada told Climate Home News, sought to pin down the causality of climate change in the heatwave by simulating 18 climate scenarios with and without the current 1C global warming above pre-industrial levels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1744553621,"_task_hash":897681340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"They found a one in five chance of the heatwave occurring in the current climate, but almost no chance of in a climate unchanged by human activity.\r\n","_input_hash":1042893868,"_task_hash":1973019362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBut in most cases, we could express the results like \u2018the likelihood of the event increased by X times due to the human-induced climate change\u2019.","_input_hash":-226593034,"_task_hash":424440698,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Lake Chad not shrinking, but climate is fuelling terror groups\r\n","_input_hash":1751250305,"_task_hash":-1048706416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study shows it was \u201cessentially impossible\u201d for a heatwave that devastating to happen under natural conditions, Nicholas Leach, a researcher in climate attribution at Oxford University, told CHN.\r\n","_input_hash":827679718,"_task_hash":-1573984050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though the field will usually conclude that the likelihood of an event has been multiplied by climate change, papers categorically linking an event to the climate crisis are not unheard of.\r\n","_input_hash":1135902693,"_task_hash":459622733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Back in December 2018, a study of the 2017/18 heatwave in the Tasman Sea concluded the \u201coverall intensity of the 2017/18 Tasman [heatwave] was virtually impossible without anthropogenic forcing\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":90213233,"_task_hash":-1162397696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"and there's a lot of variability in tornado activity year to year.","_input_hash":-93103139,"_task_hash":386273923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But they said some shifts are starting to show: while tornado intensity doesn't appear to have changed, there are more days with multiple tornadoes now, and there may be a shift in which regions are especially prone to tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1276993079,"_task_hash":-1687921924,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There is growing evidence that \"a warming atmosphere, with more moisture and turbulent energy, favors increasingly large outbreaks of tornadoes, like the outbreak we've witnessed in the last few days,\" said Penn State University climate researcher Michael Mann.\r\n","_input_hash":-1183256737,"_task_hash":257170988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the deadly 2011 outbreak, which included the tornado that tore through Joplin, Missouri, spurred a new wave of studies that help explain how global warming affects tornado activity, said Harold Brooks, a senior scientist with the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma.\r\n","_input_hash":-1680294753,"_task_hash":-257169590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But the changes in winds with height (wind shear), is projected to decrease on average.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1916081842,"_task_hash":-1181922773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some statistics suggest changes in certain categories of tornadoes, but that's likely based on changes in tornado reporting since the 1970s, he added.\r\n","_input_hash":1323658668,"_task_hash":1824829652,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Situations that can produce a lot of tornadoes are happening more often, big days have gotten bigger.","_input_hash":1840059910,"_task_hash":1471388880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It's a record, a steady drumbeat of tornado activity day after day.","_input_hash":-119002647,"_task_hash":-981859796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"And we don't have a way, at present, to say that this is due to climate change.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-510201142,"_task_hash":432599276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But, he said, \"you can look at the large-scale features that are associated with tornadoes and check how these change with global warming.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1738535072,"_task_hash":409938140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Prolonged tornado outbreaks also could potentially be linked with global warming through a jet stream pattern that is becoming more frequent and that keeps extreme weather patterns locked in place, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research scientist Stefan Rahmstorf suggested on Twitter.","_input_hash":284648624,"_task_hash":1744513023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is reasonable to expect that climate change has and will have some kind of effect on tornado activity, said Columbia University climate researcher Chiara Lepore.","_input_hash":-2087116487,"_task_hash":2039760007,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I think the biggest challenges are the scale of tornado activity and the large natural variability of the process.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-556120824,"_task_hash":-1965797385,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At best, there are hints as to what might happen with tornadoes in a warmer future.","_input_hash":1240899490,"_task_hash":-1645303705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lepore said recent research, including a 2013 study led by Stanford climate researcher Noah Diffenbaugh, projects that some of the environments conducive to severe weather will occur more often, but it's unclear if that means more tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-509067695,"_task_hash":1347812829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Diffenbaugh and his co-authors wrote that global climate models were zeroing in on \"robust increases in the occurrence of severe thunderstorm environments over the eastern United States in response to further global warming,\" and suggested \"a possible increase in the number of days supportive of tornadic storms.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1914387976,"_task_hash":-1546036199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Meeting the Paris climate agreement goal of capping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius would moderate the increase in severe storm scenarios, Diffenbaugh said.\r\n","_input_hash":-7948511,"_task_hash":-1788654621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Even if the overall number of tornadoes doesn't increase, the shift toward the southeast, toward areas that are more populated than the southern plains, would put more people in harm's way.\r\n","_input_hash":1274612096,"_task_hash":-2141956969,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused by tornadoes and severe storms is already increasing, according to Munich Re, one of the world's top reinsurance companies.","_input_hash":154251829,"_task_hash":-1268739218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"research meteorologist Mark Bove warned in a 2017 insurance industry newsletter that \"an increase of atmospheric heat and moisture due to our warming climate will likely increase the number of days per year that are favorable for thunderstorms and their associated hazards, including tornadoes.\"\r\n","_input_hash":217699396,"_task_hash":-164836388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Regardless of the effects of global warming, the central U.S. will continue to be a hotbed of severe storms that spawn tornadoes, Lupo said.","_input_hash":1335192006,"_task_hash":670759759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It could be argued that a warmer world, regardless of the cause, will shift where severe weather occurs.","_input_hash":-719614493,"_task_hash":-1804755335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"More tornadoes and severe weather further north or east.","_input_hash":-1147879654,"_task_hash":1381773381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But, it could also be argued that since a warmer world may experience a reduction in the equator to pole temperature contrast, the number of tornadoes and severe weather events would decrease,\" he said.\r\n","_input_hash":731513021,"_task_hash":410327211,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From rain-soaked fields in the Corn Belt to drowned livestock, food shocks\u2014abrupt disruptions to food production\u2014are becoming more common as a result of extreme weather.\r\n","_input_hash":1189886813,"_task_hash":290992588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The rain and floods that have plagued the Midwest since March have agriculture.","_input_hash":428066198,"_task_hash":1435122108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They\u2019re still recovering from the blizzard\u2013flood combination, as well as the sand left behind once the waters subsided\u2014up to .","_input_hash":-2133087235,"_task_hash":-1457804653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Washed-out infrastructure meant that feed wasn\u2019t making it to California farmers, causing an increase in local feed prices.","_input_hash":-506947732,"_task_hash":-1114737277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the other side of the globe, northern Queensland\u2019s seven-year drought was broken by welcome rain\u2014which quickly turned into epic flooding.","_input_hash":-891935348,"_task_hash":-56469952,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rainfall in the region measured 50 inches in 10 days, and with high winds and low temperatures.","_input_hash":703572150,"_task_hash":1690875250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI\u2019ve seen big floods before and big stock losses, but not to the extent of this,\u201d he says.\r\n","_input_hash":-464983775,"_task_hash":336900508,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are both recent examples of \u201cfood shocks\u201d\u2014abrupt disruptions to food production.","_input_hash":-1551049420,"_task_hash":-2119740265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Food shocks can occur because of political unrest, policy change, and mismanagement, but the biggest factor is extreme weather.","_input_hash":934355805,"_task_hash":846023467,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the effects of climate change intensify, extreme weather events like these will likely become more common and more intense, threatening food production around the world.","_input_hash":1970833545,"_task_hash":-653154934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If food shocks continue to increase in occurrence and severity, as predicts, then we should expect extended disruption along the entire food supply chain, which will affect everyone from big agricultural interests to subsistence farmers\u2014as well as everyone who eats.\r\n","_input_hash":-587519728,"_task_hash":-1881977676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought is the principal trigger, but flooding is also a concern.\r\n","_input_hash":-634374134,"_task_hash":-1005765634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the 1970s, increased tropical storms in the Caribbean seriously damaged farmland, which pushed local inhabitants to fishing.","_input_hash":901994882,"_task_hash":-16566720,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The following year, there was a significant increase in the amount of fish caught, and three years later there was a local fish stock collapse.","_input_hash":1118532609,"_task_hash":1995285376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In Ecuador, floods in 1998 damaged farmland; by 2000, disease was affecting the country\u2019s aquaculture shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-734325344,"_task_hash":1018005895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there is no solid connection between the two, the warming ocean has been linked to the virus that hit the shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-458593980,"_task_hash":1801389303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In West Africa, the local fishery collapse led to an increase in bush meat hunting.","_input_hash":1263037988,"_task_hash":-1541150581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Queensland\u2019s drought\u2013flood combination is a clear example of a food shock, says Cottrell.","_input_hash":679613515,"_task_hash":1927748497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate Change Creating Multiple and Varied Shocks at Once\r\n","_input_hash":-2038225651,"_task_hash":1771975098,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In 2018 alone, extreme weather led to $91 billion in losses.\r\n","_input_hash":872944390,"_task_hash":-1362215347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As our food supply has become more vulnerable, there is also the increased likelihood that multiple food shocks will happen at the same time, a scenario that has the potential to severely disrupt global trade systems, particularly if major food growing regions are hit.\r\n","_input_hash":-1431223244,"_task_hash":-1108201269,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another problem is that different areas are experiencing different effects\u2014one area might flood while, close by, another is in drought\u2014making statewide responses difficult.","_input_hash":413705527,"_task_hash":-1129169870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"California recently experienced a seven-year-long drought, devastating fires, and extreme heat.","_input_hash":693837483,"_task_hash":-134045365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":", a 6,800-acre property in Winters, California, owned by the National Audubon Society, has been burned by wildfire every year for the past five years, says ranch manager Dash Weidhofer, who says 2018\u2019s fire season was \u201cunprecedented.\u201d","_input_hash":1329252192,"_task_hash":1773267073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cA lot of the species here adapt to fire, but in the landscape\u2019s history, it\u2019s unlikely there was a significant wildfire every year,\u201d he says.\r\n","_input_hash":1321023913,"_task_hash":-546985138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Underestimating Food Shocks\r\n","_input_hash":985255462,"_task_hash":-1921769812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The data on global food shocks are enormously underestimated, says Cottrell, for two reasons: A shock in one area might be mitigated by another region that is fairing better, especially in a wealthy economy that is more able to make up for the loss.","_input_hash":-932036650,"_task_hash":-1294316457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The second reason getting an accurate count is a challenge is a lack of good data from fishing and overfishing and especially from developing and underdeveloped economies with many small-scale and backyard farmers, where production information is not captured in bigger food systems.","_input_hash":-1543615966,"_task_hash":-955062712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Regenerative farming, rotational and mob grazing, reducing tillage, agroforestry, and soil improvements are all means to help mitigate the effects of extreme weather, and the resulting food shocks.","_input_hash":-275388102,"_task_hash":-507532294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Healthier soil, for example, recovers quicker from droughts and floods.","_input_hash":154546754,"_task_hash":-1673772996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Charles Alder, CEO of in Sunnybank Hills, Queensland, a nonprofit that supports farmers, has seen firsthand the devastation caused by flooding.","_input_hash":-1259794278,"_task_hash":-2145743197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rural and urban areas have not been spared from devastating spring storms.","_input_hash":610885178,"_task_hash":-371413841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Weather.com writer Jonathan Erdman, \"The United States is experiencing the most active prolonged period of tornadoes since the April 2011 Super Outbreak.\"","_input_hash":-463725683,"_task_hash":-1387248056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This number has likely increased given the widespread tornadic activity in Kansas and the Northeast U.S. yesterday.\r\n","_input_hash":327943026,"_task_hash":-630235611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Was it caused by climate change?","_input_hash":-2124339138,"_task_hash":2029804319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" I always get nervous with that question because as I wrote previously in Forbes, this comes next:\r\nPerson X: \"This event is clearly caused by climate change.....","_input_hash":-1517805099,"_task_hash":-1716812249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"See they say every extreme event is caused by climate change, but the climate changes naturally and there were always extreme events.....","_input_hash":-433157836,"_task_hash":-692851768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"No, climate change did not cause the recent rash of US tornadoes.","_input_hash":828166390,"_task_hash":-1496797267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change does not cause any given extreme weather event.","_input_hash":245984609,"_task_hash":-852878453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, such studies do not predict a specific number of tornadoes or outbreaks as climate warms.","_input_hash":577959969,"_task_hash":1877090053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Gensini also captures several other important points about natural variability and anthropogenic forcing:\r\n@hebrooks87 and I have shown some interesting spatial trends in activity that could lead to increasing risk for more vulnerable populations.","_input_hash":-512498324,"_task_hash":-835983962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is not clear if these trends are natural variability or climate change induced trends.","_input_hash":1052193654,"_task_hash":-952387639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Robinson found that the La Nina phase tends to be most correlated with increased tornado activity.","_input_hash":1288222431,"_task_hash":1220723092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Finally, the recent period of intense severe weather with virtually no break was anticipated.","_input_hash":220869410,"_task_hash":2025032831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The claim that humanity only has just over a decade left due to climate change is based on a misunderstanding.","_input_hash":2055989518,"_task_hash":359124900,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"All these systems are connected to each other, so if one starts crashing, the chaos may cause other systems to crash, and before we know it we\u2019ll have massive shortages and conflicts.\r\n","_input_hash":780156735,"_task_hash":-327008913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It\u2019s hard to calculate the exact risk of this happening, since it has never happened before.","_input_hash":-3331109,"_task_hash":108051666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But if disaster strikes and those operations stop, the effects of climate change can return quickly.\r\n","_input_hash":-1642847825,"_task_hash":941192315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Though natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and hurricanes can be disastrous, they pose a comparatively small threat to the survival of the human race.\r\n","_input_hash":18844097,"_task_hash":-481190803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Hazards big enough to cause entire species to go extinct are relatively rare.","_input_hash":1004037170,"_task_hash":-1586301293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past century, we have become better at medicine (which lowers the risk from disease) but we also travel more (which increases the spread of diseases).","_input_hash":1176188226,"_task_hash":-185221064,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Again, the probability of an AI disaster is fairly undefined, since it changes depending on how well we prepare for it.\r\n","_input_hash":-1036622241,"_task_hash":-556178654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In case we need anymore evidence that the globe is disastrously warmed, a pattern of conditions is impacting the world\u2019s agricultural systems and threatening food supplies in the U.S. and abroad.","_input_hash":1181834166,"_task_hash":1926404469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not only are homes being damaged as a result of the extreme flooding, but the conditions are making it damn near impossible for farmers to plant their crops.\r\n","_input_hash":-184286266,"_task_hash":-282909307,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Crop shortages will likely result in higher prices for consumers and since corn and soy are basically in every part of the American diet, that could be a real problem.\r\n","_input_hash":-1308220813,"_task_hash":342104843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some farmers may cut their losses and turn to insurance if they\u2019re unable to plant; however, those same people would then also face challenges in qualifying for a federal government aid package designed to ease financial strain from the U.S.-China trade war because it requires that they plant crops.\r\n","_input_hash":1603804722,"_task_hash":-1304673613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The various international agricultural crises paint a dire picture, which is made so much worse by the climate denial by politicians who would rather invent a fake war against burgers than take profound policy action.","_input_hash":1908330438,"_task_hash":258097145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The US East Coast could soon be pounded by more intense and destructive hurricanes than ever before.","_input_hash":-623153836,"_task_hash":465981847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The cause: greenhouse gases, which researchers say are disrupting patterns of air circulation known as wind shear.\r\n","_input_hash":-540784621,"_task_hash":-297078133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wind shear \u2013 a change in the speed or direction of the wind as it travels \u2013 can restrict the impact of a hurricane by diffusing it across a wide area.","_input_hash":-469769156,"_task_hash":-1195903682,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Now a link has been observed between rising levels of atmospheric CO2 \u2013 and other greenhouse gases \u2013 and weakening vertical wind shear along the East Coast of the US.","_input_hash":-2030951561,"_task_hash":990972967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That will make it less likely that recent violent episodes of extreme weather will start to dissipate after making landfall, and may instead grow in strength.\r\n","_input_hash":-1855361006,"_task_hash":-694610904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the most destructive storms to hit the US during its annual hurricane season \u2013 1 June to 30 November \u2013 have occurred in recent years at increasingly intense levels.","_input_hash":-1374225231,"_task_hash":480527785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But last year\u2019s weather unexpectedly unleashed two particularly devastating storms in the Atlantic Basin: Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Michael.","_input_hash":-1786510153,"_task_hash":1201994970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The two storms left nearly 100 people dead and caused damage worth several billions of dollars.","_input_hash":1191745126,"_task_hash":1847169552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The report predicted that by 2045, 300,000 residential and commercial properties will likely face chronic and disruptive flooding, threatening $135 billion in property damage and forcing 280,000 Americans to adapt or relocate.\r\n","_input_hash":65413436,"_task_hash":1984921388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"DiPerna says hotels are extremely vulnerable to the rise in extreme weather, perhaps more than any other client-facing industry.\r\n","_input_hash":-767536473,"_task_hash":-395027105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is increasing the severity of extreme weather events, from droughts to floods to coastal storms and wildfires, and these disasters are creating more problems for real estate,\u201d says Billy Grayson, head of sustainability for the Urban Land Institute and author of the report \u201cClimate Risk and Real Estate Investment Decision-Making.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-229094634,"_task_hash":727345027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The increasing number of natural disasters accelerated by a changing climate\u2014including the record number of billion-dollar disasters that hit the U.S. in 2017\u2014and the cumulative cost of these disasters are outpacing the insurance industry\u2019s ability to help big owners mitigate these risks, says Grayson.","_input_hash":1243295693,"_task_hash":-1578859790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These disasters add unpredictability in an industry with expensive, fixed real estate assets.","_input_hash":-1567010967,"_task_hash":116696376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Rohit Verma, a professor at Cornell University\u2019s SC Johnson College of Business and an expert in hotel sustainability, says the industry is facing a broad challenge of unsustainability, from typhoons and hurricanes to shifting snowfall patterns.\r\n","_input_hash":-1295869643,"_task_hash":-464203501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Many of these real estate-specific reports predict that, before rising waters literally engulf any specific property, the market would place them underwater in a financial sense: The changing number of extreme weather events, rise in seasonal flooding, and increasing damage of storm surge would lead to lower asset value, skyrocketing insurance premiums, and eventually making it challenging, if not impossible, to sell property in the most impacted coastal areas.\r\n","_input_hash":1721131384,"_task_hash":-1354654901,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Grayson\u2019s ULI report found that commercial property values in areas affected by the costliest hurricanes decreased by almost 6 percent one year after the storm, and by 10.5 percent two years after.","_input_hash":-752172207,"_task_hash":-1321926688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While there\u2019s yet to be an exhaustive look at the hotel industry\u2019s overall exposure to rising sea levels, there\u2019s plenty of evidence suggesting that it\u2019s quite extensive.","_input_hash":997991458,"_task_hash":1444540800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Four large chains\u2014Hilton, Host Hotels, Hyatt, and Indian Hotels\u2014cite rising sea levels as one of the significant risks they face due to climate change.","_input_hash":1085249975,"_task_hash":76583037,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis from earlier this year by STR found that 31.3 percent of all U.S. hotels are located in low-lying coastal areas, defined as being threatened by a six-foot storm surge.","_input_hash":638736395,"_task_hash":-1117530862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While in many locations a six-foot storm surge today would require an incredibly strong storm, as sea levels rise, that rare event will become more commonplace.\r\n","_input_hash":-1996421825,"_task_hash":1448754250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 2012 study in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism found that more than 250 properties would be partially or fully inundated by a one-meter sea-level rise.","_input_hash":2030759414,"_task_hash":-156420913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The existential threat of sea-level rise is a challenge that requires an industry that has made great strides in promoting and marketing sustainable practices to find new ways to discuss the environment.\r\n","_input_hash":-1329058924,"_task_hash":-745434627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But what climate trends and impacts are growers seeing as climate shifts?\r\n","_input_hash":-1878885649,"_task_hash":-259101714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"President Obama encouraged natural gas production and proudly took credit for the emission reductions it produced when substituting for coal.","_input_hash":1241641295,"_task_hash":104857560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Methane leakage may make natural gas as bad as coal, but it\u2019s not the reason gas has no future\r\n","_input_hash":-1433635102,"_task_hash":46376248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Some studies have suggested that, yes, methane leakage is bad enough to make natural gas the greenhouse equivalent of coal.","_input_hash":1675101210,"_task_hash":-1795071522,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The same is true regarding the local environmental impacts of natural gas production (air pollution, habitat loss, earthquakes) \u2014 they are dreadful, but even if they were eliminated, the following arguments would still apply.\r\n","_input_hash":-1485791688,"_task_hash":341391983,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coal-to-gas switching is responsible for a big chunk of the emission reductions in the US electricity sector over the past few years.\r\n","_input_hash":-234909955,"_task_hash":-706972908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The relentless decline of solar and wind costs has made these technologies the cheapest sources of new bulk electricity in all major economies, except Japan.","_input_hash":-2032939649,"_task_hash":-648583337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is an admission of failure, an acknowledgment that the US will not do its part to avert 2 degrees of warming and the horrors that will follow in its wake.","_input_hash":-1063523387,"_task_hash":-1678653008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Flooding along the Mississippi River is the worst it\u2019s been since 1927.","_input_hash":1974712794,"_task_hash":-1532204401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate scientists say this is only the beginning of what will be decades of increasingly dangerous and damaging extreme weather \u2013 and there\u2019s no question that much of it\u2019s being driven by global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-641780577,"_task_hash":2146485292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global warming has already increased the odds of record hot and wet events happening in 75% of North America, said Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of climate science at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.\r\n","_input_hash":-504485021,"_task_hash":473285944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The scientific evidence is not strong enough for a definitive link between global warming and the kinds of severe thunderstorms that produce tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1108206149,"_task_hash":-1266216403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Fourth National Climate Assessment released in November found that as the planet warms because of human-caused climate change, heavy downpours are increasing in the Midwest.","_input_hash":1050545403,"_task_hash":768670754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From the early 1990s to the mid-2010s, very heavy precipitation events in the Midwest increased by 37%.","_input_hash":-548711631,"_task_hash":899774861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report said \"an increase in localized extreme precipitation and storm events can lead to an increase in flooding.","_input_hash":-1466567299,"_task_hash":1594197722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"River flooding in large rivers like the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries","_input_hash":575699419,"_task_hash":-1714867364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"can flood surface streets and low-lying areas, resulting in drinking water contamination, evacuations, damage to buildings, injury, and death.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-153587791,"_task_hash":-1309913427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The United States is seeing clear increases in historical terms of severe heat, heavy rainfalls and storm-surge flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1102746453,"_task_hash":1749645325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are also many different individual extreme events for which we have robust evidence of an influence of historical global warming on the probability and/or severity of that particular event,\u201d said Diffenbaugh.\r\n","_input_hash":-696977734,"_task_hash":1589679722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Those events include the hot, dry summer over the central United States in 2012 that led to severe declines in crop yields, the recent California drought that lasted seven years, the storm-surge flooding during Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and the record rainfall delivered to Houston by Hurricane Harvey in 2017, said Diffenbaugh.\r\n","_input_hash":1229928195,"_task_hash":-1076554387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Midwest, the characteristics of winters are changing, they\u2019re getting warmer and wetter, followed by large amounts of spring rain.\r\n","_input_hash":-1479169393,"_task_hash":-1274497772,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You\u2019re seeing remarkable duration in the flooding on many Midwestern rivers,\u201d said Rood.\r\n","_input_hash":-429696096,"_task_hash":-1266685012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only the beginning\r\nHeat-trapping carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by burning coal, oil and other fossil fuels are the cause of the higher temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-2049345227,"_task_hash":-1774585419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The extra carbon dioxide has caused temperatures to rise to levels that cannot be explained by natural factors, scientists report.","_input_hash":1355914432,"_task_hash":-632819326,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThey well know that if we fail to act to bring down our carbon emissions over the next decade, this will lock in disastrous melting of the ice sheets, sea-level rise, and a rise in devastating weather extremes decades down the road,\u201d said Michael Mann, a professor of atmospheric science at Pennsylvania State University.\r\n","_input_hash":-1616750642,"_task_hash":71302869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They want to inflict a collective societal myopia that benefits their fossil fuel industry friends at the expense of us, our children, grandchildren and future generations,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-159129344,"_task_hash":1026039203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Intense storms are more frequent as climates shift and the mangroves protect the coast from eroding, according to scientists.\r\n","_input_hash":2130864020,"_task_hash":252719510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"At a time when we need to have a barrier to cushion some of the impact of the severity that comes from the oceans \u2014 such as strong waves and storms \u2014 mangroves are essential, they provide a very broad ecosystem service and protect the populations that live in these areas.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1337893588,"_task_hash":-461629827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A large share of marine environments is at risk of extinction due to climate change and human development, according to a UN report published this year.","_input_hash":-1490292895,"_task_hash":223445363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors cite incidents like the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire that forced 80,000 residents to evacuate and caused $3.5 billion Canadian in insured losses, with a total expected financial toll to be much higher.","_input_hash":-1497490618,"_task_hash":1784417251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They note also that wildfires affect residents far from the flames as plumes of smoke cause health impacts in communities hundreds of miles away.","_input_hash":-520418600,"_task_hash":914563819,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The report also mentions the 2013 flooding in southern Alberta and its heavy impacts in Calgary, causing $6 billion Canadian in damage.","_input_hash":617748020,"_task_hash":1388804800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coastal cities, like Vancouver and Halifax, are also facing the threat of sea-level rise.\r\n","_input_hash":1464226654,"_task_hash":1211596912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scenarios with limited warming will only occur if Canada and the rest of the world reduce carbon emissions to near zero early in the second half of the century and reduce emissions of other greenhouse gases substantially.\r\n","_input_hash":-1971075386,"_task_hash":852346588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s certainly urgent, and all action is needed to try and limit the amount of global warming, and that will, of course, limit the amount of warming that Canada and the U.S. and other countries experience.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1945201463,"_task_hash":-1973288341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"He points to wildfire smoke from Canadian fires drifting into the U.S., and says U.S. communities rely on Canadian hydropower, agriculture, and other resources.\r\n","_input_hash":386202114,"_task_hash":493051401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"doesn\u2019t just impact emissions for the short term: It can have a lasting impact for decades.","_input_hash":-208259757,"_task_hash":690434746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But when a representative of the Army Corps of Engineers stood at the microphone to address residents of this waterlogged neighborhood outside of Tulsa, there was a sudden burst of anger.\r\n","_input_hash":-939963259,"_task_hash":-1101068381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Some of the heaviest flood damage, residents said, was a result of the Corps\u2019s own actions: Heavy rainfall had forced the federal agency to open nearby Keystone Dam and release a large amount of water into the Arkansas River, flooding parts of Sand Springs and other towns.\r\n","_input_hash":713654292,"_task_hash":1320738686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of the evening he was on the defensive, as the Corps has been throughout the extraordinary spring deluge that has flooded rivers from Oklahoma to Louisiana, overtopping levees and forcing the federal agency into the position of choosing which communities will be inundated with water its dams can no longer hold.\r\n","_input_hash":982517976,"_task_hash":377226504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The record-setting floods this spring have thrown into sharp relief the difficulty of managing all those priorities when so many of them \u2014 particularly the unusual weather patterns that have sent an unprecedented amount of water churning down the Arkansas River \u2014 are unpredictable.\r\n","_input_hash":-1739191535,"_task_hash":325353629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists have suggested that while flooding is a complex phenomenon, climate change could be making such floods worse and more frequent.\r\n","_input_hash":1350788966,"_task_hash":52226092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe make tough choices that can allow some flooding to avoid a catastrophic, uncontrollable release of water that would threaten massive property damage and loss of life,\u201d the agency said in a statement.","_input_hash":1157388346,"_task_hash":-1054344925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The judge found that a series of changes the Corps had made in the management of the Missouri River worsened flooding during more than 100 flood events from 2007 to 2014.","_input_hash":1455107076,"_task_hash":1653695026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The agency\u2019s changes were made to benefit endangered birds and fish \u2014 including a small black-crowned bird known as the interior least tern \u2014 and \u201cled to greater flooding\u201d for many of the property owners, the judge concluded.","_input_hash":-1708173969,"_task_hash":-341355386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cThere\u2019s no question that there\u2019s extraordinary weather, extraordinary rain this year.","_input_hash":826335965,"_task_hash":1444852622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But to simply say that all the flooding that\u2019s taking place is solely attributable to weather is an exaggeration.","_input_hash":-1776114604,"_task_hash":381520227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And it wreaked havoc on local wildlife, killing an estimated 1,600 whitetail deer and displacing the Louisiana black bear, a federally listed threatened species.\r\n","_input_hash":-433321742,"_task_hash":-1994455463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Four of the national parks most impacted by air pollution are in California.\r\n","_input_hash":-1736292436,"_task_hash":-755691899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The authors blame the poor air quality on car emissions, the burning of fossil fuels and the impacts of climate change, such as wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-751086222,"_task_hash":2075344896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s pretty clear, the number of wildfires we\u2019re seeing is connected to climate change,\u201d Amy Roberts with the Outdoor Industry Association said in the report.","_input_hash":1612964894,"_task_hash":2058940923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The authors suggest all this pollution is increasing the cases of visitors who experience allergy and asthma issues.\r\n","_input_hash":-452941187,"_task_hash":-1970767000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much of that pollution comes from California\u2019s Central Valley.","_input_hash":-2038573214,"_task_hash":-752092692,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution is having adverse effects on plants, and some research suggests it could even impact tree mortality.","_input_hash":-352429796,"_task_hash":-1261167743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Pollution builds in soil and water and \u201csensitive plants and animals","_input_hash":1461851806,"_task_hash":-1103961389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cNearly every single one of our more than 400 national parks is plagued by air pollution.","_input_hash":-1849303839,"_task_hash":256285529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If we don\u2019t take immediate action to combat this, the results will be devastating and irreversible.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":247640527,"_task_hash":1992130087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"People died from the scorching heat.","_input_hash":1249184934,"_task_hash":-252049497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Switzerland, climate researcher Martha Vogel found relief by swimming in Lake Zurich.","_input_hash":-1251972716,"_task_hash":43957063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She and her colleagues at ETH, a science, technology, engineering and mathematics university in Zurich, found the size and number of simultaneous heat waves in the summer of 2018 is the result of human-caused climate change.","_input_hash":892207886,"_task_hash":1583202721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe occurrence of such extraordinary global-scale heat waves did not occur in the past, and cannot [otherwise] be explained,\u201d Vogel said.","_input_hash":-263036435,"_task_hash":1292033187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found reports of heat strokes in Japan, as well as wildfires in Canada, the United States, Scandinavia, Greece, Russia and South Korea.","_input_hash":-1230253130,"_task_hash":1959248466,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Between May and July of 2018, Vogel said, heat waves simultaneously afflicted one-fifth of the area studied.","_input_hash":-735742794,"_task_hash":-1152039609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Simultaneous heat waves of the size and ferocity seen in 2018 did not materialize in the historical simulation.","_input_hash":2102353702,"_task_hash":-1523780773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHence, we can conclude that a 2018-like event could have not have occurred without human-induced climate change,\u201d Vogel said.\r\n","_input_hash":1173257586,"_task_hash":-188538222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"She said the trends are alarming, noting that more frequent, simultaneous heat waves will almost certainly have serious consequences for public health and the ability of nations to protect roads and railways and to fight wildfires.","_input_hash":-988979933,"_task_hash":-2106203260,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Scandinavia last summer, for example, some countries asked for emergency assistance to cope with the wildfires, a situation Vogel said could become dire if several countries are fighting wildfires at the same time and can\u2019t help each other.\r\n","_input_hash":-651491556,"_task_hash":355699879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Moreover, if simultaneous heat waves take a heavy toll on agriculture, the results could provoke instability in global food markets, Vogel said.","_input_hash":-478727723,"_task_hash":-2030794441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2010, for example, Russia imposed a ban on all wheat exports as a result of a record heat wave \u2014 the highest temperatures seen in 130 years \u2014 that impaired the country\u2019s grain crop and caused grain prices to skyrocket.\r\n","_input_hash":650763380,"_task_hash":-1932914873,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Finally, the study models found as temperatures rise, heat waves like those seen in 2018 will become regular summer features.","_input_hash":-1085458626,"_task_hash":1868830389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With that amount of warming, humans can expect such heat waves roughly once every six years.","_input_hash":-1564590387,"_task_hash":1600815306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If temperatures warm by 1.5 degrees C, an improbably optimistic scenario, 2018-like heat waves will strike once every two or three years.","_input_hash":1867893129,"_task_hash":-636075687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Record rainfall in California.","_input_hash":-656144583,"_task_hash":1159148315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record flooding in the mid-West.","_input_hash":1377690310,"_task_hash":533279965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record tornado activity in the central and southeastern U.S.","_input_hash":-155177812,"_task_hash":-1153952132,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That persistence, and what Francis calls the waviness of the jet stream, are fingerprints of human-caused climate change, particularly the disproportionate warming of the Arctic.","_input_hash":-2121242238,"_task_hash":-1714821416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And Francis says that persistent, wavy jet stream pattern is linked to much of this spring\u2019s unusual weather, from late spring snow in the Sierra Nevada to a heat wave in the southeast.\r\n","_input_hash":-156905509,"_task_hash":-637175094,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that moisture is fuel for all sorts of storms, even tornadoes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1370122437,"_task_hash":-318316336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Francis says that doesn\u2019t mean an increase in the total number of hurricanes (that hasn\u2019t been observed and isn\u2019t expected), but an increase in the strongest storms.\r\n","_input_hash":267891906,"_task_hash":-1417960524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Another change in hurricanes that\u2019s clearly linked to climate change is a tendency to intensify more rapidly.","_input_hash":1340962934,"_task_hash":1908503273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And then, there\u2019s rainfall.","_input_hash":-1572248632,"_task_hash":-1847758280,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With seven percent more water vapor in the atmosphere as a result of human-caused warming, Francis says it\u2019s only logical that hurricanes and other storms would produce more rainfall.\r\n","_input_hash":-535655071,"_task_hash":-1343131272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That tendency can exacerbate the potential for higher rainfall.\r\n","_input_hash":414808553,"_task_hash":-927591718,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And that doesn\u2019t reflect the many ways in which climate change is making hurricane season anything but normal.","_input_hash":75397623,"_task_hash":-1561377681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The researchers found that:\r\nobserved climate change causes a significant yield variation in the world's top 10 crops, ranging from a decrease of 13.4 percent for oil palm to an increase of 3.5 percent for soybean, and resulting in an average reduction of approximately one percent (-3.5 X 10e13 kcal/year) of consumable food calories from these top 10 crops;\r\nimpacts of climate change on global food production are mostly negative in Europe, Southern Africa, and Australia, generally positive in Latin America, and mixed in Asia and Northern and Central America;\r\nhalf of all food-insecure countries are experiencing decreases in crop production\u2014and so are some affluent industrialized countries in Western Europe;\r\ncontrastingly, recent climate change has increased the yields of certain crops in some areas of the upper Midwest United States.\r\n","_input_hash":204882926,"_task_hash":484058863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same existential dread I felt around the end of the world due to global warming reared its head again, except this time it wasn\u2019t about the whole world, just mine.\r\n","_input_hash":-1562301615,"_task_hash":57400564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The existential dread was akin to the overarching fear I felt about the destruction of the world.","_input_hash":-152337927,"_task_hash":1432800005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the shrinking of this fear came the expansion of my hope, which allowed me to turn my gaze outward and see a future for the world.\r\n","_input_hash":1331329351,"_task_hash":-544676186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, homelessness is a problem that plagues LGBTQ people and is especially felt by queer youth.","_input_hash":1185762622,"_task_hash":-139450532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It might be felt differently by everyone, it might hit some people more slowly than other people, but everyone will notice a change in the way we live our lives due to the overexertion of our resources.","_input_hash":1112533757,"_task_hash":-1626887021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same with heat waves that feel as though they\u2019ll never end.","_input_hash":1118505052,"_task_hash":-2123858723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Every year since 2015 has become the hottest year on record, and the duration of heat waves keeps increasing.","_input_hash":471310446,"_task_hash":990231136,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As I write this, an extreme heat wave has been hitting North America, causing at least eight (recorded) deaths in the United States and Canada.\r\n","_input_hash":-1776027204,"_task_hash":1198074019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In order to protect our community from the disastrous effects of climate change, we need to do more.","_input_hash":1318440070,"_task_hash":-1902403904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"When just 90 corporations are responsible for 66% of carbon emissions, we need to demand more from our governments and from ourselves.\r\n","_input_hash":860893018,"_task_hash":1654873164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Is it an LGBT rights issue when a Filipino gay couple loses their home in a hurricane intensified by the emissions-heavy lifestyle of queer and straight Canadians and Americans?","_input_hash":1638990815,"_task_hash":1669390181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When a trans* teenager in Harlem, who has suffered from severe asthma since she was a toddler and faces daily persecution at school, continues to miss class because of hazardous localized air pollutants in addition to the hostile learning climate, is not her need for environmental justice and a safe space to be herself, a challenge to the rest of us to get off our asses and work together with her and her community to make sure It Gets Better?","_input_hash":-1657401630,"_task_hash":1519431175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That destruction affects us all and desperately requires our full attention.\r\n","_input_hash":-960300880,"_task_hash":1482138279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The places where our queer siblings suffer persecution and a dearth of civil rights will also be hardest hit by climate change and will likely suffer even greater losses of rights and security.","_input_hash":-1582281551,"_task_hash":-620833479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In our own recent history, gay men, queer culture, and the fledgling queer rights movement faced possible extinction through the early HIV/AIDS crisis.","_input_hash":692628866,"_task_hash":-89846526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They have again stirred up doubt and controversy, promoted public inaction, and imperiled all of us.\r\n","_input_hash":-1869014386,"_task_hash":-1192878638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We still have hope that action can be taken to slow the effects of climate change while we make necessary lifestyle and social adaptations to cope with the changes ahead.\r\n","_input_hash":-751419974,"_task_hash":-702101785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This move might have translated into negative health impacts for same-sex couples, according to a recent study.","_input_hash":-1260938826,"_task_hash":-1059002015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Published in the Social Science & Medicine journal this month, the study found that mean cancer and respiratory risks from hazardous air pollutants for same-sex partners in the U.S. are 12.3 percent and 23.8 percent greater, respectively, than for straight couples.","_input_hash":-1814509723,"_task_hash":943644942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is notable that the effect of the same-sex partner enclave variable on health risks from [hazardous air pollutants] is substantially stronger than the effect of either the proportion black or Hispanic variables, which have received primary focus in environmental justice research.\r\n","_input_hash":7042607,"_task_hash":-1724616435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These researchers from the University of Texas at El Paso aren\u2019t entirely sure why or how this is the case, but they believe these health risks are linked to the clustering of the LGBTQ community post-World War II \u201cdue to social marginalization and the pursuit of community support and empowerment.\u201d","_input_hash":1668816649,"_task_hash":216633978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies have shown that communities of color\u2014be they Black, Latino, Native American, Asian, or all of the above\u2014are subject to increased health risks due to pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":1638466327,"_task_hash":-556078471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Per the study:\r\nWe believe that there are instructive similarities and important distinctions between the formations of environmental injustice experienced by sexual minorities and by racial minorities in the US.","_input_hash":-1793848893,"_task_hash":404409157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study determined that parts of the city with high concentrations of same-sex partner households also showed greater cancer risk due to air pollution.","_input_hash":-281495212,"_task_hash":-1271552965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other reserarch suggests that LGBTQ people see higher rates of certain illnesses related to the environment\u2014like asthma.","_input_hash":-1384237327,"_task_hash":1664980566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This has largely been attributed to risk behaviors like smoking.\r\n","_input_hash":564044868,"_task_hash":47330904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The AIDS epidemic received more attention in part thanks to the 1987 march to which National Coming Out Day pays homage.","_input_hash":-894350062,"_task_hash":684044733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First national study of disparate environmental health risks by sexual orientation.\r\n","_input_hash":-172720464,"_task_hash":-1987769076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Same-sex partners experience inequitable health risks from air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":2058635478,"_task_hash":-364451522,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Male partnering is associated with greater health risks than female partnering.\r\n","_input_hash":-1907239032,"_task_hash":1181847615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"LGBT health disparities may be compounded by environmental exposures.\r\n","_input_hash":-1087069544,"_task_hash":110017055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nAir pollution is deleterious to human health, and numerous studies have documented racial and socioeconomic inequities in air pollution exposures.","_input_hash":-1434200817,"_task_hash":-1385328262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Despite the marginalized status of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations, no national studies have examined if they experience inequitable exposures to air pollution.","_input_hash":-999672166,"_task_hash":-2040031297,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We examined cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs across 71,207 census tracts using National Air Toxics Assessment and US Census data.","_input_hash":552882302,"_task_hash":603408269,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We calculated population-weighted mean cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs for same-sex male, same-sex female and heterosexual partner households.","_input_hash":-546717284,"_task_hash":1974738682,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to examine multivariate associations between sociodemographics and health risks from HAPs, while focusing on inequities based on the tract composition of same-sex, same-sex male and same-sex female partners.","_input_hash":-692668717,"_task_hash":46456197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We found that mean cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs for same-sex partners are 12.3% and 23.8% greater, respectively, than for heterosexual partners.","_input_hash":523499023,"_task_hash":-865300457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"GEEs adjusting for racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status, population density, urban location, and geographic clustering show that living in census tracts with high (vs. low) proportions of same-sex partners is associated with significantly greater cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs, and that living in same-sex male partner enclaves is associated with greater risks than living in same-sex female partner enclaves.","_input_hash":699997951,"_task_hash":1144366313,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Results suggest that some health disparities experienced by LGBT populations (e.g. cancer, asthma) may be compounded by environmental exposures.","_input_hash":494683711,"_task_hash":-1583136612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because psycho-behavioral and environmental factors may together exacerbate health disparities, we call for a shift toward interdisciplinary research on LGBT health that takes into account cumulative risks, including the role of environmental exposures.","_input_hash":1465035672,"_task_hash":1728958459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"CyanoHABs can threaten human and aquatic ecosystem health; they can cause major economic damage.\r\n","_input_hash":280152254,"_task_hash":1441887174,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The toxins produced by some species of cyanobacteria (called cyanotoxins) cause acute and chronic illnesses in humans.","_input_hash":540563296,"_task_hash":-1798993249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Harmful algal booms can adversely affect aquatic ecosystem health, both directly through the presence of these toxins and indirectly through the low dissolved oxygen concentrations and changes in aquatic food webs caused by an overabundance of cyanobacteria.","_input_hash":-2104838173,"_task_hash":198822249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Economic damages related to cyanoHABs include the loss of recreational revenue, decreased property values, and increased drinking-water treatment costs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1591696089,"_task_hash":118118643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nationwide, toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms have been implicated in human and animal illness and death in at least 43 states.","_input_hash":1743220229,"_task_hash":1163704920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cyanobacteria are notorious for producing a variety of compounds that cause water-quality concerns.","_input_hash":-1326289495,"_task_hash":1298606187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human ingestion, inhalation, or contact with water containing elevated concentrations of cyanotoxins can cause allergic reactions, dermatitis, gastroenteritis, and seizures.\r\n","_input_hash":184213638,"_task_hash":1877369302,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, despite advances in scientific understanding of cyanobacteria and associated compounds, many questions remain unanswered about the occurrence, the environmental triggers for toxicity, and the ability to predict the timing and toxicity of cyanoHABs.\r\n","_input_hash":848274526,"_task_hash":2065885068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The ability for cyanobacteria to produce cyanotoxins as well as taste-and-odor compounds is caused by genetic distinctions at the subspecies level of the bacteria.","_input_hash":479744520,"_task_hash":-1470744065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One of the key causes of cyanoHABs is nutrient enrichment.","_input_hash":-702274751,"_task_hash":1731814426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When nutrients from agricultural and urban areas are transported downstream, they can cause cyanoHABs in reservoirs, which can impair drinking-water quality and result in closures of recreational areas.\r\n","_input_hash":-35974640,"_task_hash":1825692279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Press release\r\nRecognizing that Native Americans and Alaska Natives who depend on subsistence fishing have an increased risk of exposure to cyanotoxins","_input_hash":-558224640,"_task_hash":1628218384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ground-level ozone or smog can form when chemicals from emissions combine with heat and sunlight.","_input_hash":-1624991664,"_task_hash":1511482754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Smog can exacerbate respiratory illnesses like asthma, especially in children and older adults.\r\n","_input_hash":1405620654,"_task_hash":2080902878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 2000 and 2010, parishes that were hit hardest by storms saw massive decreases in population\u2014","_input_hash":-396490491,"_task_hash":-808891244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\" Such a version of retreat doesn't just leave low-income populations vulnerable to storms, it leaves them vulnerable to the loss of jobs, services, and infrastructure that comes with population decline\u2014especially when the part of the population in decline is in the highest tax bracket.\r\n","_input_hash":1559911793,"_task_hash":-955685201,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the backlash from the Isle de Jean Charles relocation continues to unfold, the LA SAFE project is explicit in its rejection of a top-down approach to retreat.","_input_hash":-520019340,"_task_hash":1021026723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They are uniquely vulnerable: their developing bodies suffer disproportionately from climate change\u2019s most serious and deadly harms.\r\n","_input_hash":1583070666,"_task_hash":-1610764892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, children\u2019s lungs are more susceptible to damage from ground-level ozone, caused by pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, refineries and chemical plants, and because they generally spend more time outdoors, their increased exposure can lead to more asthma attacks and emergency room visits.\r\n","_input_hash":1201816360,"_task_hash":-781245456,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And childhood development is crucial for subsequent physical and mental health, so the harm they suffer today will leave lifelong wounds, both physical and emotional.","_input_hash":132517867,"_task_hash":339216131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Examples include lasting cognitive impairments from malnutrition (studies suggest climate change will cause declines in the production and nutritional values of some crops)","_input_hash":1943103099,"_task_hash":-1854501591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"the negative consequences of lost school days (from storms, wildfires and worsening heat waves) and the persistence of severe childhood anxiety and PTSD symptoms in the wake of superstorms and severe floods.\r\n","_input_hash":1265277342,"_task_hash":1529747479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It asserts that our nation\u2019s youth were \u201cborn into a world made hazardous to their health and well-being by greenhouse gas emitted by human activities.\u201d","_input_hash":289250294,"_task_hash":-1444460887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It draws our attention to the \u201cbroad scientific consensus\u201d that greenhouse gas emissions are causing major changes to the planet, \u201cmanifesting as extreme weather conditions, heat waves, droughts and intense storms.\u201d","_input_hash":1447243342,"_task_hash":822487435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The physician-historian Robert Jay Lifton has suggested the hopeful possibility of a \u201cclimate swerve,\u201d a major societal change that will lead to rapid, substantive action to address the threat to the climate.","_input_hash":1219974379,"_task_hash":-519723329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Farms, small towns and large cities throughout the Midwest are suffering under the impact of massive floods.","_input_hash":262536524,"_task_hash":-1778956057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Massive damage has resulted from our development patterns, aging and no longer adequate flood control infrastructure and extreme weather exacerbated by climate change.","_input_hash":-379571607,"_task_hash":-684947368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While many state and local leaders in the region know they are in trouble and need to respond, they refuse to acknowledge the root cause of their problem.","_input_hash":-246983561,"_task_hash":47464550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The disasters have renewed national attention on how climate change can exacerbate flooding and how cities can prepare for a future with more extreme weather.","_input_hash":610339344,"_task_hash":-1954943880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is some evidence that the relentless pounding that the Midwest is enduring has resulted in greater receptivity to the findings of climate science.","_input_hash":1167744836,"_task_hash":1983157737,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many said that witnessing extreme weather events\u2014like the tornadoes, storms and floods battering the Midwest \u2014did most to form their views.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1102526063,"_task_hash":221276303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Reducing the pace of climate change would help ensure that extreme weather does not become even more extreme, but floods, droughts, fires and other climate impacts would continue.","_input_hash":-1866757342,"_task_hash":-1815677790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The resistance to climate science by the Trump administration and some of his ideological supporters must give way to a deeper understanding of the reality of climate change and the centrality of climate science.\r\n","_input_hash":-1945010116,"_task_hash":593651243,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Pearl Harbor was bombed, Nazis exterminated Jews, the World Trade Center was destroyed, and farmers in America are facing unprecedented challenges from tariffs to floods.","_input_hash":-1860379654,"_task_hash":274047923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On our current trajectory, the report warns, \u201cplanetary and human systems [are] reaching a \u2018point of no return\u2019 by mid-century, in which the prospect of a largely uninhabitable Earth leads to the breakdown of nations and the international order.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":494119241,"_task_hash":931318215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The scenario warns that our current trajectory will likely lock in at least 3 degrees Celsius (C) of global heating, which in turn could trigger further amplifying feedbacks unleashing further warming.","_input_hash":-1150349546,"_task_hash":1063400524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This would drive the accelerating collapse of key ecosystems \u201cincluding coral reef systems, the Amazon rainforest and in the Arctic.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1906955294,"_task_hash":-386226104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effects of climate change are inconceivably enormous and awful \u2014 and for the most part still unrealized.","_input_hash":-1253586464,"_task_hash":-518065756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cNo storms or floods or droughts or heat waves can be traced to my individual act of driving,\u201d he wrote.","_input_hash":365545170,"_task_hash":1610462920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Professor John Nolt of the University of Tennessee took a stab at measuring the damage done by one average American\u2019s lifetime emissions.","_input_hash":-1188326226,"_task_hash":-974040710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Noting that carbon stays in the atmosphere for centuries, at least, and that a United Nations panel found in 2007 that climate change is \u201clikely to adversely affect hundreds of millions of people through increased coastal flooding, reductions in water supplies, increased malnutrition and increased health impacts\u201d in the next 100 years, Professor Nolt did a lot of division and multiplication and arrived at a stark conclusion:\r\n","_input_hash":-884122990,"_task_hash":586628651,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe average American causes through his/her greenhouse gas emissions the serious suffering and/or deaths of two future people.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-667089779,"_task_hash":-1331889264,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAt a ratio of one life\u2019s causal activities per one life\u2019s detrimental effects, it causes the equivalent of a quarter of a day\u2019s severe harm,\u201d he wrote.\r\n","_input_hash":-1209279430,"_task_hash":-1853328531,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Bryan Comer, a researcher at the International Council on Clean Transportation, a nonprofit research group, told me that even the most efficient cruise ships emit 3 to 4 times more carbon dioxide per passenger-mile than a jet.\r\n","_input_hash":-262971719,"_task_hash":1994875622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The spokeswoman, Megan King, added that it was not fair to compare emissions from ships and jets because a jet is just a transportation vehicle while a cruise ship is a floating resort and amusement park.\r\n","_input_hash":-849740949,"_task_hash":824743437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Personal decisions alone won\u2019t stop global warming \u2014 that will take policy changes by governments on a worldwide scale.","_input_hash":-1255488743,"_task_hash":-1005708648,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She said that while governments do need to take tough action, they derive their courage to do so from the conduct of citizens.","_input_hash":-605378125,"_task_hash":1870647911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Before we go, we will buy enough offsets to capture the annual methane emanations of a dozen cows \u2014","_input_hash":-1683437989,"_task_hash":-1785263258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps this is an act of desperation in an era of political division, but it could prove suicidal.\r\n","_input_hash":136010037,"_task_hash":1259177483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We could have many fewer deaths from mercury, particulates and ozone produced by burning dirty fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-1474739809,"_task_hash":1698964458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is still time to avert the worst impacts of climate change, but not without immediate, collective action.\r\n","_input_hash":703661582,"_task_hash":402805101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A report by experts from 27 national science academies has set out the widespread damage global heating is already causing to people\u2019s health and the increasingly serious impacts expected in future.\r\n","_input_hash":906698963,"_task_hash":-1800142158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scorching heatwaves and floods will claim more victims as extreme weather increases but there are serious indirect effects too, from spreading mosquito-borne diseases to worsening mental health.\r\n","_input_hash":203637501,"_task_hash":961308776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"'So much land under so much water': extreme flooding is drowning parts of the midwest\r\n","_input_hash":-911364185,"_task_hash":-1318794638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, there were also great benefits from action to cut carbon emissions, the report found, most notably cutting the 350,000 early deaths from air pollution every year in Europe caused by burning fossil fuels.","_input_hash":132452795,"_task_hash":411023171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe economic benefits of action to address the current and prospective health effects of climate change are likely to be substantial,\u201d the report concluded.\r\n","_input_hash":-1446709413,"_task_hash":-201799685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather such as heatwaves, floods and droughts have direct short-term impacts but also affect people in the longer term.","_input_hash":-1271974889,"_task_hash":-296787249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMental health effects include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse and depression,\u201d the report said.\r\n","_input_hash":2101416496,"_task_hash":-497412424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientists were also concerned by the effect of extreme weather on food production, with studies showing a 5-25% cut in staple crop yields across the Mediterranean region in coming decades.","_input_hash":590449912,"_task_hash":954459650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the report said even small cuts in meat eating could lead to significant cuts in carbon emissions, as well as benefits to health.\r\n","_input_hash":-1818603281,"_task_hash":40701813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The report anticipates the spread of infectious diseases in Europe as temperatures rise and increase the range of mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever and ticks that cause Lyme disease.","_input_hash":-7903708,"_task_hash":1333458870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Food poisoning could also rise, as salmonella bacteria thrived in warmer conditions, the report said.","_input_hash":-283859309,"_task_hash":-2071562892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global carbon emissions are still rising but scientists say rapid and deep cuts are needed to limit temperature rises to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels and avoid the worst impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":887632283,"_task_hash":-1430682175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This year's constant deluge of rain has led some to wonder if farmers are finally feeling the predicted impacts of a warming world.\r\n","_input_hash":-527944595,"_task_hash":-2018395830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And though it\u2019s difficult to link one single weather event to climate change, climate scientists say the devasting rains falling over the Midwest are exactly in line with what they\u2019ve been predicting.\r\n","_input_hash":2078401855,"_task_hash":-2052947360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe expect an increase in total precipitation in the Midwest, especially in winter and spring, with more coming as larger events.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":36999743,"_task_hash":835062618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After that, temperatures climb too high and rain falls too little for the crop to be successful.\r\n","_input_hash":-1612754340,"_task_hash":-2121268560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warming air leads to more water\r\n","_input_hash":-1573516280,"_task_hash":-1680039442,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He explains that much of the rain falling over midwestern states originated in the skies over the Gulf of Mexico, where waters have warmed.","_input_hash":-1823917065,"_task_hash":1700970012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last year, major flooding left behind by hurricanes was attributed to climate change-induced warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1987906036,"_task_hash":1757241958,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One recently published study found that extreme rainfall can be just as bad for crops as drought or intense heat.\r\n","_input_hash":498178158,"_task_hash":1406554902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under pressure from shareholders and regulators, companies are increasingly disclosing the specific financial impacts they could face as the planet warms, such as extreme weather that could disrupt their supply chains or stricter climate regulations that could hurt the value of coal, oil and gas investments.","_input_hash":-1265167591,"_task_hash":1258845376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even so, analysts warn that many companies are still lagging in accounting for all of the plausible financial risks from global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":205984887,"_task_hash":-907465097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hitachi Ltd., a Japanese manufacturer, said that increased rainfall and flooding in Southeast Asia had the potential to knock out suppliers and that it was taking defensive measures as a result.","_input_hash":1512755841,"_task_hash":1940726683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, Mr. Sarda said, it\u2019s relatively straightforward for businesses to calculate the potential costs from an increase in taxes designed to curb emissions of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.","_input_hash":-586103243,"_task_hash":814400610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In its report to CDP last year, PG&E said that the rise in wildfire risk in the American West, partly driven by global warming, could create significant financial costs if the utility were held liable for the fires.","_input_hash":-447231854,"_task_hash":1065899741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"PG&E estimated the \u201cpotential financial impact\u201d from wildfires at around $2.5 billion, based on claims that the utility had paid out in 2017.\r\n","_input_hash":978427365,"_task_hash":1340510778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This past January, PG&E filed for bankruptcy protection and said it now faced up to $30 billion in fire liabilities shortly after its power lines sparked what became California\u2019s deadliest wildfire yet last fall.\r\n","_input_hash":-1703264446,"_task_hash":1818142546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Eli Lilly, a drug maker in the United States, cited research suggesting that rising temperatures could drive the spread of infectious diseases \u2014 a problem the company was well-positioned to help address.","_input_hash":-884629849,"_task_hash":-650131014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(At the same time, the company also warned that climate change could hurt financially if flooding and fiercer storms disrupted its manufacturing facilities in places like Puerto Rico, as happened after Hurricane Maria in 2017.)\r\n","_input_hash":1993833737,"_task_hash":1859292356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last month, the European Central Bank warned that a spate of severe weather that caused major losses for insurers, or an unexpectedly rapid shift by investors away from fossil fuels could hit the balance sheets of unprepared banks and potentially destabilize the financial system.\r\n","_input_hash":-1986157817,"_task_hash":-399389686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(CNN)Climate change poses a major threat to human health and is already having global impact by spreading infectious diseases and exacerbating mental health problems, experts warned Tuesday.\r\n","_input_hash":1848287188,"_task_hash":-2041100715,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is well known that rising temperatures are triggering more extreme weather events around the world.\r\n","_input_hash":183624927,"_task_hash":1127547546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But extreme heat and more frequent floods also increase the risk of diseases and injuries, according to 29 experts who form the European Academies' Science Advisory Council (EASAC).\r\n","_input_hash":-435050839,"_task_hash":-621721754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Climate change is already contributing to the burden of disease and premature mortality.","_input_hash":1205053698,"_task_hash":1591825614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Worsening mental health: Warmer temperatures, wildfires and air pollution are triggering post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse and depression.\r\n","_input_hash":-1431900497,"_task_hash":1149315804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing physical diseases: Even a small rise in temperature can cause health problems such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.\r\n","_input_hash":-409690720,"_task_hash":595254563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"UN climate scientists have warned that the world only has until 2030 to stem catastrophic levels of global warming, when temperatures are projected to reach the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.\r\n","_input_hash":1265484162,"_task_hash":-799396673,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If global temperatures reach this threshold, an estimated 350 million people worldwide would be exposed to extreme heat stress sufficient to greatly reduce their labor productivity during the hottest months of the year, according to EASAC.\r\n","_input_hash":1716440027,"_task_hash":-1606552223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In November, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared climate change a \"health emergency\" after a report by The Lancet warned that \"a rapidly changing climate has dire implications for every aspect of human life.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-832127684,"_task_hash":-1866055002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Several hundred thousand premature deaths annually in the EU could be averted by a zero-carbon economy through reduced air pollution,\" according to Dr Robin Fears, program director of EASAC Biosciences.\r\n","_input_hash":-1518217556,"_task_hash":379172249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"claim that even if the executive branch of the government is doing harm through inaction on climate change, a lawsuit can\u2019t correct the problem.","_input_hash":-1151234874,"_task_hash":77641951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet, she said, \u201cas the delays continue, the government-created public health disaster gets worse.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-552448326,"_task_hash":1235868975,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the years since the case was filed, the sense of urgency about the need to address climate change has only grown, with reports like the one last year from the United Nations climate panel that projected dire consequences without vigorous action, including worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040.\r\n","_input_hash":-1490999821,"_task_hash":1742044032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Airline travel is now considered responsible for almost 3% of global carbon emissions today.","_input_hash":217279204,"_task_hash":1986373704,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The goal of CORSA is to cap net CO2 emissions from international aviation at 2020 levels, even as passenger and flight growth continues.","_input_hash":-94304711,"_task_hash":1005770092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It called for stronger international cooperation to help fragile regions cope with weather disasters, food shortages and migration driven by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-638832261,"_task_hash":-1337932177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasingly severe impacts of climate change are \u201cspurring social upheaval\u2026 and even contributing to new violent conflicts\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-1279191481,"_task_hash":1433278379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Displacement and forced migration could increase to barely manageable levels.","_input_hash":1887675402,"_task_hash":2059475180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing severe deforestation, which is a problem in itself, but also conflict between the refugee and host populations.\u201d","_input_hash":1482362618,"_task_hash":402953396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In May, new high water level records were set on Lakes Erie and Superior, and there has been widespread flooding across Lake Ontario for the second time in three years.","_input_hash":2017604117,"_task_hash":-1293068835,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These events coincide with persistent precipitation and severe flooding across much of central North America.\r\n","_input_hash":918408013,"_task_hash":932984851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At that time some experts proposed that climate change, along with other human actions such as channel dredging and water diversions, would cause water levels to continue to decline.","_input_hash":-246099740,"_task_hash":2073131000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High water poses just as many challenges for the region, including shoreline erosion, property damage, displacement of families and delays in planting spring crops.","_input_hash":-1770971571,"_task_hash":756737380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo recently declared a state of emergency in response to the flooding around Lake Ontario while calling for better planning decisions in light of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1497353763,"_task_hash":-1079512179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing precipitation, the threat of recurring periods of high evaporation, and a combination of both routine and unusual climate events \u2013 such as extreme cold air outbursts \u2013 are putting the region in uncharted territory.\r\n","_input_hash":621487101,"_task_hash":-1728432699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These extremes result from changes in the Great Lakes\u2019 water budget \u2013 the movement of water into and out of the lakes.","_input_hash":-713540228,"_task_hash":-2044612760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Runoff is directly affected by precipitation over land, snow cover and soil moisture.\r\n","_input_hash":-784085803,"_task_hash":1194893748,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Interactions between these factors drive changes in the amount of water stored in each of the Great Lakes.","_input_hash":1387614457,"_task_hash":728052613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then in 2014 the Midwest experienced an extraordinary cold air outbreak, widely dubbed the \u201cpolar vortex.\u201d","_input_hash":1751950764,"_task_hash":1699645886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 2017 Lake Ontario flood followed a spring of extreme overland precipitation in the Lake Ontario and Saint Lawrence River basins.","_input_hash":602116352,"_task_hash":-713612699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 2019 flood follows the wettest U.S. winter in history.\r\n","_input_hash":1236334429,"_task_hash":-128238699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The net effect of this combination of hydrological events is that Lake Erie\u2019s current water levels are much higher than usual for this time of year.\r\n","_input_hash":-974346047,"_task_hash":-280215850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Great Lakes water levels have varied in the past, so how do we know whether climate change is a factor in the changes taking place now?\r\n","_input_hash":778449183,"_task_hash":-1577481719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Precipitation increases in winter and spring are consistent with the fact that a warming atmosphere can transport more water vapor.","_input_hash":-293956744,"_task_hash":1494239328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result, increased atmospheric moisture contributes to more precipitation during extreme events.","_input_hash":-467106644,"_task_hash":-784792909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in seasonal cycles of snowmelt and runoff align with the fact that spring is coming earlier in a changing climate.","_input_hash":634951935,"_task_hash":578350220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Similarly, rising lake temperatures contribute to increased evaporation.","_input_hash":-1918409163,"_task_hash":704646235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wet and dry periods are influenced by storm tracks, which are related to global-scale processes such as El Ni\u00f1o.","_input_hash":-1076014472,"_task_hash":635225373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, cold air outbreaks are related to the Arctic Oscillation and associated shifts in the polar jet stream.","_input_hash":993497635,"_task_hash":-520231878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We are undoubtedly observing the effects of a warming climate in the Great Lakes, but many questions remain to be answered.\r\n","_input_hash":820381548,"_task_hash":-1026508487,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the wake of another week of devastating storms, CNN host Don Lemon ran a seven-minute segment on Wednesday night about how climate change disproportionately impacts people of color.\r\n","_input_hash":935894438,"_task_hash":-181478713,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Put simply, climate change is racist \u2014 not in the bigoted, call-you-mean-names-and-tell-you-to-go-back-to-your-country kind of way, but in the sense that it exacerbates existing inequities, making many people of color more vulnerable to climate catastrophe.","_input_hash":1225623758,"_task_hash":1912303020,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Weir pointed out that while the Trump administration quickly provided $4 billion to fund storm barriers protecting oil and gas facilities after Hurricane Harvey, predominantly black neighborhoods in the area still haven\u2019t received funding to refit storm drains.\r\n","_input_hash":-1724164953,"_task_hash":743259466,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Mainstream media fans might not realize it because it doesn\u2019t necessarily make for good television, but extreme heat (one of the symptoms of climate change with the most evidence backing it up) kills more people in the U.S. every year than any other weather event.","_input_hash":2034529080,"_task_hash":-1925239208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves also lead to a disproportionate number of deaths in black and immigrant communities.","_input_hash":962599271,"_task_hash":303713164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThere\u2019s research showing that heat waves increase your chances of dying considerably,\u201d Barreca said.","_input_hash":-1710410697,"_task_hash":-1885788967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThat\u2019s concerning because hot weather is bad for our health, and it looks like it could be bad for our reproductive capabilities,\u201d Barreca said.\r\n","_input_hash":1897702463,"_task_hash":-1714686807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Sadikah Behbehani, an obstetrician with the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, cautioned against conclusions solely based on epidemiological studies, but she said direct heat to male genitals is proven to decrease fertility, and hot weather poses an increased risk of heatstroke and dehydration for pregnant women.\r\n","_input_hash":1348342218,"_task_hash":1996313542,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf you don\u2019t care about an increase of risk of death for the elderly or decrease of economic productivity, because the heat makes it harder to work outside, you might care about this, which suggests that it might be harder to have children in the future.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-237535929,"_task_hash":-291882707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Barreca said he hopes this research will help public officials as they warn people about the dangers related to heat waves.\r\n","_input_hash":181350621,"_task_hash":395001099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change is expected to have a striking impact on vulnerable communities, especially in coastal regions where sea-level rise and increased climatic events will make it impossible for some people to remain on their land.\r\n","_input_hash":-451786164,"_task_hash":-894634590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Carteret Islands are facing intense environmental degradation, coastal erosion and food and water insecurity due to anthropogenic climate change and tectonic activity.\r\n","_input_hash":1962375051,"_task_hash":-668183493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The communities also face severe water shortages due to prolonged droughts and sea-level rises that affect their freshwater supply.\r\n","_input_hash":1169201728,"_task_hash":448850755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The political and social structures are sources of conflict among civil servants in Papua New Guinea, generating friction and \u201cmalfeasance\u201d in the administrations and ultimately hindering the relocation process because of poor governance.\r\n","_input_hash":-246910406,"_task_hash":-1718918574,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As this case illustrates, the difficulties arising from political struggles and state weakness have a real impact on the unfolding of planned relocation.\r\n","_input_hash":1270502222,"_task_hash":895513258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The 21 children and young adults suing the federal government over climate change argue that they and their generation are already suffering the consequences of climate change, from worsening allergies and asthma to the health risks and stress that come with hurricanes, wildfires and sea level rise threatening their homes.\r\n","_input_hash":1882051858,"_task_hash":-1709353377,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"More frequent and longer heat waves, increasing intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and wildfires, worsening infectious-disease exposures, food and water insecurity, and air pollution from fossil-fuel burning all threaten to destabilize our public health and health care infrastructure,\" the authors wrote.\r\n","_input_hash":661788827,"_task_hash":-790216743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children and infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, as their bodies are still developing, they said.","_input_hash":395028917,"_task_hash":-1596699201,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Their respiratory rates are also higher, so particles from fossil fuel burning and ozone take a greater toll.","_input_hash":941265936,"_task_hash":260648058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Increasing temperatures contribute to heat stroke risk for children, and can harm babies in utero.","_input_hash":-894045956,"_task_hash":-189394926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers are only beginning to understand the magnitude of health issues caused by climate change, said Renee Salas, another co-author of the letter and an emergency medicine physician at Massachusetts General Hospital.","_input_hash":1427558715,"_task_hash":1456460506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"The Juliana generation is going to feel and suffer from those impacts in a way that's really different and more extreme than what any previous generation has felt,\" Goho said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1593797968,"_task_hash":1828383957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Richard Carmona and David Satcher warned about several effects of climate change on health, from cognitive impairments due to malnutrition to lost school days and mental health concerns.\r\n","_input_hash":453183632,"_task_hash":-697595027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"They are uniquely vulnerable: their developing bodies suffer disproportionately from climate change's most serious and deadly harms.\"","_input_hash":-1506184198,"_task_hash":1902835178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The World Health Organization estimates that an alarming 7 million people die prematurely each year as a result of air pollution.","_input_hash":1831627389,"_task_hash":996148505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To help tackle this issue, this year\u2019s World Environment Day (June 5) is shining a spotlight on this environmental threat and the multiple benefits derived from tackling it.","_input_hash":651980686,"_task_hash":-1559419193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This includes things like black carbon (for example, the sooty matter produced by diesel engines and wood stoves), methane (a gas emitted due to human activities like livestock production and landfills as well as from natural sources; methane also leads to the formation of ground-level ozone, another important climate and air pollutant), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, commonly used for refrigeration and air conditioning).\r\n","_input_hash":1553998690,"_task_hash":412815714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution and human health\r\n","_input_hash":-1985015792,"_task_hash":-441628534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to the adverse effects of climate change, short-lived climate pollutants also contribute to immediate health-risks to people around the world.","_input_hash":478328796,"_task_hash":-1752335031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, Sandra explained how black carbon is a component of a type of air pollution known as PM2.5, or, fine particulate matter that enhances haze.","_input_hash":698225081,"_task_hash":-732533835,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"PM2.5 is the most problematic air pollutant for human health, causing a myriad of issues from contributing to premature deaths among people with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease to aggravating asthma.","_input_hash":-998372604,"_task_hash":380209621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sandra also pointed out the particularly damaging effects of air pollution on children\u2019s health.","_input_hash":-1782502358,"_task_hash":-276576099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Here in the United States, air pollution is surprisingly getting worse in many locations.","_input_hash":-1429091431,"_task_hash":783131992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You can get take their Mask Challenge and take an action to reduce your contribution to air pollution (#BeatAirPollution) \u2013 whether it be by turning off a car instead of letting it idle, avoiding driving altogether and getting around by using public transit, biking, or walking, or reducing your consumption of meat, and in turn, the release of methane associated with livestock production.\r\n","_input_hash":-984412752,"_task_hash":-1024364974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The loss of coastal cities ancient and modern, the impact on biodiversity (the coral reef ecosystems are going now), the geopolitical disruption and human suffering, these will all be tragic in the everyday sense.","_input_hash":1367889579,"_task_hash":2133391629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not only was global warming discovered in the 19th century, the majority of greenhouse gas emissions have taken place since 1980 during a period of intense focus on solutions.","_input_hash":2082257224,"_task_hash":-750746008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe high degree of uncertainty, a potential for global consequences, the probability of having \u2018winners\u2019 and \u2018losers,\u2019 an inability of any nation to \u2018solve\u2019 the problem alone, the need for new levels of international cooperation not only to identify the problem but also to act upon it, the complexity of the problem, and the feeling of helplessness in avoiding the potential consequences of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 place it among the set of the tragedy of the commons problems that seem to be emerging with increasing frequency.\r\n","_input_hash":833398224,"_task_hash":1640828824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Despite a good discussion of the present and future rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, it doesn\u2019t mention the greenhouse effect or global warming at all.","_input_hash":1013032500,"_task_hash":-695595292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Out of a simple realization of this necessity may come a new industrial revolution.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-488153461,"_task_hash":-1779166921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the curtailing the burning of fossil fuels] could be effected is much in doubt; the social problems that would result would clearly be profound.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1682262482,"_task_hash":135678633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The commons picture did not spread to popular consciousness until the late 1980s, perhaps triggered by James Hansen\u2019s 1988 testimony to Congress.\r\n","_input_hash":-1233000213,"_task_hash":-906689706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"increasing returns (action now makes future action and future collectivity easier).","_input_hash":-2090011120,"_task_hash":833761897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I could hear the shame in his voice.","_input_hash":-564701974,"_task_hash":1443900512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sadly, I get this reaction a lot.","_input_hash":1417725549,"_task_hash":-1134170120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists have been warning us for decades that humans are causing severe and potentially irreversible changes to the climate, essentially baking our planet and ourselves with carbon dioxide.","_input_hash":-825014761,"_task_hash":-787524286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"From the Camp Fire, a devastating California wildfire that was exacerbated by dry, hot weather, to Hurricane Michael, a storm that rapidly intensified due to increased sea temperatures, climate change is here.\r\n","_input_hash":-932401617,"_task_hash":-853093057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When you consider that the same IPCC report outlined that the vast majority of global greenhouse gas emissions come from just a handful of corporations \u2014 aided and abetted by the world\u2019s most powerful governments, including the US \u2014 it\u2019s victim blaming, plain and simple.\r\n","_input_hash":212859458,"_task_hash":796960153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And that that blame paves the road to apathy, which can really seal our doom.\r\n","_input_hash":2029722302,"_task_hash":-409603181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"rising sea levels, melting ice caps, acidifying oceans.","_input_hash":-1320963956,"_task_hash":-1689488722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Renowned shame researcher Bren\u00e9 Brown describes shame as the \u201cintensely painful feeling or experience of believing that we are flawed and therefore unworthy of love or belonging.\u201d","_input_hash":-1951035756,"_task_hash":-2000154473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is not to be confused with guilt, which can actually be useful because it holds our behavior against our values and forces us to feel psychological discomfort.","_input_hash":1266394889,"_task_hash":727486802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United States is responsible for more than a third of the carbon pollution that has warmed our planet today \u2014 more than any other single nation.\r\n","_input_hash":658951303,"_task_hash":-396497339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So for us as Americans to say that our personal actions are too frivolous to matter when people died in Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, a country whose carbon footprint is barely visible next to ours, is moral bankruptcy of the highest order.\r\n","_input_hash":2023603438,"_task_hash":1155838065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So understanding the effect of warming temperatures on urban rat populations is exceedingly difficult.","_input_hash":1064019878,"_task_hash":-1297462860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Another is whether they believe calling will lead to a response from the city.","_input_hash":-239854687,"_task_hash":1627332809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If a city floods more often as a result of climate change, for instance, waste management systems are more likely to falter, and more garbage winds up in the streets.","_input_hash":-1971461095,"_task_hash":2139308176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cRats are going to capitalize on chaos [and] climate change guarantees unpredictable events,\u201d she said.\r\n","_input_hash":2131109161,"_task_hash":-1519119255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The results show that while 80% of the largest companies expect climate change to result in major changes including extreme weather patterns, some firms have not yet studied the issue closely.\r\n","_input_hash":-812997923,"_task_hash":-687767474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial services companies reported the largest costs (including to their clients) and opportunities, a trend that Bartlett attributed to increased awareness caused by scrutiny from regulators and stakeholders.\r\n","_input_hash":-1991708923,"_task_hash":-1620546349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rising rivers continue to flood fields, inundate homes and threaten aging levees from Iowa to Mississippi.\r\n","_input_hash":1222692058,"_task_hash":1299369848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while none of these events can be directly attributed to climate change, extreme rains are happening more frequently in many parts of the U.S. and that trend is expected to continue as the Earth continues to warm.\r\n","_input_hash":-422307338,"_task_hash":299608117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All of them said they believed that the climate was changing, even if they didn't directly associate the raining and floods with it or agree on the cause.","_input_hash":783045119,"_task_hash":-438470110,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That aligns with recent polling by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and George Mason University, which shows that more Americans are becoming concerned about global warming and believe in its existence, while a smaller majority understand that it's mostly human-caused.\r\n","_input_hash":2104697290,"_task_hash":-1226418216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate scientists and communicators in the largely conservative central Plains still see the ongoing flooding as an opportunity, though.\r\n","_input_hash":-636340502,"_task_hash":-503154598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That doesn't necessarily mean you need to convince people about the causes of climate change, he says.","_input_hash":1548863204,"_task_hash":-292444011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme rains and flooding events are expected to be more common and more severe in America's heartland, according to the most recent National Climate Assessment.\r\n","_input_hash":-408943175,"_task_hash":-1901320893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"I don't know what causes it,\" he says.","_input_hash":-722110673,"_task_hash":-638120180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"But all I know is that we're dealing with a historic flood, and now, in my mind, I'm going to be prepared for this unprecedented event to happen now more often.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1121654598,"_task_hash":327291900,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But a possible combination of climate change, pollution from fertilizers, and ocean flows and currents carrying the algae mats to the Caribbean has caused the problem to explode.\r\n","_input_hash":-522130711,"_task_hash":-425524038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"This is one of the biggest challenges that climate change has caused for the world,\" said the government of Mexico's resort-studded coastal state of Quintana Roo.","_input_hash":-1624545799,"_task_hash":1114031584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Chuanmin Hu, a professor of oceanography at South Florida University's College of Marine Science, says the sargassum mats appear to be the result of increased nutrient flows and ocean water upwelling that brings nutrients up from the bottom.","_input_hash":484792433,"_task_hash":1942622827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Because of global climate change we may have increased upwelling, increased air deposition, or increased nutrient source from rivers, so all three may have increased the recent large amounts of sargassum,\" said Dr. Hu.\r\n","_input_hash":1110348267,"_task_hash":-1146336408,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While he says additional research is needed before definitively linking it all to human activity, he pointed to evidence of \"increased use of fertilizer and increased deforestation\" as possible culprits, at least as far as the Amazon is concerned.\r\n","_input_hash":-1317929740,"_task_hash":-1128400494,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fletcher maintains there are lots of opportunities for a little courage that will make solving the climate change problem possible.","_input_hash":-1135737927,"_task_hash":-880478229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When faced with extreme weather incidents, whether its flooding, hurricanes, wildfires or severe thunderstorms, it can be challenging to pinpoint the human toll as a result of global climate change.","_input_hash":346947791,"_task_hash":-552610078,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new study in the journal Science Advances, however, attempts to put some hard numbers on the crisis by extrapolating out how many residents in U.S. cities would die from heat-related causes should temperatures continue to increase.\r\n","_input_hash":1542975631,"_task_hash":1608047473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If average temperatures rise by 3 degrees Celsius, or 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial temperatures, during any one particularly hot year, New York City can expect 5,800 people to die from heat.","_input_hash":880619949,"_task_hash":587364100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even San Francisco, of where it's been said \"The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco,\" could see 328 heat-related deaths.","_input_hash":-131246175,"_task_hash":2839834,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But according to the models, if warming was limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius, the goal set forth in the Paris Climate Agreement, it would save upwards of 2,720 lives during years experiencing extreme heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-455191962,"_task_hash":1999265814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cReducing emissions would lead to a smaller increase in heat-related deaths, assuming no additional actions to adapt to higher temperatures,\u201d co-author Kristie Ebi of the University of Washington tells Oliver Milman at The Guardian.","_input_hash":835938380,"_task_hash":-101182250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, is affecting our health, our economy and our ecosystems.","_input_hash":802037428,"_task_hash":1135877859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This study adds to the body of evidence of the harms that could come without rapid and significant reductions in our greenhouse gas emissions.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1626880781,"_task_hash":1793417889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Berwyn reports that calculating potential heat-related mortality for other cities around the world is difficult since reliable health data is unavailable.","_input_hash":532255259,"_task_hash":-630660223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While thousands of heat-related deaths in American cities is attention grabbing, they pale in comparison to the impacts that may already be occurring due to climate change.","_input_hash":528675757,"_task_hash":-162747551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A report from the Lancet released late last year found that in 2017 alone 153 billion work hours were lost due to extreme heat and hundreds of millions of vulnerable people experienced heat waves.","_input_hash":34077478,"_task_hash":330590187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in heat and rainfall have caused diseases transmitted by mosquitoes or water to become 10 percent more infectious than they were in 1950.","_input_hash":-1818039442,"_task_hash":-521059368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same factors are damaging crops and reducing their overall nutrition, leading to the three straight years of rising global hunger after decades of improvements.","_input_hash":-1546021532,"_task_hash":-1436269618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impacts on health aren\u2019t all caused by heat and weather disruption either.","_input_hash":1736013931,"_task_hash":1248391500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The World Health Organziation released a report last year showing fossil fuel pollution currently causes more than a million preventable deaths annually and contributes to countless cases of asthma, lung disease, heart disease and stroke.","_input_hash":1595559313,"_task_hash":-1098989084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the study, the improved health benefits of moving to cleaner energy would double the costs of cutting those emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1186786163,"_task_hash":365799634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Berwyn reports that deaths from extreme heat, especially in the United States, are preventable, since heat waves can be forecast and mitigated.","_input_hash":-796683977,"_task_hash":31676297,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And in the Global South, which will bear the brunt of the heat, urgent action is needed to help city dwellers prepare for a future full of record breaking temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-111961538,"_task_hash":-1901227796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms Warren was concerned about the repercussions for middle-class Americans, especially women, who would have a harder time filing for bankruptcy as a result of the bill.","_input_hash":-987917610,"_task_hash":1287592807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Breakthrough says the IPCC is not paying enough attention to processes that can lead \u201cto system feedbacks, compound extreme events, and abrupt and/or irreversible changes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-774827160,"_task_hash":32382739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Investor concerns over climate risk have risen sharply in parallel with an upsurge in climate activism in many countries as the heat waves, droughts, wildfires and super-storms fueled by climate change have become harder to ignore.\r\n","_input_hash":-765525364,"_task_hash":-2030336527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In April, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney and Francois Villeroy de Galhau, head of the French central bank, warned of the risk of a climate-driven \u201cMinsky moment\u201d \u2013 a sudden collapse in asset prices - unless business embraced greater disclosure.\r\n","_input_hash":-603206514,"_task_hash":412173908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"GDP does not account for so-called \"external\" economic effects such as the health costs of air pollution from burning fossil fuels, so the savings from mitigating global warming could be even higher.\r\n","_input_hash":464693165,"_task_hash":207847878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among the new assumptions in the study are that adverse weather effects from global warming, such as flooding, don't just affect the economy in a given year.","_input_hash":16424767,"_task_hash":-2127533874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Storms such as Hurricanes Andrew, Irma, and Katrina exemplify how major weather events magnified by global warming can have long-lasting effects on the economy.\r\n","_input_hash":-548410862,"_task_hash":-604092357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a counterpoint to the article other researchers note that savings from increasing energy efficiency and expansion of renewables is also not baked into the GDP numbers.","_input_hash":-172121516,"_task_hash":-1908106610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An increasing body of research finds people's beliefs about climate change can be changed by big disasters, like the current flooding across America's heartland.\r\n","_input_hash":-1774839785,"_task_hash":1793744518,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heavy rains, record floods and extreme weather in the Central U.S. this spring are the kinds of events expected to become more common with climate change.","_input_hash":-150139027,"_task_hash":641220100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And what our broader research question is - how communities rebuild after a climate-related disaster.\r\n","_input_hash":-2007960349,"_task_hash":-267106160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There seems to be indications of some changes in the climate, and I don't know what causes it.","_input_hash":-1991279388,"_task_hash":1732356832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increase is being fuelled by the continued burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests, and will be particularly high in 2019 due to an expected return towards El Ni\u00f1o-like conditions.","_input_hash":1639365712,"_task_hash":-275251925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This natural climate variation causes warm and dry conditions in the tropics, meaning the plant growth that removes CO2 from the air is restricted.\r\n","_input_hash":1156070058,"_task_hash":-2059068674,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the past four years have been the hottest on record and global emissions are rising again after a brief pause.\r\n","_input_hash":753505775,"_task_hash":-398194155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He said cuts in fossil fuel use, deforestation and emissions from livestock were needed: \u201c","_input_hash":-1563654290,"_task_hash":-325635008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That would put it among the highest annual rises in the 62 years since good records began.\r\n","_input_hash":-899854720,"_task_hash":-264457074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only years with strong El Ni\u00f1o events, 1998 and 2016, are likely to be higher.","_input_hash":1470885250,"_task_hash":-1336076327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An El Ni\u00f1o event occurs when the tropical Pacific swings into a warm phase, causing many regions to have warmer and drier weather.","_input_hash":-906267338,"_task_hash":-145252653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The level of CO2 in the atmosphere before the industrial revolution sparked the large-scale burning of coal, oil and gas was 280ppm.\r\n","_input_hash":-1760329042,"_task_hash":-1551586601,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We can only hope their faltering in 2019 is just a short-term blip, as without their help any chance of a safer climate future will turn to dust.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1112794717,"_task_hash":-802185455,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Prof Jos Barlow, also at Lancaster University, said the rising destruction of forests is serious concern: \u201cThis has been a particularly bad year.","_input_hash":-1490370469,"_task_hash":1605215304,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon increased to around 8,000 square kilometres in 2018, which is equivalent to losing a football pitch of forest every 30 seconds.","_input_hash":-2108764696,"_task_hash":192755191,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There are also worrying signs that deforestation is occurring at a faster rate in other Amazonian countries, such as Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2036359274,"_task_hash":49589732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea level change compared with a 20th-century average, inches\r\n","_input_hash":1422542632,"_task_hash":-1663432172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Higher\r\n2000198019601940192019001880\r\nSea level change compared with a 20th-century average, inches\r\n","_input_hash":-1108981,"_task_hash":-1249215757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cGreenhouse gases like carbon amplify the amount of excess heat left over because they prevent heat energy from releasing from Earth\u2019s system,\u201d says oceanographer Tim Boyer of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.\r\n","_input_hash":-1037880823,"_task_hash":-1379653548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sea surface temperatures over the last several decades reflect such warming, but are also sensitive to weather events like hurricanes and El Nino.","_input_hash":-1422610779,"_task_hash":385924683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Along with the warm air itself, the heat absorbed by the oceans melts ice in the polar regions, releasing fresh water that accounts for more than half of all sea level rise; the rest is attributed to the expansion of seawater as it warms.","_input_hash":1333642744,"_task_hash":145088140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis has obvious effects on coastal area flooding and real estate,\u201d says NOAA oceanographer Andrew Allegra, as well as implications for marine life.\r\n","_input_hash":-178167829,"_task_hash":1696250093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The oceans don't just soak up excess heat from the atmosphere; they also absorb excess carbon dioxide, which is changing the chemistry of seawater, making it more acidic.","_input_hash":1129992869,"_task_hash":-103348941,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cOcean acidification is one simple and inescapable consequence of rising atmospheric CO2 that is both predictable and impossible to attribute to any other cause,\u201d says oceanographer John Dore of Montana State University.\r\n","_input_hash":1759164217,"_task_hash":-701095719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There had been an unusually warm spell that winter.","_input_hash":933189054,"_task_hash":1350466257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These events led to unexpected issues.","_input_hash":1095892887,"_task_hash":-1671268935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat and damp increased the spread of diseases.","_input_hash":1246781551,"_task_hash":682998231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"It was a real warning that you don't need to wait for a big shock like a heat wave or a drought.","_input_hash":369036238,"_task_hash":-339257437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But in a poor country, such a huge drop in crop yields could worsen poverty, or even bring on starvation.\r\n","_input_hash":-691748355,"_task_hash":-210134940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They might even expect more extreme weather, such as hurricanes or wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1624055066,"_task_hash":1026210425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Deadly summer heat will get worse as the globe warms, so putting the brakes on climate change by reducing carbon emissions will literally be a lifesaver for thousands of Americans, a new study suggests.\r\n","_input_hash":231779013,"_task_hash":-537124934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Hundreds to thousands of heat-related deaths could be avoided per U.S. city per year during extremely hot years if the U.S. and other nations increase climate action,\" said study lead author Eunice Lo, a researcher at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom.\r\n","_input_hash":-2001983100,"_task_hash":-156607482,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAs temperatures rise, exposure of major U.S. cities to extreme heat will increase and more heat-related deaths will occur.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1425930377,"_task_hash":-133168219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study said that limiting warming could avoid up to 2,720 annual heat-related deaths during extreme heat-events, depending on the city.","_input_hash":-1788592990,"_task_hash":-1624219426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"New York City and Los Angeles are projected to see the most deaths associated with extreme heat as the planet warms.","_input_hash":1849020600,"_task_hash":-622025209,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"If we look at deaths avoided per 100,000 people,\" Lo added, \"Miami and Detroit would have the highest numbers of heat-related deaths avoided among the 15 cities that we studied.\"\r\n","_input_hash":179196757,"_task_hash":727791759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Limiting global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius avoids between about 70 and 1,980 extreme heat-related deaths per city.","_input_hash":-21380788,"_task_hash":1023799879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even more heat related deaths \u2014 between about 110 and 2,720 \u2014 can be avoided by achieving the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold.\r\n","_input_hash":1141382315,"_task_hash":-75479476,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAll heat-related deaths are potentially preventable,\u201d said study co-author Kristie L. Ebi, a professor and researcher at the University of Washington.\r\n","_input_hash":1890013243,"_task_hash":1394177584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Black and Hispanic people are disproportionately exposed to air pollution caused mainly by the consumer behaviours of white people in the US, according to a new study.","_input_hash":770064469,"_task_hash":-314489334,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers call this \u201cpollution inequity\u201d (inequity is about unfair, avoidable differences and so it\u2019s different to inequality which can simply describe uneven results).\r\n","_input_hash":-1564090242,"_task_hash":-660977242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution exposure matters; it is the largest environmental health risk factor in the US, adding up to about 100,00 deaths each year.","_input_hash":-977262174,"_task_hash":1497786213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many analyses of environmental impact will concentrate on who inhales pollution (poorer communities, often located near coal-fired power plants) or else emitters (the power plants or factories themselves) rather than looking at the individual consumers who demand the products that result in the emissions.","_input_hash":-351577738,"_task_hash":1090345117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The team found that white people and those of other races experience about 17% less air pollution exposure than is caused by their consumption.","_input_hash":392931564,"_task_hash":1974301996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The particles can cause cardiovascular problems, aggravate pre-existing conditions like asthma and increase mortality from things such as cancer, strokes and heart disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-1190865729,"_task_hash":368002403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Carbon emissions from the global energy industry last year rose at the fastest rate in almost a decade after extreme weather and surprise swings in global temperatures stoked extra demand for fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":154744748,"_task_hash":1908961937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The recorded temperature swings \u2013 days which are much hotter or colder than normal \u2013 helped drive the world\u2019s biggest jump in gas consumption for more than 30 years.\r\n","_input_hash":1843307307,"_task_hash":-386170262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They also resulted in a second consecutive annual increase for coal use, reversing three years of decline earlier this decade.\r\n","_input_hash":-2087970832,"_task_hash":-326590806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Carbon emissions climbed by 2% in 2018, faster than any year since 2011, because the demand for energy easily outstripped the rapid rollout of renewable energy.\r\n","_input_hash":-1433531359,"_task_hash":518134367,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dale said the increase in the number of extreme weather events and increasing demand for energy could be a vicious cycle.","_input_hash":1602292300,"_task_hash":-1550269829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf there is a link between the growing levels of carbon in the atmosphere and the types of weather patterns observed in 2018 this would raise the possibility of a worrying vicious cycle: increasing levels of carbon leading to more extreme weather patterns, which in turn trigger stronger growth in energy (and carbon emissions) as households and businesses seek to offset their effects\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1289077196,"_task_hash":-1039925228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Public concern over the global climate breakdown has grown significantly in recent months, driven by factors ranging from the protests led by the teenage activist Greta Thunberg to the Extinction Rebellion action, which brought parts of central London to a standstill.\r\n","_input_hash":-1813875730,"_task_hash":-1467485046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAt a time when society is increasingly concerned about climate change and the need for action, energy demand and emissions are growing at their fastest rate for years,\u201d Dale said.\r\n","_input_hash":2125447058,"_task_hash":2062347214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Two-thirds of the world\u2019s energy demand increase was due to higher demand in China, India and the US which was in part due to industrial demand, as well as the \u201cweather effect\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-1118762753,"_task_hash":465964275,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This was spurred by an \u201coutsized\u201d energy appetite in the US which recorded the highest number of days with hotter or colder than average days since the 1950s.\r\n","_input_hash":-1359631441,"_task_hash":1879545622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combined number of particularly hot and cold days was unusually high in the US, China and Russia where the use of fossil fuels remains high.\r\n","_input_hash":392854175,"_task_hash":-1233188192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The US shale heartlands helped to meet its rising energy demand with the biggest ever annual increase in oil and gas production for any country.\r\n","_input_hash":722405888,"_task_hash":453613432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Simultaneous heat waves scorched land areas all over the Northern Hemisphere last summer, killing hundreds and hospitalizing thousands while intensifying destructive and deadly wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1756979083,"_task_hash":-1392461783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published this week in the journal Earth\u2019s Future concludes that this heat wave epidemic \u201cwould not have occurred without human-induced climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1298549913,"_task_hash":-1291893774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"signs record-setting heat waves are beginning anew this summer \u2014 signaling, perhaps, that these exceptional and widespread heat spells are now the norm.\r\n","_input_hash":-1221267959,"_task_hash":-1952545111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the past few days, blistering, abnormal heat has afflicted several parts of the Northern Hemisphere, including major population centers.\r\n","_input_hash":-323487395,"_task_hash":664258104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A heat wave in Japan at the end of the May set scores of records, including the country\u2019s highest temperature ever recorded in the month (103.1 degrees, or 39.5 Celsius).","_input_hash":-1072410988,"_task_hash":667747919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The oppressive conditions were blamed for five deaths and nearly 600 hospitalizations.\r\n","_input_hash":1167894130,"_task_hash":1180898178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While some scientists hesitate to attribute individual heat spells to climate change, Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at the University of California at Los Angeles, tweeted that his research suggests that we\u2019ve \u201creached the point where a majority (perhaps a vast majority) of unprecedented extreme heat events globally have a detectable human influence.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1558043323,"_task_hash":1294449675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Last summer, exceptional heat affected 22 percent of the populated and agricultural areas of the Northern Hemisphere between the months of May and July, the Earth\u2019s Future study said.","_input_hash":-501610895,"_task_hash":-744406262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It remains to be seen whether heat waves this summer become as pervasive and intense as last summer.","_input_hash":508932294,"_task_hash":518730752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That said, the Earth\u2019s Future study concluded we\u2019ve entered \u201ca new climate regime,\u201d featuring \u201cextraordinary\u201d heat waves on a scale and ferocity not seen before.\r\n","_input_hash":-1196300340,"_task_hash":-1348852770,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study\u2019s modeling analysis, conducted by researchers in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, found heat events like last summer\u2019s do \u201cnot occur in historical simulations\u201d and \u201cwere unprecedented prior to 2010.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1424696117,"_task_hash":-1803757144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the climate warms, the study projects that the area affected by heat waves like last summer\u2019s will increase 16 percent for every 1.8 degrees (1 Celsius) of warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-1603089704,"_task_hash":-506408136,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat events like those last summer are predicted to occur two every three years for global warming of 2.7 degrees (1.5 Celsius) and every year for warming of 3.6 degrees (2 Celsius).\r\n","_input_hash":-1460083213,"_task_hash":2091879080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last week, a study in the journal Science Advances found that keeping warming to 2.7 degrees (1.5 Celsius), compared with 5.4 degrees (3 Celsius), could avoid between 110 and 2,720 heat-related deaths annually in 15 different U.S. cities.\r\n","_input_hash":-696916707,"_task_hash":1911384458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cA strong reduction in fossil fuel emissions is paramount to reduce the risks of unprecedented global-scale heat-wave impacts,\u201d the Earth\u2019s Future study concluded.","_input_hash":-959024088,"_task_hash":1339310234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the political process has a long history of misinformation and popular misperceptions, misinformation on social media has caused widespread alarm in recent years (Flynn et al.","_input_hash":42390403,"_task_hash":1473143044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many argue that false stories played a major role in the 2016 election (for example, Parkinson 2016; Gunther et al. 2018), and in the ongoing political divisions and crises that have followed it (for example, Spohr 2017; Azzimonti and Fernandes 2018).","_input_hash":-1484534476,"_task_hash":-32960544,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On March 11, 2011, there was a large nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan.","_input_hash":875709949,"_task_hash":-605762182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects\r\n","_input_hash":-1127788127,"_task_hash":1018893684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Alternatively, students may point out that the post provides\r\nno proof that the picture was taken near the power plant or that nuclear radiation caused the\r\ndaisies\u2019 unusual growth.\r\n","_input_hash":-1631803913,"_task_hash":-1577983101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although this student argues that the post does not provide strong evidence, she still accepts the photo as evidence and simply wants more evidence about other damage caused by the radiation.\r\n","_input_hash":239974048,"_task_hash":-1165040749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"No, this photo does not provide strong evidence because it only shows a small portion of the damage and effects caused by the nuclear disaster.\r\n","_input_hash":892075505,"_task_hash":-1849774249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Camp Lejeune, the largest Marine Corp base on the East Coast, and Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida were each devastated by hurricanes.","_input_hash":1913494350,"_task_hash":911745519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Congress awarded both bases nearly $3 billion in disaster aid last week, but another hurricane season looms without a serious reckoning from the Pentagon as to how to cope with the menace from the storms.\r\n","_input_hash":1412385540,"_task_hash":-1567144393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unless the Pentagon gains some urgency, the drumbeat of criticism from independent watchdogs like GAO will keep coming.","_input_hash":-1554517563,"_task_hash":-2005413947,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s well-known that one of the consequences of climate change will be a greater prevalence of extreme weather events around the planet,\u201d he allowed, before quickly adding, \u201cPointing at any one incident and saying, \u2018This is because of that\u2019 is neither helpful nor entirely accurate.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1647539937,"_task_hash":1788407830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even Green Party Leader Elizabeth May said \u201cno credible climate scientist\u201d would draw a neat cause-and-effect link between climate change and the Fort Mac fire.","_input_hash":-191562643,"_task_hash":2043804439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During severe flooding in Eastern Canada this spring, for instance, Trudeau didn\u2019t hesitate to raise the alarm about climate change.","_input_hash":-1958961995,"_task_hash":1313384228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cYes, climate change is real,\u201d said MP Will Amos, whose Quebec riding, on the Ottawa River, was hit badly by the floods.","_input_hash":145546186,"_task_hash":1805048757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale, the senior voice from Western Canada in Trudeau\u2019s cabinet, linked global warming to the floods, as well as fires on Prairie grasslands and in boreal forests.","_input_hash":-2103675562,"_task_hash":1160243272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The shift from pussyfooting around how climate change leads to more extreme weather events to talking about it so forcefully hasn\u2019t happened by chance.","_input_hash":-1271451883,"_task_hash":-1454002603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The challenge they faced was that climate is so complicated that teasing out a single cause for, say, a flood or a fire is impossible.","_input_hash":1142135969,"_task_hash":685668773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The watershed report was published by researchers from the University of Oxford in 2004, explaining how global warming caused by humans had at least doubled the risk of the heat wave that baked Europe the previous year.\r\n","_input_hash":-971819746,"_task_hash":-2101418823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They concluded that the extreme summer temperatures behind those fires were made more than 20 times more likely by human-caused climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":687375733,"_task_hash":-970458860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to a poll released early this year by the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research and the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago, fully 74 per cent of Americans say their opinion of climate change has been influenced over the past five years by extreme weather.","_input_hash":1865376980,"_task_hash":-926548600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re likely to experience more extreme weather in Canada before the [fall 2019 federal] election, and that may prime the issue in the minds of voters.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1661127590,"_task_hash":1869093701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But maybe successive years of fire and flood and weird weather will turn out to matter where solid science and innovative policy proposals failed.","_input_hash":764118380,"_task_hash":-440073054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But there\u2019s something lurking beneath Greenland\u2019s icy surface that Trump may want to know about: toxic nuclear waste, left over from the Cold War, that may be exposed by climate change that is melting ice at a rapid rate.\r\n","_input_hash":-1788753745,"_task_hash":902224785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More specifically, Carper asked the GAO to \u201cidentify and address any risks these sites face from climate change.\u201d","_input_hash":-942412008,"_task_hash":-1147486060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Camp Century is a case study for understanding the political fallout of the additional effects of climate change.","_input_hash":-864315553,"_task_hash":594922847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are secondary environmental problems \u2014 such as damage to infrastructure or the release of chemicals or waste housed on site \u2014 that can manifest when temperatures and sea levels rise.","_input_hash":-1741578869,"_task_hash":-1412662149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Chemical releases after Hurricane Harvey in 2017 were a good example of such knock-on effects.\r\n","_input_hash":622116813,"_task_hash":1485882664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The environmental effects of climate change will affect the politics of various military sites around the world \u2014 not just those in the Arctic.","_input_hash":-221847792,"_task_hash":-853698839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 2017 GAO report noted the U.S. military is not doing enough to address the problems that climate change is expected to cause at military bases.\r\n","_input_hash":-2132371050,"_task_hash":-993971262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last summer\u2019s unprecedented northern-hemisphere heatwave \u201ccould not have occurred without human-induced climate change\u201d, a new study concludes.\r\n","_input_hash":1200312608,"_task_hash":-1323539312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists are \u201cvirtually certain\u201d that the three-month event \u2013 which saw temperature records broken from Belfast to Montreal and wildfires in places such as the Arctic circle, Greece and California \u2013 could not have happened in a world without human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":-2104506674,"_task_hash":191565591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study also finds that summer heatwaves on the scale of that seen in 2018 could occur every year if global temperatures reach 2C above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":855218933,"_task_hash":1419645133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If global warming is limited to 1.5C \u2013 the international aspirational limit \u2013 such heatwaves could occur in two of every three years.\r\n","_input_hash":981077836,"_task_hash":910498923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The findings mirror recent research suggesting that the extreme heat seen in Japan in 2018, in which more than 1,000 people died, could not have occurred without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1529685805,"_task_hash":-1922764885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last summer\u2019s unprecedented northern-hemisphere heatwave dominated frontpages.","_input_hash":-35466445,"_task_hash":1672830096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The extreme heat lasted for months and broke temperature records simultaneously across North America, Europe and Asia.\r\n","_input_hash":-1400285852,"_task_hash":-52104737,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among its impacts, the heatwave caused crop failures across Europe, fanned wildfires from Manchester in the UK to Yosemite National Park in the US and exposed more than 34,000 people to power outages in Los Angeles as the grid experienced an unprecedented demand for air conditioning.\r\n","_input_hash":-2093592894,"_task_hash":906502819,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the heat continued to wreak havoc at the end of July, scientists released a rapid assessment finding that climate change made the hot conditions seen in Europe up to five times more likely to occur.\r\n","_input_hash":628602400,"_task_hash":39044851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This was followed later by preliminary analysis from the UK\u2019s Met Office in December which found that the heat experienced by the UK was made up to 30 times more likely by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":2075897195,"_task_hash":-1200635793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And, in May, a study found that the heatwave in Japan \u2013 one of the worst affected countries \u2013 could not have happened at all without human-caused global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1764536273,"_task_hash":-391756610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The new paper, published in the journal Earth\u2019s Future, is the first to assess the extent to which climate change could have boosted the odds of a heatwave on the same scale of that seen in 2018 across the entire northern hemisphere.\r\n","_input_hash":-1854823245,"_task_hash":-511223694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The results reveal that last summer\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave was \u201cextraordinary\u201d, says study lead author Dr Martha Vogel, a climate extremes researcher from ETH Zurich.","_input_hash":-1039553380,"_task_hash":-2066409887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe find these 2018 northern-hemispheric concurrent heat events could not have occurred without human-induced climate change.","_input_hash":2101431123,"_task_hash":809355265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"heatwave.\r\n","_input_hash":225481567,"_task_hash":-1776908464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers then used climate models to study how often heatwaves on this scale are expected to happen in today\u2019s world and in a hypothetical world without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-2057760282,"_task_hash":630217008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers then studied the simulations to see how often heatwaves on the same scale to that seen in 2018 occur under the various climate conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":227061188,"_task_hash":67591929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The findings show that heatwaves on the same scale as that seen in 2018 have around a one-in-six chance of occurring in today\u2019s climate.","_input_hash":1772761212,"_task_hash":643448806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In contrast, in the simulations from 1955-88, such heatwaves had no chance of occuring.\r\n","_input_hash":1245678596,"_task_hash":-1971267501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This led the researchers to conclude that it is \u201cvirtually certain\u201d that the 2018 northern-hemisphere heatwave could not have happened without climate change.","_input_hash":242794852,"_task_hash":-206505813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Vogel explains:\r\n\u201c\u2018Virtually certain\u2019 means that the probability that the event could have only occurred due to climate change is more than 99%.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1216580405,"_task_hash":1841571231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers also used climate models to make projections about the likelihood of heatwaves on the same scale as 2018 or larger occurring under a range of temperature scenarios.\r\n","_input_hash":752364986,"_task_hash":981813451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that, if global temperatures are limited to 1.5C, such heatwaves could occur in around two of every three years \u2013 or a 65% probability of occurring in any one year.","_input_hash":1845579074,"_task_hash":-356552500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If temperatures reach 2C, such heatwaves could occur every year (97% probability).\r\n","_input_hash":2089735332,"_task_hash":1352849321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is demonstrated on the charts below, which show the probability of heatwaves on the same spatial scale to that seen in 2018 or larger occurring in the northern hemisphere under 1.5C (top) and 2C (bottom).","_input_hash":2117862095,"_task_hash":-23945517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The probability, in a given year, of heatwaves on the same spatial scale to that seen in 2018 or larger occurring in the northern hemisphere under 1.5C (top) and 2C (bottom) of global warming.","_input_hash":-98262022,"_task_hash":-601864116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIf heatwaves occur in densely populated regions, this will have strong impacts on human health \u2013 particularly in regions where the expanding concurrent hot-days area is compounded by population increases.","_input_hash":75458650,"_task_hash":1518576190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hence, strong mitigation efforts are required to avoid future simultaneous heat-related impacts.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1294114807,"_task_hash":-999123023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The research represents \u201can important\u201d step forward in our understanding of how climate change impacted last year\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave, says Prof Peter Stott, a leading attribution scientist from the Met Office Hadley Centre, who was not involved in the study.","_input_hash":1031791096,"_task_hash":-1546076945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe authors come to the striking conclusion that we have entered a new climate regime in which the occurrence of extraordinary global-scale heatwaves cannot be explained without human-induced climate change.","_input_hash":-247278149,"_task_hash":2098590787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This finding is consistent with many other studies also reporting a rapidly escalating risk of such hot extremes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2063337157,"_task_hash":1270772361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Concurrent 2018 hot extremes across Northern Hemisphere due to human-induced climate change, Earth\u2019s Future, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001189","_input_hash":579174596,"_task_hash":663919606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHis allergy attack was so bad, he couldn\u2019t breathe.","_input_hash":-2029926739,"_task_hash":-1015559638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Autrey and her family weren\u2019t the only ones inundated by pollen this year.","_input_hash":1894054825,"_task_hash":-865278614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Contributors to YCC partner ISeeChange in Virginia and New York City also complained of a worse-than-usual allergy season.","_input_hash":-743284865,"_task_hash":935766985,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the future, climate change is likely to make allergy season even worse.","_input_hash":-1026146830,"_task_hash":1238368883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma attacks are the most common allergy-related reason a child ends up in the emergency room, said Ari Bernstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and the co-director of Harvard\u2019s Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment.\r\n","_input_hash":-2140717101,"_task_hash":-317361203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some 35,000 to 60,000 U.S. emergency department visits for asthma each year may be linked to oak, birch, and grass pollen, according to a study published in January 2019.","_input_hash":-1330075722,"_task_hash":-54842996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among asthma-related emergency departments visits that could be linked to allergies from oak, birch, and grass, children accounted for two-thirds of the patients, the same study found.\r\n","_input_hash":162383761,"_task_hash":-1176512085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Pine pollen is not typically an allergen, said Robert Bardon, the associate dean of extension at North Carolina State University, but it is an indicator of other pollen that does cause allergies.\r\n","_input_hash":1793241520,"_task_hash":-879363391,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among hardwood trees, birch, oak, elm, maple, ash, alder, and hazel are common allergy culprits.\r\n","_input_hash":-1193503453,"_task_hash":1243524443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With increased chances for exposure comes increased likelihood for allergies, and Neumann said data shows that pollen-related emergency department visits are already increasing.\r\n","_input_hash":1481826553,"_task_hash":-2052450122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sheffield said that despite the increase in asthma visits, she doesn\u2019t expect worsening allergy seasons to burden health care too much overall.","_input_hash":-205662809,"_task_hash":-62920803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Bernstein said some hospitals could experience crowding issues, particularly if they\u2019re dealing with increases in heat-related illnesses at the same time of the year \u2013 children are also disproportionately impacted by heat stress.\r\n","_input_hash":623276192,"_task_hash":974612549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma already disproportionately impacts low-income and minority communities who traditionally lack access to quality care, and rural hospitals are struggling to stay open.\r\n","_input_hash":293729282,"_task_hash":-1619463026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bernstein said cities can help by reducing urban heat and diesel pollution.","_input_hash":-698715747,"_task_hash":-153783781,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s because urban air quality is poorer on hot days, and diesel exhaust has been shown to make pollen more damaging to peoples\u2019 lungs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1171333022,"_task_hash":-1483502149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(The latter isn\u2019t a common practice, because female trees produce fruit that can cause a mess.)\r\n","_input_hash":-1819662606,"_task_hash":-1129967135,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And perhaps the biggest way to lessen the growing impact of pollen on health is to reduce the burning of fossil fuels to limit climate change.","_input_hash":-1582719541,"_task_hash":442854232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The sweltering heat in the Bay Area on Monday shattered multiple decades-old records, caused a meltdown of the BART system and left thousands of people without electricity.\r\n","_input_hash":169471927,"_task_hash":782963422,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It got so hot, BART trains experienced major delays systemwide during the evening commute when the heat caused trackway equipment problems.\r\n","_input_hash":91915866,"_task_hash":-282056216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt hasn\u2019t been this hot since the big heat wave of 2017,\u201d said Steve Anderson, a National Weather Service meteorologist.\r\n","_input_hash":-1366765440,"_task_hash":730955119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even coastal locations typically kept cool by the Pacific Ocean breeze were no strangers to heat.","_input_hash":-1029632634,"_task_hash":889924836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than 26,000 residents and businesses throughout the Bay Area lost their power as the heat intensified.\r\n","_input_hash":-1437366207,"_task_hash":1635694048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to numbers released by Pacific Gas & Electric company, 14,642 customers in the East Bay suffered outages, while South Bay cutomers reported 5,067.","_input_hash":2024867368,"_task_hash":-370863396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Blackouts hit 4,281 people in San Francisco, 1,824 on the Peninsula and 634 in the North Bay.\r\n","_input_hash":-330741028,"_task_hash":2101843122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat also warped tracks on BART Monday afternoon, and crews worked to cool down equipment as delays reverberated throughout the system, according to the transit agency.\r\n","_input_hash":1796087682,"_task_hash":1270016250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Bay Area Air Quality Management District issued a spare-the-air alert for Tuesday, with air quality in the region measuring as unhealthy for sensitive groups in the eastern part of the region.\r\n","_input_hash":989341241,"_task_hash":965733808,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Smoke from the Sand Fire in Yolo County, along with other small brush fires burning in Marin and Contra Costa counties could continue to impact air quality.","_input_hash":1118013047,"_task_hash":-1015755831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These experts agree that climate has affected organized armed conflict within countries.","_input_hash":1879984134,"_task_hash":2047085705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Intensifying climate change is estimated to increase future risks of conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":-555044845,"_task_hash":-1658892550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This shift illustrates the overall judgment that, with intensifying climate change, climate is expected to increasingly affect conflict risk (illustrated by greater sensitivity\u2014that is, the upward shift).","_input_hash":1140136682,"_task_hash":411892579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, this effect will increasingly serve to intensify rather than diminish conflict risk (illustrated by the greater increase/decrease ratio\u2014that is, the shift to the right).","_input_hash":228961332,"_task_hash":-1843555638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Two measures are used to characterize elicited judgments about the relationship between factors that drive conflict risk and climate in experiences to date: climate sensitivity and increase/decrease ratio.","_input_hash":-629446192,"_task_hash":-1349603843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For three scenarios (experiences to date and the 2 \u00b0C and 4 \u00b0C warming scenarios), each expert estimated the reduction in climate-related conflict risk that could occur with substantial investments in conflict risk reduction.","_input_hash":2025279478,"_task_hash":75072493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Probability estimates are indicated for substantial decrease in conflict risk, moderate decrease in conflict risk or negligible change.","_input_hash":-436654968,"_task_hash":1153251372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Intensifying climate change will increase the future risk of violent armed conflict within countries, according to a study published today in the journal Nature.","_input_hash":-1833847499,"_task_hash":454315286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a scenario with 4 degrees Celsius of warming (approximately the path we're on if societies do not substantially reduce emissions of heat-trapping gases), the influence of climate on conflicts would increase more than five times, leaping to a 26% chance of a substantial increase in conflict risk, according to the study.","_input_hash":-1725695547,"_task_hash":1391148473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even in a scenario of 2 degrees Celsius of warming beyond preindustrial levels -- the stated goal of the Paris Climate Agreement\u00ac -- the influence of climate on conflicts would more than double, rising to a 13% chance.\r\n","_input_hash":-463677953,"_task_hash":-1711146793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change-driven extreme weather and related disasters can damage economies, lower farming and livestock production and intensify inequality among social groups.","_input_hash":-362716535,"_task_hash":-1617444121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These factors, when combined with other drivers of conflict, may increase risks of violence.\r\n","_input_hash":-1895264905,"_task_hash":-235208550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Knowing whether environmental or climatic changes are important for explaining conflict has implications for what we can do to reduce the likelihood of future conflict, as well as for how to make well-informed decisions about how aggressively we should mitigate future climate change,\" said Marshall Burke, assistant professor of Earth system science and a co-author on the study.\r\n","_input_hash":916129549,"_task_hash":1241299865,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers disagree intensely as to whether climate plays a role in triggering civil wars and other armed conflicts.","_input_hash":99868453,"_task_hash":2098229240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, they make clear that other factors, such as low socioeconomic development, the strength of government, inequalities in societies, and a recent history of violent conflict have a much heavier impact on conflict within countries.\r\n","_input_hash":-801171265,"_task_hash":52629482,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers don't fully understand how climate affects conflict and under what conditions.","_input_hash":-2089150885,"_task_hash":1590739014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The consequences of future climate change will likely be different from historical climate disruptions because societies will be forced to grapple with unprecedented conditions that go beyond known experience and what they may be capable of adapting to.\r\n","_input_hash":-1993220988,"_task_hash":-671864655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"It is quite likely that over this century, unprecedented climate change is going to have significant impacts on both, but it is extremely hard to anticipate whether the political changes related to climate change will have big effects on armed conflict in turn.","_input_hash":1656769986,"_task_hash":1835312852,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Peacekeeping, conflict mediation and post-conflict aid operations could incorporate climate into their risk reduction strategies by looking at ways climatic hazards may exacerbate violent conflict in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-216447921,"_task_hash":-1658820670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, food export bans following crop failures can increase instability elsewhere.\r\n","_input_hash":910969504,"_task_hash":-1063509948,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rostin Behnam, who sits on the federal government\u2019s five-member Commodity Futures Trading Commission, a powerful agency overseeing major financial markets including grain futures, oil trading and complex derivatives, said in an interview on Monday that the financial risks from climate change were comparable to those posed by the mortgage meltdown that triggered the 2008 financial crisis.\r\n","_input_hash":274322810,"_task_hash":991063160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf climate change causes more volatile frequent and extreme weather events, you\u2019re going to have a scenario where these large providers of financial products \u2014 mortgages, home insurance, pensions \u2014 cannot shift risk away from their portfolios,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-1177417684,"_task_hash":-529234119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s abundantly clear that climate change poses financial risk to the stability of the financial system.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1286187493,"_task_hash":-489058474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"His interest in the financial effects of climate change, he said, stems from six years working for Debbie Stabenow, a Michigan Democrat, on the Senate Agriculture Committee.","_input_hash":-1489401416,"_task_hash":-86559247,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mr. Behnam is not the first financial regulator to call attention to the market risks posed by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":2136305267,"_task_hash":-1048265232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coca-Cola, for instance, has noted in its financial disclosures that water shortages driven by climate change pose a risk to its production chains and profitability, and several insurance companies have put out reports noting the risk to the industry from more frequent extreme weather.\r\n","_input_hash":793740473,"_task_hash":469854258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In January, the California electricity provider Pacific Gas and Electric declared bankruptcy while facing billions of dollars in liability costs related to damages from two years of wildfires.","_input_hash":-1894664289,"_task_hash":1383815676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Experts said that could be an early indicator of a wider economic toll from climate change, which is making wildfires more frequent and destructive.","_input_hash":-1110863113,"_task_hash":-1136381580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe understand that climate change causes a big systemic risk,\u201d said Stefano Giglio, a professor of finance at Yale University who has published studies with the National Bureau of Economic Research on the financial consequences of warming.","_input_hash":390726801,"_task_hash":-650188020,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He has announced that he intends to withdraw the United States from the Paris accord, an agreement among the nations to jointly address climate change, and he has set in motion legal efforts to weaken or undo major Obama-era regulations on planet-warming pollution from power plants and vehicle tailpipes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1321213229,"_task_hash":-270016832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emissions of methane from the industrial sector have been vastly underestimated, researchers from Cornell and Environmental Defense Fund have found.\r\n","_input_hash":1109898942,"_task_hash":1382775997,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Using a Google Street View car equipped with a high-precision methane sensor, the researchers discovered that methane emissions from ammonia fertilizer plants were 100 times higher than the fertilizer industry\u2019s self-reported estimate.","_input_hash":236787132,"_task_hash":332742075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers\u2019 findings are reported in \u201cEstimation of Methane Emissions From the U.S. Ammonia Fertilizer Industry Using a Mobile Sensing Approach,\u201d published May 28 in Elementa.","_input_hash":-622940622,"_task_hash":-699870028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To evaluate methane emissions from downstream industrial sources, the researchers focused on the fertilizer industry, which uses natural gas both as the fuel and one of the main ingredients for ammonia and urea products.","_input_hash":-1832453906,"_task_hash":768715311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For this study, the Google Street View vehicle traveled public roads near six representative fertilizer plants in the country\u2019s midsection to quantify \u201cfugitive methane emissions\u201d \u2013 defined as inadvertent losses of methane to the atmosphere, likely due to incomplete chemical reactions during fertilizer production, incomplete fuel combustion or leaks.\r\n","_input_hash":1916316670,"_task_hash":-527175635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, this figure far exceeds the EPA\u2019s estimate that all industrial processes in the United States produce only 8 gigagrams of methane emissions per year.\r\n","_input_hash":-806307751,"_task_hash":542772500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)Over 40% of Greenland experienced melting Thursday, with total ice loss estimated to be more than 2 gigatons (equal to 2 billion tons) on just that day alone.\r\n","_input_hash":1693314901,"_task_hash":-1666623349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The sudden spike in melting \"is unusual, but not unprecedented,\" according to Thomas Mote, a research scientist at the University of Georgia who studies Greenland's climate.\r\n","_input_hash":-1379029852,"_task_hash":-1341484343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"It is comparable to some spikes we saw in June of 2012,\" Mote told CNN, referring to the record-setting melt year of 2012 that saw almost the entire ice sheet experience melting for the first time in recorded history.\r\n","_input_hash":767664719,"_task_hash":1019511365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This much melting this early in the summer could be a bad sign, indicating 2019 could once again set records for the amount of Greenland ice loss.\r\n","_input_hash":-1592299909,"_task_hash":1370375022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"These melt events result in a changed surface albedo,\" according to Mote, which will allow more of the mid-summer sun's heat to be absorbed into the ice and melt it.\r\n","_input_hash":-2068838989,"_task_hash":1586427831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to the early-season melt, the snow cover is already lower than average in Western Greenland, and combining these factors means \"2019 is likely going to be a very big melt year, and even the potential to exceed the record melt year of 2012.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1621464711,"_task_hash":637756158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A persistent weather pattern has been setting the stage for the current spike in melting, according to Mote.\r\n","_input_hash":-1715993599,"_task_hash":-1347236566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The high pressure also prevents precipitation from forming and leads to clear, sunny skies.\r\n","_input_hash":-289617534,"_task_hash":-371650882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past week or two, that high pressure ridge got even stronger as another high pressure front moved in from the eastern United States -- the one that caused the prolonged hot and dry period in the Southeast earlier this month.\r\n","_input_hash":-1857859741,"_task_hash":191086811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If these extreme melt seasons are becoming the new normal, it could have significant ramifications around the globe, especially for sea level rise.\r\n","_input_hash":-1009909130,"_task_hash":1461210914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Greenland has been an increasing contributor to global sea level rise over the past two decades,\" Mote said, \"and surface melting and runoff is a large portion of that.\"","_input_hash":-1569686448,"_task_hash":900271974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is poised to increase the spread of dengue fever, which is common in parts of the world with warmer climates like Brazil and India, a new study warns.\r\n","_input_hash":1213065942,"_task_hash":1264327428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Worldwide each year, there are 100 million cases of dengue infections severe enough to cause symptoms, which may include fever, debilitating joint pain and internal bleeding.","_input_hash":-1814986658,"_task_hash":534696294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There are an estimated 10,000 deaths from dengue \u2014 also nicknamed breakbone fever \u2014 which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that also spread Zika and chikungunya.\r\n","_input_hash":-1652066465,"_task_hash":-167708665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That increase largely comes from population growth in areas already at high risk for the disease, as well as the expansion of dengue\u2019s","_input_hash":-1640176983,"_task_hash":-1419090282,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Under a moderate warming scenario, 2.25 billion more people could be at risk for dengue fever by 2080.\r\n","_input_hash":-1339567462,"_task_hash":2035412594,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But how much the world warms has a significant impact on the spread of the disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-852099811,"_task_hash":304320929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cFor a healthy individual dengue is an awful experience that you never forget,\u201d said Josh Idjadi, an associate professor at Eastern Connecticut University who contracted dengue fever in French Polynesia.","_input_hash":-1008585939,"_task_hash":-1501022277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"- Climate change poses a threat to peace in countries around the world in the coming decade, according to an annual peace index released on Wednesday that factored in the risk from global warming for the first time.\r\n","_input_hash":-1525402040,"_task_hash":-78351182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nearly a billion people live in areas at high risk from global warming and","_input_hash":-1683791667,"_task_hash":1826422786,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change causes conflict due to competition over diminishing resources and may also threaten livelihoods and force mass migration, it said.\r\n","_input_hash":253328064,"_task_hash":-1416705038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can actually get a much better idea of which countries are most at risk, what are the types of risk and what would be the level of impact before it leads to a break or an implosion within the country.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1156398575,"_task_hash":-1403670194,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, it remains significantly less peaceful than 10 years ago due to factors including conflicts in the Middle East, a rise in terrorism, and increasing numbers of refugees.\r\n","_input_hash":-139891673,"_task_hash":-636399419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effects of climate change can create a \u201ctipping point\u201d, exacerbating tensions until a breaking point is reached, particularly in countries that are already struggling, said Killelea.\r\n","_input_hash":-92055178,"_task_hash":584816102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe know that environmental degradation and water stress can lead to hunger, famine and displacement, and combined with economic and political instability, can lead to migration and conflict,\u201d said Manish Bapna, managing director of the WRI.\r\n","_input_hash":207027494,"_task_hash":-918005336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It predicts that in the absence of significant progress in efforts to curb emissions of temperature-raising greenhouse gases, extreme heat waves could claim thousands of lives in major U.S. cities.\r\n","_input_hash":-1267924560,"_task_hash":-1190260022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels \u2014 which some scientists say is likely if nations honor only their current commitments for curbing emissions \u2014 a major heat wave could kill almost 6,000 people in New York City.","_input_hash":1218547940,"_task_hash":1798574025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the new research also indicates that if the U.S. and other nations take aggressive steps to limit warming, many of those deaths from extreme heat might be avoided.\r\n","_input_hash":1370090622,"_task_hash":-1414138443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For the research, Lo and her collaborators focused on so-called \u201c1-in-30 events,\u201d severe heat waves that strike every few decades and which pose a major threat to children, older adults, outdoor workers and people living in poverty.","_input_hash":-1363988234,"_task_hash":-1586739961,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves are especially dangerous in urban areas, where paved surfaces and densely packed buildings create super-hot \u201curban heat islands.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":435149424,"_task_hash":1821047139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At 3 degrees of warming, the scientists estimated that a once-in-a-generation heat wave could claim more than 20,000 lives across the 15 cities.","_input_hash":-1923870213,"_task_hash":-1015004169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At 1.5 degrees of warming, more than half of some cities\u2019 projected deaths could be prevented.\r\n","_input_hash":71882585,"_task_hash":909019543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stark as the numbers are, Bernstein said the study might have underestimated the toll taken by heat waves by failing to consider non-fatal heat-related injuries, which send patients to American emergency rooms about 65,000 times each summer.","_input_hash":2136478704,"_task_hash":-1477803629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cities, and humans themselves, could also adapt to higher temperatures over time, resulting in fewer deaths than predicted.\r\n","_input_hash":1395682322,"_task_hash":-1775826683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Shubhayu Saha, a health scientist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Climate and Health Program, declined to comment on the new study, but acknowledged the risk posed by rising temperatures.","_input_hash":-1399027702,"_task_hash":-1885039182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe projections are that the number of deaths and illness will increase in the years to come as the summers become longer and the heat becomes more intense,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-567959018,"_task_hash":-1546478725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the Environmental Protection Agency recommends that cities issue warnings ahead of heat waves, create more green spaces to mitigate the heat island effect and raise awareness about who is most vulnerable to heat-related illness and death.\r\n","_input_hash":-1706884076,"_task_hash":-1721396749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"1 million species under threat of extinction because of humans, new report finds\r\nYour clothes are secretly polluting the environment.","_input_hash":193152523,"_task_hash":1113175933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution has improved dramatically over the past four decades because of federal rules.\r\n","_input_hash":1825941796,"_task_hash":-1587953588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Estimates of fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5\r\n","_input_hash":1850052839,"_task_hash":-1025245272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By one crucial metric, fine particulate pollution, the United States ranks 10th in air quality.","_input_hash":262841079,"_task_hash":1919329954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"PM2.5 (because the airborne particles are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, or one-thirtieth the size of a human hair) \u2013 is a byproduct of burning and commonly comes from power plants, car exhaust and wildfires.","_input_hash":-748477164,"_task_hash":-1366486712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is particularly harmful to human health, causing asthma and respiratory inflammation and increasing the risk for lung cancer, heart attack and stroke.\r\n","_input_hash":-1819665661,"_task_hash":-1545910705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Particulate matter and other pollution have dramatically decreased over the past 40 years, in large part because of regulations put in place under the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its later updates, experts say.\r\n","_input_hash":-2102093431,"_task_hash":-374942290,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That wide-ranging law gave the Environmental Protection Agency power to regulate pollution from stationary sources (like power plants, chemical factories and gas stations) and mobile ones (like cars, trucks and planes).","_input_hash":-604000881,"_task_hash":1299627550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Deaths related to air pollution fell by about 30 percent between 1990 and 2010, according to a recent study, primarily because of reductions in particulate pollution.","_input_hash":-339926149,"_task_hash":-1573009086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An estimated 100,000 Americans die prematurely each year of illnesses caused or exacerbated by polluted air.\r\n","_input_hash":-243932263,"_task_hash":-1091273630,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many parts of the country, particularly Los Angeles and California\u2019s Central Valley, continue to struggle with ground-level ozone, which forms when other pollutants react in the presence of sunlight and heat.","_input_hash":-1066614989,"_task_hash":44273455,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This type of pollution, also known as smog, can damage the lungs and cause other serious health problems and death.\r\n","_input_hash":1142816889,"_task_hash":918303439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But even people living in areas that meet national standards for fine particulate matter and ozone may experience harm from air pollution.","_input_hash":2052649846,"_task_hash":-831218255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are still health effects at the lower levels of pollution,\u201d said Beate Ritz, a researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, who studies the public health impacts of air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-569545842,"_task_hash":-1654997677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists are only beginning to understand the broad health impacts of breathing polluted air, she added.\r\n","_input_hash":-1411497239,"_task_hash":-1149737653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change could make air pollution worse.\r\n","_input_hash":-1240707132,"_task_hash":-360409903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires contributed to higher levels of PM2.5 pollution in the West, while the rise in ozone was attributed to warmer temperatures.","_input_hash":1938505472,"_task_hash":-2026083677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cUnder climate change, we expect air pollution to be worse,\u201d said Jason West, a professor of environmental science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.","_input_hash":-1940348733,"_task_hash":1831701878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But he warned against interpreting the recent spikes in pollution as an indication of broader changes to the country\u2019s air quality trajectory.","_input_hash":1007409665,"_task_hash":-345091374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Two major actions include repealing the Obama-era Clean Power Plan, which sought to slash greenhouse gas emissions and lower pollution from power plants, and rolling back national auto emissions standards.\r\n","_input_hash":-320220030,"_task_hash":-787913605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead of continuing the progress of the past decades, he said, \u201cthere\u2019s a fear we will see air pollution get worse.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":179218230,"_task_hash":352066361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Arctic spring thaw has begun with a bang, with extensive melting of the Greenland ice sheet and sea ice loss that is already several weeks ahead of normal, scientists said.\r\n","_input_hash":959558914,"_task_hash":-947121133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That, coupled with cloudless conditions, led to a pulse of melting across much of the ice sheet surface.\r\n","_input_hash":-146143319,"_task_hash":147171496,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But day-to-day conditions in the Arctic can vary, and by Saturday somewhat cooler air led to reduced melting of about 215,000 square miles, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, in Boulder,","_input_hash":-491533987,"_task_hash":864020822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2012 high-pressure air returned in July and August, leading to record ice-sheet melting for the year \u2014 in all, Greenland had a net loss of about 200 billion tons of ice that year.\r\n","_input_hash":-426531450,"_task_hash":43541473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A contributing factor to the early melting this year was the relatively light snowfall last winter, especially in northern Greenland.","_input_hash":1687127825,"_task_hash":1584492774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting this early in the season generally does not contribute to sea level rise immediately, as most of the water remains near the surface of the ice sheet.","_input_hash":1675692885,"_task_hash":-1340538323,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea ice loss contributes to the amplification of Arctic warming, as the darker water of open ocean absorbs more sunlight than ice.\r\n","_input_hash":516712693,"_task_hash":182775942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Scambos said that Arctic sea ice loss can be linked to temperatures in Siberia.","_input_hash":914815902,"_task_hash":-191103561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As disaster costs keep rising nationwide, a troubling new debate has become urgent: If there\u2019s not enough money to protect every coastal community from the effects of human-caused global warming, how should we decide which ones to save first?\r\n","_input_hash":1824582114,"_task_hash":-184096930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After three years of brutal flooding and hurricanes in the United States, there is growing consensus among policymakers and scientists that coastal areas will require significant spending to ride out future storms and rising sea levels \u2014 not in decades, but now and in the very near future.","_input_hash":-954175579,"_task_hash":1376434031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe increasing frequency, impact and cost of disasters demands that we invest in mitigation and reduce disaster suffering,\u201d Ms. Dennis said by email.","_input_hash":2094022004,"_task_hash":-1220015072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s when the sense of satisfaction from a good deed \u2014 say, installing that energy-efficient light bulb \u2014 diminishes or eliminates the sense of urgency around the greater problem.\r\n","_input_hash":996872568,"_task_hash":-473867813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heat hits early, and hard\r\n","_input_hash":-2009436690,"_task_hash":809454309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s been unusually hot recently in some scorching-hot parts of the world.","_input_hash":1107594438,"_task_hash":1432247222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s been unusually hot in places that aren\u2019t accustomed to being hot at all, especially this time of year.\r\n","_input_hash":94765055,"_task_hash":288158417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"India last week was in the grip of its worst heat wave, based on how much of the country was affected, according to the National Disaster Management Authority.","_input_hash":-1681821690,"_task_hash":1222428590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s not yet known whether these individual heat waves are directly linked to climate change.","_input_hash":-1565090259,"_task_hash":820945328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the heat waves are consistent with the overall trend of accelerating global warming.","_input_hash":380147101,"_task_hash":-692038825,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As average temperatures rise because of industrial emissions in the atmosphere, heat records are more frequently broken.\r\n","_input_hash":1173201136,"_task_hash":-323762746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves are bound to get more frequent and more intense, we reported last summer.\r\n","_input_hash":1179755863,"_task_hash":637944198,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sweden and Norway had an unseasonable spate of wildfires in April because of an unusually hot and dry spring.","_input_hash":550533064,"_task_hash":-551077627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And firefighters in California are bracing for a bad wildfire season, a year after the state\u2019s most disastrous ever.\r\n","_input_hash":-2092247472,"_task_hash":2100474761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves in the Arctic are having another knock-on effect.","_input_hash":1480980771,"_task_hash":-446531036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This year, because of the warm conditions, sea ice loss is about three weeks ahead of normal, and on target to reach one of the lowest minimums ever.\r\n","_input_hash":-2072748453,"_task_hash":109858967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published in the Social Science & Medicine journal\u2019s October 2017 issue found that, nationwide, same-sex partners suffer greater cancer and respiratory risks from hazardous air pollutants, mostly on-road mobile air pollutants like vehicles and roadways.","_input_hash":-525566073,"_task_hash":-958275557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Processes of social marginalization have led to the establishment of gay enclaves that are both empowering, but also in response to stigmatization and marginalization.","_input_hash":1904756760,"_task_hash":-550856443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the presence of these other variables known to predict air pollution at the neighborhood level, you still had this effect come through.\r\n","_input_hash":1912006633,"_task_hash":1976067127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Especially with gentrification occurring in and around some historically gay neighborhoods, which may make neighborhoods cleaner and lead to lower air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":695712157,"_task_hash":620403762,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Things may have been worse before dispersal and gentrification, but there is still this pattern whereby same-sex partner households experience greater exposure to harmful air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-718103877,"_task_hash":-1111834074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But I try to think generally about processes that might lead to environmental injustice.","_input_hash":-2020541878,"_task_hash":1591074295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And I tend to think that nearly any axis of social difference\u2014be it gender, race, class, age, sexuality\u2014might be an axis upon which that translates to environmental injustice.\r\n","_input_hash":-1901001440,"_task_hash":-352496416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To address this gap, we use data from the US Census, American Community Survey and the Environmental Protection Agency at the 2010 census tract level to examine the spatial relationships between same-sex partner households and cumulative cancer risk from exposure to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted by all ambient emission sources in Greater Houston (Texas).","_input_hash":-1153697599,"_task_hash":-1389746927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Findings from generalized estimating equation analyses demonstrate that increased cancer risks from HAPs are significantly associated with neighborhoods having relatively high concentrations of resident same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering and variables known to influence risk (i.e., race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, renter status, income inequality, and population density).","_input_hash":1727589408,"_task_hash":802710945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of same-sex male partner households are associated with significantly greater exposure to cancer-causing HAPs while those with high proportions of same-sex female partner households are associated with less exposure.","_input_hash":-357736733,"_task_hash":-503059555,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Practically, results suggest that other documented health risks experienced in gay neighborhoods may be compounded by disparate health risks associated with harmful exposures to air toxics.\r\n","_input_hash":-1960846502,"_task_hash":754777079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Emerging concern for social inequalities in the distribution of hazardous environmental pollutants over the past several decades has spawned a global social movement for environmental justice (EJ) and a large body of research (Walker 2012).","_input_hash":1658042471,"_task_hash":1301369617,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although results vary across analyses, the vast majority of these studies have found that social groups at the disadvantaged poles of those axes of oppression experience disproportionate exposure to toxic pollution","_input_hash":-1072507594,"_task_hash":-600678217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"1) Are cancer risks from outdoor HAP exposures distributed inequitably with respect to the neighborhood composition of same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering and relevant covariates?","_input_hash":-1991587949,"_task_hash":1577185068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(2) Are cancer risks from HAP exposures distributed differently for neighborhoods with high concentrations of same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households?\r\n","_input_hash":1904423586,"_task_hash":80946093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Studies of environmental justice (EJ) are primarily concerned with examining the material effects of inequality\u2014produced through social structures and discourses\u2014and reflected in the uneven distribution of environmental harm and privilege in societies.","_input_hash":-1194759923,"_task_hash":324291863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In terms of the distributive EJ literature, studies have documented the disproportionate exposure of female-headed households to environmental harm in the US and abroad (Downey 2005; Grineski et al. 2015a), which reflects how the intersection of oppressive racial, class and gender constructions may unjustly burden women with acute pollution exposures.\r\n","_input_hash":1667736357,"_task_hash":884327533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We hypothesize that this has led to the concentration of LGBT residents in urban environments that are simultaneously socially marginal and highly polluted, since NIMBYism is predicated on the banishment of all LULUs\u2014including sources of toxic pollution\u2014to marginal urban spaces.\r\n","_input_hash":613288670,"_task_hash":-446067986,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From an EJ perspective, this supports the hypothesis that levels of exposure to urban pollution may vary between neighborhoods composed of relatively high concentrations of same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households, with gay male partnering likely associated with more acute environmental exposures due to increased clustering within polluted inner-city spaces.\r\n","_input_hash":835065918,"_task_hash":-2107418090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Airborne emissions from numerous point and mobile sources have contributed to elevated levels of ambient exposure to HAPs in Greater Houston.","_input_hash":-170399890,"_task_hash":740496404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Four counties in Greater Houston (Harris, Galveston, Montgomery, and Fort Bend) are ranked in the top 10 percent of all US counties and the top 5 percent for counties in Texas, in terms of cumulative cancer risk from HAP exposure (Chakraborty et al. 2014).\r\n","_input_hash":1742529733,"_task_hash":624726732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(2014) found positive and significant associations for the percentages of the population that were non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of housing units that were renter-occupied, and income inequality (Gini index) with cancer risks from HAPs; they also found an quadratic (nonlinear) relationship between median household income and cancer risk from HAPs, indicating that low-income neighborhoods were exposed to the lowest risk, middle-income neighborhoods to the highest risk, and high-income neighborhoods to lower risk.\r\n","_input_hash":-1717945071,"_task_hash":239880058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Cancer Risks from Hazardous Air Pollutants\r\n","_input_hash":966897558,"_task_hash":1481045124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our variable for assessing risks from exposure to chronic pollution is cumulative cancer risk from HAPs emitted by all ambient emission sources.","_input_hash":411593951,"_task_hash":633747505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"HAPs include 187 specific substances identified in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 that are known to or suspected of causing cancer and other serious health problems (EPA 2016).","_input_hash":-1855005684,"_task_hash":-52376753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To measure cancer risks from chronic exposure to HAPs, we use data from the US EPA\u2019s 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), which was released in 2015 (EPA 2016).","_input_hash":651442946,"_task_hash":257964726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The NATA is an important tool for estimating health risks associated with chronic exposure to various sources of HAPs, and a reliable data source for EJ research on air pollution (Collins et al. 2015a, 2015b).\r\n","_input_hash":708087419,"_task_hash":-1578629441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 2011 NATA estimates potential cumulative risks to public health from HAP exposure following the EPA\u2019s risk characterization guidelines that assume a lifelong exposure to 2011 levels of air emissions.","_input_hash":352268249,"_task_hash":-2116159140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These risk estimates are considered to be upper-bound estimates of the probability that an individual will contract cancer over a 70-year lifetime as a result of exposure to HAPs.","_input_hash":1362597884,"_task_hash":-320613460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This would be an excess cancer risk in addition to other cancer risks borne by a person not exposed to these HAPs.\r\n","_input_hash":1489462964,"_task_hash":1703812842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Estimates of cumulative lifetime cancer risk (persons per million) include risks associated with inhalation exposure to HAPs released by major stationary sources (e.g., large waste incinerators, factories), smaller stationary sources (e.g., dry cleaners, small manufacturers), on-road mobile sources (e.g., cars, trucks), nonroad mobile sources (e.g., airplanes, trains, lawn mowers, construction vehicles), and background concentrations (i.e., contributions from distant or natural sources).","_input_hash":-995161484,"_task_hash":2123638380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thus, while NATA risk estimates are quantified in terms of cumulative lifetime exposure to HAPs, for the purposes of this EJ analysis, they provide estimates of relative cancer risk attributable to outdoor residential HAP exposures.\r\n","_input_hash":24212211,"_task_hash":-1140054738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Distribution of cancer risks from hazardous air pollutants by census tract, Greater Houston.\r\n","_input_hash":566122410,"_task_hash":-2004666144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficients for the explanatory/control variables with cancer risk from HAPs are presented in Table 2.","_input_hash":533561440,"_task_hash":-717752708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In terms of the explanatory variables, the same-sex, same-sex male, and (to lesser extent) same-sex female partner enclave indicators exhibit positive and significant correlations with cancer risk from HAPs.","_input_hash":-1430662108,"_task_hash":-977616381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bivariate correlation of hazardous air pollutant cancer risk with census tract level characteristics, Greater Houston (n=1,023).\r\n","_input_hash":-112124960,"_task_hash":-1207289932,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the first GEE (Table 3), the same-sex partner household enclave indicator exhibits a positive and statistically significant relationship with cancer risk from HAPs, and the standardized coefficient (0.105) is the second largest among the independent variables, meaning it is a relatively strong predictor of HAP cancer risk.","_input_hash":-2085504990,"_task_hash":-708548876,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the second GEE (Table 4), the same-sex male partner household enclave variable has a positive and significant association with risk, while the indicator for same-sex female partner household enclaves shows a negative and non-significant (p=0.170) relationship with cancer risk from HAPs.","_input_hash":-2050208917,"_task_hash":1785593362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both race/ethnicity variables show positive and significant relationships with cancer risk from HAPs.","_input_hash":-2144701682,"_task_hash":1582916046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This result suggests a quadratic association between median household income and cumulative cancer risk from HAPs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1387680678,"_task_hash":1700343192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With respect to our research questions, findings from the GEE analysis demonstrate that cancer risks from HAPs in Greater Houston are distributed inequitably with respect to the neighborhood-level composition of same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering as well as a suite of variables known to influence air pollution risk.","_input_hash":-167708421,"_task_hash":1172007091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First, our understanding of the historical-geography of Greater Houston points toward the post-WWII clustering of LGBT people within highly polluted Inner Loop neighborhoods\u2014due to heteronormative marginalization and the pursuit of community support and empowerment\u2014as the primary factor shaping environmental injustices experienced by same-sex couples circa 2010.","_input_hash":-1110932460,"_task_hash":-288480922,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Second, any shifts toward heteronormative acceptance of alternative sexualities, societal assimilation, and spatial decentralization of LGBT residence over the past fifteen years (Spring 2013) have apparently not ameliorated the sexualized patterning of environmental injustice in Greater Houston.","_input_hash":-1518816606,"_task_hash":1280354974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In any case, environmental injustices based on sexual orientation produced in Greater Houston during the latter half of the 20th century have evidently not been ameliorated over the past fifteen years.","_input_hash":1152901477,"_task_hash":-1107035025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It remains unclear based on our cross-sectional analysis results, however, whether the pattern of disproportionate exposure to cancer-causing HAPs has become less pronounced as a result of LGBT population dispersal.\r\n","_input_hash":-568805539,"_task_hash":-818151896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Third, the sexualities and space literature as well as our understanding of the historical geography of Greater Houston suggest that the clustering of gay male couples within polluted Inner Loop neighborhoods, in comparison to the more dispersed pattern of residence for lesbian couples across metropolitan space, is the primary reason for the gendered distribution of cancer risk from HAPs experienced among same-sex couples today.","_input_hash":-1754838265,"_task_hash":513883298,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It remains an open question as to whether this is attributable to gender-specific push factors, such as the privileging of masculine ideals and the disempowerment of female homosexuality, the greater likelihood for lesbian couples to have children and thus seek more child-friendly neighborhoods away from the inner-city, and/or the economic exclusion of lesbian couples (who tend to be of lower socioeconomic status compared to gay men) via escalating housing costs from gentrifying Inner Loop neighborhoods (e.g., Montrose).","_input_hash":-143307101,"_task_hash":-1547135379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fourth, in terms of the control variables, we found that non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and renter-occupants are significantly more likely to reside in neighborhoods with cancer risk from HAPs, which is consistent with previous studies of HAP cancer risks in Greater Houston (Collins 2015a; Chakraborty et al. 2014).","_input_hash":-1032873368,"_task_hash":-153340649,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the bivariate correlation suggests a significant and negative association between median household income and risk exposure, it ceases to remain linear when we account for the effects of other variables and geographic clustering.","_input_hash":1246510265,"_task_hash":-431289044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(2014), this suggests that lower income tracts include fewer land use activities (e.g., commercial, industrial, or transportation) that emit HAPs, and, conversely, that higher income tracts include residents with capacities to avoid and/or resist land use activities that generate HAPs.","_input_hash":1433516621,"_task_hash":-607322826,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thus, while not the focus of our study, these findings contribute to the mounting evidence regarding environmental injustices in Greater Houston based on race-, ethnicity- and class-based oppression.\r\n","_input_hash":1330628644,"_task_hash":818584187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The NATA includes risks from only direct inhalation of HAPs and excludes exposure from other pathways such as ingestion or skin contact.","_input_hash":-1561446897,"_task_hash":-743097504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, interpretation of the public health implications of the disproportionate cancer risks from HAPs quantified here should be tempered, since the NATA offers a cumulative lifetime exposure measure, yet we know that people do not remain in their 2010 census tracts of residence throughout their lifetimes.","_input_hash":-1227301341,"_task_hash":-373651063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since the NATA data inadequately characterize the range of environmental contexts that influence people\u2019s exposures to HAPs, reliance on this dataset in EJ research is bound to generate inferences regarding disproportionate exposures that are confounded by the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP; Kwan 2012).","_input_hash":-697188457,"_task_hash":1674923033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Additionally, future research should take into account the effects of legalization of civil partnership and gay marriage in some jurisdictions upon the patterning of harmful environmental exposures by sexual orientation.\r\n","_input_hash":-2136962560,"_task_hash":1679613647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our quantitative analysis results cannot be used to deduce the sequence of events that led to increased pollution exposures in specific neighborhoods that contain relatively high concentrations of same-sex partner households.","_input_hash":1688455726,"_task_hash":-663650465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the context of Greater Houston, our findings represent an important starting point for more detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of environmental injustice based on sexual orientation.\r\n","_input_hash":-877499616,"_task_hash":1209671814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our findings suggest that those health risks experienced in gay neighborhoods may be compounded by disparate health risks associated with harmful exposures to air toxics.","_input_hash":1011619811,"_task_hash":1075185388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More studies that test for unjust environmental health risks based on LGBT residence are needed; and where patterns of injustice are found, appropriate public health interventions to address compounding health disparities should be developed and implemented.\r\n","_input_hash":-1264869004,"_task_hash":1475194582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Collins T, Grineski S, Chakraborty J. Household-level disparities in cancer risks from vehicular air pollution in Miami.","_input_hash":1874754909,"_task_hash":-1155664491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasingly, they found, studies connect fracking operations to air pollution, contaminated or depleted drinking water, and earthquakes.","_input_hash":1604992256,"_task_hash":-137554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other health issues associated with fracking, like reproductive health issues and the health of the fracking workers, are being increasingly documented, too.\r\n","_input_hash":997337066,"_task_hash":2003190236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEach year, the data suggests with increasing certainty that fracking is causing irrevocable damage to public health, local economies, the environment, and to global sustainability,\u201d said Physicians for Social Responsibility\u2019s Kathleen Nolan, one of the study\u2019s authors, in a statement.","_input_hash":1472001742,"_task_hash":-2143290823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For years, locals have spoken about a correlation between fracking sites and deteriorating health, but activists and health experts have had trouble convincing government officials or fossil fuel companies without hard scientific proof linking, for instance, cancer and fracking pollution.","_input_hash":2041505969,"_task_hash":-1572418015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And they are key to ecological resilience in the face of environmental stress.\r\n","_input_hash":1677426987,"_task_hash":490433875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The retreat of glaciers is one of the most glaring consequences of rising global temperatures.","_input_hash":-265926982,"_task_hash":-1786170347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Himalayas, the loss of glaciers poses two profound risks.","_input_hash":-2049671385,"_task_hash":812646459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the long term, the loss of glacier ice means the loss of Asia\u2019s future bank of water \u2014 a safeguard against periods of extreme heat and drought.","_input_hash":418914476,"_task_hash":1778532022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study also concluded that while soot from fossil fuel burning is likely to have contributed to the ice melt, the bigger factor was rising temperatures.","_input_hash":-1580930181,"_task_hash":101950176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"First, though, I had to figure out how guilty I was: a way to quantify the global damage caused by one person\u2019s travel.\r\n","_input_hash":-1429200832,"_task_hash":-2092928866,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It turns out that in 2016, two climatologists published an article suggesting a direct, linear relationship between carbon emissions and the melting of the Arctic\u2019s summer ice cover.\r\n","_input_hash":-36734935,"_task_hash":-1165415046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis number is sufficiently intuitive to allow one to grasp the contribution of personal CO2 emissions to the loss of Arctic sea ice,\u201d the researchers wrote dryly.\r\n","_input_hash":-2034868252,"_task_hash":877682753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBut there is the rest of your life and your family\u2019s life that is still responsible for helping cause climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1824380647,"_task_hash":84244875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The panel discusses the \"single action bias\" effect that can occur with individuals who take \"green\" actions, and a counter to that effect, which is the well-known \"foot in the door\" marketing technique.","_input_hash":1967643187,"_task_hash":82639234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The top nine countries facing the highest risk of climate hazards were all Asian nations with the Philippines topping the list, followed by Japan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China.\r\n","_input_hash":-972296759,"_task_hash":1474517850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Australia, the main risks come from hurricanes and cyclones in the north, rising sea levels in the south and east, as well as drought and desertification which is already affecting thousands of farmers, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":1654869080,"_task_hash":-1568012105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate hazards exacerbate conflict and migration\r\n","_input_hash":1818691051,"_task_hash":-1395635847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It found climate pressures can adversely impact resource availability and affect population dynamics, which can impact socioeconomic and political stability.\r\n","_input_hash":1545562980,"_task_hash":344401131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mr Killelea listed several countries where climate change has caused or exacerbated violence including Nigeria, where desertification has led to conflict over scarce resources, Haiti in the aftermath of multiple hurricanes and earthquakes, and South Sudan, where the drying of Lake Chad has exasperated tensions.\r\n","_input_hash":1457243198,"_task_hash":-945072155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2017, over 60 per cent of total displacements around the world were due to climate-related disasters, while nearly 40 per cent were caused by armed conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":1352170432,"_task_hash":-1456818259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, more than 265 million people have been internally displaced by natural disasters since 2008, with the Asia-Pacific region the most heavily affected.\r\n","_input_hash":-1026375778,"_task_hash":939272162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate-induced migration is expected to continue to escalate, and in a region facing the highest risk, Australia could be heavily impacted.\r\n","_input_hash":1216359607,"_task_hash":216401726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Military expenditure, violent protests and violent crime all decreased globally this year, particularly in Asia.\r\n","_input_hash":-939974407,"_task_hash":-282494109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Afghanistan replaced Syria as the least peaceful country after the downfall of the Islamic State, and Iraq also improved marginally, while Yemen fell into the bottom five for the first time.\r\n","_input_hash":-1390820324,"_task_hash":-477796535,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Peacefulness in the Asia-Pacific region improved by 3 per cent, but the region also experienced a higher number of refugees, terrorism and higher levels of internal conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":-1824554597,"_task_hash":-1995783320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Greenland Ice Sheet holds 7.2 m of sea level equivalent and in recent decades, rising temperatures have led to accelerated mass loss.","_input_hash":-2066792754,"_task_hash":2110071746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Current ice margin recession is led by the retreat of outlet glaciers, large rivers of ice ending in narrow fjords that drain the interior.","_input_hash":-1999235887,"_task_hash":-1551977640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Our analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, whereas uncertainties in calving and frontal melt play a minor role.","_input_hash":-941921194,"_task_hash":2146128899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ice sheets lose mass through runoff of surface meltwater and ice discharge into the surrounding ocean, and increases in both over the past two decades have resulted in accelerated mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet (1, 2).","_input_hash":1986239983,"_task_hash":-1122145281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 1995 and 1998, subsurface ocean temperatures rose by about 1.5\u00b0C along the west coast of Greenland as a result of increasing subsurface water temperatures in the subpolar gyre (3).","_input_hash":-1429715907,"_task_hash":950396285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These warm waters led to a disintegration of buttressing floating ice tongues (3), which triggered a positive feedback between retreat, thinning, and outlet glacier acceleration (outlet glacier\u2013acceleration feedback) (4).","_input_hash":409539106,"_task_hash":1233966322,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 1990 and 2008, surface melt nearly doubled in magnitude, most notably in southwest Greenland (8), resulting in additional widespread thinning at lower elevations.","_input_hash":-1001179260,"_task_hash":-1917619044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thinning lowers the ice surface and exposes it to higher air temperatures, thereby leading to enhanced melt (surface mass balance\u2013elevation feedback), establishing a second positive feedback for mass loss.","_input_hash":2085396006,"_task_hash":1497336213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The existence of such positive feedbacks can lead to strongly nonlinear responses of the ice sheet to environmental forcings (9).\r\n","_input_hash":-1535293388,"_task_hash":-1785810905,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At the ice-ocean interface, we prescribe submarine melt (i.e., melt at the ice front and below ice shelves from the water in contact) with parameterizations informed by observations (17, 18, 19), numerical modeling (20), and theoretical considerations (21), and we assume that ocean temperatures rise at the same rate as atmospheric temperatures.","_input_hash":1491121207,"_task_hash":-988746396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a deadly, man-made problem, responsible for the early deaths of some seven million people every year, around 600,000 of whom are children.","_input_hash":-269122006,"_task_hash":310515403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the Chinese capital, Beijing, has become synonymous with dirty air over the past few decades, a concerted effort by local and regional authorities has seen an improved situation in recent years, with the concentration of fine particulates \u2013 the tiny, invisible airborne particles that are largely responsible for deaths and illnesses from air pollution \u2013 falling by a third.\r\n","_input_hash":-1799546386,"_task_hash":-238490673,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a video message released ahead of the Day, UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres said that, as well as claiming millions of lives every year, and damaging children\u2019s development, many air pollutants are also causing global warming.","_input_hash":801170429,"_task_hash":1037012659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The world is increasingly at risk of \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich pay to escape heat and hunger caused by the escalating climate crisis while the rest of the world suffers, a report from a UN human rights expert has said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1536300142,"_task_hash":-1325643364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Philip Alston, UN special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, said the impacts of global heating are likely to undermine not only basic rights to life, water, food, and housing for hundreds of millions of people, but also democracy and the rule of law.\r\n","_input_hash":-1970530168,"_task_hash":-153925917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It said the greatest impact of the climate crisis would be on those living in poverty, with many losing access to adequate food and water.\r\n","_input_hash":-861251892,"_task_hash":1202245426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Developing countries will bear an estimated 75% of the costs of the climate crisis, the report said, despite the poorest half of the world\u2019s population causing just 10% of carbon dioxide emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1018409913,"_task_hash":1869031093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe risk of community discontent, of growing inequality, and of even greater levels of deprivation among some groups, will likely stimulate nationalist, xenophobic, racist and other responses.","_input_hash":-1337519694,"_task_hash":-350776018,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impacts of the climate crisis could increase divisions, Alston said.","_input_hash":1646605163,"_task_hash":-1063224289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In October 2018, they said carbon emissions must halve by 2030 to avoid even greater risks of drought, floods, extreme heat and poverty for hundreds of millions of people.","_input_hash":245434315,"_task_hash":902253945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In May 2019, global scientists said human society was in jeopardy from the accelerating annihilation of wildlife and destruction of the ecosystems that support all life on Earth.\r\n","_input_hash":243767034,"_task_hash":-1146538350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"International climate treaties have been ineffective, the report said, with even the 2015 Paris accord still leaving the world on course for a catastrophic 3C (equivalent to an increase of 5.4F) of heating without further action.","_input_hash":-1521678538,"_task_hash":262901376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Experts have said climate change made last week\u2019s record-breaking European heatwave at least five times as likely to happen, according to recent analysis.\r\n","_input_hash":-1674665963,"_task_hash":975505898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a \u201csubstantial\u201d increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.\r\n","_input_hash":428645569,"_task_hash":223706634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The recent heatwave saw France record the hottest temperature in the country\u2019s history (45.9C) and major wildfires across Spain, where temperatures exceeded 40C.\r\n","_input_hash":1887600279,"_task_hash":205751085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"C3S admitted it is difficult to directly link the heatwave to climate change but noted that such extreme weather events are expected to become more common due to global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1245784354,"_task_hash":-565039660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAlthough this was exceptional, we are likely to see more of these events in the future due to climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1015848761,"_task_hash":-881997558,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Peter Stott, an expert in analysing the role of climate change in extreme weather\u200b at the Met Office, claimed that \u201ca similarly extreme heatwave 100 years ago would have likely been around 4C cooler\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":1936434791,"_task_hash":-1236248288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Spikes in European average temperatures of more than 1C above normal have occurred before, such as in 1917 and 1999, but C3S said the recent heatwave was notable because the sudden increase came on top of a general rise of around 1.5C in European temperature over the past 100 years.\r\n","_input_hash":258059199,"_task_hash":-121327115,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In response to the record-breaking heat, Professor Hannah Cloke, natural hazards researcher at the University of Reading, said: \u201cWe knew June was hot in Europe, but this study shows that temperature records haven\u2019t just been broken.","_input_hash":-1198701026,"_task_hash":707318339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHeatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","_input_hash":1016735751,"_task_hash":997008886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The global climate just keeps getting hotter, as greenhouse gases continue to build up, as scientists have predicted for decades.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":822090118,"_task_hash":-1759691873,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We can certainly hope that the more people understand the depth of the danger \u2014 the Earth will be fine, but many species will not make it, and our civilization may not either \u2014 the greater will grow people\u2019s frustration, their anger, and their willingness to contemplate transformations appropriately scaled to the danger.","_input_hash":1235500547,"_task_hash":-1707198769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But we also need sustained and visionary planetary-scale cooperation, and such cooperation will only be possible if our climate mobilization simultaneously mitigates today\u2019s levels of extreme economic inequality.","_input_hash":-1237402402,"_task_hash":694110346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Inequality amounts to more, we need to realize, than just a problem of poverty.","_input_hash":-252729750,"_task_hash":334528124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme economic inequality turns out to be a social poison that makes it almost impossible for us to mobilize to save ourselves and our civilization.\r\n","_input_hash":-543072476,"_task_hash":-1065483032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our globe\u2019s richest 10 percent \u2014 the richest 500 million adults \u2014 bear responsibility for about 50 percent of all global emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1320742912,"_task_hash":41547431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The poisonous consequences of this tension \u2014 think \u201cpopulism\u201d \u2014 have become obvious everywhere.\r\n","_input_hash":1618576610,"_task_hash":-1140058019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This has become a source of real confusion.\r\n","_input_hash":516248199,"_task_hash":933696327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"but it\u2019s fair to say that the forces now buffeting society rest rooted in extreme income inequality.\r\n","_input_hash":-687391519,"_task_hash":980579086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists have warned for more than a decade that concentrations of more than 450ppm risk triggering extreme weather events and temperature rises as high as 2C, beyond which the effects of global heating are likely to become catastrophic and irreversible.\r\n","_input_hash":-1778273879,"_task_hash":-1607066662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Ralph Keeling of the Scripps Institute, and the son of Charles, said: \u201cThe CO2 growth rate is still very high \u2013 the increase from last May was well above the average for the past decade.\u201d","_input_hash":1045045355,"_task_hash":-1544935738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to the mild El Ni\u00f1o conditions experienced this year as a possible factor.\r\n","_input_hash":-912479562,"_task_hash":-795630289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change in the Western U.S. means more intense and frequent wildfires churning out waves of smoke that scientists say will sweep across the continent, affecting tens of millions of people and causing a jump in premature deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":629594552,"_task_hash":-1524504666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"the regions widely expected to suffer most from blazes tied to dryer, warmer conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":1069011244,"_task_hash":454330390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We have air purifiers and masks \u2014 otherwise we\u2019re just like \u2018Please don\u2019t burn,\u2019\u201d said Sarah Rochelle Montoya, who fled her San Francisco home with her husband and children last fall to escape thick smoke enveloping the city from a disastrous fire roughly 150 miles away.\r\n","_input_hash":1894118391,"_task_hash":171528134,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other sources of air pollution are in decline in the U.S. as coal-fired power plants close and fewer older cars roll down highways.","_input_hash":-844878700,"_task_hash":490523655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But those air quality gains are being erased in some areas by the ill effects of massive clouds of smoke that can spread hundreds and even thousands of miles on cross-country winds, according to researchers.\r\n","_input_hash":400215709,"_task_hash":1457375922,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With the 2019 fire season already heating up with fires from Southern California to Canada, authorities are scrambling to protect the public before smoke again blankets cities and towns.","_input_hash":-1289418342,"_task_hash":-1185651185,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The scope of the problem is immense: Over the next three decades, more than 300 counties in the West will see more severe smoke waves from wildfires, according to atmospheric researchers led by a team from Yale and Harvard.","_input_hash":2051661132,"_task_hash":-107940695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For almost two weeks last year during the Camp fire, which killed 85 people and destroyed 14,000 homes in Paradise, Calif., smoke from the blaze inundated the San Francisco neighborhood where Montoya lives with her husband, Trevor McNeil, and their three children.\r\n","_input_hash":-1715691762,"_task_hash":-430193919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Montoya\u2019s three children have respiratory problems that their doctor says are likely a precursor to asthma, she said.","_input_hash":-505886668,"_task_hash":222033703,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That would put them among those most at risk from being harmed by wildfire smoke, but the family was unable to find child-sized face masks or an adequate air filter.","_input_hash":2046415454,"_task_hash":359915998,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Smoke from wildfires was once considered a fleeting nuisance except for the most vulnerable populations.","_input_hash":437527685,"_task_hash":-1980326576,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are so many fires, so many places upwind of you that you\u2019re getting increased particle levels and increased ozone from the fires for weeks and weeks,\u201d Crooks said.\r\n","_input_hash":304708730,"_task_hash":1878140977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Last year, that forced cancellation of more than two dozen outdoor performances.\r\n","_input_hash":1885132817,"_task_hash":15335124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dr. Justin Adams, a family physician in Ashland, said the smoke was hardest on his patients with asthma and other breathing problems and he expects some to see long-term health effects.\r\n","_input_hash":-2110226319,"_task_hash":-1791208686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The direct damage from conflagrations that regularly erupt in the West is stark.","_input_hash":1259764402,"_task_hash":1822427120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Harder to grasp are health impacts from microscopic particles in the smoke that can trigger heart attacks, breathing problems and other maladies.","_input_hash":-1676213254,"_task_hash":1955247515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The particles, about 1/30th of the diameter of a human hair, penetrate deeply into the lungs to cause coughing, chest pain and asthma attacks.","_input_hash":-2087607726,"_task_hash":-63815552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children, the elderly and people with lung diseases or heart trouble are most at risk.\r\n","_input_hash":265875,"_task_hash":-1355012125,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Death can occur within days or weeks among the most vulnerable following heavy smoke exposure, said Linda Smith, chief of the California Air Resources Board\u2019s health branch.\r\n","_input_hash":-1859982555,"_task_hash":1695723105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the last decade, as many as 2,500 people annually died prematurely in the U.S. from short-term wildfire smoke exposure, according to Environmental Protection Agency scientists.\r\n","_input_hash":-2064558676,"_task_hash":11589811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The long-term effects have only recently come into focus, with estimates that chronic smoke exposure causes about 20,000 premature deaths per year, said Jeff Pierce, an associate professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University.\r\n","_input_hash":-937055310,"_task_hash":-1045689207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That figure could double by the end of this century due to hotter, drier conditions and much longer fire seasons, said Pierce.","_input_hash":-803129665,"_task_hash":-816478270,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research team compared known health impacts from air pollution against future climate scenarios to derive its projections.\r\n","_input_hash":-1466121889,"_task_hash":447858440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even among wildfire experts, understanding of health impacts from smoke was elusive until recently.","_input_hash":1268786515,"_task_hash":-1936884084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But attitudes shifted as growing awareness of climate change ushered in research examining the potential consequences of wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1396707989,"_task_hash":-1266834039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Residents of Northern California, western Oregon, Washington state and the Northern Rockies are projected to suffer the worst increases in smoke exposure, according to Loretta Mickley, a senior climate research fellow at Harvard University.\r\n","_input_hash":-921548561,"_task_hash":-1012680640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s really incredible how much the U.S. has managed to clean up the air from other [pollution] sources, like power plants and industry and cars,\u201d Mickley said.","_input_hash":938729781,"_task_hash":-1096969346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is kind of an unexpected source of pollution and health hazard.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-959103498,"_task_hash":-222302747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It turns out that anxiety, grief and despair about the state of the environment is nothing new.","_input_hash":-1808862629,"_task_hash":-711924327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" Eco-anxiety can range from day-to-day worry about the fate of the world, to Amabella's outright panic attack.","_input_hash":-1744111265,"_task_hash":339591584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Depending on whom you ask, it can even include the fear and panic attacks some natural disaster victims experience after the fact, Austern said.","_input_hash":-1670129841,"_task_hash":309669907,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its symptoms are largely the same as any other kind of anxiety; its only distinguishing factor is its cause, Austern said.\r\n","_input_hash":-730268562,"_task_hash":696239725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Conveniently, taking action Is also one of the most effective coping mechanisms for eco-anxiety, Ojala said.\r\n","_input_hash":704839406,"_task_hash":1401035803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But anxiety is only good for sparking action up to a certain point, Doherty said.","_input_hash":-176834743,"_task_hash":-585067338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But overly high levels of anxiety can become paralyzing.","_input_hash":647410258,"_task_hash":-336574592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In these cases, anxiety becomes counterproductive to climate action, Doherty said, And it's important to seek help.","_input_hash":-1572126023,"_task_hash":1305117587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As global temperatures rise, climate change\u2019s impacts on mental health are becoming increasingly evident.","_input_hash":292428301,"_task_hash":-645561685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recent research has linked elevated temperatures to an increase in violence, stress and decreased cognitive function leading to impacts such as reduced test scores, lowered worker productivity and impaired decision-making.\r\n","_input_hash":-900156776,"_task_hash":-1357720643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Adding to the concern, a Stanford study led by economist Marshall Burke also finds a link between increased temperatures and suicide rates.","_input_hash":-1604708725,"_task_hash":494008487,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Suicide is one of the top 10 causes of death in the United States.","_input_hash":-1684044622,"_task_hash":696187340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unlike other leading causes \u2013 which include heart disease, cancer, homicide and unintentional injury \u2013 suicide rates have increased rather than fallen over time.","_input_hash":319295417,"_task_hash":1961363549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And, while there has been a noticeable trend of rising suicide rates in warmer months, up to this point it has been difficult to attribute these changes to temperature, as other factors like day length and social patterns also vary.\r\n","_input_hash":1199316597,"_task_hash":-164579146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that hotter than average temperatures increase both suicide rates and the use of depressive language on Twitter.","_input_hash":544447320,"_task_hash":-1476364849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The above-average temperatures that result from climate change are worrying for many reasons\u2014and, according to a study published this week in Nature Climate Change, an increase in suicide rates is among them.\r\n","_input_hash":-1494543421,"_task_hash":-1896170663,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Using these rates, the study's authors project that climate change, on its current course, could lead to between 9,000 and 40,000 additional suicides by 2050.","_input_hash":214208798,"_task_hash":-1971689905,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study is not the first to point out a link between suicide rates and natural disasters\u2014the latter of which are growing more frequent and severe due to climate change.","_input_hash":599097210,"_task_hash":1461733458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Take post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans as an example: In the first 10 months after the 2005 hurricane, New Orleanians committed suicide at close to three times the previous rate.\r\n","_input_hash":1471462828,"_task_hash":41745551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Puerto Rico has also seen higher suicide rates since Hurricane Maria.","_input_hash":2118429209,"_task_hash":-2018465340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though no comprehensive study has yet been conducted, one report shows suicides increased by 29 percent in 2017 (the year Maria hit) compared to 2016.","_input_hash":217418763,"_task_hash":-89076937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stress and trauma following natural disasters are factors in the increased suicide rates that follow those events.","_input_hash":1059786858,"_task_hash":-1465046690,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When it comes to higher temperatures, according to the new study, the heat may have neurological effects, in turn affecting overall mental health.\r\n","_input_hash":619741145,"_task_hash":2106949809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change also has profound economic consequences\u2014for example, food insecurity\u2014which can in turn further affect individuals' mental health.","_input_hash":352648549,"_task_hash":-1381555544,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The American Psychological Association notes that long-term climate change affects \"agriculture, infrastructure and livability, which in turn affect occupations and quality of life and can force people to migrate.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1544790739,"_task_hash":-583224667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","_input_hash":1677075653,"_task_hash":-15237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's impossible to say how much climate change has affected or will affect that rate, but the authors of the new study note that the \"large magnitude\" of their results \"adds further impetus to better understand why temperature affects suicide and to implement policies to mitigate future temperature rise.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1973634503,"_task_hash":59017833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2017 report from the American Psychological Association offers several recommendations for helping individuals \"prepare for and recover from climate change-related mental trauma.","_input_hash":1296317006,"_task_hash":-780645460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The rainfall overwhelmed the capital\u2019s storm-water system, much of it built almost a century ago to handle a smaller population, far less pavement and not nearly as much water.\r\n","_input_hash":980068893,"_task_hash":-407007991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms. Bedenbaugh, who has lived in the house since 2004, said she had experienced minor flooding before, but this damage was by far the worst she had seen.\r\n","_input_hash":1364430494,"_task_hash":1165333746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though the storm that hit the capital on Monday can\u2019t be directly attributed to climate change without further analysis, it fits a general pattern.","_input_hash":-177037306,"_task_hash":73146948,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warm air can hold more moisture, resulting in heavier rainstorms.\r\n","_input_hash":1928151374,"_task_hash":1633635501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A spokesman for D.C. Water, Washington\u2019s utility, said dealing with the costs of an aging infrastructure while also trying to prepare for more rainstorms like the one that hit Monday was no small task.\r\n","_input_hash":687718788,"_task_hash":-1546748041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"[New Orleans is being pounded by rain and bracing for flooding from a tropical storm that is expected to form in the Gulf of Mexico.]\r\n","_input_hash":244691312,"_task_hash":-1062202504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nearly all coral reefs would die out, wildfires and heat waves would sweep across the planet annually, and the interplay between drought and flooding and temperature would mean that the world\u2019s food supply would become dramatically less secure.","_input_hash":1027680553,"_task_hash":376629841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What has been called a genocidal level of warming is already our inevitable future.","_input_hash":1136252452,"_task_hash":1350603309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The question is how much worse than that it will get.\r\n","_input_hash":-499242458,"_task_hash":517043804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There have been a few scary developments in climate research over the past year \u2014 more methane from Arctic lakes and permafrost than expected, which could accelerate warming; an unprecedented heat wave, arctic wildfires, and hurricanes rolling through both of the world\u2019s major oceans this past summer.","_input_hash":-2032880682,"_task_hash":592183431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But by and large the consensus is the same: We are on track for four degrees of warming, more than twice as much as most scientists believe is possible to endure without inflicting climate suffering on hundreds of millions or threatening at least parts of the social and political infrastructure we call, grandly, \u201ccivilization.\u201d","_input_hash":456189540,"_task_hash":1329950796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At two degrees, the melting of ice sheets will pass a tipping point of collapse, flooding dozens of the world\u2019s major cities this century.","_input_hash":1971913608,"_task_hash":660838406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At that amount of warming, it is estimated, global GDP, per capita, will be cut by 13 percent.","_input_hash":1762391001,"_task_hash":-1795799220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Four hundred million more people will suffer from water scarcity, and even in the northern latitudes heat waves will kill thousands each summer.","_input_hash":1884899119,"_task_hash":490867577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In India, where many cities now numbering in the many millions would become unliveably hot, there would be 32 times as many extreme heat waves, each lasting five times as long and exposing, in total, 93 times more people.","_input_hash":-700120795,"_task_hash":-118687331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average drought in Central America would last 19 months and in the Caribbean 21 months.","_input_hash":1990514859,"_task_hash":1883093293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The areas burned each year by wildfires would double in the Mediterranean and sextuple in the United States.","_input_hash":565977944,"_task_hash":-713979447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beyond the sea-level rise, which will already be swallowing cities from Miami Beach to Jakarta, damages just from river flooding will grow 30-fold in Bangladesh, 20-fold in India, and as much as 60-fold in the U.K.","_input_hash":-804434043,"_task_hash":-866037362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To avoid warming of the kind the IPCC now calls catastrophic requires a complete rebuilding of the entire energy infrastructure of the world, a thorough reworking of agricultural practices and diet to entirely eliminate carbon emissions from farming, and a battery of cultural changes to the way those of us in the wealthy West, at least, conduct our lives.","_input_hash":-861627825,"_task_hash":1242783380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That is because climate change isn\u2019t binary, and doesn\u2019t just kick in, full force, at any particular temperature level; it\u2019s a function that gets worse over time as long as we produce greenhouse gases.","_input_hash":1950378479,"_task_hash":-2074205734,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is just the threat from sea level, and just one (very rich) metropolitan area.","_input_hash":467270560,"_task_hash":280457002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So long as we continue to squander what little time we have, the news will only get worse from here.","_input_hash":1065429644,"_task_hash":1008240320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average rainfall for July in New Orleans, which is in the path of the storm, is just under six inches.\r\n","_input_hash":1397489097,"_task_hash":161676053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On Wednesday, the region was hit by severe thunderstorms, which dropped as much as seven inches of rain according to preliminary National Weather Service data.\r\n","_input_hash":-1810527711,"_task_hash":1780681284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is in general increasing the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall storms,\u201d said Andreas Prein, a project scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research.\r\n","_input_hash":-1105007,"_task_hash":-955227109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This week\u2019s rainfall came after the region experienced an extremely wet spring, causing the region\u2019s rivers to swell, and raising concerns that the upcoming storm may overtop levees in New Orleans.","_input_hash":-342971469,"_task_hash":-1491051882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe ingredients are there for a real catastrophe if the flood control infrastructure simply gets overwhelmed,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1878384132,"_task_hash":1148167622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Researchers have been studying the effects of climate change on tropical cyclones because those sorts of storms are driven by warm water.","_input_hash":1424532816,"_task_hash":1620219122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the oceans are now warmer than ever: They have absorbed more than 90 percent of the heat caused by human-released greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1606141802,"_task_hash":-2044529234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This study is not the first to find that climate change is causing tropical cyclones to have more rainfall.","_input_hash":-880039832,"_task_hash":-475821792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies on Hurricane Harvey found that climate change contributed as much as 38 percent, or 19 inches, of the more than 50 inches of rain that fell in some places.","_input_hash":1317877664,"_task_hash":-1417623156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the structure of cities may exacerbate the problem even further, said Gabriele Villarini, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Iowa.\r\n","_input_hash":209442645,"_task_hash":-271573861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They looked at both the changes in rainfall patterns that cities cause as well as differences in how water behaves based on ground type.","_input_hash":-1353405812,"_task_hash":-1835912761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Villarini noted that in the case of Hurricane Harvey, even absent the impact of urbanization, there was \u201ca huge amount of rainfall.","_input_hash":402164609,"_task_hash":765934649,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In places along the Texas Gulf Coast, for example, \u201cwe have too much water during the floods and not enough water during the drought,\u201d said Qian Yang, a research associate in geology at the University of Texas at Austin.\r\n","_input_hash":1557253358,"_task_hash":-703373207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But in the case of extreme rain events like Hurricane Harvey and what is expected of a potential Hurricane Barry, \u201cyou would need some sort of interim storage because the aquifers can\u2019t take the water in that fast,\u201d said Bridget R. Scanlon, a senior research scientist in geoscience at the University of Texas at Austin and co-author on the study.\r\n","_input_hash":-1199890332,"_task_hash":-26696958,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What many scientists and experts agree on: As climate change increases extreme precipitation, cities will need to adapt.\r\n","_input_hash":532690282,"_task_hash":-1486253992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Jonna Laidlaw was terrorized by rain.","_input_hash":-130702582,"_task_hash":2139292259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding is a complex phenomenon with many causes, including land development and ground conditions.","_input_hash":766916921,"_task_hash":770119794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, which is already causing heavier rainfall in many storms, is an important part of the mix.","_input_hash":-239243681,"_task_hash":1770358782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while Nashville hasn\u2019t seen the kind of repeated, extreme flooding that a city like Houston has, the effect is being felt, said G. Dodd Galbreath, the founding director of Lipscomb University\u2019s Institute for Sustainable Practice and a member of the city\u2019s storm water management committee.","_input_hash":-913732188,"_task_hash":1951339982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"FEMA has estimated the town\u2019s program prevented $13 million in damage in 2015 alone.","_input_hash":-1930711200,"_task_hash":-638315413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The city had gained some experience even before the 2010 flood, which caused $2 billion in damage.","_input_hash":-448878213,"_task_hash":1140508145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If people don\u2019t sell after a flood, they are likelier to sell after the next one, said Tom Palko, assistant director of the city\u2019s storm water division.","_input_hash":263669148,"_task_hash":-381469047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She said she still gets anxious when it rains, but \u201cI can calm down pretty well now.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":223023623,"_task_hash":1848022009,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In contrast, just three months after Hurricane Harvey, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory published a study showing that Harvey dropped 38 percent more rain than it would have without underlying climate change.","_input_hash":1682638084,"_task_hash":-1088895433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"three times more probable VICE News spoke with Myles Allen, a climate scientist at the University of Oxford and one of the researchers behind the first climate attribution study, who explained why scientists are now able to rapidly figure out if an event like Hurricane Harvey was more devastating than it otherwise would have been because of climate change.","_input_hash":-1538898495,"_task_hash":-1796421390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricane Harvey was one of the wettest storms in US history.","_input_hash":-1318753705,"_task_hash":1808242908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Texas saw record-breaking rainfall, but the storm also caused flooding in Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky.","_input_hash":-1068729145,"_task_hash":-1015303509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As Harvey was making landfall in Texas, Kansas City was struggling with widespread flooding for the second time in two weeks.","_input_hash":-1429348706,"_task_hash":-275089611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And in June, 30% of the counties in Missouri were designated federal disaster areas due to flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1302776027,"_task_hash":2138402224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The water is usually from rain, but it could be from rapid snowmelt, a river running high, storm surges, controlled releases from reservoirs, or even a dam break.","_input_hash":1078883220,"_task_hash":-2049683375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Floods kill more people in the United States than any other kind of severe weather and cause billions of dollars in damages every year.","_input_hash":1696281930,"_task_hash":1570066573,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They not only damage property and threaten lives, they can create massive disruptions that affect electrical power, water and sewage systems, transportation, and even emergency services.","_input_hash":1037708847,"_task_hash":1553284425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They can put tremendous strain on infrastructure \u2013 sometimes causing systems to shut down completely.","_input_hash":-179431634,"_task_hash":23748569,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And one system failure will affect others.\r\n","_input_hash":-854060414,"_task_hash":-1088022018,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many communities \u2013 and even entire metropolian areas \u2013 have developed comprehensive plans not only to try to prevent floods from happening, but also limit the damage and disruption to critical systems when they do.","_input_hash":58910021,"_task_hash":288676656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that is only a fraction of the ways that engineers are working to lessen the impact of floods.\r\n","_input_hash":-1313458777,"_task_hash":-1958957382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How might engineers help prevent or lessen the impact of a flood in your community?","_input_hash":698172805,"_task_hash":402097230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Large areas of heat pressure or heat domes scattered around the hemisphere led to the sweltering temperatures.","_input_hash":319281905,"_task_hash":547019382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reports the heat is to blame for at least 54 deaths in southern Quebec, mostly in and near Montreal, which endured record high temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1081798028,"_task_hash":233159513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is absolutely incredible and really one of the most intense heat events I\u2019ve ever seen for so far north,\u201d wrote meteorologist Nick Humphrey, who offers more detail on this extraordinary high-latitude hot spell on his blog.\r\n","_input_hash":897011545,"_task_hash":910225100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"No single record, in isolation, can be attributed to global warming.","_input_hash":-834857482,"_task_hash":31402617,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But collectively, these heat records are consistent with the kind of extremes we expect to see increase in a warming world.\r\n","_input_hash":-142088179,"_task_hash":-399600229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A massive and intense heat dome has consumed the eastern two-thirds of the United States and southeast Canada since late last week.","_input_hash":-1425418732,"_task_hash":838506134,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s not only been hot but also exceptionally humid.","_input_hash":1971725009,"_task_hash":1487439347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The stifling heat caused roads and roofs to buckle, the Weather Channel reported, and resulted in multiple all-time record highs:\r\n","_input_hash":-1532225907,"_task_hash":-442084957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, upon further evaluation, the U.K. Met Office determined the record was invalid due to an artificial heating source near the temperature sensor.\r\n","_input_hash":-1196064011,"_task_hash":1101621906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These various records add to a growing list of heat milestones set over the past 15 months that are part and parcel of a planet that is trending hotter as greenhouse gas concentrations increase because of human activity:\r\n","_input_hash":395519039,"_task_hash":1196972426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This first United States county-by-county look at what climate change will do to temperature and humidity conditions in the coming decades finds few places that won\u2019t be affected by extreme heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-1950113819,"_task_hash":-756107320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increase in number of\r\ndangerous days per year\r\n(2019-2050)\r\n","_input_hash":-866155750,"_task_hash":2006424964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat kills hundreds every year across the U.S. Without any action to stop climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise 7.7\u02daF, meaning more dangerously hot days.","_input_hash":-1568320863,"_task_hash":-717419485,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because of our bodies\u2019 natural cooling process\u2014sweat\u2014humidity plays a crucial role in determining the severity of a hot day.","_input_hash":-2146422341,"_task_hash":21999151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without any action to reduce global carbon emissions, parts of Florida and Texas would experience the equivalent in days of at least five months per year on average when the heat index\u2014which includes humidity in its calculations\u2014exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":-730054646,"_task_hash":167775797,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That is a conservative estimate for cities because heat added by urban heat island effects isn\u2019t represented in the report, said Dahl.\r\n","_input_hash":762871031,"_task_hash":-1694751508,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increase in the prevalence of heat events by mid-century in this study \u201crepresents a terrifying prospect\u2026.[and]","_input_hash":-1084073547,"_task_hash":1518069560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study showed generally that the Southeast and Southern Great Plains would bear the brunt of the extreme heat, experiencing heat that currently only occurs in the Sonoran Desert, in the Southwest\r\nAreas in those regions would experience the equivalent of three months per year on average by mid-century that feel hotter than 105 degrees Fahrenheit, possibly as hot as 115 degrees, 125 degrees, or worse.\r\n","_input_hash":-1385293580,"_task_hash":-450538660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This interactive mapping tool developed for the study shows the rapid, widespread increases in extreme heat projected to occur across the United States due to climate change.","_input_hash":-1717122159,"_task_hash":1909654934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Information is presented by county and includes all 3,109 counties in the contiguous U.S.\r\nEffects of heat on humans\r\n","_input_hash":-2060403442,"_task_hash":-12960722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fahrenheit (37 to 38 degrees Celsius); any warmer, and it\u2019s a fever.","_input_hash":1871516841,"_task_hash":606281238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the upper Midwest, Northeast, and Northwest are unlikely to experience off-the-charts heat, it will still be hotter, and people and infrastructure have little ability to cope with plus-100 degree Fahrenheit heat over multiple days, said Rachel Licker, senior climate scientist at UCS and report co-author.","_input_hash":-271891046,"_task_hash":930199352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe rise in days with extreme heat will change life as we know it nationwide,\u201d Licker said in a press release.\r\n","_input_hash":-1556102559,"_task_hash":173363995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much of this extreme heat is still avoidable with steep, rapid carbon emission reductions.","_input_hash":729408312,"_task_hash":843718822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe scale of heat impacts in this study hint at the enormous changes that climate change will mean for the U.S.,\u201d says Richard Rood, a meteorologist and climate impacts expert at the University of Michigan.\r\n","_input_hash":631766411,"_task_hash":739480499,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat will not occur in isolation.","_input_hash":-213221962,"_task_hash":1137030961,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There will also be droughts, wildfires, floods, and other extreme weather events that will compound the impacts of the heat, Rood said in an interview.","_input_hash":-1044113046,"_task_hash":-1653204857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add in sea level rise and there will be significant internal migration.\r\n","_input_hash":-1271983456,"_task_hash":-2009207584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While it is vital to reduce emissions as quickly as possible, adaptation to the coming heat and extreme events is crucial.\r\n","_input_hash":1560383165,"_task_hash":779453269,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The federal government is ill-prepared to shoulder what could be a trillion-dollar fiscal crisis associated with extreme weather, floods, wildfires and other climate disasters through 2100, federal investigators have found.\r\n","_input_hash":1745147552,"_task_hash":-48510178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2018, Congress approved $91 billion in disaster spending to help communities recover from hurricanes, floods, wildfire and drought.","_input_hash":248009962,"_task_hash":739021882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The growing frequency and intensity of disasters is being felt in every region of the country and across a broad cross-section of the economy, from energy and real estate to farming and fisheries.\r\n","_input_hash":-1108061270,"_task_hash":-2027700338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They include infrastructure damage in coastal zones from sea-level rise and storm surges, increased heat-related mortality in the Southeast and Midwest, changes in water supply and demand in the West, and decreased agricultural yields in the southern Plains and Southwest.\r\n","_input_hash":1077506882,"_task_hash":549897271,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"GAO also identified two types of potential benefits from climate change: fewer deaths from cold weather in the Upper Midwest and improved agricultural yields in the northern Great Plains and parts of the Northwest, mainly associated with longer growing seasons.\r\n","_input_hash":-445026574,"_task_hash":-1082930982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial exposure to climate disasters will be felt hardest in three pots of government spending: disaster response, flood and crop insurance, and operation and management of federally owned property and public lands.\r\n","_input_hash":1005775760,"_task_hash":414601696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Similarly, the Congressional Budget Office estimated in May 2019 that federal crop insurance would cost the government an average of about $8 billion annually from 2019 through 2029 due to worsening floods, droughts and other climate stressors.\r\n","_input_hash":-33519874,"_task_hash":184314506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Federal properties, like Tyndall Air Force Base on the Florida Panhandle, are also facing increased financial exposure from hurricanes and other extreme weather events, GAO said.","_input_hash":-1813655589,"_task_hash":-1034060521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mortality costs\r\n","_input_hash":-1372891092,"_task_hash":2028271744,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The methodology for estimating the mortality costs of future climate change is described in full in Carleton et al.","_input_hash":1693636447,"_task_hash":-82351772,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is the result of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels for energy and other human activities.","_input_hash":-891515659,"_task_hash":1309726085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, warm and alter the global climate, which causes environmental changes to occur that can harm people's health and well-being.","_input_hash":1143042464,"_task_hash":1603088831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It can affect people's health and well-being in many ways, some of which are already occurring3, by:\r\n","_input_hash":-2010949245,"_task_hash":433619213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves, leading to more heat-related illnesses and deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":1135370227,"_task_hash":-121873044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing exposure to pollen, due to increased plant growing seasons; molds, due to severe storms; and air pollution, due to increased temperature and humidity, all of which can worsen allergies and other lung diseases, such as asthma.\r\n","_input_hash":-216020675,"_task_hash":-1850152362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing temperatures and causing poor air quality that can affect the heart and worsen cardiovascular disease.\r\n","_input_hash":1796428813,"_task_hash":700896760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing flooding events and sea level rise that can contaminate water with harmful bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, causing foodborne and waterborne illnesses.\r\n","_input_hash":-1091352267,"_task_hash":-78665384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, in addition to causing injuries, deaths, illnesses, and effects on mental health from damage to property, loss of loved ones, displacement, and chronic stress.\r\n","_input_hash":1988530984,"_task_hash":396098751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Placing added stress on hospital and public health systems, and limiting people's ability to obtain adequate health care during extreme climate events.\r\n","_input_hash":779026220,"_task_hash":-1691155273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"- In an effort to help decision makers around the country understand and address potential changes in environmental health risks due to a changing climate, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) sponsored the Climate Change and Environmental Exposures Challenge.\r\n","_input_hash":1106498750,"_task_hash":-1816644072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases.\"","_input_hash":-1598048948,"_task_hash":-1721499780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The evidence of climate change includes heat waves, sea-level rise, flooding, melting glaciers, earlier spring arrival, coral reef bleaching, and the spread of disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-1272380535,"_task_hash":-1708522989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.","_input_hash":1095111302,"_task_hash":518170552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201d\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century,\u201d the report concludes.","_input_hash":987344676,"_task_hash":1665346858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cFor the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1948834398,"_task_hash":1274933372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, without major reductions in emissions, the increase in annual average global temperature relative to preindustrial times could reach 9\u00b0F (5\u00b0C) or more by the end of this century.","_input_hash":212145717,"_task_hash":560331512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although emission rates have slowed as economic growth is becoming less carbon intensive, this slowing trend is not yet at a rate that would limit global average temperature change to 3.6\u00b0F (2\u00b0C) above preindustrial levels by century\u2019s end.\r\n","_input_hash":-1721547395,"_task_hash":-812271609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea levels are likely to continue to rise, and many severe weather events are likely to become more intense.","_input_hash":-1492765552,"_task_hash":-105618319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Brace for more record-breaking high temperatures, including multiday heat waves, and more severe precipitation when it rains or snows.","_input_hash":-2099635264,"_task_hash":-795088622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes are expected to get even more intense.\r\n","_input_hash":-156362090,"_task_hash":-242486689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, since NCA3, stronger evidence has emerged for the ongoing, rapid, human-caused warming of the global atmosphere and ocean.","_input_hash":-426096837,"_task_hash":1880174325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, significant advances have been made in understanding extreme weather events in the United States and how they relate to increasing global temperatures and associated climate changes.","_input_hash":1021330681,"_task_hash":1212998258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In an examination of potential risks, the CSSR found that both large-scale state shifts in the climate system (sometimes called \u201ctipping points\u201d) and compound extremes have the potential to generate unanticipated climate surprises.\r\n","_input_hash":1549592879,"_task_hash":1577498637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Continued growth in human-made emissions of CO2 over this century and beyond would lead to an atmospheric concentration not experienced in tens to hundreds of millions of years.\r\n","_input_hash":-1160055650,"_task_hash":-1974372468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human-caused climate change has made a substantial contribution to this rise, contributing to a rate of rise that is greater than during any preceding century in at least 2,800 years.\r\n","_input_hash":-698734130,"_task_hash":-673148953,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Changes in the characteristics of extreme events are particularly important for human safety, infrastructure, agriculture, water quality and quantity, and natural ecosystems.\r\n","_input_hash":-1758428068,"_task_hash":-1922790032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coastal Flooding.","_input_hash":1502961214,"_task_hash":1110028041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Global sea level rise has already affected the United States; the incidence of daily tidal flooding is accelerating in more than 25 Atlantic and Gulf Coast cities.","_input_hash":-683172167,"_task_hash":-1602652597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is due, in part, to changes in Earth\u2019s gravitational field from melting land ice, changes in ocean circulation, and local subsidence.\r\n","_input_hash":-1437231976,"_task_hash":-1131605066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavy precipitation, as either rainfall or snowfall, is increasing in intensity and frequency across the United States (Figure 2) and the globe.","_input_hash":-1963879087,"_task_hash":-2044700837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest observed changes in extreme precipitation in the United States have occurred in the Northeast and the Midwest.\r\n","_input_hash":1400391663,"_task_hash":1059407571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat Waves.","_input_hash":-200718220,"_task_hash":1224344842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves have become more frequent in the United States since the 1960s, whereas extreme cold temperatures and cold waves have become less frequent.","_input_hash":-1001497779,"_task_hash":762405812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The incidence of large forest fires in the western contiguous United States and Alaska has increased since the early 1980s and is projected to further increase in those regions as the climate warms, with profound changes to regional ecosystems.","_input_hash":-1773257719,"_task_hash":84908877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of large wildfires is influenced by a complex combination of natural and human factors.\r\n","_input_hash":1381932256,"_task_hash":-763182336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Annual trends toward earlier spring snowmelt and reduced snowpack are already affecting water resources in the western United States, with adverse effects for fisheries and electricity generation.","_input_hash":-1917883097,"_task_hash":-1253236829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under the highest emissions scenarios and assuming no change in current water resources management, chronic, long-duration hydrological drought is increasingly possible before the end of this century.\r\n","_input_hash":-220371213,"_task_hash":2003795921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recent droughts and associated heat waves have reached record intensity in some U.S. regions.","_input_hash":952946807,"_task_hash":-789670609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Little evidence is found for a human influence on observed precipitation deficits, but much evidence is found for a human influence on surface soil moisture deficits due to increased evapotranspiration caused by higher temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-769544812,"_task_hash":-1984466153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Physical processes suggest, and numerical modeling simulations generally confirm, an increase in tropical cyclone intensity in a warmer world, and Earth system models generally show an increase in the number of very intense tropical cyclones.","_input_hash":1613358176,"_task_hash":-774988309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of the most intense of these storms is projected to increase in the Atlantic and western North Pacific and in the eastern North Pacific.\r\n","_input_hash":82544587,"_task_hash":854891541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They are also associated with severe flooding events when they shed their moisture.","_input_hash":1152372807,"_task_hash":1886542016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The frequency and severity of landfalling atmospheric rivers will increase because rising temperatures increase evaporation, resulting in higher atmospheric water vapor concentrations.\r\n","_input_hash":603274290,"_task_hash":1328852419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades will depend primarily on the amount of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) emitted globally.","_input_hash":-1974856441,"_task_hash":-1983921558,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With significant reductions in emissions, the increase in annual average global temperature could be limited to 3.6\u00b0F (2\u00b0C) or less.","_input_hash":-1881126559,"_task_hash":-459820093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The potentially deadly disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus made worse by rising rates of dust storms.","_input_hash":1212733662,"_task_hash":1367668710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Victor Gutierrez doesn\u2019t know when he contracted valley fever, an illness caused by a soil-borne fungus, but he\u2019s narrowed it down to a few possible jobs he worked during the summer of 2011.\r\n","_input_hash":-444209006,"_task_hash":368905899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Late that summer, Gutierrez started experiencing flu-like symptoms\u2014a cough, night sweats, exhaustion, and a strange feeling that he was burning up on the inside.","_input_hash":-384363182,"_task_hash":-531788163,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Gutierrez still struggles with regular pain in his lungs and when he gets a cold or flu, he\u2019s in bed for weeks.\r\n","_input_hash":1601035403,"_task_hash":1955722029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Years of climate change-fueled drought and a 240 percent appear have led to a swift rise in the number of people diagnosed with the illness across the Southwest.\r\n","_input_hash":1587331224,"_task_hash":-1626659365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On average, there were approximately associated with the illness each year in the U.S. between 1999 and 2016.\r\n","_input_hash":-124283049,"_task_hash":-1369034898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Johnson, who has been working with valley fever patients for more than 40 years, said the remaining 40 percent tend to experience symptoms that are similar to, and often confused with a serious case of pneumonia.","_input_hash":-55044441,"_task_hash":1315978189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cPeople with relatively uncomplicated [respiratory valley fever] will usually think this is the worst illness they\u2019ve ever had,\u201d Johnson said, adding that the symptoms can get quite a lot worse in cases where it spreads.","_input_hash":1342656628,"_task_hash":1745569654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt seems that darker-skinned people are more likely, if they contract valley fever, to get a more severe case of it.","_input_hash":-203822981,"_task_hash":-1191711281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to a study by the California Health and Human Services Agency, African Americans and Hispanics in California are with valley fever than whites.\r\n","_input_hash":1918241570,"_task_hash":1569178918,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cA contributing factor to this finding may be the large populations of Hispanics living and working in the endemic region counties of California,\u201d wrote the study\u2019s authors, who added that the connection between race and risk for the disease \u201cis not well understood and may be attributable to variations in genetic susceptibility.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-791875826,"_task_hash":-2101968784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Valley fever only adds to these challenges.\r\n","_input_hash":654746032,"_task_hash":-1375783977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then, in 2012, she was told that her kidneys were failing due to the impact of both valley fever and the medication she had relied upon to treat it.","_input_hash":622264408,"_task_hash":1769023120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Arrollo-Toland makes it a point to advise the workers she knows to get tested for the illness at the first sign of a cold or flu.","_input_hash":-1443803914,"_task_hash":1994324681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She also points to the many challenges farmworkers face when it comes to staying healthy\u2014from regular exposure to pesticides and dust clouds, to lack of fresh produce and clean water\u2014 for many residents of unincorporated areas.\r\n","_input_hash":855329620,"_task_hash":45657318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Several studies have shown that farmworkers suffer from \u2014two more factors that have been .\r\n","_input_hash":504716247,"_task_hash":847804642,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While pesticides don\u2019t play a direct role in the spread of valley fever, Antje Lauer, a microbial ecologist at the California State University, Bakersfield who has received funding from NASA, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the Bureau of Land Management to study valley fever in the soil, does see that certain forms of agriculture as a potential part of the problem.\r\n","_input_hash":429689478,"_task_hash":1028839420,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMost of the agriculture that we have here in the valley contributes to our poor air quality\u2026 Once the agricultural season starts with plowing and planting new orchards, we have an increase in fine particulate matter.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-940643305,"_task_hash":-955344847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Very wet winters, like the one that just passed, followed by dry summers have historically been particularly bad when it comes to the growth of cocci spores, said Lauer.\r\n","_input_hash":-1847576177,"_task_hash":1381842805,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Manuela Ortega, a farmworker who contracted valley fever in 2006\u2014and whose brother died of the illness at age 39\u2014said that the stifling summer heat makes wearing a mask unrealistic.","_input_hash":-610115612,"_task_hash":-974046749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThat applies to valley fever and to any other illness that could affect farmers and farm employees.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":838181329,"_task_hash":25102433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He has seen the rates of valley fever increase in recent years and now treats 3-4 people with the illness every week.","_input_hash":390531059,"_task_hash":47940287,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)If you're looking for a reason to care about tree loss, this summer's record-breaking heat waves might be it.","_input_hash":398178450,"_task_hash":807098999,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the one reason for tree loss that humans can control is sensible development.\r\n","_input_hash":-480531295,"_task_hash":935000562,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding reduction: Trees reduce flooding by absorbing water and reducing runoff into streams.\r\n","_input_hash":-1147866715,"_task_hash":1835152657,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Noise reduction: Trees can deflect sound, one reason you'll see them lining highways, along fences and between roads and neighborhoods.","_input_hash":1438602005,"_task_hash":-555835563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They can also add sound through birds chirping and wind blowing through leaves, noises that have shown psychological benefits.\r\n","_input_hash":2134364257,"_task_hash":-1893664686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Protection from UV radiation: Trees absorb 96% of ultraviolet radiation, Nowak says.\r\n","_input_hash":1441834908,"_task_hash":-1382148670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Improved human health: Many studies have found connections between exposure to nature and better mental and physical health.","_input_hash":423357568,"_task_hash":-1962098479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nowak says there's a downside to trees too, such as pollen allergies or large falling branches in storms, \"and people don't like raking leaves.","_input_hash":-1230554274,"_task_hash":-1186031035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Xie also notices more cases of heat exhaustion and dehydration in summer months \u2014 particularly among elderly and low-income individuals who lack adequate housing.","_input_hash":-1351550895,"_task_hash":113297641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Toronto alone, heat already contributes to an estimated 120 deaths each year.","_input_hash":586515414,"_task_hash":-2120958621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it takes time to connect individual events to climate change, there is a growing body of evidence linking climate change and wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":2029935126,"_task_hash":365811623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From Lyme disease and heat stroke to heightened risk of premature death, climate change puts the wellbeing of all Canadians at risk.","_input_hash":-2072777245,"_task_hash":-1173210435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The symptoms vary, but they share a root cause.\r\n","_input_hash":-183661431,"_task_hash":1539831349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Economists now view charged-up wildfires, floods and storms as a new normal \u2014 disruptive events that threaten homes, jobs, businesses and our continued prosperity.\r\n","_input_hash":220981194,"_task_hash":-118111146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding, already Canada\u2019s costliest extreme weather event, is getting worse.","_input_hash":-889563688,"_task_hash":-586786824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It encourages innovation, creating demand for non-polluting technologies and the industries that supply them.","_input_hash":1536217981,"_task_hash":1031153443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By returning the revenues through household rebates, tax cuts and low-carbon investments like public transit, governments are using the revenues from carbon pricing to make the transition to a cleaner economy more affordable.","_input_hash":-1391551934,"_task_hash":1397780906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is here, it\u2019s getting worse, and the best time to do something about it is right now.","_input_hash":-750233096,"_task_hash":1869122105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In fact, they all have the same underlying cause: Climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":903017442,"_task_hash":-559305591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most Americans recognize climate change is real and caused by burning fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-558776771,"_task_hash":1380023014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme heat.","_input_hash":2143068180,"_task_hash":510196853,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves kill more people than all other disasters combined, and they are increasing.","_input_hash":1300138158,"_task_hash":2027577402,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The number of visits to hospitals for heat illness increased 133 percent from 1997 to 2006, and they are expected to double by 2030.","_input_hash":1098403638,"_task_hash":-1621419707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat-related illnesses include heat rash, cramps and heat exhaustion up to fatal heat strokes.","_input_hash":-1852409910,"_task_hash":-2016539848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It was called \"heat exhaustion\" in the field, but it required very aggressive treatment.\r\n","_input_hash":1857230698,"_task_hash":694444864,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The water is warmer, causing increased evaporation.","_input_hash":1889629100,"_task_hash":-1720717756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increased evaporation and warmer air holding more water means more severe storms and heavier rainfall.","_input_hash":-1917301737,"_task_hash":-2084477653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavier rainfalls cause increased runoff of animal waste and fertilizers which, respectively, carry germs and feed toxic algae blooms.\r\n","_input_hash":-1167938283,"_task_hash":500346500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and the extreme weather events it causes increased aggressive behavior, violence and crime.","_input_hash":1617352963,"_task_hash":-752399229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events increase stress and psychiatric consequences.","_input_hash":-218062355,"_task_hash":228406199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 1,000 year flood in Louisiana in 2016 increased the incidence of anxiety, depression, PTSD, suicidal thoughts and actions in those affected by the storm.","_input_hash":-2019079211,"_task_hash":1401040639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, women in temporary housing attempted suicide 78 times more frequently than women not affected by the storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-365888538,"_task_hash":-3932527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the severity and frequency of downpours, droughts and hurricanes.","_input_hash":-955985235,"_task_hash":-564757603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in 2017 represent the only time in recorded history that three Category 4 storms struck the United States in the same year.\r\n","_input_hash":1685350953,"_task_hash":793411880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution.","_input_hash":-2108521542,"_task_hash":-2063653359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased ambient temperature causes smog, increases pollen and leads to wildfires.","_input_hash":-1764683554,"_task_hash":664277530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Smoke from wildfires can trigger asthma events and can also precipitate heart attacks and strokes.\r\n","_input_hash":1205253724,"_task_hash":1490175985,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is affecting public health in multiple and substantial ways.","_input_hash":690285535,"_task_hash":586392518,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lyme disease is the most common illness that ticks carry, which Lindsay says poses the greatest risk to humans.\r\n","_input_hash":-1151735677,"_task_hash":404976944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a result of climate change, temperatures are generally warmer and therefore expand the time period for which ticks are active.\r\n","_input_hash":-426582737,"_task_hash":1499237202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme Heat Events\r\n","_input_hash":-1373529940,"_task_hash":-168903477,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat is deadlier than any other weather-related hazard on earth, on average causing more human deaths annually than tornadoes, floods or hurricanes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1302642733,"_task_hash":-302162017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More Heat, Means More Time On Heat\r\n","_input_hash":1293254302,"_task_hash":-676553538,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Longer, warmer weather means longer lust cycles for cats, leading to more feral cats, leading to the spread of more disease.\r\n","_input_hash":704928450,"_task_hash":1965574356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors of this new report in the Annals of Internal Medicine believe that warming water due to climate change has caused the spate of recent cases in the Delaware Bay, where it was previously a rarity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1698010973,"_task_hash":1734950428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"V. parahaemolyticus causes thousands of food-related infections each year, primarily from eating raw or undercooked seafood.","_input_hash":-47278741,"_task_hash":1552323668,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is currently an outbreak in New Zealand from mussels, with 26 people reportedly ill.","_input_hash":1652333088,"_task_hash":-1012975896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vibrio vulnificus is the scary one of the group in the US, the one that causes flesh eating infections.","_input_hash":-148808437,"_task_hash":2144430859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People often develop shock and may lose limbs or kidneys, resulting in needing dialysis.","_input_hash":1422231457,"_task_hash":446923258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People with hepatitis C and cirrhosis are especially at risk and are are 80 times more likely to develop this infection and 200 times more likely to die from it.","_input_hash":-54380244,"_task_hash":-826692715,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although illness usually follows eating raw oysters, 3.5% of the U. S. population report having done so during the past week prior to illness.","_input_hash":-222387910,"_task_hash":1439411172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other risk factors for more serious illness are alcoholism or cancer, diabetes, problems with immunity, or low concentrations of stomach acid from illness or a class of medicines called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (e.g., Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid, or Protonix.)\r\n","_input_hash":844504145,"_task_hash":204264794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The incidence of Vibrio infections increased by more than 115% in 1998-2010 period.\r\n","_input_hash":1185642311,"_task_hash":1941775510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The three main species cause different kinds of disease.","_input_hash":214458265,"_task_hash":-1773540475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each year, 100 people die from Vibrio in the US, and an estimated 80,000 become ill.","_input_hash":1086177508,"_task_hash":1816185960,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is likely a grave underestimate because, like Lyme, we are not accurately measuring the disease.","_input_hash":1993482882,"_task_hash":530113462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So unless someone is ill with a bloodstream infection or has the characteristic rash of bloody, fluid-filled blisters, the diagnosis will likely be overlooked.","_input_hash":23513835,"_task_hash":-1925910608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This is leading him to worry that it will be a bad season for Vibrio infections in the Gulf, as well.\r\n","_input_hash":-1138412708,"_task_hash":810901824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Saharan dust also spurs the growth of algal blooms (red tide), which has toxins that can cause respiratory distress, and eye and skin irritation.","_input_hash":-454149192,"_task_hash":1343516972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Toxins from red tide have also killed a lot of aquatic life, birds, and marine animals.","_input_hash":730025672,"_task_hash":335477199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Saharan dust storms rarely travel far north, Westrich added, and are unlikely to have caused the Delaware Vibrio cases.\r\n","_input_hash":-1677627673,"_task_hash":659836919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How can you prevent dying from Vibrio?\r\n","_input_hash":1606414420,"_task_hash":-675945414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the people most at risk have underlying liver disease or are immunocompromised, some people who become deathly ill are perfectly healthy, like my colleague","_input_hash":-1007967276,"_task_hash":-188926633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate Change has now created a public health emergency, according to the medical and public health community at large in an urgent call to action.","_input_hash":-2137000749,"_task_hash":1120695562,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Health professionals are deeply concerned that scores of people are getting sick and dying \u2013 from heat stroke, cardiovascular disease, asthma, respiratory allergies, malaria, encephalitis, dysentery, dehydration, malnutrition, and other life-threatening maladies \u2013 as the result of human-caused global warming and associated climate change impacts.","_input_hash":431573756,"_task_hash":413462346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cExtreme heat, powerful storms and floods, year-round wildfires, droughts, and other climate-related events have already caused thousands of deaths and displaced tens of thousands of people in the U.S. from their homes, with significant personal loss and mental health impacts especially for first responders and children,\u201d the letter warns.","_input_hash":259330858,"_task_hash":-1891903967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This week alone, heat stroke has taken dozens of lives in the US and Europe as heat waves are breaking temperature records and inflicting extreme heat on vulnerable populations such as young children and the elderly.","_input_hash":-1106942933,"_task_hash":-1339116124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Death by Heat Stroke\r\n","_input_hash":-464206523,"_task_hash":-1497701046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The warning signs of heat stroke are unpleasant: your head pounds, your muscles cramp, and your heart races.","_input_hash":-1162280924,"_task_hash":-928365097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When dizziness, nausea and vomiting set in,","_input_hash":-1981162226,"_task_hash":-1615813099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"it\u2019s often too late: certain death follows unless rapid cooling brings down the body\u2019s core temperature to a safe level.\r\n","_input_hash":1578480151,"_task_hash":81534702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On Sunday June 23rd, a 29-year-old man serving time in a prison just outside Abilene, Texas died of hyperthermia and heat stroke after running outdoors with rescue dogs in a training exercise.","_input_hash":100270703,"_task_hash":625796177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As summers get hotter and hotter, high school football players are increasingly at risk of succumbing to heat stroke and dying during summer practice \u2013 about three players a year, on average.","_input_hash":-1921735517,"_task_hash":-1931220184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 2003 European heat wave took about 70,000 lives; it is not known how many will suffer and die from the current heat wave.\r\n","_input_hash":-1692171292,"_task_hash":95223360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme temperatures leading to greater morbidity and mortality is no surprise to the climate scientists who have been warning of such climate change impacts for years.","_input_hash":1567021462,"_task_hash":-1735825378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the most recent National Assessment of climate change impacts issued by the US Global Change Research Program, \u201cA warmer future is projected to lead to increases in future mortality on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of additional premature deaths per year across the United States by the end of this century.\u201d","_input_hash":566750292,"_task_hash":-1504640133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to another USGCRP study issued in 2016, The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment, heat waves are estimated to cause 670 to 1,300 direct deaths each year in the U.S., and premature deaths from heat waves are expected to rise more than 27,000 per year by 2100.\r\n","_input_hash":-1444594272,"_task_hash":798617636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Prolonged drought and extreme heat also bring about death and destruction from fiercer and more frequent wildfires.","_input_hash":-1171730326,"_task_hash":1829152491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"California fires took a half-dozen lives and were so severe as to cause a national state of emergency; the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire was the largest in California history.","_input_hash":2008069967,"_task_hash":-678477553,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the hell part of \u201chell and high water\u201d \u2013 heavier-than-normal precipitation in many regions leads to dangerous and deadly flooding.","_input_hash":76027841,"_task_hash":-1891387561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re seeing steady upticks in the numbers of drowning incidents following flash flooding.","_input_hash":1397179679,"_task_hash":-1765541571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Elevated waterborne disease outbreaks are often reported in the weeks following heavy rainfall.","_input_hash":-1251808725,"_task_hash":-1181856627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re also seeing increased mortality from a host of vector-borne and infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme, West Nile virus, and the plague), and painful deaths from severe dehydration and water-borne diarrheal diseases.","_input_hash":585024185,"_task_hash":-720619509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Poor air quality aggravates asthma and causes other respiratory diseases and heart failure.","_input_hash":5004140,"_task_hash":-1987079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And on top of all that, anxiety, depression, and other serious mental health problems attributed to climate-related hardships are ruining peoples\u2019 lives and leading to more suicides","_input_hash":-2134000077,"_task_hash":-199106192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What ties all these experiences together, I am sorry to say, to those communities in this country who depend upon fossil fuels, that it is our reliance on fossil fuels, which when extracted from the Earth and burned damage our children\u2019s health through climate change and through the air and water pollution they produce.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":901815724,"_task_hash":1678356986,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is the responsibility of all of us to ensure that they will be able to sound the alarm without becoming the sound of their own professional suicide.\r\n","_input_hash":-1381063922,"_task_hash":173723930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German physician Alfred Buchwald had no clue that the chronic skin inflammation he described in 1883 was the first recorded case of a serious tick-carrying disease, one that would take hold in a small Connecticut town almost a century later and go on to afflict people across the United States.","_input_hash":-623794712,"_task_hash":533878236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Today we know a lot more than Buchwald did about Lyme disease \u2014 that it is caused by a bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, and it is transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks, and that it can cause untold misery for those infected.","_input_hash":-703660658,"_task_hash":832163772,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The condition starts with fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic bullseye rash.","_input_hash":2085417793,"_task_hash":-456895607,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s about to get much worse, thanks to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1330528226,"_task_hash":1231070812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Also, as temperature rises, people may engage in more outdoor activities, increasing exposure to ticks.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1291628999,"_task_hash":-801328494,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Finally, we can prevent severe global warming.\"","_input_hash":151002547,"_task_hash":-778990532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The clinical manifestation of the illness was similar to that of tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, but neither TBEV RNA nor antibodies against the virus were detected.\r\n","_input_hash":-2121108640,"_task_hash":-1708228703,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Routine surveillance for tickborne diseases in China led to the identification of a patient from the town of Alongshan who had a febrile illness with an unknown cause.","_input_hash":-1091169556,"_task_hash":-2035527155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An investigation was conducted to identify the pathogen that was causing this patient\u2019s illness.","_input_hash":1631295010,"_task_hash":-2118172386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because it was suspected that the patient\u2019s illness was caused by a tickborne pathogen, a heightened surveillance program was initiated in the same hospital to identify patients with fever, headache, and a history of tick bites.","_input_hash":1860387979,"_task_hash":-1836183277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Gaining an understanding of the range of potential effects that climate change could have on immune function will be of considerable importance, particularly for child health, but has, as yet, received minimal research attention.","_input_hash":1549228928,"_task_hash":1746507035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Key climate change-sensitive pathways include under-nutrition, psychological stress and exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation, with effects on susceptibility to infection, allergy and autoimmune diseases.","_input_hash":-1542583504,"_task_hash":1229724265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Conducting directed research in this area is imperative as the potential public health implications of climate change-induced weakening of the immune system at both individual and population levels are profound.","_input_hash":-150218988,"_task_hash":-1408261159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is now unequivocal evidence that Earth\u2019s climate is warming, greenhouse gas concentrations have increased, snow and ice cover have decreased and the sea level has risen.","_input_hash":87607409,"_task_hash":313264271,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is very likely that these changes are human induced [1].","_input_hash":821807844,"_task_hash":-883841097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the fundamental determinants of human health including \u201cwater, air, food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructure\u201d [2] (p. 393).","_input_hash":844802610,"_task_hash":822521359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The full range of potential consequences of climate change for human health is unknown, but there is agreement that the overall impact will be negative [3].","_input_hash":1930318022,"_task_hash":-637990550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Global Burden of Disease assessment of 2000, 150,000 deaths worldwide were attributed to climate change [5] with 88% of the disease burden caused by loss of life or well-being in childhood.","_input_hash":671434442,"_task_hash":1853852182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most research into the human health effects of climate change has focussed on specific exposures (e.g., vector-borne diseases, extreme weather events), or occasionally on specific outcomes (e.g., asthma [6], pre-term birth [7]).","_input_hash":-2023561491,"_task_hash":-1731080471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet indirect effects, such as on food security and quality and on mental health, may also be important, but more difficult to predict or quantify.","_input_hash":99282488,"_task_hash":1588836894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An alternative to consideration of specific direct and indirect exposures, or disease outcomes, is to examine potential risks from climate change to the fundamental systems underlying the human interaction with the environment.","_input_hash":1587944810,"_task_hash":-1932771073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just as the adverse physical effects of climate change are predicted to weigh most heavily on developing nations, children are likely to also be the most vulnerable to systemic adverse effects on immune function.","_input_hash":1898263894,"_task_hash":1869660374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The evidence to support this contention is compelling, with infection responsible for over two-thirds of deaths amongst children younger than 5 years [10,11]\r\n","_input_hash":-1681596337,"_task_hash":170511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Neonatal innate immune responses are not robust, giving rise to potentially serious infections with pathogens such as Group B Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) [12].","_input_hash":-767071419,"_task_hash":-604331118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"do not develop until late infancy (~24 months) leading to susceptibility to infection by encapsulated bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza), that is responsible for most of the infection-related mortality amongst neonates and infants [16].","_input_hash":1298120499,"_task_hash":-2117015847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This period is associated with an increased incidence of auto-immune diseases [15].\r\n","_input_hash":-349498675,"_task_hash":-321758354,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Disease can occur from both overactivity (up-regulation) of the immune system and immune suppression (down-regulation).","_input_hash":1087877578,"_task_hash":-546202497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Allergy is thought to result from up-regulation of Th2 cell mediated pathways, whereas some autoimmune diseases appear to be the result of up-regulated Th1 responses, resulting in diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, scleroderma and multiple sclerosis.","_input_hash":2053608350,"_task_hash":-1966304533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Impairment of specific immune components predisposes to specific types of infection and disease.","_input_hash":195172345,"_task_hash":2111600321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Primary antibody deficiency states, manifest by low or absent levels of circulating immunoglobulins (i.e., IgG subclass deficiency, IgA deficiency or common variable immunodeficiency), are associated with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections of varying severity [14].","_input_hash":-1559384342,"_task_hash":-1430372898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, studies of cancer patients [19] and acutely ill surgical patients [20] have shown that impaired cell mediated immunity is associated with poorer prognosis and higher mortality.\r\n","_input_hash":-66222134,"_task_hash":-1618430774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At an individual level, it is these profound impairments of immune function that are associated with significant (i.e., clinically manifest) health consequences.","_input_hash":-1311760925,"_task_hash":-2058075240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, at a population level, less profound impairment of specific immune processes occurring with high prevalence may manifest as an increased incidence of infection (e.g., influenza, otitis media or the common cold) [21] and reduced vaccine effectiveness [22] (Figure 1).","_input_hash":1836016863,"_task_hash":-236491798,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The developing immune system can be influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic exposures and physiological states that can lead to adverse health outcomes.\r\n","_input_hash":-271630201,"_task_hash":-1025922027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under-nutrition that is wholly or partly due to climate change can arise not only from adverse effects on food yields and storage, especially cereal grains, but from the chronic diarrhoeal disease that characterizes childhood experience in many of the world\u2019s poor, crowded and unhygienic \u201cinformal housing\u201d settlements where food and water is often faecally contaminated and domestic hygiene is deficient.","_input_hash":1425228435,"_task_hash":-1498395605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human-driven climate change is projected to impair crop yields in many regions of the world, especially South Asia and much of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as a consequence of changes in temperature, rainfall and soil moisture [23] and is expected to also occur because of damage from increases in extremes of weather and changes in patterns of infestations and infections\u2014in plants and livestock.\r\n","_input_hash":1000215235,"_task_hash":-1102858324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many infectious diseases are sensitive to small shifts in climatic conditions, including vector-borne infections spread by mosquitoes and ticks.","_input_hash":-1105842824,"_task_hash":-1831497434,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In poor and vulnerable populations, cholera outbreaks are more likely to occur during both extreme flooding and droughts [24]; so too are various other types of gastroenteritis.","_input_hash":511756199,"_task_hash":258729352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the geographic range and seasonality of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis, reducing the incidence in some populations, increasing it in others and introducing it to other immunologically na\u00efve populations [25].","_input_hash":-565894488,"_task_hash":924552118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children that are displaced by enforced relocation or by refugee flows in response to increasing climatic adversity\u2014food shortages, physical hazards, loss of arable or habitable coastal land, etc.\u2014are very often exposed to both chronic food deprivation and to a range of infectious agents encountered during crowd movement and in congested and unhygienic refugee camps [28].\r\n","_input_hash":166275929,"_task_hash":-297992929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and its impacts will influence physiological and psychological stress on many young human bodies and minds.","_input_hash":-2040239729,"_task_hash":-1754153732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Psychological depression is a well-recognised modulator of immune function [30].","_input_hash":1222068863,"_task_hash":266982559,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Clearly evident in many studies of animal models, though less well demonstrated in humans, chronic heat stress also impairs aspects of the immune response [31,32].\r\n","_input_hash":-1309953294,"_task_hash":-1384594557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Chronic background stress will impinge on many families and their children, in all regions of the world, as climate change conditions become more disruptive and severe.","_input_hash":-1509766542,"_task_hash":158964662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Strazdins and Skeats [33] remind us that: \u201cchildren\u2019s wellbeing will be affected by expected economic, social and cultural impacts of climate change.","_input_hash":626078621,"_task_hash":-1018099974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If, as forecast, climate change results in food and water scarcity then there will likely be an increase in the number of families living in poverty.","_input_hash":1468845909,"_task_hash":641574548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This in turn may lead to forced internal migration: family separations where one parent moves to earn income or family dislocation where the whole family moves, especially likely for rural families or families caught up in a climate change related natural disaster.\u201d","_input_hash":-1910783322,"_task_hash":2005246317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Those authors also point out, however, that there has been little research specifically on the childhood stress experiences of climate change and their biological, health and behavioural consequences.\r\n","_input_hash":926376123,"_task_hash":1134822460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under-Nutrition and Human Immune Function\r\nUnder-nutrition is the most common cause of secondary immune suppression in children globally and may result from inadequate intake of macro-","_input_hash":-748481334,"_task_hash":253866942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Macro-nutrient deficiency or \u201cprotein-energy malnutrition\u201d","_input_hash":-2087560673,"_task_hash":-1498863854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"(PEM) results in a generalized depression of immune function, particularly in young children [36,37].","_input_hash":-198360562,"_task_hash":-1333913736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Function of the adaptive immune system can be impaired, with reductions in antibody secretion and affinity to antigen.","_input_hash":-697545816,"_task_hash":-2147417272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe PEM can lead to leucopenia (decreased number of white blood cells), decreased Th cell (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cell (CD8+) numbers, as well as a reduced CD4+:CD8+ ratio\u2014considered an important correlate of susceptibility to infection [34,35].\r\n","_input_hash":1238994018,"_task_hash":407558021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Micro-nutrient under-nutrition often accompanies PEM, but can occur as an isolated deficiency (i.e., of iron, vitamin A or zinc).","_input_hash":-1105043529,"_task_hash":-1265347546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The extent and nature of immune dysfunction depends on the specific micro-nutrient involved.","_input_hash":-1080484924,"_task_hash":526561927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A deficit of zinc, for example, is associated with lymphoid atrophy and decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses and has been also associated with increased mortality and morbidity from infection in animal models","_input_hash":-937406483,"_task_hash":-1752247082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the micro-nutrients, deficiencies of vitamins (A, C, E, B6), selenium, zinc, copper, iron and folic acid are associated with impaired immune function and/or increased rates of infection in humans [34,36].\r\n","_input_hash":-1327713625,"_task_hash":1878599785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There are modelled predictions that the temperature and rainfall (hence, soil moisture) changes that are central to climate change may increase food production in some regions of the world [43].","_input_hash":-484757543,"_task_hash":-155548862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There may also be a positive \u201cfertilizer\u201d effect on agriculture due to increased atmospheric CO2 [44].","_input_hash":-1702559670,"_task_hash":-347998738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, and particularly in areas of current vulnerability to food insecurity such as SSA and Asia, the modelled impacts of climate change on food yields suggest greatly reduced yields.","_input_hash":-1238294652,"_task_hash":517968707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Decreases in crop yields are projected to occur as a result of direct thermal stress on crops, altered timing of seasons, reduced available arable land and water for agriculture, increased soil salinity and diminished biodiversity [42,43].","_input_hash":1369945403,"_task_hash":-1766861681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An altered frequency of extreme weather events will also affect future yields.\r\n","_input_hash":1822054351,"_task_hash":-1612617792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The most recent IPCC assessment report rates as \u201cvery likely\u201d that climate change will have an overall negative effect on major cereal crop yields across Africa, with strong regional variability [23].","_input_hash":1581409714,"_task_hash":1682853372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For south Asia, home to the greatest number of food insecure children, a large systematic review and meta-analysis of original data publications demonstrated a crop yield reduction of \u221216% for maize and \u221211% for sorghum by the 2050s [47].","_input_hash":1522546265,"_task_hash":1518058616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Access to food under climate change scenarios may be adversely affected as a result of market inequities, pricing barriers or employment insecurity (especially for landless agricultural labourers).","_input_hash":810664244,"_task_hash":-1316787596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore population displacement due to climate change, (e.g., sea level rise, extreme weather events or conflict) may limit access to nutritious foods both through affordability and lack of availability of familiar foods.\r\n","_input_hash":1636041170,"_task_hash":1917860563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Appropriate utilization of food can be adversely affected by climate change via conditions leading to decreased absorption of nutrients (e.g., diarrheal illness, parasitic gut infection), increased energy requirements (e.g., concomitant infections, increased physical work load) and/or unsafe food preparation (e.g., disrupted water and sanitary systems) [42].","_input_hash":-1871081020,"_task_hash":-2126675613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Several studies have shown an association between rising ambient temperature and increased rates of infectious diarrhea (with specific pathogens such as Salmonella [48] and Campylobacter [49]) and non-specific diarrheal illness [50].","_input_hash":-2118879757,"_task_hash":-775425223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events can also overwhelm sanitation and water management systems, particularly in developing areas where infrastructure is often inadequate.","_input_hash":954857650,"_task_hash":-1295396461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Large outbreaks of cholera in Asia and SSA, for example, have occurred due to contamination of water supply following flooding episodes [51].\r\n","_input_hash":-1563576471,"_task_hash":1358867425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under-Nutrition as a Mediator of Climate-Change Induced Immune Suppression\r\n","_input_hash":1252731415,"_task_hash":776952406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An estimated 26% of the world\u2019s children are stunted due to severe chronic under-nutrition [52].","_input_hash":367136354,"_task_hash":-436674907,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Approximately one third of the burden of disease in children is currently attributable to under-nutrition [53].","_input_hash":173895486,"_task_hash":-1910864946,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the overall population at risk is projected to significantly reduce during the 21st century due to socioeconomic development, it is likely that this progress will be uneven amongst regions of the developing world and slowest in the next few decades.","_input_hash":234053254,"_task_hash":-1974262566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They concluded that climate change would lead to an increase of 1%\u201329% in moderate stunting in 2050 compared with a reference scenario (of no climate change).","_input_hash":1885627741,"_task_hash":1183165734,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe stunting was projected to increase by 23% in central SSA and 62% in South Asia compared with the reference scenario.\r\n","_input_hash":-1704594390,"_task_hash":2491923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We postulate that under-nutrition associated with climate change will impair immune function in a non-uniform manner with already vulnerable populations expected to fare disproportionately poorly.","_input_hash":189800592,"_task_hash":-1962057224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thus it is likely that the future effects of climate change on immune function, mediated by reduced food security, will contribute to ongoing vulnerability to infection, particularly for children in the developing world.\r\n","_input_hash":-1572139054,"_task_hash":-316957205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Psychological Stress and Immune Function\r\n","_input_hash":1079321112,"_task_hash":-942580204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Psychological stress occurs when events or demands overwhelm an individual\u2019s perceived capacity to cope, eliciting a physiological stress response [55].","_input_hash":-1673367423,"_task_hash":1706015896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While acute time-limited stressors, such as mental arithmetic or public speaking can enhance immune parameters, particularly those associated with innate immunity, longer term stressor exposure tends to depress cell-mediated immunity (Th1), upregulate Th2-associated cytokines and antibodies to latent viruses (e.g., EBV), and depress innate immunity (reviewed in [29]).\r\n","_input_hash":714913214,"_task_hash":521729732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Parent-reported perceived stress and depressive symptoms [56] and a harsh family climate [57] were associated with a pro-inflammatory profile in children and adolescents (respectively), while higher perceived self-efficacy in children aged 7\u201310 years was associated with an anti-inflammatory profile, i.e., lower IL-6 concentrations [58].","_input_hash":-1017261347,"_task_hash":-1885109755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the latter study, depression was associated with increased risk of febrile illness only in older girls.","_input_hash":83486225,"_task_hash":-110263337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another recent study involving healthy 5 year old children from low and high psychological stress environments, showed evidence of high stress leading to an imbalance in the immune response and a predilection to reactivity to self-antigens [62], possibly leading to autoimmune disorders.","_input_hash":419076937,"_task_hash":-992263903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Impacts appear to be cumulative across different domains such that those most at risk from environmental stressors are those already under socioeconomic or psychological stress [63,64] with long term effects on health [65].\r\n","_input_hash":859488789,"_task_hash":-9213653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is emerging evidence that stress-related effects on immune function can have clinical consequences.","_input_hash":-934133209,"_task_hash":647243763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a recent study of children aged 0\u201317 years, there was a higher incidence of type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, in regions of Israel that were attacked in the Second Lebanon War compared to other regions and to pre-war incidence, after taking account of family history of disease, age, sex, and season of diagnosis [66].\r\n","_input_hash":186264057,"_task_hash":-20335511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change may have an impact on mental health in several ways, although most research has focused on outcomes in adults [67]:\r\n","_input_hash":-151698552,"_task_hash":1438347659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I. Acute traumatic stress following an extreme event:\r\n","_input_hash":-566742936,"_task_hash":1354063653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the aftermath of the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina on the US Gulf Coast in 2004, one study showed a marked increase in the rates of psychological illness amongst affected populations [68].","_input_hash":1976211781,"_task_hash":2109661551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, one year after the 1999 \u201csuper-cyclone\u201d which struck the Indian state of Orissa, a significant proportion of children and adolescents were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (31%) and syndromal depression (24%) [69].\r\n","_input_hash":-829865505,"_task_hash":1526430009,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Disruptions to social, economic and environmental determinants that promote mental well-being\r\n","_input_hash":-906289895,"_task_hash":-737429548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Global climate change has the potential to disrupt some or all of these conditions, and thus the potential to undermine the long-term psychosocial well-being of affected populations [72].","_input_hash":-819940205,"_task_hash":-464295425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, it has been estimated that over 200 million persons may be forced to leave their place or country of residence by 2050 due to a combination of climate change-related shoreline erosion, coastal flooding, desertification, agricultural change, natural disasters, government policy or geopolitical conflict [73].","_input_hash":-1158388919,"_task_hash":194534449,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies have shown that disaster related relocation is a strong predictor of psychological difficulties [74].","_input_hash":96270461,"_task_hash":514276197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In rural Australia, prolonged drought conditions have affected many historically fertile areas.","_input_hash":1080621663,"_task_hash":-1919555129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, an association between increased suicide rate and step-downs in inter-annual rainfall has been demonstrated [76].\r\n","_input_hash":-879301355,"_task_hash":-1258321240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Anxiety and fear for the future in a Climate Changed World\r\n","_input_hash":-292074496,"_task_hash":-1567775526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This last category refers to the psychological reaction of individuals to the stream of often dire predictions regarding the consequences of global climate change emanating from peers, teachers and the scientific and popular media.","_input_hash":115602367,"_task_hash":-1907946756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, this barrage of unsettling, overwhelming and threatening information may lead to a state of chronic low-grade anxiety, fear or hopelessness.","_input_hash":-384756378,"_task_hash":-379757074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, schoolchildren\u2019s perceptions at the height of the Cold War were characterized by despair and loss of motivation [77].","_input_hash":-1297306512,"_task_hash":-1207260976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Psychological Stress as a Mediator of Climate Change Induced Immune Dysfunction\r\n","_input_hash":1930354644,"_task_hash":1187694990,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following extreme weather events, where numerous stressors may already be affecting immune function (e.g., overcrowding, exposure to temperature extremes, sleep disturbance), prolonged psychological stress can further modulate the immune response.","_input_hash":781299426,"_task_hash":285391091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, 33% of Florida residents affected by Hurricane Andrew suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the first four months (76% had at least on symptom of PTSD), and this was associated with lower natural killer cell activity, a marker of innate immune function [80].","_input_hash":-577036331,"_task_hash":-634600747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Indeed, in the overall affected study population, there was a significant decrease in natural killer (NK) cell functional activity and T cell lymphocyte (CD4+ and CD8+) numbers compared with controls.\r\n","_input_hash":-617160024,"_task_hash":-1258710754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For vulnerable populations, such as children and communities in the developing world with limited adaptive capacity, the impact of climate change associated with psychological stress is of particular concern.\r\n","_input_hash":-313625284,"_task_hash":-1207175139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ultraviolet Radiation, Climate Change and Immune Function\r\n","_input_hash":-125242066,"_task_hash":638335947,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The vast majority of human exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is from sunlight.","_input_hash":-1632089846,"_task_hash":-205209587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, UVB is more biologically effective than UVA and remains the most important contributor to UVR effects on human health [83].","_input_hash":-181610329,"_task_hash":-1728249005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Suppression of the activity of cutaneous antigen presenting cells (APC) (leading to migration away from skin, and impaired interaction with T cells in the lymph node);\r\nPromotion of specialised regulatory T cells (Treg) which produce immune inhibitory cytokines (particularly IL-10);\r\n","_input_hash":-821564899,"_task_hash":-1412366876,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Inhibition of cytotoxic and memory T cell production and function.\r\n","_input_hash":1544877280,"_task_hash":-1336320646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Overall, the effect of exposure to UVR is one of down-regulation of cell mediated (Th1) processes and promotion of a regulatory environment within draining lymph nodes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1812235489,"_task_hash":-96665241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Animal model and human clinical studies have also shown an association between UV irradiation and increased incidence of skin tumours and infection.","_input_hash":-141902721,"_task_hash":206806815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In animal models, UV irradiation has resulted in reduced immune responses following infection with a range of pathogens, including: Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Trichinella spiralis, Leishmania, Borrelia burgdorferi, Plasmodium chabaudi and Candida albicans [89,90].","_input_hash":-1920754741,"_task_hash":424791259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In humans, reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) infections appear to be related to UVR exposure, through viral-tropism and immunosuppression [91].\r\n","_input_hash":599195320,"_task_hash":1414030335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is evidence, albeit limited, suggesting that increased UVR exposure can cause decreased vaccine effectiveness [92].","_input_hash":2114026848,"_task_hash":-1565974313,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Significant suppression of cell mediated and humoralimmunity occurred following experimental UVB exposure in mice recently vaccinated with hepatitis B [93].","_input_hash":1930461045,"_task_hash":-433053654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Cell mediated immune suppression (as measured by contact hypersensitivity reactions) was suppressed in similar experiments on healthy human subjects, though notably, there was no clinically significant reduction in the measured antibody response [94].","_input_hash":1591787177,"_task_hash":-102905277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There was however, significant variation in immune response following UVR exposure dependent on specific cytokine gene polymorphisms [95].\r\n","_input_hash":-1529374822,"_task_hash":-722857609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Studies have shown decreasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases (such as Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and connective tissue disorders) associated with higher levels of surrogate markers of solar UVR exposure [100,101].","_input_hash":1296296994,"_task_hash":-594594666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This has been represented as further evidence of the influence of UVR exposure on suppressing cell-mediated responses, directly or indirectly via vitamin D-mediated mechanisms [102].\r\n","_input_hash":1943676343,"_task_hash":1401806175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global climate change is expected to influence future personal UVR exposure via altered atmospheric conditions and changing behavioural, clothing and outdoor activity patterns.","_input_hash":1671263596,"_task_hash":2134769248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Though heavy cloud cover will likely diminish the amount of UVR reaching Earth\u2019s surface, partly cloudy skies can lead to large enhancements due to the effect of scattering [105].","_input_hash":-2011453704,"_task_hash":-847234913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Taking into account cloud cover changes, recent modelling predicts a decrease in ambient erythemal UV radiation of 10% at northern high latitudes and an increase of 3%\u20136% at low latitudes [106].\r\n","_input_hash":-416604392,"_task_hash":-2045714839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A more significant impact on personal UVR dose may arise through changes in behaviour and clothing patterns.","_input_hash":478032656,"_task_hash":1637058484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ultraviolet Radiation as a Mediator of Climate Change-Induced Immune Dysfunction\r\n","_input_hash":1657341680,"_task_hash":-612564650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The likely overall effects of climate change on predicted levels of UVR at Earth\u2019s surface are for an increase in current latitudinal gradients\u2014i.e., higher levels at low latitudes where they are already high, and lower levels at high northern latitudes where they are already low [106].","_input_hash":-709296478,"_task_hash":-2059370666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In many parts of the world, particularly in temperate zones, we postulate that personal UVR exposure will increase due to increased outdoor activity and less clothing coverage due to warmer weather.","_input_hash":-962737499,"_task_hash":-186673962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This may have beneficial effects, for example in decreasing incidence rates of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, if a causal association truly exists with UVR dose.","_input_hash":-931479302,"_task_hash":-1549599238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Improved vitamin D status (consequent upon higher UVR dose) may also benefit bone and muscle health, possibly reducing risk of certain cancers [111], cardiovascular, rheumatic and other disorders [112].\r\n","_input_hash":1343486682,"_task_hash":-300468850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, there is considerable potential for adverse effects caused by excessive UVR dose, particularly in developing countries.","_input_hash":1509108882,"_task_hash":-1509660329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Higher levels of ambient UVR and temperature may individually or in combination impair the immune response to vaccination and increase risk of infections.","_input_hash":-1159785899,"_task_hash":1086777003,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, a risk assessment study estimated that exposure to just 90 min of midday, mid-latitude sunshine in the summer months in sensitive, non-adapted individuals, would lead to a 50% reduction in specific cell-mediated immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes, an intra-cellular bacterium [113].","_input_hash":838487672,"_task_hash":-535016724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Outbreaks of measles infection amongst previously vaccinated children in north India has also been tentatively linked to excessive UVR exposure [99].\r\n","_input_hash":1149909772,"_task_hash":515864565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Here we have focused on undernutrition, psychological stress, and ultraviolet radiation as possible mediators of the effect of climate change on immune-related health risks in childhood.","_input_hash":-495869157,"_task_hash":761088964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Though the magnitude of deterioration in immune function for any given climate change-sensitive variable may be small, their combined effects on whole populations may lead to significant protective clinical thresholds being breached.","_input_hash":170614926,"_task_hash":-1804428162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Demonstration of a causal link between climate change and health outcomes is enormously challenging.","_input_hash":335144,"_task_hash":456504076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Health impacts plausibly linked to climate change have been well described [25] but to definitively establish that these effects have been, at least partially, mediated via climate-induced changes in immune function","_input_hash":91979150,"_task_hash":-2104531354,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Animal models exist for the impact of environment on immune function, and many observations link climate and environment to human disease, but there are no studies of important childhood diseases that include measurement of both climate exposures and measurement of immune mediation of these exposures in influencing disease incidence.\r\n","_input_hash":1037784254,"_task_hash":134770376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"McMichael A.J., Campbell-Lendrum D., Kovats S., Edwards S., Wilkinson P., Wilson T., Nichols R., Hales S., Tanser F., Le Sueur D., Schlesinger M., Andronova N. Global and Regional Burden of Disease due to Selected Major Risk Factors.","_input_hash":403145568,"_task_hash":-237353028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beggs P.J., Bambrick H.J. Is the Global Rise of Asthma an Early Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change?","_input_hash":-337079800,"_task_hash":1760019897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Black R.E., Cousens S., Johnson H.L., Lawn J.E., Rudan I., Bassani D.G., Jha P., Campbell H., Walker C.F., Cibulskis R., Eisele T., Liu L., Mathers C. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis.","_input_hash":-352436338,"_task_hash":1128327405,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The delayed hypersensitivity response and host resistance in surgical patients.","_input_hash":-1032857120,"_task_hash":-1567232514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Norval M. Immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet radiation: relevance to public health.","_input_hash":977782448,"_task_hash":-5161483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Jin Y., Hu Y., Han D., Wang M. Chronic heat stress weakened the innate immunity and increased the virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in mice.","_input_hash":-1095918731,"_task_hash":-853606634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Meng D., Hu Y., Xiao C., Wei T., Zou Q., Wang M. Chronic heat stress inhibits immune responses to H5N1 vaccination through regulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs.","_input_hash":-2091085875,"_task_hash":-437344938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Youinou P.Y. Current concepts in immune derangement due to undernutrition.","_input_hash":1874401299,"_task_hash":-1604390109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The thymus is a common target in malnutrition and infection.","_input_hash":2033260558,"_task_hash":-1756071220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The reported incidence of campylobacteriosis modelled as a function of earlier temperatures and numbers of cases, Montreal, Canada, 1990-2006.","_input_hash":1944389484,"_task_hash":818152052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Zung A., Blumenfeld O., Shehadeh N., Dally Gottfried O., Tenenbaum Rakover Y., Hershkovitz E., Gillis D., Zangen D., Pinhas-Hamiel O., Hanukoglu A., Rachmiel M., Shalitin S. Increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Israeli children following the Second Lebanon War.","_input_hash":-659076147,"_task_hash":-2031959437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Kar N., Mohapatra P.K., Nayak K.C., Pattanaik P., Swain S.P., Kar H.C. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors.","_input_hash":-950204924,"_task_hash":-1416425684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health.","_input_hash":-2053429710,"_task_hash":-776190095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ironson G., Wynings C., Schneiderman N., Baum A., Rodriguez M., Greenwood D., Benight C., Antoni M., LaPerriere A., Huang H.S., Klimas N., Fletcher M.A. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, intrusive thoughts, loss, and immune function after Hurricane Andrew.","_input_hash":382223171,"_task_hash":-1482336350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lucas R.M., McMichael A.J., Smith W., Armstrong B.K. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation.","_input_hash":-1908607515,"_task_hash":-2113974806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Halliday G.M., Rana S. Waveband and dose dependency of sunlight-induced immunomodulation and cellular changes.","_input_hash":314428999,"_task_hash":-2113194283,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The consequences of UV-induced immunosuppression for human health.","_input_hash":555928238,"_task_hash":873521717,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hart P.H., Gorman S., Finlay-Jones J.J. Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D?","_input_hash":145967549,"_task_hash":1427887529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sleijffers A., Garssen J., de Gruijl F.R., Boland G.J., van Hattum J., van Vloten W.A., van Loveren H. UVB exposure impairs immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination in two different mouse strains.","_input_hash":-1034318960,"_task_hash":-1640329514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sleijffers A., Garssen J., de Gruijl F., Boland G., van Hattum J., van Vloten W., van Loveren H. Influence of ultraviolet B exposure on immune responses following hepatitis B vaccination in human volunteers.","_input_hash":1725799149,"_task_hash":-722416637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sleijffers A., Yucesoy B., Kashon M., Garssen J., De Gruijl F.R., Boland G.J., Van Hattum J., Luster M.I., Van Loveren H. Cytokine polymorphisms play a role in susceptibility to ultraviolet B-induced modulation of immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination.","_input_hash":-446159519,"_task_hash":-788231320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Type 1 Diabetes , Rheumatoid Arthritis.","_input_hash":156116863,"_task_hash":407018874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Staples J., Ponsonby A.-L., Lim L. Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in pregnancy, month of birth, and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring: longitudinal analysis.","_input_hash":-1841131663,"_task_hash":-238596118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A historic heat wave inflicted life-threatening temperatures on Europe and shattered all-time highs in multiple countries Thursday.\r\n","_input_hash":1727841133,"_task_hash":-915343662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And London experienced its hottest July day on record, with a temperature of 100.2.\r\n","_input_hash":-1133614265,"_task_hash":-1898103723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat wave has been caused by a massive area of high pressure that extends into the upper atmosphere.","_input_hash":-812717011,"_task_hash":-359657475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The phenomenon, also known as a heat dome, has temporarily rerouted the typical flow of the jet stream and allowed hot air from Africa to surge northward.\r\n","_input_hash":302467686,"_task_hash":593580889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Paris, the heat radiated from the pavement and the city\u2019s iconic stone facades.","_input_hash":-924946998,"_task_hash":-1112233671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But that may change as episodes of punishing heat become the new normal.\r\n","_input_hash":363481127,"_task_hash":576520987,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Still, some Europeans say that air conditioning is precisely the wrong response to crippling heat waves triggered by climate change.","_input_hash":-161491167,"_task_hash":-1306534949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"HVAC systems consume a lot of power and release hot air, which can exacerbate the heat-\r\nisland effect in cities and intensify cooling demands.\r\n","_input_hash":-620960754,"_task_hash":-1410235701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Long-term, human-caused climate change makes extreme-heat events such as the current wave more likely, more severe and longer-lasting, numerous scientific studies say.\r\n","_input_hash":-1038593940,"_task_hash":-1466064428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the wake of Europe\u2019s first heat wave of the summer, in early July, scientists performed an analysis that showed human-caused climate change made the event at least five times more likely to occur.\r\n","_input_hash":-1615533375,"_task_hash":2059129119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cThe combination of increasing average temperature and increasing variability, all due to human activity, could push vulnerable people and systems past the brink,\u201d said Radley Horton, a climate researcher at Columbia University.\r\n","_input_hash":265962578,"_task_hash":-1140764387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And, in part because of the hot weather in Europe, July may rank as the hottest month on record.","_input_hash":-1164811062,"_task_hash":-1730429576,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Europe\u2019s heat wave coincided with the visit of Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg to France this week.","_input_hash":-1951584249,"_task_hash":-999916541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It has been one of the most aggravating sounds on earth for more than 100 million years \u2014 the humming buzz of a mosquito.\r\n","_input_hash":-266394578,"_task_hash":966524730,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stinky feet emit a bacterium that woos famished females, as do perfumes.","_input_hash":-1747305571,"_task_hash":-813623804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is the diseases she transmits that cause an endless barrage of death.","_input_hash":-105416,"_task_hash":-348876063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the American Civil War, Confederate forces suffered from shortages of the antimalarial drug quinine, and the mosquito eventually helped hammer the final nail in the coffin of the institution of slavery.","_input_hash":1759489709,"_task_hash":-1473542640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Malaria often produces a synchronized and cyclical pattern of symptoms: a cold stage of chills and shakes, followed by a hot stage marked by fevers, headaches and vomiting, and finally a sweating stage.","_input_hash":1593046347,"_task_hash":311777579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For many, especially children under 5, malaria triggers organ failure, coma and death.\r\n","_input_hash":1389673016,"_task_hash":1340490701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It can produce fever-induced delirium, liver damage bleeding from the mouth, nose and eyes, and coma.","_input_hash":1499240260,"_task_hash":-880747231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Internal corrosion induces vomit of blood, the color of coffee grounds, giving rise to the Spanish name for yellow fever, v\u00f3mito negro (black vomit), which is sometimes followed by death.\r\n","_input_hash":-1756868521,"_task_hash":1962089715,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Today, roughly four billion people are at risk from mosquito-borne diseases.","_input_hash":1185072394,"_task_hash":-2060544203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His wife, Ms. Rodriguez, said she was devastated and called the deaths a \u201chorrific accident.\u201d","_input_hash":-1804690279,"_task_hash":-898657711,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the recent heat wave, New York City\u2019s Administration for Children\u2019s Services warned parents not to leave their children in cars.","_input_hash":139160759,"_task_hash":2000206766,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An average of 38 children die of heatstroke each year after being left in locked cars, according to kidsandcars.org, a nonprofit focused on preventing death and injury to children and pets from vehicles.\r\n","_input_hash":568132288,"_task_hash":755543053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But as temperatures warmed with fossil fuel emissions, and growing seasons lengthened, the shrubs multiplied and prospered.","_input_hash":1547836631,"_task_hash":777898357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That's just one of thousands of ways in which human-caused climate change is altering life for plants and animals, and in the process having direct and sometimes profound impacts on humans.","_input_hash":472915577,"_task_hash":-631359628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Germs and Pests on the March\r\n","_input_hash":426914390,"_task_hash":1224684428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The hybrids result from interbreeding of species that have been newly thrown together by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-379865740,"_task_hash":1783019795,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other species are threatened by the unraveling of ecological relationships.","_input_hash":-209476089,"_task_hash":-951973721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thawing permafrost is causing lakes that nomadic Siberians used to fish in, and to water their reindeer in, to vanish into the ground.","_input_hash":1281995538,"_task_hash":1213983729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Sweden, lakes and streams previously used for drinking water are now contaminated with the parasite that causes giardia, the human intestinal illness.","_input_hash":1689917286,"_task_hash":26300127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The incidence of insect-borne tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, has grown 10-fold in northern Sweden in 30 years, Furberg reports.","_input_hash":666881420,"_task_hash":-970596965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"All these changes are sparking unease among Siberians and Scandinavians in particular, Mustonen says.","_input_hash":1357718409,"_task_hash":-1258101639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While these impacts on crop yields are notable in themselves, we had to go a step farther to understand how they could affect global food security.","_input_hash":1409965344,"_task_hash":1187972034,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, we found that decreases in consumable food calories are already occurring in roughly half of the world\u2019s food insecure countries, which have high rates of undernourishment, child stunting and wasting, and mortality among children under age 5 due to lack of sufficient food.","_input_hash":-1894240666,"_task_hash":-1794980654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The fact that world hunger has started to rise after a decadelong decline is alarming.","_input_hash":1582347607,"_task_hash":-1022198042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the planet\u2019s average temperature rises, we can feel its effects on food and water, the economy, politics \u2014 and even our mental health.","_input_hash":37842363,"_task_hash":368814509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A growing number of people are feeling alarmed by climate change, according to the New Yorker, and a 2018 study shows that people who think global warming is happening are more likely to feel helpless, afraid, and angry.\r\n","_input_hash":-1069848837,"_task_hash":-1284439575,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As things have gotten worse in terms of the climate, I\u2019ve become so much more aware of how much stress I personally feel, and the people around me, and yet no one was really engaging with it as much as I thought could be helpful.","_input_hash":169249862,"_task_hash":-1036171794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I came to realize that psychology has a lot to offer in terms of helping people to manage these emotions, because I think sometimes our emotional distress around this actually prevents us from taking necessary action.","_input_hash":1989931659,"_task_hash":630919254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I think sometimes that people don\u2019t even identify it as a source of big anxiety, or that it\u2019s one among many things that they\u2019re anxious about.","_input_hash":687763086,"_task_hash":-466737126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What are the symptoms of climate anxiety or distress?\r\n","_input_hash":-237151289,"_task_hash":-156203723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sometimes there\u2019s guilt \u2014 you know, feeling like \u2018I\u2019m part of the problem.\u2019","_input_hash":2052267497,"_task_hash":1885735375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And anger, frustration over why there\u2019s not more being done.\r\n","_input_hash":683188802,"_task_hash":2050544615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How do these feelings of distress lead to lack of action on climate change?\r\n","_input_hash":-1064419465,"_task_hash":955765425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sometimes people don\u2019t even identify climate change as a source of big anxiety.\r\n","_input_hash":-1578637167,"_task_hash":-2105991156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After that, there are a number of ways to build resilience in the face of this kind of distress.","_input_hash":633276534,"_task_hash":113623337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And then there are more specific strategies, like when you feel distress, engaging in practices that help calm the nervous system can be really helpful.","_input_hash":-57061373,"_task_hash":-1135806987,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because there\u2019s kind of a ripple effect \u2014 when you start opening up about this, it gets other people interested and starting to talk, and that\u2019s how change happens.\r\n","_input_hash":1687474963,"_task_hash":716765075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2018Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth\u2019s natural life.\u2019","_input_hash":1486226732,"_task_hash":1990619074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u2018The planet has seen sudden warming before, it wiped out almost everything.\u2019\r\n","_input_hash":1113582644,"_task_hash":800895497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each day new reports and household names such as David Attenborough warn of \u201cirreversible damage to the natural world and the collapse of our societies\u201d.","_input_hash":-1091428036,"_task_hash":1575887384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are also amidst the world\u2019s sixth mass extinction, the worst since the time of the dinosaurs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1227910608,"_task_hash":-1302174855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This grief summarises feelings of loss, anger, hopelessness, despair and distress caused by climate change and ecological decline.\r\n","_input_hash":1194005253,"_task_hash":-270366742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We are facing a state of continual unfolding loss, compounding impacts on our psyches.","_input_hash":-1708757992,"_task_hash":1597084661,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At the same time there is anxiety about what is still to come.\r\n","_input_hash":992506970,"_task_hash":575053335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet there is no way to do justice to the threats we face without it being scary and provoking anxiety.","_input_hash":-983877604,"_task_hash":434905514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"People also need agency to act to avoid feelings of apathy and hopelessness.\r\n","_input_hash":644766118,"_task_hash":937384833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This has largely resulted in a politically passive eco-modern citizen that is more concerned with energy-efficient technologies, light bulbs and recycling than dissent, protest and structural change.","_input_hash":808876210,"_task_hash":-474638955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet they seemed to bring forth sadness or internalised grief that had been buried out of sight.","_input_hash":346266114,"_task_hash":2038108025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But they provoked a different kind of hope, a hope stemming from witnessing the power of activated groups.\r\n","_input_hash":-1384214820,"_task_hash":-600977483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are seeing a dramatic rise of nonviolent protest movements around the world such as the Extinction Rebellion, the New Green Deal in the US and the School Strike movement led by the dynamic Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg.","_input_hash":-1593893200,"_task_hash":1728736380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is the ripple effect in action, the result of several local councils in Australia moving first.\r\n","_input_hash":1933229410,"_task_hash":-892211846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But to truly tackle the climate and extinction crisis we also need to give ourselves permission to grieve, personally and collectively.","_input_hash":-930481534,"_task_hash":738820785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report found that 164 environmental activists around the world were murdered in 2018, and \u201ccountless more were silenced through violent attacks, arrests, death threats or lawsuits.\u201d","_input_hash":445209507,"_task_hash":1894657207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Harrison told HuffPost, \u201cDeaths were down last year, but violence and widespread criminalization of people defending their land and our environment were still rife around the world.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":106497142,"_task_hash":-413753956,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Third on the list was India, with 23 deaths, 13 of which came from a single incident, when police shot into crowds of people protesting a copper mine in the state of Tamil Nadu.","_input_hash":-1878762260,"_task_hash":-406777291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report identified mining as the industry associated with the most activist deaths: 43 activists around the world were killed for their resistance to the damaging effects of mineral extraction on the environment, as well as native people\u2019s lands and livelihoods.\r\n","_input_hash":-700247551,"_task_hash":392008432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What begins with smear campaigns labeling defenders \u2018anti-development\u2019 leads to legal prosecution and arrests, and then often violence.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":564181997,"_task_hash":1268526800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This month, a former U.K. counterterrorism official called the climate change movement Rebellion Extinction an example of extremism and warned their tactics of civil disobedience would lead to \u201cthe breakdown of democracy and the state.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":255948308,"_task_hash":648912281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She also noted, \u201cSince the Dakota Pipeline protests took off, we\u2019ve seen a resurgence of references to \u2018eco-terrorism,\u2019\u201d which stokes fear, retaliation and legal repression.\r\n","_input_hash":1997886638,"_task_hash":-938044538,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019ve seen that with not just what you would expect, like pipeline spills and accidents, but we\u2019re also seeing that Americans are facing daily the consequences of a warming climate.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-228038706,"_task_hash":1350529015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That question is central to understanding how fast ice sheets may lose mass, and thus how fast sea level will rise, in response to global warming, but there are few data about the process.","_input_hash":-1155261374,"_task_hash":755437495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nIce loss from the world\u2019s glaciers and ice sheets contributes to sea level rise, influences ocean circulation, and affects ecosystem productivity.","_input_hash":-330886379,"_task_hash":2030220237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ongoing changes in glaciers and ice sheets are driven by submarine melting and iceberg calving from tidewater glacier margins.","_input_hash":-303653813,"_task_hash":-1814247910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The observed melt rates are up to two orders of magnitude greater than predicted by theory, challenging current simulations of ice loss from tidewater glaciers.\r\n","_input_hash":928494369,"_task_hash":1580221756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because of strong glacier dynamic feedbacks, tidewater glaciers can undergo advance and retreat cycles independent of climate forcing (7) with associated changes in iceberg calving fluxes, subglacial discharge, and submarine melting (8).","_input_hash":-1230387891,"_task_hash":-298732989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The need for observational constraints on submarine melting of tidewater glaciers is pressing, as ice loss is accelerating from Antarctica (11, 12), Greenland (13, 14), and mountain glaciers around the globe (15).","_input_hash":-618754786,"_task_hash":-2077461653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High-latitude glacier environments continue to experience accelerated warming from both the oceans (16) and the atmosphere (13).","_input_hash":-804973058,"_task_hash":874264168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Submarine melting enhances subaerial iceberg calving; if submarine melt rates vary vertically because of a dependence on ocean density stratification, ocean temperature, and subglacial discharge, then enhanced calving can extend below the waterline at glacier termini, indirectly affecting glacier stability and the dynamic mass loss of ice sheets (18).\r\n","_input_hash":977169172,"_task_hash":-1354921248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Constraints on basal melting from Antarctic ice shelves come from satellite measurements (12) and from sensors deployed directly on top of ice shelves (19) or in the sub\u2013ice shelf ocean through boreholes drilled through the ice (10).","_input_hash":1651649993,"_task_hash":1748775291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, most recent studies examining ice\u2013ocean interactions have focused on the subglacial discharge plume, which is driven by glacier runoff that penetrates to depth and exits at the grounding line before upwelling buoyantly along the ice face (9, 20).","_input_hash":25789480,"_task_hash":1322181913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, several recent studies suggest that ambient melt rates must be higher than predicted and up to the same order of magnitude as discharge-driven melt (23, 25, 26).","_input_hash":309026182,"_task_hash":432988406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These melt rates imply that, on average, ~22% of the ice flux in August is accounted for by submarine melting (the rest is lost by calving), whereas only 8% of the ice flux in May is attributed to melt.","_input_hash":1560262416,"_task_hash":-1938033840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By contrast, previous flux-gate\u2013derived values may be biased high because they include iceberg melt and the surveys tend to occur during daytime, when discharge and melting are above average.\r\n","_input_hash":-1141638207,"_task_hash":1635780349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These direct estimates of submarine melt are much higher than ambient melt estimates calculated with existing theory (29), which range from 0.02 to 0.07 m day\u22121 in August and 0.01 to 0.07 m day\u22121 in May (Fig. 3 and fig.","_input_hash":175270645,"_task_hash":1541911221,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, theory predicts large differences in melt rates (two orders of magnitude) between discharge-driven melt and ambient melting, but the observations show high melt rates of similar magnitude across the entire terminus.","_input_hash":-943219601,"_task_hash":399078993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, parameterizations developed from plume theory would lead to inaccurate subsurface morphology changes (i.e., overcutting or undercutting) and unrealistic differences in melt rates between regions of ambient melting and discharge-driven melting.\r\n","_input_hash":-494861486,"_task_hash":553284380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These melt rates come from dividing the calculated meltwater flux by the total subsurface ice front area and include iceberg melt.","_input_hash":1836747816,"_task_hash":1222932735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Generally, the flux-gate results have closer correspondence with the multibeam-derived measurements compared with plume theory\u2013derived values during periods of strong discharge, suggesting that ocean measurements are a viable way to infer total freshwater influx from the glacier (table S4) when (i)","_input_hash":-1033523023,"_task_hash":-1546630820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The observed melting patterns show a changing terminus shape over the seasons that does not follow from present-day melt parameterizations (32, 33).","_input_hash":563370707,"_task_hash":1390875784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If submarine melting does indeed influence iceberg calving and the subsequent glacier dynamic response (18), then accurately predicting where in space and time melting occurs is critical.","_input_hash":-445650052,"_task_hash":-255491459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Submarine melting does not appear to be a simple function of temperature and subglacial discharge but may also vary with the vigor of other near-terminus circulation patterns (25).","_input_hash":-2930842,"_task_hash":-907938029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The processes that enhance near-terminus circulation are either directly related to the glacier terminus itself (30) (e.g., iceberg calving, plume discharge) or by other fjord processes (e.g., tidal currents, internal waves), suggesting that complex feedbacks exist that are completely absent from current simulations of submarine glacier mass loss.\r\n","_input_hash":-1767927657,"_task_hash":172460042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The first is that unsustainable use of natural resources can and does cause poverty.","_input_hash":182480083,"_task_hash":-863210951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The second is that poverty can, and does, cause environmental degradation.","_input_hash":1642191164,"_task_hash":-65180112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasingly it seems that there's a link between a damaged environment and growth in modern-day slavery.\r\n","_input_hash":-733506585,"_task_hash":-613661916,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Arifur Rahman, the chief executive of YPSA, a non-profit social development organisation based in Chittagong, Bangladesh: \"Without a doubt, each time our country battles through an environmental disaster, we see a subsequent rise in cases of slavery and human trafficking.\r\n","_input_hash":-1304296029,"_task_hash":-670177719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It can be difficult pinpointing precisely how much of a particular environmental disaster can be blamed on humans, but in the mind of Bales and many others, it's dangerous to ignore the overlap.\r\n","_input_hash":-836125685,"_task_hash":1752682123,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Peer-reviewed research continues to show that climate change underlies poverty and that poverty drives human trafficking.","_input_hash":-460598004,"_task_hash":15153128,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So what do anti-slavery organisations have to gain from recognising the link between climate change and modern-day slavery?\r\n","_input_hash":-210814421,"_task_hash":208235361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each sector will need to diversify its current concept of economic development or risk seeing its gains toppled by climate change and/or damaged by modern slavery.","_input_hash":-1348003549,"_task_hash":612459438,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though poverty affects deforestation rates, all too often those living in poverty and under inherited indebtedness try to dig their way out by working agricultural jobs that are often vulnerable to forced labour.","_input_hash":-403618276,"_task_hash":-1250170239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are not ready for the extreme rainfall coming with climate change.","_input_hash":877881091,"_task_hash":184907701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Staten Island got a taste of that when stormwater infrastructure failed to handle about the inch of rain that fell in 20 minutes.","_input_hash":-73904673,"_task_hash":1043323128,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the West, overwhelming storms are happening 51 percent more often.\r\n","_input_hash":299350882,"_task_hash":-762705216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is shifting precipitation patterns and making rainfall event more extreme as our planet\u2019s rising temperature is increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-845736185,"_task_hash":235375629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re seeing that play out already, but these events are expected to grow much worse: If we continue with business as usual, today\u2019s most extreme downpours could become five times more likely by the end of the century.\r\n","_input_hash":1733909761,"_task_hash":416882968,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When infrastructure gets backed up, the result is often floods or even flash floods that can be dangerous.","_input_hash":459961064,"_task_hash":-2111758965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Standing water also poses risks to health and infrastructure.","_input_hash":380789505,"_task_hash":1874471783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nEvidence for intensifying rainfall extremes has not translated into \u201cactionable\u201d information needed by engineers and risk analysts, who are often concerned with very rare events such as \u201c100\u2010year storms.\u201d","_input_hash":-1172355825,"_task_hash":1732412808,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Low signal\u2010to\u2010noise associated with such events makes trend detection nearly impossible using conventional methods.","_input_hash":-1163960053,"_task_hash":-1310794981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most of these increases can be attributed to secular climate change rather than climate variability, and we demonstrate potentially serious implications for the reliability of existing and planned hydrologic infrastructure and analyses.","_input_hash":425505993,"_task_hash":1484486251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though trends in rainfall extremes have not yet translated into observable increases in flood risks, these results nonetheless point to the need for prompt updating of hydrologic design standards, taking into consideration recent changes in extreme rainfall properties.\r\n","_input_hash":-1846596037,"_task_hash":-1259251151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Numerous studies have shown that heavy rainfall in the United States and elsewhere is becoming more common and more severe in a warming climate.","_input_hash":-1207078117,"_task_hash":-1432923155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This \u201cpooling\u201d allows us to show that rainfall events that exceed common engineering design criteria, including 100\u2010year storms, have increased in frequency in most parts of the United States since 1950\u2014a period of widespread infrastructure construction.","_input_hash":828996662,"_task_hash":-1606508768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We show that in most locations, these increases are likely due to climate warming.","_input_hash":-1679745730,"_task_hash":1452149422,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also show that much of the existing and planned hydrologic infrastructure in the United States based on published rainfall design standards is and will continue to underperform its intended reliability due to these rainfall changes.","_input_hash":1769940950,"_task_hash":-928773563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"My mom, an anxious traveler, panicked while my husband and I ran around town after the storm getting food and water.","_input_hash":-781648794,"_task_hash":838559285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the delay put tremendous strain on my mom, who fretted about being stranded and was so distraught over the delays and the news reports about flooding and destruction that she almost wound up in the emergency room.\r\n","_input_hash":2044335184,"_task_hash":1907586181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of certain extreme weather events, said Stephen Vavrus, a weather researcher at the University of Wisconsin.","_input_hash":371075359,"_task_hash":-598380426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the warming climate, we\u2019re likely to see more heavy rainfall, storms and extreme heat, all of which affect travel, said Vavrus.\r\n","_input_hash":884942238,"_task_hash":1478807232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, an insurance plan can cover prepaid trip costs if weather interrupts your travels or causes delays, baggage loss or missed connections.\r\n","_input_hash":-14146728,"_task_hash":790844664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fire season in the western United States runs from summer to fall, tornado season in the Midwest hits late spring to early summer, hurricanes can pummel the East Coast in the fall, and winter travel in the Great Lakes and East can be delayed by intense snow.\r\n","_input_hash":997739218,"_task_hash":-17843962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperatures are heating up globally, said Francis, and heat waves are lasting longer.","_input_hash":2056727080,"_task_hash":949795126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record heat spread throughout Europe in June, even as wildfires blazed in Catalonia.\r\n","_input_hash":-1268175617,"_task_hash":-1312683513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Research suggests that flight turbulence will increase because of climate change, Francis said.","_input_hash":-723033035,"_task_hash":-1144383127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study from 2017 predicted that climate change could lead to a 149 percent increase in severe turbulence.","_input_hash":-1824067343,"_task_hash":-1241327237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thunderstorms are much more common in the afternoon.\r\n","_input_hash":473828722,"_task_hash":1731426080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe turbulence involves forces stronger than gravity, and is strong enough to throw people and luggage around an aircraft cabin.\r\n","_input_hash":-909407904,"_task_hash":1265337519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"While turbulence does not usually pose a major danger to flights, it is responsible for hundreds of passenger injuries every year,\" said Luke Storer, a researcher at the University of Reading and co-author of the new study.","_input_hash":-1028767940,"_task_hash":350208502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"It is also by far the most common cause of serious injuries to flight attendants.","_input_hash":-209143719,"_task_hash":342602810,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The expected turbulence increases are a consequence of global temperature changes, which are strengthening wind instabilities at high altitudes in the jet streams and making pockets of rough air stronger and more frequent.\r\n","_input_hash":981164064,"_task_hash":-2143646629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"The study is another example of how the impacts of climate change can be felt through the circulation of the atmosphere, not just through increases in surface temperature itself,\" said Manoj Joshi, a Senior Lecturer in Climate Dynamics at the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom and co-author of the new study.","_input_hash":1067602953,"_task_hash":-1841382025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is here, and it\u2019s causing a wide range of impacts that will affect virtually every human on Earth in increasingly severe ways.\r\n","_input_hash":280677663,"_task_hash":-1355570184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The magnitude of each impact depends on our collective choices as well as details\u2014e.g., the particular region and the people that live there\u2014but together, the range of impacts makes climate change one of the most urgent issues facing humanity today.\r\n","_input_hash":402673016,"_task_hash":884548167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This buildup of CO2 leads to one of most obvious impacts of climate change: a hotter world.\r\n","_input_hash":-2119523919,"_task_hash":770559646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Higher temperatures are linked to almost all of climate change\u2019s most severe impacts, including more frequent and intense heat waves, widespread crop failures, and dramatic shifts in animal and plant ranges.\r\n","_input_hash":1920223606,"_task_hash":429955279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If carbon emissions continue to increase unchecked, by end-of-century the hottest daily temperatures that occur in a given year in the United States are likely to increase by at least 10\u00b0F as compared with the end of the 20th century.","_input_hash":1464493431,"_task_hash":402313076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other parts of the world may experience even worse increases.\r\n","_input_hash":-517171454,"_task_hash":1374210331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This produces sea level rise, which can disrupt and damage coastal communities and infrastructure in virtually every sea-bordering country in the world.\r\n","_input_hash":-579056331,"_task_hash":161065842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Estimates vary, but if emissions increase we could experience up to eight feet of sea level rise by the end of the century.","_input_hash":335404616,"_task_hash":1994680547,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Gulf of Mexico and East Coast of the United States are experiencing some of the world's fastest rates of sea level rise.","_input_hash":1202472917,"_task_hash":-1951473681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"climate change is also linked with heavier and more frequent rainfall, leading to destructive inland flooding in regions like the Midwest.\r\n","_input_hash":-1603113783,"_task_hash":892653031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More extreme\r\nClimate change is also making extreme weather more severe and, in some cases, more common.","_input_hash":-2072040896,"_task_hash":-662693132,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example: warmer air and oceans are producing more extreme hurricanes, with record-breaking amounts of rain and wind.\r\n","_input_hash":-954434614,"_task_hash":1251744451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mega-storms like Hurricane Harvey have gone from occurring once every 100 years, to once every 16 years.\r\n","_input_hash":-6994526,"_task_hash":1273824055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In drier areas, global warming is linked with longer, more extreme, and more frequent droughts, and a longer fire season.","_input_hash":-671114376,"_task_hash":734133244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The direct impacts of climate change are devastating by themselves, but they also worsen existing inequalities and conflicts.","_input_hash":367717969,"_task_hash":-1606328921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example: hotter temperatures and droughts will make corn, wheat, and other staple crop supplies less stable, leading to price spikes and food shortages.","_input_hash":-2145601943,"_task_hash":-1139817641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These migrations, as well as conflicts over increasingly scarce resources, will exacerbate existing political and social tensions, and significantly increase the risk of conflict and war.\r\n","_input_hash":520236173,"_task_hash":1988307008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Animals, insects, and plants\u2014already threatened by habitat destruction and pollution\u2014will fare even worse.","_input_hash":1177290111,"_task_hash":1430485271,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only a small amount of warming will kill 70 to 90 percent of the world\u2019s coral reefs; up to half of plant and animal species in the world\u2019s most naturally rich areas could face extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":-1367005878,"_task_hash":1194363847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Continuing in the wrong direction will not only impose mounting costs on taxpayers, but could also jeopardize the health, safety and livelihoods of people around the country.\r\n","_input_hash":-1869624728,"_task_hash":-666968167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Investing in climate resilience would help reduce future costs of climate impacts and cutting global warming emissions would help limit the magnitude of those impacts.","_input_hash":-1217133823,"_task_hash":517140778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nearly 60 percent of Republicans between the ages of 23 and 38 say that climate change is having an effect on the United States, and 36 percent believe humans are the cause.","_input_hash":-657511317,"_task_hash":1530921664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Attempts to solve the climate crisis by cutting carbon emissions from only cars, factories and power plants are doomed to failure, scientists will warn this week.\r\n","_input_hash":747122230,"_task_hash":-973113129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"At the same time, agriculture, forestry and other land use produces almost a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":-1114143151,"_task_hash":-1474076439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, about half of all emissions of methane, one of the most potent greenhouse gases, come from cattle and rice fields, while deforestation and the removal of peat lands cause further significant levels of carbon emissions.","_input_hash":1433718196,"_task_hash":-487327452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impact of intensive agriculture \u2013 which has helped the world\u2019s population soar from 1.9 billion a century ago to 7.7 billion \u2013 has also increased soil erosion and reduced amounts of organic material in the ground.\r\n","_input_hash":-788232208,"_task_hash":1619616771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change exacerbates land degradation through increases in rainfall intensity, flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, wind, sea-level rise and wave action,\u201d the report states.\r\n","_input_hash":-617755590,"_task_hash":1996903645,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is a bleak analysis of the dangers ahead and comes when rising greenhouse gas emissions have made news after triggering a range of severe meteorological events.","_input_hash":-1213859911,"_task_hash":420450831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The heatwaves that hit Europe last month were between 1.5C and 3C higher because of climate change;\r\n","_input_hash":-300508247,"_task_hash":609874536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This last figure is particularly alarming, as the IPCC has warned that rises greater than 1.5C risk triggering climatic destabilisation while those higher than 2C make such events even more likely.","_input_hash":1738475355,"_task_hash":870593874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They add that this phenomenon appears to be driven by men's \"discomfort engaging with a woman who is not clearly heterosexual.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1344118923,"_task_hash":-1490285774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More to the point, these basic supplies offer nothing to solve the real problems that occur during power outages\u2014nothing to prevent heat stroke for vulnerable populations or means for fulfilling your professional functions if your entire county loses power for two full days.\r\n","_input_hash":-600766964,"_task_hash":191137521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beyond personal health and employment concerns, the potential for financial losses to local manufacturing businesses and their employees is enormous: up to hundreds of thousands of dollars a day.","_input_hash":2041662725,"_task_hash":420341123,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If you have full-time employees as a business owner, their collective salary costs in a power outage are, well, your loss.","_input_hash":-1713096324,"_task_hash":-1205588137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both result in reduced economic output and significant personal hardship\u2014there are no real winners in a Public Safety Power Shutoff.\r\n","_input_hash":-1572237958,"_task_hash":1199101753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018 the total burn areareached 676,312 hectares (up from 505,294 in 2017), and 85 people lost their lives in unspeakable suffering during the Camp Fire alone.","_input_hash":761723998,"_task_hash":-1390232655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Whatever inconvenience or financial loss preemptively de-energizing power lines may cause, it is far, far better than the risk of igniting ravenous wildfires\u2014a risk that gets worse every year.","_input_hash":977562332,"_task_hash":-265781760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increased devastation of wildfires in California and human-induced warming, which reached one degree Celsius in 2017, according to the IPCC, is not just a coincidence.","_input_hash":708821850,"_task_hash":2366439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Elevated wildfire frequency and intensity have been directly linked to climate trends of reduced snowpack, warmer summer days that lead to dryer fuels, and decreased precipitation during the summer and fall.\r\n","_input_hash":-2123812676,"_task_hash":-1024758584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Surprisingly, despite all the empirical evidence, a contingent of people continue to believe that observed temperature increases are the result not of anthropogenic industrialization but of naturally occurring cycles.","_input_hash":-510409166,"_task_hash":-1074800386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, whether you believe the causes of climate change are anthropogenic or natural matters less each year.","_input_hash":-281277055,"_task_hash":-369431858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For Californians, the effects of increasingly destructive wildfires and the inconvenient strategies for preventing them are the same irrespective of belief.","_input_hash":-1253529876,"_task_hash":-174520306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, the relevance of climate change denial will diminish while the need for mitigation and adaptation intensifies.\r\n","_input_hash":806005377,"_task_hash":30359617,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The tragedy of the Camp Fire illustrates the way two dual crises in the U.S.\u2014economic inequality and climate change\u2014interact.","_input_hash":1029161837,"_task_hash":1455315547,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The shortage exacerbates existing economic stress and homelessness.","_input_hash":-329919699,"_task_hash":962399839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And as extreme weather events like the Camp Fire and Hurricane Maria, which destroyed nearly 200,000 homes in Texas, become both more frequent and more intense, they threaten to worsen inequality and housing instability.\r\n","_input_hash":1545447916,"_task_hash":591107393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cOn the housing side, there\u2019s a lot of thinking about affordable housing and homelessness as separate issues, but the severe shortage of affordable housing is exacerbating the homelessness crisis.\u201d","_input_hash":-1952564508,"_task_hash":1628969548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The CAP research finds that homelessness and housing unaffordability are already overlapping with climate disasters in disturbing ways.","_input_hash":-1534757256,"_task_hash":1065313927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Policymakers, Schultheis adds, need to understand where issues like homelessness and housing unaffordability are concentrated, and ensure that those people and communities are supported both before a disaster like a hurricane or wildfire could strike, and in the aftermath.","_input_hash":-397148861,"_task_hash":-350810885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This shortage disproportionately affects disabled people and minority communities that also have the fewest resources to recover from natural disasters linked to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1396908540,"_task_hash":-999354885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The center\u2019s report came as the nation this year has experienced six weather events with losses topping $1 billion.","_input_hash":-2014453949,"_task_hash":1566682554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With hurricane season entering full swing, losses are expected to increase.\r\n","_input_hash":568531382,"_task_hash":1888798117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As extreme weather increasingly wreaks havoc, credit rating agencies want more information about how vulnerable each state and local government's economy is to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":13225805,"_task_hash":-2034801039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The acquisition \"will help us go deeper into and refine how we assess physical risks caused by environmental factors,\u201d Michael Mulvagh, head of communications for Moody's, told Inside Climate News.\r\n","_input_hash":762096461,"_task_hash":1170980303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After robust growth between the early 1960s and 2000s, total coal production in the U.S. declined by 32 percent between 2007 and 2017, in large part because of the cheaper cost of natural gas.","_input_hash":-1848810004,"_task_hash":-223411087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn most cases what you see is this fiscal death spiral where public services decline, property values decline, other revenue declines, outmigration produces blight.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1870736369,"_task_hash":-1894169154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nationwide, coal production is expected to drop by another 15 percent over the next decade -- by even more if governments continue pursuing climate policies to reduce emissions and incentivize renewable energy.\r\n","_input_hash":-510008884,"_task_hash":-428076029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add another item to the ever-growing list of the dangerous impacts of global climate change: Warming oceans are leading to an increase in the harmful neurotoxicant methylmercury in popular seafood, including cod, Atlantic bluefin tuna, and swordfish, according to research led by the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH).\r\n","_input_hash":362719269,"_task_hash":261365926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the 1970s, the Gulf of Maine was experiencing a dramatic loss in herring population due to overfishing.","_input_hash":-100548090,"_task_hash":-1717435769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another factor that comes into play is water temperature; as waters get warmer, fish use more energy to swim, which requires more calories.\r\n","_input_hash":-1282308303,"_task_hash":-1808846541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Based on their model, the researchers predict that an increase of 1 degree Celsius in seawater temperature relative to the year 2000 would lead to a 32 percent increase in methylmercury levels in cod and a 70 percent increase in spiny dogfish.\r\n","_input_hash":-1842971628,"_task_hash":1320517026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is going to exacerbate human exposure to methylmercury through seafood, so to protect ecosystems and human health, we need to regulate both mercury emissions and greenhouse gases.","_input_hash":1319621264,"_task_hash":-1087560218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is not brown-skinned immigrants who are primarily responsible for environmental degradation, though.","_input_hash":81887266,"_task_hash":-619643415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change and other environmental crises are driving migration, not the other way around.","_input_hash":1479444775,"_task_hash":842767420,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Population growth is, of course, contributing to climate change, along with rising affluence and per-capita consumption.","_input_hash":-2135139480,"_task_hash":664257301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Residents of the Pacific Northwest\u2019s lush, rainy forests have had to worry little about the threat of wildfires.","_input_hash":-113572429,"_task_hash":1545416006,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But aside from dangerously high levels of air toxins due to smoke, residents of the Pacific Northwest's lush, rainy forests have had to worry little about the threat of wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":502113903,"_task_hash":1960569964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"And urban developments are popping up closer to large swaths of forests, and create conditions where even small pit fires or sparks can unintentionally ignite large fires.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1125437739,"_task_hash":-196088555,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Do you expect an increase in health issues due to the effects of climate change?","_input_hash":-2031285165,"_task_hash":-1442501345,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the negative health effects of climate change are already upon us, but it\u2019s not all doom and gloom.","_input_hash":-563511827,"_task_hash":1826607256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is a huge opportunity for better health through well designed action to reduce our emissions and by adapting to the changes we are facing.\r\n","_input_hash":850245757,"_task_hash":723407735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In recent years, the New Zealand Psychological Society has reported seeing some cases of anxiety, helplessness and depression about climate change.","_input_hash":855932063,"_task_hash":-146536614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grief and depression that can result from the destruction of places and landscapes people love led Australian environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to create a new word: \u201csolastalgia\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":213112600,"_task_hash":-1886019078,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will make these health inequalities worse.\r\n","_input_hash":1636921764,"_task_hash":-1115564542,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In New Zealand, warmer winters may reduce the number of people who die (currently about 1600 each year), mostly from heart and lung disease.","_input_hash":1628410271,"_task_hash":1768401121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But unfortunately, the overall impact will be negative on a wide range of other causes of illness and mortality.","_input_hash":-1508517833,"_task_hash":-1929225103,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is likely that climate change will bring diseases unfamiliar in New Zealand (especially infectious diseases, such as dengue fever), but more importantly, climate change amplifies chronic and infectious diseases we already suffer from, such as the impacts of heat on heart disease, and changing rainfall patterns on waterborne illnesses.\r\n","_input_hash":1143828445,"_task_hash":578724846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One major direct impact on health was made evident by the huge outbreak of campylobacter, a bacterial infection that causes gastroenteritis, in Havelock North during the winter of 2016.","_input_hash":515353855,"_task_hash":-1739730027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A government inquiry attributed the outbreak to a combination of extreme rainfall that washed sheep faeces into a pond near a water bore and poor drinking water management.","_input_hash":-1782299641,"_task_hash":-1836186143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The outbreak may even have contributed to three people\u2019s deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":421180652,"_task_hash":-1374359276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warming of freshwater and more extreme rainfall events are both part of climate change, increasing the likelihood of outbreaks like the one in Havelock North.\r\n","_input_hash":-1839679644,"_task_hash":-1371220768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Indirect effects on health will be as important, but they are more difficult to measure and predict.","_input_hash":-2114748767,"_task_hash":904121034,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Changing seasonal temperatures and weather extremes are already reducing harvests of important staples like wheat, while warming oceans are reducing our ability to harvest fish and shellfish.","_input_hash":453142366,"_task_hash":1207054351,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When this worsens, the result is, perversely, an increase in obesity and diabetes, accompanied by nutrient deficiencies, as families rely on cheap, highly processed foods to get by.\r\n","_input_hash":-673832865,"_task_hash":648884529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Overall, many New Zealanders are experiencing better health than in the past, but we have persistent health inequalities as a result of multiple structural injustices, including poverty.","_input_hash":-1268757886,"_task_hash":-1154433869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People on low incomes, M\u0101ori and Pasifika, the elderly and children will be worst affected by climate change, but wealth and white privilege do not confer immunity.\r\n","_input_hash":78468367,"_task_hash":482131060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The overwhelmingly negative effects of climate change on health are a strong argument for urgent action to reduce our climate pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":2093616019,"_task_hash":370593638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But well designed action also offers opportunities to address New Zealand\u2019s biggest causes of death and disease: cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity.","_input_hash":55894297,"_task_hash":-291124394,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our health system will need significant strengthening if we are to be in a good position to weather the coming climate disruptions.","_input_hash":51051698,"_task_hash":743095929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also know from our experiences of past major calamities such as earthquakes, that the resilience that comes from strong communities is a huge advantage.","_input_hash":1613197602,"_task_hash":867721027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2016, Australia\u2019s Defence White Paper identified the risk that climate change would drive natural disasters and political instability in the Pacific.","_input_hash":-1441589886,"_task_hash":971401724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, we sent 1,000 troops to support Operation Fiji Assist, about 1,600 to help after Cyclone Debbie hit Queensland, and close to 3,000 to help North Queensland clean up after floods earlier this year.\r\n","_input_hash":2066872065,"_task_hash":710194041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Through loss of land, undermined economies, and threatened sustainability, an influx of climate refugees from affected islands would be a humanitarian disaster that could destabilise the region.\r\n","_input_hash":253595741,"_task_hash":-269454421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"How PNG was experiencing more malaria and dengue fever.","_input_hash":787023478,"_task_hash":1783715413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And how rising sea temperatures and winds were expected to push major tuna stocks westwards, causing economic problems.","_input_hash":1097016051,"_task_hash":824671942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He said:\r\nthe impact of climate change on small islands was no less threatening than the dangers guns and bombs posed to large nations.\r\n","_input_hash":-1352767190,"_task_hash":747515306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that\r\nclimate change\r\nitself causes\r\nconflict, but it\r\nputs pressure\r\non natural\r\nresources, on\r\nthe security of\r\nland, water,\r\nhealth and food\r\nwhich are critical\r\nto human survival.\r\n","_input_hash":-1314658175,"_task_hash":-342771299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They are doing this because the Pentagon understands that climate change will \u201caggravate problems such as poverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership and weak political institutions that threaten stability in a number of countries\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-1375183826,"_task_hash":-1874286836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cMost don\u2019t remember what caused the Syria conflict to start,\u201d he told a Senate Armed Forces Committee.","_input_hash":1541166742,"_task_hash":-1630706790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt started because of a 10-year drought.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2114250393,"_task_hash":-321174476,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that climate change itself causes conflict, but it puts pressure on natural resources, on the security of land, water, health and food which are critical to human survival.\r\n","_input_hash":1200201780,"_task_hash":1375104317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Government must act to mitigate climate change \u2013 making sure the Paris Treaty is implemented properly so that we limit global warming, the effects of climate change in the Pacific and the potential destabilisation of our region.","_input_hash":2069820923,"_task_hash":2099939299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change will make those threats even worse, as floods, drought, storms and other types of extreme weather threaten to disrupt, and over time shrink, the global food supply.","_input_hash":-515143028,"_task_hash":-1577827166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, more than 10 percent of the world\u2019s population remains undernourished, and some authors of the report warned in interviews that food shortages could lead to an increase in cross-border migration.\r\n","_input_hash":1574766636,"_task_hash":687118145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe potential risk of multi-breadbasket failure is increasing,\u201d she said.","_input_hash":-1394718022,"_task_hash":-1050298658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Barring action on a sweeping scale, the report said, climate change will accelerate the danger of severe food shortages.","_input_hash":1525397937,"_task_hash":-650907800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a warming atmosphere intensifies the world\u2019s droughts, flooding, heat waves, wildfires and other weather patterns, it is speeding up the rate of soil loss and land degradation, the report concludes.\r\n","_input_hash":-2000611157,"_task_hash":-1622051570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere \u2014 a greenhouse gas put there mainly by the burning of fossil fuels \u2014 will also reduce food\u2019s nutritional quality, even as rising temperatures cut crop yields and harm livestock.\r\n","_input_hash":-55436858,"_task_hash":1740021828,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But on the whole, the report finds that climate change is already hurting the availability of food because of decreased yields and lost land from erosion, desertification and rising seas, among other things.\r\n","_input_hash":-588442673,"_task_hash":-1320561996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, the researchers said, even as climate change makes agriculture more difficult, agriculture itself is also exacerbating climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":588941659,"_task_hash":593381801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the five gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions that are released each year from deforestation and other land-use changes, \u201cOne gigaton comes from the ongoing degradation of peatlands that are already drained,\u201d said Tim Searchinger, a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute, an environmental think tank, who is familiar with the report.","_input_hash":622866168,"_task_hash":-292213773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, cattle are significant producers of methane, another powerful greenhouse gas, and an increase in global demand for beef and other meats has fueled their numbers and increased deforestation in critical forest systems like the Amazon.\r\n","_input_hash":-32595358,"_task_hash":-203137202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, the widespread use of strategies such as bioenergy \u2014 like growing corn to produce ethanol \u2014 could lead to the creation of new deserts or other land degradation, the authors said.","_input_hash":-1795151052,"_task_hash":1159357596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And if temperatures increase more than that, the pressure on food production will increase as well, creating a vicious circle.\r\n","_input_hash":-1311449310,"_task_hash":821172837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is set to cause major changes across the world: sea levels will rise, food production could fall and species may be driven to extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":-804602328,"_task_hash":827553419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One degree may not sound like much, but, according to the IPCC, if countries fail to act, the world will face catastrophic change - sea levels will rise, ocean temperatures and acidity will increase and our ability to grow crops, such as rice, maize and wheat, would be in danger.\r\n","_input_hash":876106409,"_task_hash":-161648086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These European records were set amid heatwaves across the continent that sent temperatures soaring in June and July.\r\n","_input_hash":2022559484,"_task_hash":252095410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Japan, where 11 people died as a result of the summer heatwave, 10 all-time temperature highs were set.\r\n","_input_hash":1971298936,"_task_hash":-307107614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The countries emitting the most greenhouse gases by quite a long way are China and the US.","_input_hash":1521559037,"_task_hash":871651498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some 84 of the world's 100 fastest-growing cities face \"extreme\" risks from rising temperatures and extreme weather brought on by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-540978375,"_task_hash":-1164358683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists say we ought to eat less meat because of the carbon emissions the meat industry produces, as well as other negative environmental impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":-2141391232,"_task_hash":-1478308070,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBut right now the warming is happening so quickly \u2013 and it\u2019s getting hotter than any of those previous periods.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1179336946,"_task_hash":-1647329039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt makes me angry, and I do get tired and burned out,\u201d said Rand Abbot, a Joshua Tree resident and park volunteer.","_input_hash":-98135264,"_task_hash":-123141720,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even if the trees manage to ride out warming temperatures, they face additional threats from smog and wildfires.","_input_hash":-1989178454,"_task_hash":2052126081,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nitrogen dioxide from polluted air has acted as a fertilizer, encouraging the growth of non-native grasses across the desert, which have fueled unprecedented wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":200153457,"_task_hash":-450832909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"staff have been able to handle in recent months, especially during the most recent government shutdown when wayward visitors caused irreparable damage.\r\n","_input_hash":1644669903,"_task_hash":-1603328011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"July 2019 now stands as Alaska\u2019s hottest month on record, the latest benchmark in a long-term warming trend with ominous repercussions ranging from rapidly vanishing summer sea ice and melting glaciers to raging wildfires and deadly chaos for marine life.\r\n","_input_hash":-1823298001,"_task_hash":1718468637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Runoff from accelerated melting of glaciers and high-altitude snowfields sent some rivers to near or above flood stage in early July, despite a drought gripping much of the state, including the world\u2019s largest temperate rain forest in southeastern Alaska.\r\n","_input_hash":-2110816030,"_task_hash":-1486998360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fueled in part by the heat, wildfires across the state have burned more than 2.4 million acres (970,000 hectares) as of early August, spewing smoke and soot that has fouled the air quality of several cities and regions.","_input_hash":1407761807,"_task_hash":-846185320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The smoke pollution poses an unusual quandary for sweltering Alaskans, most of whom live without air conditioning.\r\n","_input_hash":484189518,"_task_hash":-1725250882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen it\u2019s hot and smoky, Alaska doesn\u2019t have a good way to cope with that,\u201d said Thoman, the ACCP climate scientist whose hometown of Fairbanks was particularly hard hit by wildfire smoke.","_input_hash":187787344,"_task_hash":387513404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the fall of 1997, after I graduated from college, I began experiencing what I called \u201celectric shocks\u201d\u2014tiny stabbing sensations that flickered over my legs and arms every morning.","_input_hash":1870196544,"_task_hash":170388658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over the years, the shocks and other strange symptoms\u2014vertigo, fatigue, joint pain, memory problems, tremors\u2014came and went.","_input_hash":-1351244275,"_task_hash":1212844270,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I read posts by people who experienced debilitating exhaustion and memory impairment.","_input_hash":-1185944678,"_task_hash":290136893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I didn\u2019t yet know that simply by exploring whether untreated Lyme disease could be the cause of my illness, I risked being labeled one of the \u201cLyme loonies\u201d\u2014patients who believed that a long-ago bite from a tick was the cause of their years of suffering.","_input_hash":1007479720,"_task_hash":1815211178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Step into parks in coastal Maine or Paris, and you\u2019ll see ominous signs in black and red type warning of the presence of ticks causing Lyme disease.","_input_hash":-1567468350,"_task_hash":-1099688008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The degree of alarm and confusion about such a long-standing public-health issue is extraordinary.","_input_hash":-621336499,"_task_hash":818517780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even as changes in the climate and in land use are causing a dramatic rise in Lyme and other tick-borne diseases, the American medical establishment remains entrenched in a struggle over who can be said to have Lyme disease and whether it can become chronic\u2014and if so, why.","_input_hash":-555160110,"_task_hash":86635993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The standoff has impeded research that could help break the logjam and clarify how a wily bacterium, and the co-infections that can come with it, can affect human bodies.","_input_hash":14150165,"_task_hash":1285435233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After 40 years in the public-health spotlight, Lyme disease still can\u2019t be prevented by a vaccine; eludes reliable testing; and continues to pit patients against doctors, and researchers against one another.","_input_hash":1819759244,"_task_hash":-202400379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lyme Disease came into public view when an epidemic of what appeared to be rheumatoid arthritis began afflicting children in Lyme, Connecticut.","_input_hash":-1151814430,"_task_hash":1933842681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 1976 he named the mysterious illness after its locale and described its main symptoms more fully: a bull\u2019s-eye rash; fevers and aches; Bell\u2019s palsy, or partial paralysis of the face, and other neurological issues; and rheumatological manifestations such as swelling of the knees.","_input_hash":584062888,"_task_hash":-794223976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 1981, the medical entomologist Willy Burgdorfer finally identified the bacterium that causes Lyme, and it was named after him:","_input_hash":-274598387,"_task_hash":173966739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If it goes untreated, B. burgdorferi can make its way into fluid in the joints, into the spinal cord, and even into the brain and the heart, where it can cause the sometimes deadly Lyme carditis.\r\n","_input_hash":-214509857,"_task_hash":2107436244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A significant percentage of people who had Lyme symptoms and later tested positive for the disease had never gotten the rash.","_input_hash":119929309,"_task_hash":1981383399,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(It didn\u2019t help when a Lyme patient in her 30s died from an IV-related infection.)\r\n","_input_hash":213898312,"_task_hash":-1820202279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To make its case, the IDSA cited a handful of studies indicating that long-term antibiotic treatment of patients with ongoing symptoms was no more effective than a placebo\u2014proof, in its view, that the bacterium wasn\u2019t causing the symptoms.","_input_hash":-1941169971,"_task_hash":910418363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The IDSA also highlighted statistics suggesting that the commonly cited chronic Lyme symptoms\u2014ongoing fatigue, brain fog, joint pain\u2014occurred no more frequently in Lyme patients than in the general population.","_input_hash":300341004,"_task_hash":-1597702304,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2006, the IDSA guidelines for patients and physicians argued that \u201cin many patients, posttreatment symptoms appear to be more related to the aches and pains of daily living rather than to either Lyme disease or a tick-borne co-infection.\u201d","_input_hash":-1312187361,"_task_hash":-1539432944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You have chronic fatigue syndrome, or fibromyalgia, or depression,\u2019 \u201d","_input_hash":-1387878259,"_task_hash":-726171054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I was so dizzy that I began fainting.","_input_hash":-2133996897,"_task_hash":-604033294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When I began the antibiotic, I might at first feel worse: As the bacteria die, they release toxins that create what\u2019s known as a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction\u2014a flulike response that Lyme patients commonly refer to as \u201cherxing.\u201d","_input_hash":211930392,"_task_hash":1320552885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"He was concerned about my continued night sweats and air hunger.\r\n","_input_hash":-523014462,"_task_hash":-1817113067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Violent electric shocks lacerated my skin, and patches of burning pain and numbness spread up my neck.","_input_hash":-1645845769,"_task_hash":2069286942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I shook and shivered.","_input_hash":-841894062,"_task_hash":-1149155042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The reaction lasted five days, during which panic mixed with the pain.","_input_hash":-463942498,"_task_hash":1773263023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How was I to know whether this was herxing and a positive reaction to the drugs as they killed bacteria and parasites, or a manifestation of the disease itself?","_input_hash":765165656,"_task_hash":-2092769250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Or were weeks of antibiotics themselves causing problems for me?\r\n","_input_hash":277562768,"_task_hash":-2010667289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The air hunger was gone.","_input_hash":825290191,"_task_hash":1086851299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By the time I started treatment, the fact that Lyme disease causes ongoing symptoms in some patients could no longer be viewed as the product of their imaginations.","_input_hash":1246089869,"_task_hash":1966248762,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A well-designed longitudinal study by John Aucott at Johns Hopkins showed the presence of persistent brain fog, joint pain, and related issues in approximately 10 percent of even an ideally treated population\u2014patients who got the Lyme rash and took the recommended antibiotics.","_input_hash":52827020,"_task_hash":-1102863156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps most important, crucial questions about the cause of ongoing symptoms remain unanswered, due in part to the decades-long standoff over whether and how the disease can become chronic.","_input_hash":-481470151,"_task_hash":-943193967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A patient with ongoing symptoms may actually still have a Lyme infection, and/or a lingering infection from some other tick-borne disease.","_input_hash":-1296154013,"_task_hash":197650402,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Or the original infection might have caused systemic damage, leaving a patient with recurring symptoms such as nerve pain and chronic inflammation.","_input_hash":563889640,"_task_hash":1794031281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or the Lyme infection might have triggered an autoimmune response, in which the immune system starts attacking the body\u2019s own tissues and organs.","_input_hash":1011198243,"_task_hash":695155801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or a patient might be suffering from some combination of all three, complicated by triggers that researchers have not yet identified.\r\n","_input_hash":1460986130,"_task_hash":-1870108231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The immune response to the Lyme infection, it turns out, is \u201chighly variable,\u201d John Aucott told me.","_input_hash":1153410240,"_task_hash":-327522972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, some research has suggested that ongoing symptoms are a result of an overactive immune response triggered by Lyme disease.","_input_hash":209232148,"_task_hash":-684570337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These persister bacteria, Zhang\u2019s team found, caused severe symptoms in mice, and the current single-antibiotic Lyme protocols didn\u2019t eradicate them\u2014which makes sense: Doxycycline functions not by directly killing bacteria, but by inhibiting their replication.","_input_hash":-1657861138,"_task_hash":-1460486787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe now have not only a plausible explanation but also a potential solution for patients who suffer from persistent Lyme-disease symptoms despite standard single-antibiotic treatment,\u201d Zhang said.","_input_hash":-566756045,"_task_hash":-1256790534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Of course, even if active bacteria do remain in some Lyme patients, they may well not be the cause of the symptoms, as many in the IDSA have long contended.","_input_hash":1743530271,"_task_hash":-535381670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"My brain got foggy.","_input_hash":490467219,"_task_hash":517342648,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I wasn\u2019t sure whether to believe that the Lyme infection could persist, and I attributed my ill health to an autoimmune flare or postviral fatigue.","_input_hash":749455164,"_task_hash":1423502742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Could this recovery be attributed to the placebo effect?","_input_hash":1107784743,"_task_hash":-690319109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Meanwhile, my father, who lived in Connecticut, had begun to suffer drenching night sweats, fatigue, and aches and pains.","_input_hash":-694504515,"_task_hash":1190543464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He was suffering from Stage 4 Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma.\r\n","_input_hash":-1951764484,"_task_hash":1311301925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018, my father died of complications from pneumonia, after recovering from the cancer.","_input_hash":-94846467,"_task_hash":-1192245849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emphasizing that in many people Lyme disease can resolve on its own without antibiotics, he carefully described a disease that in the United States frequently follows a specific progression of stages if untreated, beginning with an early rash and fever, then neurological symptoms, and culminating later in inflammatory arthritis.","_input_hash":-1236152382,"_task_hash":1501548144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The joint inflammation can continue for months or even years after antibiotic treatment, but not, he believes, because the bacteria persist.","_input_hash":337605306,"_task_hash":-1180163650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research on patients who have these continuing arthritis symptoms has revealed one cause to be a genetic susceptibility to an ongoing inflammatory response.","_input_hash":-1791191627,"_task_hash":-884864877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This discovery has led to effective treatment for the longer-term challenges of Lyme arthritis, using what are called disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents.\r\n","_input_hash":-1622552271,"_task_hash":1396719495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He told me that in his view, late-stage Lyme (which is what I had been diagnosed with) usually does not cause a lot of \u201csystemic symptoms,\u201d such as the fatigue and brain fog","_input_hash":-786991900,"_task_hash":15732809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"that bacteria couldn\u2019t be the cause, because this microorganism wasn\u2019t acting like a bacterium:\r\n","_input_hash":-1408823864,"_task_hash":-1069481392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The bacterial infections that are known to cause arthritis leave permanent joint damage, and bacteria are easy to see in body fluids and easy to grow in test tubes.","_input_hash":-103533245,"_task_hash":-187028491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We don\u2019t know enough yet about diseases that are characterized by abnormal activity of the immune system, he emphasized.","_input_hash":375779119,"_task_hash":825531341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, autoimmune diseases can be triggered by stressors that include trauma or infection.","_input_hash":1339378884,"_task_hash":-2043222999,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, ulcers are caused by bacteria\u2014though when a researcher proposed as much in 1983, he was almost literally laughed out of a room of experts, who swore by the medical tenet that the stomach was a sterile environment.","_input_hash":-820488903,"_task_hash":-283129054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Doctors now also know that not everyone with the bacteria gets an ulcer","_input_hash":1362866862,"_task_hash":-1298022627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u2014it\u2019s caused by a complex interplay of pathogen and host, of soil and seed, perhaps like post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.\r\n","_input_hash":-1958298134,"_task_hash":-840080948,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.\r\n","_input_hash":-1871709039,"_task_hash":160180120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By contrast, today I have aches and pains, and I\u2019m tired, but I am more or less \u201cme.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1585329102,"_task_hash":-480720868,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You had all the symptoms that led to a clinical diagnosis.","_input_hash":2069419669,"_task_hash":-1781914691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I live in uncertainties, as the poet John Keats put it while he was dying of an infection then thought to be a disease of sensitive souls, which we now know is tuberculosis.","_input_hash":-85078380,"_task_hash":-800134179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When I wake in the morning, I will have a severe headache.","_input_hash":-1382410822,"_task_hash":-1807560770,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.","_input_hash":1922883841,"_task_hash":-2140596197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I felt worse, and then I felt dramatically better.","_input_hash":-1015893960,"_task_hash":-1480235045,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One of the bitterest aspects of my illness has been this: Not only did I suffer from a disease, but I suffered at the hands of a medical establishment that discredited my testimony and\u2014simply because of my search for answers, and my own lived experiences\u2014wrote me off as a loon.","_input_hash":1384343946,"_task_hash":2121908583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just look at Alaska, which experienced all-time record heat in July, topping out at 90 degrees Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":-325830274,"_task_hash":1126668167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dozens of other cities are in the throes of a heat wave this week, which forecasters have warned will be \u201cprolonged, dangerous, and potentially deadly.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1952033983,"_task_hash":1442147376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By then, scientists say average global warming since preindustrial levels could be about twice what it is in 2018 \u2014 and much more obvious and disruptive.","_input_hash":52475206,"_task_hash":-915620689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves around the country could last up to a month.\r\n","_input_hash":-1645801915,"_task_hash":689352236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rain and snowstorms will be more intense and frequent in some places and less predictable and lighter in others.\r\n","_input_hash":-604269595,"_task_hash":1292697829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When will the threat of devastating hurricanes make it too risky to live on the Gulf Coast?\r\n","_input_hash":-1636436246,"_task_hash":1832240182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For those who can\u2019t afford to move to cool off from the heat, or find work when local agriculture dries up and fisheries die, these changes will be devastating.\r\n","_input_hash":-134895475,"_task_hash":1457815833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But buried in these averages are extreme weather events \u2014 heat waves, severe rainstorms, and droughts \u2014 that will be much more damaging and dangerous than the smaller shifts in averages.\r\n","_input_hash":1463636463,"_task_hash":21723258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But new climate models show there will be more frequent swings from periods of intense rain to extreme drought, a phenomenon known as weather whiplash.","_input_hash":-458228342,"_task_hash":246376667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That will put extra stresses on dams and farmers and is likely to lead to more severe mudslides.\r\n","_input_hash":-614251709,"_task_hash":482547667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the faster it\u2019s warming.","_input_hash":878344010,"_task_hash":801488214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And many scientists believe we\u2019ve already made irreversible changes, that we are already on course for at least 2\u00b0C, or 3.6\u00b0F, of warming by midcentury.","_input_hash":-700658473,"_task_hash":1747171443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It will take years, probably decades, for the climate system to fully register the greenhouse gases we\u2019ve already emitted, are still emitting, and will emit in the coming years.\r\n","_input_hash":-1778791577,"_task_hash":777526248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Continued high emissions portend even more alarming changes to the planet by 2100 \u2014 with warming upward of 4\u00b0C, or 7.2\u00b0F.","_input_hash":-269121283,"_task_hash":981987237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A problem like climate change was wrought by humanity, and its solutions must come from us too.\r\n","_input_hash":1987464966,"_task_hash":-217640565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This average helps eliminate year-to-year variations in the climate like El Ni\u00f1o cycles, isolating the changes wrought by human activity.","_input_hash":482704942,"_task_hash":-1862271857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat matters for city dwellers is the increase in precipitation extremes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":668818127,"_task_hash":-1889915279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The current depends on the saltiness of the North Atlantic to create the sinking motion of water,","_input_hash":654137472,"_task_hash":1714558015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting ice from Greenland largely explains the freshening North Atlantic, Box agrees.\r\n","_input_hash":1181910800,"_task_hash":-1557121847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are 50 to a hundred years ahead of schedule with the slowdown of this ocean circulation pattern, relative to the models,\u201d according to Mann.","_input_hash":1175701080,"_task_hash":1764832988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Despite the study\u2019s relatively narrow scope, the authors argue that the results likely apply to other creatures, including those rare and vulnerable species already imperiled by habitat fragmentation, pollution, and other human-caused disruptions.","_input_hash":379012516,"_task_hash":1242484957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s well understood that human-driven climate change has taken its toll on biodiversity.","_input_hash":460388794,"_task_hash":1890813480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Adaptation is, by definition, a response to an environmental change\u2014and life needs time to take notice and adjust, whether it\u2019s by tweaking an outward behavior, crystallizing a shift in a population\u2019s gene pool, or both.","_input_hash":-1874415877,"_task_hash":644299478,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Species attempting to weather the impending storm may find their options more limited than before, as available habitats around the world continue to disappear.","_input_hash":809541044,"_task_hash":-1927545979,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, the effects felt by individual species will inevitably ripple through the ecosystems they occupy, leaving other organisms who may not feel the direct repercussions of climate change reeling by proxy.\r\n","_input_hash":648271194,"_task_hash":1711644427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while the data in this study can\u2019t be extrapolated directly or definitively to other creatures, \u201cif we\u2019re seeing negative impacts with common species, then these issues will probably be even further exacerbated in rare and threatened animals.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-539631049,"_task_hash":-1758576545,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe need to take action now to prevent further aggravation of the climate,\u201d she says.","_input_hash":-645443672,"_task_hash":-735835695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cYou definitely feel the heat, but the nights are better,\u201d Mr. Plautz said.","_input_hash":-1227914482,"_task_hash":-1173497895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many may have summers with heat waves and triple-digit days \u2014 summers that resemble Phoenix today.\r\n","_input_hash":991542461,"_task_hash":-1238850223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Neighborhoods thrum with activity at dawn and dusk when residents hike, jog and paddleboard.","_input_hash":-1666745436,"_task_hash":2008835054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Last year, heat caused or contributed to the deaths of 182 people in Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix.","_input_hash":-2097665989,"_task_hash":1008687718,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2012 and 2014, nearly half the indoor heat deaths occurred in mobile homes, said Patricia Sol\u00eds, a geographer at Arizona State University.\r\n","_input_hash":-2050729026,"_task_hash":669544129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other cities with temperate climates may start to experience heat like Phoenix\u2019s in the coming decades, said Dr. Middel.","_input_hash":-1217383100,"_task_hash":-289047102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Night is not a respite from heat in the way it once was.","_input_hash":-692424418,"_task_hash":-43520688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The increase is due to global climate change and to the urban heat island effect: Sunbaked structures release the day\u2019s heat and air conditioners pump heat outside.\r\n","_input_hash":-1397844426,"_task_hash":421177933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heat comes on fast once the sun is up.\r\n","_input_hash":1003244481,"_task_hash":776332509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mr. Maitland noted that heat impacts are cumulative, long-term, and of growing concern to many people in the construction industry.","_input_hash":-720989572,"_task_hash":-718543063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe next time you have a heat stress, it is amplified,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":1752072355,"_task_hash":1525918782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cPeople think that as the heat goes up, production goes down.","_input_hash":-1116779284,"_task_hash":1332484721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But even with the altered schedule, some workers \u2014 often those new to the region or to the intense labor \u2014 experience heat exhaustion every summer and need to sit in air conditioning and rehydrate, Mr. Macias said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1254489346,"_task_hash":1350145375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They are overheated and exhausted and unprepared,\u201d Mr. Thomason said, adding that many don\u2019t know about the physiological dangers of heat.","_input_hash":-1343187673,"_task_hash":-1183925111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(CNN)Alaska has been in the throes of an unprecedented heat wave this summer, and the heat stress is killing salmon in large numbers.\r\n","_input_hash":-1823042601,"_task_hash":-1156794312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because the die-off coincided with the heat wave, they concluded that heat stress was the cause of the mass deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":1168569806,"_task_hash":976166841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat wave is higher than climate change models predicted\r\nThe water temperatures have breaking records at the same time as the air temperatures, according to Sue Mauger, the science director for the Cook Inletkeeper.\r\n","_input_hash":492888933,"_task_hash":-1021381902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mauger said that the warm temperatures are affecting salmon in various ways, depending on the stream.\r\n","_input_hash":-1682333591,"_task_hash":963417708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sometimes, those winds have weakened or reversed, which in turn causes changes in the ocean water that laps up against the ice in a way that caused the glaciers to melt.\r\n","_input_hash":-1413871680,"_task_hash":-1614610005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe now have evidence to support that human activities have influenced the sea level rise we\u2019ve seen from West Antarctica,\u201d says lead author Paul Holland, a polar scientist at the British Antarctic Survey.\r\n","_input_hash":363773802,"_task_hash":-576658687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The ultimate cause of the wind patterns, they found, is human-caused climate change.","_input_hash":-2082016521,"_task_hash":1282275780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Antarctica is a complicated place that changes a lot because of natural variability, so it has been challenging to pinpoint the extent of human influence on the changes.\r\n","_input_hash":420744955,"_task_hash":699890380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt was very hard to imagine that the ice sat around happily for millennia and then decided to retreat naturally just as humans started perturbing the system, but the evidence for forcing by natural variability was strong,\u201d writes Richard Alley, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University, in an email.\r\n","_input_hash":-317300587,"_task_hash":-1248707768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As these plants and animals died, the cold slowed their decomposition.","_input_hash":1182143254,"_task_hash":-76525701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From the unexpected speed of Arctic warming and the troubling ways that meltwater moves through polar landscapes, researchers now suspect that for every one degree Celsius rise in Earth\u2019s average temperature, permafrost may release the equivalent of four to six years\u2019 worth of coal, oil, and natural gas emissions\u2014double to triple what scientists thought a few years ago.","_input_hash":-1425452188,"_task_hash":-2065589731,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Within a few decades, if we don\u2019t curb fossil fuel use, permafrost could be as big a source of greenhouse gases as China, the world\u2019s largest emitter, is today.\r\n","_input_hash":905525853,"_task_hash":-1769924021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That was unheard of: January in Siberia is so brutally cold that human breath can freeze with a tinkling sound that the indigenous Yakuts call \u201cthe whisper of stars.\u201d","_input_hash":532852912,"_task_hash":325410974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2017 tundra in Greenland faced its worst known wildfire.","_input_hash":635210818,"_task_hash":901749885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The added warmth lets microbes chomp organic material in the soil\u2014and emit carbon dioxide or methane\u2014year-round, instead of for just a few short months each summer.","_input_hash":-1348526389,"_task_hash":-1376075895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI\u2019ve largely imagined permafrost thaw as a slow and steady process, and maybe this is an odd five-year period.","_input_hash":-1233341849,"_task_hash":1742197040,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As water drains, it transports heat that spreads the thawing, and it leaves behind tunnels and air pockets.","_input_hash":-718409023,"_task_hash":1291545895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That causes more ground to warm and more ice to melt.\r\n","_input_hash":1973036015,"_task_hash":318181629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAbrupt thaw,\u201d as scientists call this process, changes the whole landscape.","_input_hash":-1781890482,"_task_hash":-1912045753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It triggers landslides; on Banks Island in Canada, scientists documented a 60-fold increase in massive ground slumps from 1984 to 2013.","_input_hash":2081760216,"_task_hash":1794396909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"All permafrost thaw leads to greenhouse gas emissions.","_input_hash":-1644850380,"_task_hash":-470373973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Her latest calculations, published in 2018, suggest that new lakes created by abrupt thaw could nearly triple the greenhouse gas emissions expected from permafrost.\r\n","_input_hash":-1950916115,"_task_hash":-1946728743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 1.5-degree report was the first time the IPCC had taken permafrost emissions into account\u2014but it didn\u2019t include emissions from abrupt thaw.","_input_hash":-2096708272,"_task_hash":-1369767702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But at National Geographic\u2019s request, Katey Walter Anthony and Charles Koven, a modeler at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, made rough calculations that do add in emissions from abrupt thaw.","_input_hash":749769082,"_task_hash":1321492926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(While vegetation growth will take up more carbon, a 2016 survey of experts concluded that Arctic greening won\u2019t be nearly enough to offset permafrost thaw.)","_input_hash":-1375366057,"_task_hash":1051396256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He can\u2019t prove that climate change is driving it; the beaver population also has been rebounding since the end of the fur trade, a century and a half ago.","_input_hash":1597738658,"_task_hash":469317739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Maybe we need a little craziness.\r\n","_input_hash":-2011877093,"_task_hash":-1576107533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels are by far the biggest contributors to climate change.","_input_hash":-1325858664,"_task_hash":-256921706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So, he and his collaborators decided to take a look at data collected by the U.S. Forest Service in 93,000 woodland parcels across the nation, focusing on damage done by the emerald ash borer and 14 other invasive species considered to be especially harmful to ash, elm, chestnut and other forest trees.\r\n","_input_hash":1739879240,"_task_hash":827234182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For areas infested with other pests, like the laurel wilt fungus that infects laurel trees, more than 11 percent of trees died over the course of a year.\r\n","_input_hash":47185733,"_task_hash":-944000001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The consequences of such widespread devastation would extend far beyond the loss of valuable woodland habitat, according to Fei.","_input_hash":-1198961106,"_task_hash":-2082355659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drought and extreme weather can weaken trees\u2019 immune systems, she said, making them more vulnerable to infection.","_input_hash":-325919892,"_task_hash":1438862640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And warmer weather encourages the spread of diseases that thrive in high temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":365461821,"_task_hash":-2104874158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From rising sea levels to melting Arctic ice, the evidence is undeniable.\r\n","_input_hash":-1365146340,"_task_hash":601639645,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One bad snow year can wreak havoc on water systems across the western U.S.","_input_hash":-1248545150,"_task_hash":-57725892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But within a few decades, if climate change continues apace, those bookending \u201csnow droughts\u201d could occur about 40 percent of the time.\r\n","_input_hash":-1013453074,"_task_hash":-720278736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"(Read about what happens when the snows fail).\r\n","_input_hash":-435099681,"_task_hash":287245884,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt helps to massage that lack of precipitation you get from peak winter to early summer,\u201d a crucial time for many water managers, farmers, animals, and more.\r\n","_input_hash":560068252,"_task_hash":1654750023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, by the second extra-dry winter of that 2012 to 2016 drought, water resources in the state had been whittled down so much that the governor declared a state-wide drought emergency, which lasted until the state got drenched in 2017.\r\n","_input_hash":-1150877597,"_task_hash":96144551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The likelihood of those two-year-long snow droughts increased by a factor of six, from about 7 percent of years to 42 percent.","_input_hash":-244546311,"_task_hash":-1573654148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The frequency of a four-year-long drought, one like the California drought that parched the state a few years ago, increased from under about 0.25 percent of years in the past to about 25 percent in the future.","_input_hash":-789612324,"_task_hash":-1423482438,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the California drought, the state enacted mandatory water use reductions; agricultural producers across the state suffered greatly, and in many parts of the state, access to clean, safe drinking water became tenuous.","_input_hash":587675851,"_task_hash":-60495328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That could wreak havoc on the winter sports industry.","_input_hash":1579115018,"_task_hash":813420126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers, environmentalists and former government officials have been alarmed by the destruction of the Amazon rain forest, which is one of the world\u2019s most important natural resources and plays a vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide as global warming advances.\r\n","_input_hash":-1014914171,"_task_hash":-135431668,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Henrique Barbosa, a professor at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo and part of the Physics Institute\u2019s Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, said that the number of fires in the Amazon had been rising for the last two presidential administrations, but that they got worse this year.\r\n","_input_hash":-73412374,"_task_hash":-795329287,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ane Alencar, the science director at the Amazon Environmental Research Institute in Brazil, said she was shocked by the numbers, especially because the Amazon is not going through an extreme drought period, as happened from 2014 to 2016 because of El Ni\u00f1o.\r\n","_input_hash":-1700972818,"_task_hash":-388661225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat I can say with absolute certainty is that there is a very strong relationship between deforestation and fires,\u201d she said.","_input_hash":1270856203,"_task_hash":-1975112043,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dr. Barbosa and other researchers are now trying to understand if the smoke rising from the fires in the Amazon \u2014 or in surrounding areas \u2014 had wafted over S\u00e3o Paulo, where residents were concerned that the unusual darkness that fell over the city this week was caused by the fires.\r\n","_input_hash":-658358861,"_task_hash":-186117121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns that if Earth heats up by an average of 2 degrees Celsius, virtually all the world\u2019s coral reefs will die; retreating ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica could unleash massive sea level rise; and summertime Arctic sea ice, a shield against further warming, would begin to disappear.\r\n","_input_hash":287388183,"_task_hash":79521161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While many people associate global warming with summer\u2019s melting glaciers, forest fires and disastrous flooding, it is higher winter temperatures that have made New Jersey and nearby Rhode Island the fastest warming of the Lower 48 states.\r\n","_input_hash":-1936630841,"_task_hash":-143544169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But fading winters and very warm water offshore are the most likely culprits, experts say.","_input_hash":621644545,"_task_hash":353338493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warmer winters mean less ice and snow cover.","_input_hash":-675715509,"_task_hash":1922072342,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the ripple effects of a warmer planet shake entire ecosystems.","_input_hash":1277923098,"_task_hash":703959794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now, it doesn't freeze until January, and its warmer water has resulted in an algae bloom that's made swimming in the lake impossible.","_input_hash":2122584273,"_task_hash":-627653892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This year is set to break a record for ice melting in Greenland and NASA has sent one of its largest missions to find out how hotter ocean temperatures are contributing to the attrition of glaciers in the arctic.","_input_hash":-1138120220,"_task_hash":-1931968188,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It technically began last fall when Hurricane Florence swelled the Ohio River, but really it was all the unnamed storms that came after it \u2014 one after another after another, bringing rain on rain on rain across the central U.S. until the Mississippi River hit flood stage this winter.\r\n","_input_hash":-1814814987,"_task_hash":816164937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That meant more than 140 days of cascading disasters for hundreds of small towns from Minnesota to Louisiana and catastrophic damage to ranch and farm communities that dot the Mississippi's swollen branches.\r\n","_input_hash":223469710,"_task_hash":-2039491154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It was the most prolonged, widespread flood fight in U.S. history.","_input_hash":-1615263107,"_task_hash":251495168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Downtown Davenport, Iowa, was underwater this spring after a temporary sand-filled flood barrier broke, and neighborhoods in Greenville, Miss.; Sioux Falls, S.D.; Pike County, Mo.; Fort Smith, Ark.; and the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota were inundated.","_input_hash":1302620492,"_task_hash":1003511529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the future, more extreme precipitation will likely mean higher rivers for longer periods.\r\n","_input_hash":593113585,"_task_hash":-466825311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We have had the longest record period of flooding ever \u2014 over 141 days,\" Simmons says.","_input_hash":-1723486715,"_task_hash":-320122465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"That long-standing water has resulted in major damage,\" he says, including dozens of collapsed streets, about 100 buildings damaged or destroyed by water and thousands of residents affected by sewer pump failures.\r\n","_input_hash":-1895220046,"_task_hash":483721006,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Poorer residents are affected most seriously by the flooding and sewer failures.","_input_hash":127091989,"_task_hash":-1452686650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This year's flooding might be the most prolonged, but it's just the latest in a string of floods that have exacerbated existing infrastructure problems in Greenville.","_input_hash":-1946984215,"_task_hash":1500890693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The area was badly damaged by flooding in 2016, and it was threatened again this year.\r\n","_input_hash":932958652,"_task_hash":1226400854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Curtailing development in flood-prone areas has helped other communities mitigate the damage from high water.\r\n","_input_hash":314991851,"_task_hash":690525912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Parts of the city flooded this year as the Arkansas River rose, but years of restrictions on building in the floodplain likely prevented more damage.\r\n","_input_hash":785408713,"_task_hash":-893710906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But even in places lauded for their relatively strong flood-control policies, local leaders are worried that they are still under-equipped to handle the kinds of prolonged, record-breaking floods that battered them this year and are more likely in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-986398119,"_task_hash":832935341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is contributing to a litany of conditions that can make swimming, snorkeling and surfing more dangerous in Hawaii waters \u2014 and it\u2019s only expected to get worse in the years ahead, according to scientists, health experts and ocean safety officials.\r\n","_input_hash":1714914043,"_task_hash":-1195653969,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of that is natural, but some of it is from rising seas, stronger surf and more frequent severe storms.\r\n","_input_hash":1557119020,"_task_hash":-1169418625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emergency responders have started tracking heat-related health problems as trade winds blow less frequently and temperatures continue to break records.\r\n","_input_hash":-1743466627,"_task_hash":1904788005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"County and state officials are also bracing for bigger populations of jellyfish from warmer waters, more powerful rip currents from higher sea levels, and increased exposure to water-borne diseases from flooding and runoff.\r\n","_input_hash":-80641566,"_task_hash":1719005601,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Kawaena tower, also on the North Shore, had an 8-foot drop from the bottom of the stairs to the beach after severe erosion, Howe said.","_input_hash":1199897468,"_task_hash":1035719855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in weather patterns in recent years, from higher tides to heavier rains, have led to faster-eroding beaches.","_input_hash":-20012892,"_task_hash":326747553,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the Kee tower on the north shore was relocated in April after unprecedented rainfall flooded and eroded the beach.\r\n","_input_hash":851937933,"_task_hash":-1889438563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The equipment needs to remain easily accessible, but also safe from heavy rains, flooding and whipping winds that the islands are expected to experience more often in the coming years.","_input_hash":990225276,"_task_hash":567871447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe expect more hurricanes and tropical storm events as impacts of global warming.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1543564496,"_task_hash":-447312658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A warmer and more acidic ocean will do more than just cause corals to bleach, Fletcher said.","_input_hash":-916256579,"_task_hash":-1318768632,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Reefs may collapse as a result of the unhealthy corals, which could translate to deeper waters and impacts similar to those caused by rising sea levels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1125825997,"_task_hash":-846025037,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a small body of literature says overall wave height in the Pacific will decline because overall wind speed will decrease, there is also science that suggests Hawaii will see extremely large wave seasons on the islands\u2019 north shores due to more frequent and stronger El Ni\u00f1os, Fletcher said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1483668092,"_task_hash":-1335248242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the ocean temperature increases from the effects of global warming, jellyfish populations are expected to expand.\r\n","_input_hash":-996165296,"_task_hash":-917486309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fletcher also has concerns about more hot, windless days leading to serious health issues or even death, as other parts of the world have experienced.\r\n","_input_hash":-1133332532,"_task_hash":190666519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are increased health risks with rising temperatures,\u201d he said, adding that people with cardiovascular disease are especially at risk when it\u2019s hot outside.\r\n","_input_hash":1576167577,"_task_hash":1337173653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen we have storm events, whether it\u2019s a hurricane or tropical storm, we see heavy rains that causes streams to overflow and we see flooding in low-lying areas,\u201d Anderson said.","_input_hash":184305672,"_task_hash":-1417619336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen that happens, expect to see increased exposure to bacteria that causes infectious diseases like leptospirosis.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":810384780,"_task_hash":-372644647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe\u2019ve already seen record rainfalls and more storms coming our way, and we\u2019re posting more beaches as a result of that,\u201d Anderson said.","_input_hash":-507930614,"_task_hash":1406565486,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increased flooding also ups the risk of cesspools leaching into streams and the ocean.","_input_hash":-2120679100,"_task_hash":1506810472,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Department of Health is still working on defining what health risks associated with climate change will be of most concern and is working with other agencies to try to anticipate what will happen.\r\n","_input_hash":-1790826101,"_task_hash":-2020643566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He anticipates changing dynamics when it comes to ocean safety as Hawaii loses some of its beaches to rising seas and erosion.","_input_hash":1382814549,"_task_hash":1058929010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"SAVAGE\r\n08/22/2019 05:03 AM EDT\r\nRepublicans are beginning to feel the heat on climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1642267100,"_task_hash":-1458209030,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cSince I first got here in 2010, virtually all the Republicans with whom I serve in the Senate have moved from denying that there is any change in our climate occurring, to questioning whether it\u2019s caused by humanity, and then continuing to question whether we have any responsibility to do something about it, and whether we can do something about it without harming our own economy,\u201d said Coons, a moderate who\u2019s seen as one of the Senate\u2019s top dealmakers.\r\n","_input_hash":-63577480,"_task_hash":-1828716636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The tonal shift among some Republicans comes as a federal government report last fall warned of hundreds of billions of dollars in annual costs related to climate change by mid-century across every region of the country.","_input_hash":-670174187,"_task_hash":-1261083240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And the United Nations last year warned the world must achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century to stave off the worst impacts from climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":502996840,"_task_hash":1580462991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Amid the overwhelming scientific consensus and growing public demands for actions, some senior Republicans, like Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, have acknowledged that human activity is driving climate change.","_input_hash":-24360395,"_task_hash":-2045889926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between record heat and rain, this summer\u2019s weather patterns have indicated, once again, that the climate is changing.\r\n","_input_hash":554022,"_task_hash":-1896047938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"US cities, where more than 80% of the nation\u2019s population lives, are disproportionately hit by these changes, not only because of their huge populations but because of their existing \u2013 often inadequate \u2013 infrastructure.\r\n","_input_hash":-870949597,"_task_hash":1580541318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In urban areas, heatwaves are exacerbated by vehicles, industrial processes and the presence of heat-retaining concrete and asphalt.","_input_hash":-2072808057,"_task_hash":-2015595057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While the impacts of climate change are fundamentally local, experts say heat is one of the most concerning, especially in cities.\r\n","_input_hash":1891905230,"_task_hash":893928898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cFrom a disaster perspective, [heat] is invisible,\u201d says Kurt Shickman, executive director of the Global Cool Cities Alliance.","_input_hash":-1669862189,"_task_hash":836087467,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This year saw the hottest July on record and many US cities have endured heatwaves - including those as far north as Alaska, where thermometers hit 90F (32C) for the first time.\r\n","_input_hash":-626181734,"_task_hash":-1172029209,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Experience an average temperature increase of 8.2F (4.5C)\r\n","_input_hash":1643429055,"_task_hash":-1394447195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since that time, there\u2019s been a huge increase in awareness of heat and urban heat islands, he says.","_input_hash":1799444987,"_task_hash":568292451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How the climate crisis will impact US cities\r\nWith a string of subsequent record hot years and increasing flooding, cities are already dealing with the impacts of a changing climate:\r\nDeaths.","_input_hash":-1210765646,"_task_hash":700964655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of 658 people die every year from heat-related causes.","_input_hash":-227334663,"_task_hash":-325332069,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From 1999 to 2010, 8,081 heat-related deaths were reported in the United States and occurred more commonly among older, younger and poorer populations.","_input_hash":-972813158,"_task_hash":661844479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Urban heat islands retain heat overnight, preventing people from sleeping well and leading to even more health problems, says Lucy Hutyra, an associate professor of earth and environment at Boston University.","_input_hash":-197229249,"_task_hash":848332198,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is often worst on hot days, and when people leave windows open for air flow, the quality of the air can cause respiratory problems.","_input_hash":-2067336207,"_task_hash":-510700065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warmer, moister conditions also mean that heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding is on the rise; so far this year 78 people have died as a result, according to the National Weather Service.\r\n","_input_hash":529896674,"_task_hash":1552834680,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Power outages.","_input_hash":-1890871426,"_task_hash":-112414639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As experienced by New Yorkers this year, excessive heat in conjunction with excess demand for electricity for air conditioning can cause the grid \u2013 or portions of it \u2013 to fail.","_input_hash":-2088745827,"_task_hash":1255077161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Excess heat can also evaporate water needed to cool power plants, forcing some out of commission.\r\n","_input_hash":-724826537,"_task_hash":54278571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to electricity grid problems, asphalt can melt in excess temperatures; rail tracks expand; and can even affect airports \u2013 currently some airplanes can\u2019t take off from Phoenix airport, for example, when the temperature exceeds 118F because the air is too thin.","_input_hash":1888887054,"_task_hash":-1904843525,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat is a problem for all areas of city governance, said Shickman.","_input_hash":356974323,"_task_hash":-314454460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding, too, can wreak havoc on a city\u2019s infrastructure, from blowing out bridges and roads to inundating water treatment plants.\r\n","_input_hash":-2140092579,"_task_hash":117346437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to a 2018 study by Texas A&M University: \u201cThe growing number of extreme rainfall events that produce intense precipitation are resulting in \u2013and will continue to result in \u2013 increased urban flooding unless steps are taken to mitigate their impacts.\u201d","_input_hash":783976935,"_task_hash":821107884,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 2017 National Climate Assessment concluded: \u201cHeavy downpours are increasing nationally, especially over the last three to five decades \u2026[and","_input_hash":1448191577,"_task_hash":-65488218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"that] \u2026 increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are projected for all U.S. regions.\u201d","_input_hash":1652022780,"_task_hash":1962637139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Between 2007 and 2011 alone, urban flooding in Cook County, Illinois, resulted in over 176,000 claims or flood losses at a cost of $660m (\u00a3545m).\r\n","_input_hash":-1388206620,"_task_hash":-708299031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Becoming aware of the threat of heat and other climate changes is one thing.","_input_hash":-1514900403,"_task_hash":748150655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"White or light colored roofs reflect heat and can lower the overall temperature in a city as well as making individual buildings and homes cooler.","_input_hash":445764956,"_task_hash":-19261564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"How US cities are scrambling to protect people from extreme heat\r\n","_input_hash":4411814,"_task_hash":2052763421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air conditioning can raise the temperatures within cities through its waste heat and, when powered by fossil fuels, can contribute to the problem of climate change.","_input_hash":1093008506,"_task_hash":1985627637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This century, the region has suffered a series of severe droughts.\r\n","_input_hash":1128002911,"_task_hash":-503637843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both the reduction in tree coverage and the change in climate were endangering the forest\u2019s","_input_hash":-838434511,"_task_hash":-819794497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increase in illnesses comes as climate change and coastal urbanization create a perfect storm for waterborne bacteria, said Geoff Scott, clinical professor and chair of the department of environmental health sciences in the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina.\r\n","_input_hash":1534675956,"_task_hash":647820682,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The CDC estimates that the bacteria cause 80,000 illnesses and 100 deaths each year, with the majority occurring between May and October when water temperatures are warmer.","_input_hash":-1710416080,"_task_hash":73712151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About a dozen species of Vibrio can cause human illness, but the most common in the US are Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio alginolyticus.\r\n","_input_hash":335488377,"_task_hash":864008564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vibrio bacteria can cause a range of illnesses from gastroenteritis \u2014 a disease marked by diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills \u2014 to septicemia, a life-threatening bloodstream infection.","_input_hash":-1046315100,"_task_hash":1116992511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Vibrio vulnificus, the species most commonly associated with wound infections, can also cause necrotizing fasciitis, commonly referred to as flesh-eating disease, and lead to amputations and even death.\r\n","_input_hash":-194537596,"_task_hash":1583986049,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Anyone can get sick from Vibrio, but people with existing health conditions, like diabetes, liver disease, or cancer, are more likely to become ill and develop severe complications.\r\n","_input_hash":-446906150,"_task_hash":707237164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Erin Stokes, an epidemiologist in the CDC\u2019s Enteric Diseases Branch, said the agency\u2019s data shows the number of Vibrio infections have been increasing for many years, and while research is yet to clearly show why the increases are occurring, the warming of coastal waters is likely a factor.","_input_hash":702383319,"_task_hash":795193018,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Historically, Vibrio illnesses from seafood consumption in the US have been linked to shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico, where water temperatures are regularly warm, but in the last 20 years, outbreaks have been connected to shellfish harvested in the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and parts of the Northeast.\r\n","_input_hash":1192316887,"_task_hash":1954059533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while the majority of illnesses \u2014 about 52,000 \u2014 are the result of eating contaminated food, skin infection cases are also occurring in areas where the bacteria were not previously endemic.\r\n","_input_hash":440230459,"_task_hash":2029019766,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In a report published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in June, doctors at Cooper University Hospital in New Jersey linked climate change to a spike in severe skin infections in the Delaware Bay.","_input_hash":-1618980427,"_task_hash":-1766744953,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe were surprised that we were seeing more wound infections caused by Vibrio this far north,\u201d Dr. Katherine Doktor, one of the authors of the report, told BuzzFeed News.\r\n","_input_hash":127357749,"_task_hash":-396332988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea surface temperatures in the Delaware Bay, they concluded, must have been a factor in the sharp increase in infections.","_input_hash":895190497,"_task_hash":2015587386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Though rare in comparison to other bacterial infections like staph, Vibrio vulnificus infections can progress rapidly and become fatal.","_input_hash":-1914951462,"_task_hash":-1746331532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe wanted people, health care providers specifically, to be aware that if they were to see a very severe infection that was spreading rapidly, they should consider Vibrio vulnificus as one of the causes,\u201d Doktor said.\r\n","_input_hash":-385742766,"_task_hash":1229156241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other types of bacteria can also cause flesh-eating disease.","_input_hash":-1195634975,"_task_hash":360575147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Public health officials believe the bacteria that causes strep throat is the most common cause of the infection, according to the CDC.\r\n","_input_hash":-1162043835,"_task_hash":-1580766005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe key is, if you go swimming and you get an infection, it would probably be wise if it gets very red and inflamed ... to seek medical help early,\u201d Scott said.\r\n","_input_hash":1639156890,"_task_hash":1470500694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For wound infections, early antibiotic treatment and, if needed, surgery are the best way to prevent the disease from spreading.","_input_hash":1586491996,"_task_hash":2103069888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while not all strains of the disease-causing Vibrio species make people sick, it appears that the variants that cause illnesses have been showing up more frequently in recent years.\r\n","_input_hash":-1195879440,"_task_hash":-1971941731,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to warming ocean temperatures, sea level rise is also contributing to the growth of Vibrio in estuaries by infusing salt water further into coastal rivers.\r\n","_input_hash":-873327557,"_task_hash":-230539584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a study published last year, Scott and other scientists predicted a significant expansion of the deadly bacteria in a South Carolina bay due to increases in salinity, resulting in a more than 200% increase in the risk of exposure to the bacteria.\r\n","_input_hash":349665397,"_task_hash":-1350744284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Urbanization of coastal areas is also contributing to the bacteria\u2019s growth, including in historically warmer waters where Vibrio has long been found.","_input_hash":-1935707159,"_task_hash":2033195453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As communities pour asphalt and concrete over coastal lands that would typically absorb rainfall, stormwater runoff sends more nutrients into streams, estuaries, and the ocean, causing a proliferation of algae that Vibrio thrive off of.\r\n","_input_hash":1666079448,"_task_hash":-1645898859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The problem is exacerbated in the event of a hurricane, another naturally occurring phenomenon being driven to new extremes by climate change.","_input_hash":2022307448,"_task_hash":1570077189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Floodwaters from hurricanes often contain a range of harmful chemicals and microbial pathogens, including Vibrio bacteria.\r\n","_input_hash":-1739056298,"_task_hash":131794804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina, the CDC reported two dozen cases of Vibrio wound infections leading to six deaths.","_input_hash":70672930,"_task_hash":1184030814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cases of flesh-eating disease were also reported in the wake of Hurricane Harvey in 2017, and Noble said she heard anecdotally from emergency room physicians in North Carolina that they saw upticks in infections after hurricanes Matthew and Florence.\r\n","_input_hash":536370806,"_task_hash":-1307253383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While measures are in place to try to minimize the risk of illness from seafood consumption, there aren\u2019t any beach testing programs or advisories to prevent infections from recreational contact.\r\n","_input_hash":1061876269,"_task_hash":-562748058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unlike with E. coli and blue-green algae toxins, there is no threshold for Vibrio that would indicate risk of illness.\r\n","_input_hash":428298332,"_task_hash":1564642356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The experience cost Owens her job, triggered her anxiety and depression, and left a large, dark scar on her foot and leg.\r\n","_input_hash":-370873113,"_task_hash":-567419931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the same amount of warming that climate activists are hoping to prevent on a global scale.\r\n","_input_hash":619842185,"_task_hash":592724179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As trees are felled and farms take their place, this human-managed land emits about a quarter of global greenhouse-gas pollution every year, including 13 percent of carbon dioxide and 44 percent of the super-warming but short-lived pollutant methane.\r\n","_input_hash":918252503,"_task_hash":213202840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But unlike other sources of pollution\u2014such as the burning of fossil fuels, which must be quickly reduced globally\u2014land can\u2019t just be shut down.","_input_hash":178215345,"_task_hash":-12446025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd as we increase evaporation, ecosystems dry out and burn when they normally wouldn\u2019t do that.","_input_hash":-604401540,"_task_hash":-1704463416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And when soils get dry due to increased evaporation, we get longer heat waves.\u201d","_input_hash":730821099,"_task_hash":-2094305799,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And longer heat waves, of course, make the biosphere warmer still, starting the cycle again.\r\n","_input_hash":-952569465,"_task_hash":-1942644593,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves worldwide have gotten longer, hotter, and more common, according to the IPCC.","_input_hash":2032970529,"_task_hash":-116488171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dust storms are kicking up more often.","_input_hash":273657026,"_task_hash":1230970944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recall from high-school biology that primary production is the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy via photosynthesis.","_input_hash":768370057,"_task_hash":17363184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Besides the tiny creatures that live in deep-sea heat vents and other extreme environments, all life on Earth derives its energy from the sun.","_input_hash":-801527513,"_task_hash":1988220537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You and I don\u2019t get our energy directly from photosynthesis, but we eat plants\u2014or things that ate plants\u2014that do.","_input_hash":-2049595124,"_task_hash":1615591175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Otherwise it will start to induce food shortages in poor countries.\r\n","_input_hash":1438937013,"_task_hash":-944224127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The planet\u2019s land absorbs carbon pollution today only because of a great \u201cnatural subsidy,\u201d said Louis Verchot, the report co-author.","_input_hash":-473721935,"_task_hash":-224871618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Under 1.5 degrees Celsius of planetary warming, Earth will face a high risk of food shortages, mass thirst, and rampant wildfires.","_input_hash":89222539,"_task_hash":744544358,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cynthia Rosenzweig, a senior research scientist at NASA and an author of the report, warned this week of \u201cmultiple bread-basket failure,\u201d in which crops die across several major agricultural regions at the same time.","_input_hash":843724833,"_task_hash":1663914421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She noted that crops in Europe had already suffered this summer under successive heat waves.","_input_hash":-1346119280,"_task_hash":1750455848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The IPCC warns that people who live on such a planet will face a \u201cvery high risk\u201d of famine, water scarcity, and mass vegetation die-offs.","_input_hash":-1212600698,"_task_hash":-95845912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It could be harder to prep for some droughts, floods and other extreme weather in the future","_input_hash":2047754646,"_task_hash":1571568202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But Princeton researchers have developed new maps that predict coastal flooding for every county on the Eastern and Gulf Coasts and find 100-year floods could become annual occurrences in New England; and happen every one to 30 years along the southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico shorelines\r\n","_input_hash":-504071207,"_task_hash":407983765,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe historical 100-year floods may change to one-year floods in Northern coastal towns in the U.S.,\u201d said Ning Lin, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Princeton University.\r\n","_input_hash":1087754828,"_task_hash":-165112401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coastlines at northern latitudes, like those in New England, will face higher flood levels primarily because of sea level rise.","_input_hash":-1381338169,"_task_hash":-1221365894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Those in more southern latitudes, especially along the Gulf of Mexico, will face higher flood levels because of both sea level rise and increasing storms into the late 21st century.\r\n","_input_hash":165867554,"_task_hash":30514335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cFor the Gulf of Mexico, we found the effect of storm change is compatible with or more significant than the effect of sea level rise for 40% of counties.","_input_hash":1939313199,"_task_hash":-1530707216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So, if we neglect the effects of storm climatology change, we would significantly underestimate the impact of climate change for these regions,\u201d said Lin.\r\n","_input_hash":-1604750742,"_task_hash":-1121319081,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)Even when air pollution is at levels below air quality guidelines and regulatory limits, it can still pose a hazard to public health, a new study finds.\r\n","_input_hash":284562998,"_task_hash":1194960707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a 30-year analysis of 652 cities in 24 countries and regions on six continents, researchers found that increases in air pollution were linked to increases in related deaths.","_input_hash":1350802919,"_task_hash":1022914831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study, published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine, was one of the largest international studies to look at the short-term impact of pollution as a cause of death, the researchers said.\r\n","_input_hash":1700529124,"_task_hash":-2012131222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The analysis of air pollution data from 1986 through 2015 found there were increases in total deaths linked to exposure to inhalable particles and fine particles.","_input_hash":-1467941036,"_task_hash":-1860133455,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The deaths were from cardiovascular and respiratory problems.\r\n","_input_hash":1340869812,"_task_hash":-174552583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"With higher levels of pollution, the faster people are dying, said Chris Griffiths, a professor of primary care at Queen Mary University of London.\r\n","_input_hash":1216926199,"_task_hash":-186220338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most concerning is that deaths relating to pollution occur at levels below international recommended pollution limits,\" Griffiths told Science Media Centre.","_input_hash":37435067,"_task_hash":-630941551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study in July found that long-term exposure to air pollution, especially ground-level ozone, is like smoking about a pack of cigarettes a day for many years and can cause problems such as emphysema.","_input_hash":982339693,"_task_hash":-538615480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another study found that it can cause COPD and age lungs faster.","_input_hash":759257403,"_task_hash":1667273925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Air pollution also increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.\r\n","_input_hash":-1537859475,"_task_hash":-1910993904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Earlier studies predicted exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations could lead to millions more acute respiratory problems and would cost the United States billions of dollars.","_input_hash":2087589948,"_task_hash":-460401566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Exposure to air pollution caused more than 107,000 premature deaths in the United States in 2011 alone, research has found.\r\n","_input_hash":-1422754375,"_task_hash":568015258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The administration's recent guidance to states would allow a state to emit 43% more pollution across state lines than before, even though the agency itself said it could result in 1,400 more premature deaths by 2030 than the Obama-era plan it is replacing.","_input_hash":-715539198,"_task_hash":1917036882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Unhealthy air days\" occur when the level of ozone or particulate matter is high enough to be a danger to kids, the elderly or people with lung problems.\r\n","_input_hash":-1791219384,"_task_hash":1079084254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Carbon emissions are the main driver of climate change.","_input_hash":836284896,"_task_hash":-664162249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An epidemic of chronic kidney disease that has killed tens of thousands of agricultural workers worldwide, is just one of many ailments poised to strike as a result of climate change, according to researchers at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.\r\n","_input_hash":1614141155,"_task_hash":1004651651,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cChronic kidney disease is a sentinel disease in the era of climate change,\u201d said\r\nCecilia Sorensen, MD, of the Colorado School of Public Health and the University of Colorado School of Medicine.","_input_hash":130289235,"_task_hash":1871181592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lead author Sorensen and her colleague, Ramon Garcia-Trabanino, MD, said chronic kidney disease of unknown origin or CKDu is now the second leading cause of death in Nicaragua and El Salvador.","_input_hash":-1133880910,"_task_hash":1226659546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The death toll from the disease rose 83% in Guatemala over the past decade.\r\n","_input_hash":1473210084,"_task_hash":1195318672,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The exact cause of the disease, which hits agricultural workers in hot climates especially hard, remains unknown.","_input_hash":1106442906,"_task_hash":-973816779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It doesn\u2019t align with typical chronic kidney disease which is usually associated with diabetes and hypertension.\r\n","_input_hash":1125378538,"_task_hash":2071412058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat we do know for certain is that CKDu is related to heat exposure and dehydration,\u201d Sorensen said, adding that exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, infectious agents and poverty may also play a role.\r\n","_input_hash":1576058868,"_task_hash":1432062879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sorensen said there is evidence that constant exposure to high temperatures can result in chronic kidney damage.\r\n","_input_hash":-970630992,"_task_hash":-656619659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the hotter it gets, Sorensen said, the more likely it will increase along with other diseases.\r\n","_input_hash":7777845,"_task_hash":-2127590736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing average global temperatures gradually creep up but one of the biggest risks are heat waves.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2000121889,"_task_hash":1833008490,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She said U.S. public health officials are not prepared for the kinds of heat waves seen in Europe in 2003 that killed over 70,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-1201636329,"_task_hash":1735549351,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are also seeing Lyme disease in places we never saw it before because the winters are no longer cold enough to kill off the ticks that carry it.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":746009855,"_task_hash":1945184397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Opposition from Homeowners Associations\r\n","_input_hash":-866324292,"_task_hash":1262750429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAlthough, wind turbines are very low on the list of causes for birds\u2019 mortality.","_input_hash":-666674947,"_task_hash":1480429414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"When it comes to such strong opposition to renewable energy projects, Cottingham observed, \u201cA lot of it comes back to the fact that many people don\u2019t like change.","_input_hash":-1456552576,"_task_hash":1306775373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The President of the World Bank Group, is very clear in its foreword of the report : The explored consequences of an increase of the global earth temperature of 4\u00b0C are indeed devastating.\r\n","_input_hash":1568284176,"_task_hash":102887556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among the foreseen consequences are:\r\nthe inundation of coastal cities;\r\nincreasing risks for food production potentially leading to higher malnutrition rates; many dry regions becoming dryer and wet regions wetter;\r\n","_input_hash":1682693128,"_task_hash":1013617925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"unprecedented heat waves in many regions, especially in the tropics;\r\nsubstantially exacerbated water scarcity in many regions;\r\nincreased frequency of high-intensity tropical cyclones;\r\nirreversible loss of biodiversity, including coral reef systems.\r\n","_input_hash":696953152,"_task_hash":1237267032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientific evidence, is unequivocal about the fact that humans are the cause of global warming, and that major changes are already being observed: global mean temperature is now 0.8\u00b0","_input_hash":272231797,"_task_hash":853641202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea levels rose by about 20 cm since pre-industrial times and are now rising at 3.2 cm per decade; an exceptional number of extreme heat waves occurred in the last decade; major food crop growing areas are increasingly affected by drought.\r\n","_input_hash":-661006043,"_task_hash":-511607043,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is a rigorous attempt to outline a range of risks, focusing on developing countries while recognizing that developed countries are also vulnerable and at serious risk of major impacts from climate change.","_input_hash":-171819261,"_task_hash":690357528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It underlines that a series of recent extreme events worldwide continue to highlight the vulnerability of not only the developing world but also of wealthy industrialized countries.\r\n","_input_hash":-1691928193,"_task_hash":-558704166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Is it still possible to avoid a global temperature increase of 4\u00b0C?\r\n","_input_hash":1093875065,"_task_hash":-921116570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, the level of impact that developing countries and the rest of the world experience will be a result of government, private sector, and civil society decisions and choices about climate change which includes, unfortunately, inaction.","_input_hash":1924109988,"_task_hash":1055891898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2\u00b0C to prevent \u201cdangerous\u201d climate change (as laid out in the Cancun agreement of the UNFCCC in 2010), but the sum total of current policies\u2014those already in place and those that have been pledged\u2014will very likely lead to warming far in excess of these levels.","_input_hash":-1186800185,"_task_hash":923239026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A world in which warming reaches 4\u00b0C above preindustrial levels, would be one of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought, and major floods in many regions, with serious impacts on human systems, ecosystems, and associated services.\r\n","_input_hash":2012414159,"_task_hash":-503913656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A global mean temperature difference of 4\u00b0C is close to that between the temperatures of the present day and those of the last ice age, when much of central Europe and the northern United States were covered with kilometers of ice, and the current change\u2014human induced\u2014is occurring over a century, not millennia.\r\n","_input_hash":-151200413,"_task_hash":1754409388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If the currently planned actions are not fully implemented, a warming of 4\u00b0C could occur as early as the 2060s.","_input_hash":-650237988,"_task_hash":94145038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among the likely impacts are:\r\nEven though absolute warming will be largest in high latitudes, the warming that will occur in the tropics is larger when compared to the historical range of temperature and extremes to which human and natural ecosystems have adapted and coped.","_input_hash":1688678210,"_task_hash":-1916545213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The projected emergence of unprecedented high-temperature extremes in the tropics will consequently lead to significantly larger impacts on agriculture and ecosystems.\r\n","_input_hash":353942350,"_task_hash":-1291362614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sea-level rise is likely to be 15 to 20 percent larger in the tropics than the global mean.\r\n","_input_hash":486278843,"_task_hash":-989894861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increases in tropical cyclone intensity are likely to be felt disproportionately in low-latitude regions.\r\n","_input_hash":-1112922367,"_task_hash":-362571257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasing aridity and drought are likely to increase substantially in many developing country regions located in tropical and subtropical areas.\r\n","_input_hash":-792508912,"_task_hash":1403643444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How reliable are the scenarios that foresee such an increase of the global temperature and its consequences?\r\n","_input_hash":-1924239382,"_task_hash":-1852849551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The impacts of the extreme heat waves projected for a 4\u00b0C world have not been evaluated, but they could be expected to vastly exceed the consequences experienced to date (heat-related deaths, forest fires, harvest losses) and potentially exceed the adaptive capacities of many societies and natural systems.","_input_hash":-498164659,"_task_hash":744995008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One example of such a change would be the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which would lead to much larger sea level rise than projected in the present analysis.","_input_hash":-976411746,"_task_hash":1146065609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Projections of damage costs for climate change impacts typically assess the costs of local damages, including infrastructure, and do not provide an adequate consideration of cascade effects (for example, value-added chains and supply networks) at national and regional scales.","_input_hash":1852438096,"_task_hash":799315895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 4\u00b0C world is likely to be one in which communities, cities and countries would experience severe disruptions, damage, and dislocation, with many of these risks spread unequally.","_input_hash":-1778916548,"_task_hash":-417671888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is likely that the poor will suffer most and the global community could become more fractured, and unequal than today.\r\n","_input_hash":-826568896,"_task_hash":434629390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Seven main unequivocal effects of greenhouse gas emissions already observed have continued to intensify, more or less unabated:\r\n","_input_hash":288275006,"_task_hash":445571677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the meantime, the rate of loss of ice has more than tripled since the 1993\u20132003 period.","_input_hash":-844425531,"_task_hash":-1489009371,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The accelerating melting of ice from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets could add substantially to sea-level rise in the future, about 15 cm by the end of the 21st century.\r\n","_input_hash":2076860143,"_task_hash":2135044084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An increased frequency and intensity of heat waves is observed with, in some climatic regions, increased in intensity of extreme precipitation and drought.","_input_hash":-754012129,"_task_hash":-3645173,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Observations indicate a tenfold increase in the surface area of the planet experiencing extreme heat since the 1950s.\r\n","_input_hash":689689380,"_task_hash":475005099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What changes in climate are expected with a 4\u00b0C global temperature increase?\r\n","_input_hash":-448852171,"_task_hash":-1126059365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest warming will occur over land and range from 4\u00b0C to 10\u00b0C.","_input_hash":1688972761,"_task_hash":1854078464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Almost all summer months are likely to be warmer than the most extreme heat waves presently experienced and, for example, the warmest July in the Mediterranean region could be 9\u00b0C warmer than today\u2019s warmest July.\r\n","_input_hash":-1410275694,"_task_hash":-1000154119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recent extreme heat waves such as in Russia in 2010 are likely to become the new normal summer in a 4\u00b0C world.","_input_hash":1606489759,"_task_hash":1607690369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Tropical South America, central Africa, and all tropical islands in the Pacific are likely to regularly experience heat waves of unprecedented magnitude and duration.","_input_hash":-321908280,"_task_hash":-434000687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For small island states and river delta regions, rising sea levels are likely to have far ranging adverse consequences, especially when combined with the projected increased intensity of tropical cyclones, loss of protective reefs due to temperature increases and ocean acidification.","_input_hash":1251851504,"_task_hash":219457084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in wind and ocean currents due to global warming and other factors will also affect regional sea-level rise, as will patterns of ocean heat uptake and warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1135643292,"_task_hash":776352978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warming of 4\u00b0C will likely lead to a sea-level rise of 0.5 to 1 meter, and possibly more, by 2100, with several meters more to be realized in the coming centuries.","_input_hash":-1673456962,"_task_hash":-503130091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What are the effects on coral reefs that are expected from rising temperatures, and why are these a concern?\r\n","_input_hash":-1385294091,"_task_hash":-1828622049,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One of the most serious consequences of rising carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere occurs when it dissolves in the ocean and results in acidification.","_input_hash":-735082692,"_task_hash":121347492,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A substantial increase in ocean acidity has been observed since preindustrial times.","_input_hash":213478273,"_task_hash":1585898048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A warming of 4\u00b0C or more by 2100 would correspond to an increase in acidity of the ocean unparalleled in earth\u2019s history.","_input_hash":-1252726590,"_task_hash":-1254859261,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Evidence is already emerging of the adverse consequences of acidification for marine organisms and ecosystems, combined with the effects of warming, overfishing, and habitat destruction.\r\n","_input_hash":719525248,"_task_hash":-1366581087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The combination of thermally induced bleaching events, ocean acidification, and sea-level rise threatens large fractions of coral reefs even at 1.5\u00b0C global warming.","_input_hash":669663602,"_task_hash":374757600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With extremes of temperature, heat waves, heavy rainfall and drought are projected to increase with warming.","_input_hash":-1985068933,"_task_hash":2062509071,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the most adverse impacts on water availability are likely to occur in association with growing water demand as the world population increases, some estimates indicate that a 4\u00b0C warming would significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions, particularly northern and eastern Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, while additional countries in Africa would be newly confronted with water scarcity on a national scale due to population growth.\r\n","_input_hash":1988114920,"_task_hash":-175727135,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some regions may experience reduced water stress compared to a case without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":342811911,"_task_hash":-1585769616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes to the hydrological cycles associated with severe risks of floods and droughts in some regions, which may increase significantly even if annual averages change little.\r\n","_input_hash":490337666,"_task_hash":-187501281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With a 2\u00b0C temperature increase :\r\nRiver basins dominated by a monsoon regime, such as the Ganges and Nile, are particularly vulnerable to changes in the seasonality of runoff, which may have large and adverse effects on water availability.\r\n","_input_hash":1619193151,"_task_hash":318944763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All these changes would approximately double in magnitude with a 4\u00b0C temperature increase.\r\n","_input_hash":1810771886,"_task_hash":-1272001111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What are the risks to ecosystems that are expected if the global temperature raises by 4\u00b0C ?\r\n","_input_hash":-1794236595,"_task_hash":1575525564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recent research suggests that large-scale loss of biodiversity is likely to occur with a temperature increase of 4\u00b0C.","_input_hash":-126139486,"_task_hash":-29403042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change seems likely to become the dominant driver of ecosystem shifts, surpassing habitat destruction as the greatest threat to biodiversity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1294300911,"_task_hash":852690050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecosystems will be affected by more frequent extreme weather events, such as forest loss due to droughts and wildfire, and the impact of these is likely going to be exacerbated by changes in land use and agricultural expansion; increasing vulnerability to heat and drought stress will likely lead to increased mortality and species extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":-1192586711,"_task_hash":-1096122074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Amazonia, forest fires could as much as double by 2050 with warming of approximately 1.5\u00b0C to 2","_input_hash":-790509048,"_task_hash":1186204917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecosystem damage would be expected to dramatically reduce the provision of ecosystem services on which society depends (for example, fisheries and the protection of coastline that afforded by coral reefs and mangroves).\r\n","_input_hash":648508033,"_task_hash":1728637493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected that global food production would increase for local average temperature rise in the range of 1\u00b0C to 3\u00b0C, and may decrease beyond these temperatures but new results suggest instead a rapidly rising risk of crop yield reductions as the world warms and observations indicate a significant risk of high-temperature thresholds being crossed that could substantially undermine food security globally with a 4\u00b0C temperature increase.\r\n","_input_hash":-71952239,"_task_hash":-77805930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to these risks is the adverse effect of projected sea level rise on agriculture in important low-lying delta areas, such as in Bangladesh, Egypt, Vietnam, and parts of the African coast.","_input_hash":1255321552,"_task_hash":-1045891052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Further risks are posed by the likelihood of increased drought in mid-latitude regions and increased flooding at higher latitudes.\r\n","_input_hash":-906140649,"_task_hash":-52451694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Large-scale extreme events, such as major floods that interfere with food production, could bring about nutritional deficits and an increase in the incidence of epidemic diseases.","_input_hash":1776676091,"_task_hash":-1704097595,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding can introduce contaminants and disease agents into healthy water supplies and increase the spread of diarrheal and of respiratory illnesses.","_input_hash":601450288,"_task_hash":357633736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The effects of climate change on agricultural production may exacerbate under-nutrition and malnutrition in many regions\u2014already major contributors to child mortality in developing countries.\r\n","_input_hash":-98382658,"_task_hash":-1415963608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Whilst economic growth is projected to significantly reduce childhood stunting, climate change is projected to reverse these gains in a number of regions with warming of 2\u00b0C to 2.5\u00b0C, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and this is likely to get worse at 4\u00b0C.","_input_hash":940252558,"_task_hash":1585540366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in temperature, precipitation rates, and humidity influence vector-borne diseases (for example, malaria and dengue fever) as well as hantaviruses, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, and schistosomiasis.\r\n","_input_hash":-1150188616,"_task_hash":1561603515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Further health impacts of climate change could include injuries and deaths due to extreme weather events.","_input_hash":-1801591854,"_task_hash":339150214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat-amplified levels of smog could exacerbate respiratory disorders and heart and blood vessel diseases, while in some regions climate change\u2013induced increases in concentrations of aeroallergens (pollens, spores), could amplify rates of allergic respiratory disorders.\r\n","_input_hash":-791969821,"_task_hash":-1996590180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What are the risks of disruptions and displacements expected with a global temperature increase of 4\u00b0C?\r\n","_input_hash":-1023074379,"_task_hash":154012454,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Economic growth and population increases over the 21st century will increase the pressure on a planetary ecosystem that is already approaching critical limits and boundaries.","_input_hash":-1757817974,"_task_hash":-455907208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The projected impacts on water availability, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health could lead to large-scale displacement of populations and have adverse consequences for human security and economic and trade systems.","_input_hash":-71608195,"_task_hash":149307406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Projections of damage costs for climate change impacts do not provide an adequate consideration of cascade effects at national and regional scales.","_input_hash":-1850801814,"_task_hash":541131412,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, if a resource is undermined by climate change impact, it could disturb a supply chain for a manufactured product, which in turn leads to a shortage that could impact the exploitation of another resource, etc\u2026","_input_hash":851715257,"_task_hash":-1321818598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, in an increasingly globalized world that experiences further specialization in production systems, and thus higher dependency on infrastructure to deliver produced goods, damages to infrastructure systems can lead to substantial indirect impacts.","_input_hash":571917340,"_task_hash":-1470438860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Seaports are an example of an initial point where a breakdown in infrastructure could trigger impacts that reach far beyond the particular location of the loss, in addition their cumulative and interacting effects are not still well understood.\r\n","_input_hash":-1568212875,"_task_hash":844733453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With pressures increasing as warming progresses toward 4\u00b0C, and combining with non climate\u2013related social, economic, and population stresses, the risk of crossing critical social system thresholds will grow.","_input_hash":1730881803,"_task_hash":1485346042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"One example is a risk that sea-level rise in atoll countries exceeds the capabilities of controlled, adaptive migration, resulting in the need for complete abandonment of an island or region.","_input_hash":-2041906544,"_task_hash":1825682899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, stresses on human health, such as heat waves, malnutrition, and decreasing quality of drinking water due to seawater intrusion, have the potential to overburden health-care systems to a point where adaptation is no longer possible, and dislocation is forced.","_input_hash":450006480,"_task_hash":1493237046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In some regions, particularly in the western United States, drought is an important factor affecting communities.","_input_hash":-718705638,"_task_hash":936358443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the Midwest and northeastern states, the frequency of heavy downpours has increased.","_input_hash":1143054226,"_task_hash":-2036124055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In many regions, floods and water quality problems are likely to be worse because of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1732915590,"_task_hash":-1285439038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The changing environment is expected to cause more heat stress, an increase in waterborne diseases, poor air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects and rodents.","_input_hash":1391241695,"_task_hash":680002523,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events can compound many of these health threats.\r\n","_input_hash":-961142322,"_task_hash":-899157804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting land ice sheets and glaciers put coastal areas at greater risk of erosion and storm surge.\r\n","_input_hash":-1852344477,"_task_hash":-1121262636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ruth Lorenz, ETH Zurich, +41 44 632 82 68 (GMT+1), ruth.lorenz@env.ethz.ch\r\nWASHINGTON\u2014Climate change is increasing the number of days of extreme heat and decreasing the number of days of extreme cold in Europe, posing a risk for residents in the coming decades, according to a new study.\r\n","_input_hash":1685988800,"_task_hash":-1712738434,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"New research in the AGU journal Geophysical Research Letters finds the number of summer days with extreme heat has tripled since 1950 and summers have become hotter overall, while the number of winter days with extreme cold decreased in frequency by at least half and winters have become warmer overall.\r\n","_input_hash":-1990459314,"_task_hash":751137014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEven at this regional scale over Europe, we can see that these trends are much larger than what we would expect from natural variability.","_input_hash":1691959121,"_task_hash":-812252685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s really a signal from climate change,\u201d said Ruth Lorenz, a climate scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and lead author of the new study.\r\n","_input_hash":1325536938,"_task_hash":1918800584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat is dangerous because it stresses the human body, potentially leading to heat exhaustion or heat stroke.","_input_hash":1207921610,"_task_hash":-1230415388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More than 90% of the weather stations studied showed the climate was warming, a percentage too high to purely be from natural climate variability, according to the researchers.\r\n","_input_hash":-1932973692,"_task_hash":-986272761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some regions experienced higher extremes than expected and some had lower extremes that expected.\r\n","_input_hash":-1840348828,"_task_hash":-2026433367,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cDetection of a Climate Change Signal in Extreme Heat, Heat Stress, and Cold in Europe From Observations\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":647372488,"_task_hash":-906846592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Trees suck up nearly a quarter of all human-caused carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions \u2014 the dominant greenhouse gas warming the earth \u2014 and use it for their growth, along with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.\r\n","_input_hash":-23146963,"_task_hash":-1532646423,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cExtra growth from carbon dioxide is the interest we gain on our balance.","_input_hash":-1290332064,"_task_hash":-220365148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are \"important tool to limit global warming\u201d, which are under threat due to deforestation, Terrer said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1357110077,"_task_hash":2101792369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nReconstructing the evolution of sea level during past warmer epochs such as the Pliocene provides insight into the response of sea level and ice sheets to prolonged warming1.","_input_hash":887996455,"_task_hash":-1355700585,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"eustatic sea-level fluctuations from the New Zealand shallow-marine sediment record.","_input_hash":-1803174863,"_task_hash":518047790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This GIA contribution is caused by the incomplete present-day adjustment to the late Pleistocene ice and ocean loading cycles.","_input_hash":-436940808,"_task_hash":474742142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Determining the amount of uplift based on the best fit of observed relative sea-level changes across the POS to other GMSL reconstructions over the same time interval.","_input_hash":-1179220262,"_task_hash":1641640583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Essentially, it dictates how much global temperatures will rise in response to human-caused CO2 emissions, but it is a question that does not yet have a clear answer.\r\n","_input_hash":1592962672,"_task_hash":1924094341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate sensitivity refers to the amount of global surface warming that will occur in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations compared to pre-industrial levels.\r\n","_input_hash":1113454909,"_task_hash":829877469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"ECS is the amount of warming that will occur once all these processes have reached equilibrium.\r\n","_input_hash":-1625787819,"_task_hash":-1512010090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is the amount of warming that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.","_input_hash":-1103390211,"_task_hash":-890123314,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Feedbacks drive uncertainty\r\n","_input_hash":1243534345,"_task_hash":-1707688910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The wide range of estimates of climate sensitivity is driven by uncertainties in climate feedbacks, including how water vapour, clouds, surface reflectivity and other factors will change as the Earth warms.","_input_hash":425007567,"_task_hash":709065801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"the effect of warming from increased CO2 concentrations or other climate forcings \u2013 factors that initially drive changes in the climate.\r\n","_input_hash":-357581784,"_task_hash":279116041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, there is extremely strong evidence that feedbacks will amplify this warming, based on the Earth\u2019s past and the physical processes involved.\r\n","_input_hash":-1188896324,"_task_hash":593933415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An increase in low-altitude clouds would tend to offset some warming by reflecting more sunlight back to space, whereas an increase in the height of high-altitude clouds would trap extra heat.","_input_hash":201974611,"_task_hash":553894922,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All this means the global net effect of cloud feedbacks is complex and hard for scientists to model precisely.\r\n","_input_hash":972767443,"_task_hash":1585960442,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With less ice and snow reflecting the sun\u2019s rays, melting will decrease Earth\u2019s albedo and amplify warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-436544202,"_task_hash":-916353527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The combination of these and other feedbacks converts the ~1C warming from doubled CO2 alone into an uncertain range of possible warming, from around 1.5C to 4.5C.\r\n","_input_hash":166515413,"_task_hash":-118035838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sensitivity can also be estimated from instrumental records of surface temperatures and ocean heat content, combined with models of how climate forcings have changed in the past.\r\n","_input_hash":-1100427275,"_task_hash":-1873231475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Substantial uncertainties exist in estimates of forcing from aerosols, as well as estimates of ocean heat content.","_input_hash":-1495648995,"_task_hash":47392672,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Relying on incomplete observations misses some of the temperature rise.","_input_hash":-1594631295,"_task_hash":2131498442,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Surface temperature records also combine sea surface temperatures over the oceans with surface air temperatures over land, while climate sensitivity from models refers to global air temperatures over the land and ocean.\r\n","_input_hash":-552222099,"_task_hash":219950891,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instrumental approaches are complicated by the fact that climate forcing over the past century is not purely from CO2 and, thus, the warming has been partly masked by the cooling effect of aerosols.\r\n","_input_hash":1989666785,"_task_hash":701098346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A similar paper by Prof Kyle Armour of the University of Washington suggests feedbacks will increase by about 25% from today\u2019s transient warming as the Earth moves towards equilibrium.\r\n","_input_hash":-1515414465,"_task_hash":685517883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a result, climate sensitivity estimated from transient warming appears smaller than the true value of ECS\u2026\r\n","_input_hash":1388818059,"_task_hash":1450089388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As far as we can tell, the physical reason for this effect is that the global feedback depends on the spatial pattern of surface warming, which changes over time\u2026","_input_hash":-1645785310,"_task_hash":1549987218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This means that even perfect knowledge of global quantities (surface warming, radiative forcing, heat uptake) is insufficient to accurately estimate ECS; you also have to predict how radiative feedbacks will change in the future.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1050285728,"_task_hash":44052541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their results suggest that natural climate variability over the past few decades may have lined up, by pure coincidence, in a way that results in low ECS estimates.\r\n","_input_hash":-1056193301,"_task_hash":-1487311417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They point out that this appears to be mostly driven by decadal variations in cloud cover in the tropics.","_input_hash":-385869438,"_task_hash":-991305829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, cloud cover in the tropics is not necessarily predictive of future climate change and the patterns resulting in low instrumentally-based ECS estimates may have been driven by natural variability.\r\n","_input_hash":-1732102995,"_task_hash":-1006214360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Despite concerted efforts and investments, the condition of the Great Barrier Reef has declined since 2014, and this is largely due to the impacts from climate change,\" said David Wachenfeld, the chief scientist of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, the government agency that released the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-1138225696,"_task_hash":1153281857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The biggest threats to the reef remain the same as in 2014: climate change, runoff from the land, coastal development and some kinds of fishing.\r\n","_input_hash":-1204101119,"_task_hash":-477435570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since the last report, two major coral bleaching events have hit the reef, causing unprecedented coral loss.","_input_hash":2035838004,"_task_hash":680899424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sea temperature extremes cause colorful coral to expel tiny algae, causing coral to appear white and putting it at risk of dying if the ocean temperature don't return to normal.\r\n","_input_hash":-647535862,"_task_hash":1121575392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Seagrass meadows could experience major losses.","_input_hash":1093808258,"_task_hash":-525654444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the reef could face major marine heatwaves every year.\r\n","_input_hash":-823147572,"_task_hash":-199065137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thirteen species have seen a greater than 10% rise in population numbers while three have suffered big drops.\r\n","_input_hash":648675930,"_task_hash":1708118674,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The droughts cause a decline in the number of invertebrates - the cuckoos' food - which means they are unable to fully refuel for the rest of their long journey.\r\n","_input_hash":1070160709,"_task_hash":900217996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr Bond said caution should be paid between correlation and causation - the bird populations may correlate with climate changes but that does not mean they are solely caused by them.\r\n","_input_hash":348498086,"_task_hash":835196296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"It might not all be down to climate change although that is certainly a factor,\" he said, citing changing land use and \"habitat fragmentation\" as other possible causes.\r\n","_input_hash":-247070808,"_task_hash":741172338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists warned for years about the ramifications of human-caused climate change.","_input_hash":448597763,"_task_hash":529604914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is expected to have a big influence on our health.\r\n","_input_hash":1224675165,"_task_hash":-608868122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As Earth warms, severe weather is expected to increase injuries and harm mental health.","_input_hash":1160269295,"_task_hash":1171198842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Vector-borne diseases \u2014 illnesses spread by ticks and insects \u2014 will increase.","_input_hash":-971467981,"_task_hash":-1189762998,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The world\u2019s vast oceans, glacial ice sheets and northern permafrost are poised to unleash disaster, including drought, floods, hunger and destruction, unless dramatic action is taken against human-caused carbon pollution and climate change, warns a leaked draft of a major U.N. report.\r\n","_input_hash":-578784527,"_task_hash":584007242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) sounds alarm bells over declines in fish stocks, plus \u201ca hundred-fold or more increase in the damages caused by superstorms, and hundreds of millions of people displaced by rising seas,\u201d according to news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP), which obtained a copy of the 900-page draft report.\r\n","_input_hash":-666331634,"_task_hash":662530471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, human activities have caused an estimated 1.0 degree Celsius increase in global warming above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":-330063892,"_task_hash":1840791671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This follows another sobering report released by the IPCC last month that captured global headlines with its warnings of the devastation to land use caused by rising global temperatures.","_input_hash":-927475457,"_task_hash":124590917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impact of climate change on the stability of individual financial institutions and the financial system in general is growing.","_input_hash":-1336827478,"_task_hash":1598904310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, the increased frequency and intensity of floods, storms and droughts is complicating the insurance industry\u2019s ability to assess insurable risks.","_input_hash":533709388,"_task_hash":-1269230614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Banks are facing increased reputational and financial risks from financing activities that contribute to climate change.","_input_hash":1202958419,"_task_hash":-73767461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Globally, financial institutions and their clients are facing an increased risk of litigation for their failure to manage risks associated with climate change.","_input_hash":-704729202,"_task_hash":-1325660372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can raise the risk of droughts, floods, and more extreme temperature variability.","_input_hash":-1164975748,"_task_hash":829833064,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are among the factors that often impact on financial stability and inflation.\r\n","_input_hash":27357968,"_task_hash":-620765899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sustainable growth could mean growth that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.","_input_hash":379243628,"_task_hash":-877111029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She believes rising temperatures and changes in rain patterns are among the biggest factors for the decrease.\r\n","_input_hash":-1200301039,"_task_hash":-312246054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The wine industry worldwide has been rocked by the effects of climate change, with grape quality and vineyard production immediately impacted by the slightest change of temperature.\r\n","_input_hash":1553225556,"_task_hash":1080343025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such biomass burning (BB) can be an environmental calamity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1808946741,"_task_hash":-108389230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The smoke from BB events produces large amounts of aerosol particles and gases.","_input_hash":2144056633,"_task_hash":-977668238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These emissions can cause major problems for visibility and health, as well as for local and global climate.","_input_hash":1538934525,"_task_hash":11239426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"BB emissions are expected to increase in the future as a result of climate change.","_input_hash":-1653449217,"_task_hash":2060488855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A recent post at this site covered the downturn of the American coal market as a result of cheaper and cleaner alternatives.","_input_hash":1869064868,"_task_hash":-264995505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore, a big part of China\u2019s emissions result from its manufacturing of so many of the goods destined for U.S. markets.","_input_hash":104675873,"_task_hash":1533974137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A recent \u2013 and preliminary \u2013 report concludes that the lifetime emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure are already on course to take the world all the way to 1.5 degrees C.","_input_hash":2076820271,"_task_hash":759263059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"China is part of this trend, with a 60% decline in spending on new coal-fired power plants since 2015.","_input_hash":568249978,"_task_hash":-1816369964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While coal\u2019s flame doggedly burns ever-brighter, signs point toward a global slowdown in coal use, but a big question still remains: Given what the scientific community has found to be the urgent challenges posed by a warming climate, can Earth\u2019s over-reliance on fossil fuels end fast enough?\r\n","_input_hash":1202476843,"_task_hash":-1640650032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Chiefly, that it's too late to stop climate change from devastating our world\u2014and that \"climate-induced societal collapse is now inevitable in the near term.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1602635665,"_task_hash":-1878215994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The evidence before us suggests that we are set for disruptive and uncontrollable levels of climate change, bringing starvation, destruction, migration, disease, and war,\" he writes in the paper.","_input_hash":-305009603,"_task_hash":-1660017625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"You only needed to step outside during the record-breaking heatwave last year to acknowledge that 17 of the 18 hottest years on the planet have occurred since 2000.","_input_hash":-1815174568,"_task_hash":-1049800094,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Starvation is the first one,\" he answers, pointing to lowering harvests of grain in Europe in 2018 due to drought that saw the EU reap 6 million tons less wheat. \"","_input_hash":455441129,"_task_hash":-116224301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"I'm not sure I'd say it alleviated my grief, but it was definitely comforting to be around people who understood what I was feeling.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1034828384,"_task_hash":1831226138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Whether it's the evidence of heatwaves, or the influence of Swedish school striker Greta Thunberg, or the rise of Extinction Rebellion, there has been a marked change in public interest in stories about climate change and a hunger for solutions that people can put in place in their own lives.\r\n","_input_hash":1133983128,"_task_hash":-2106278917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But if there's ongoing political turmoil around Brexit then the government may not have the bandwidth to unpick the multiple global challenges that climate change presents.\r\n","_input_hash":-1028452857,"_task_hash":-40920306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Earlier this year a major study on the losses being felt across the natural world as result of broader human impacts caused a huge stir among governments.\r\n","_input_hash":242702048,"_task_hash":-1154843358,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We have been convinced by the evidence of environmental degradation which occurs without adequate protection,\" he said in a speech last week.\r\n","_input_hash":-134393537,"_task_hash":-1285582179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The stalling is driven not only by slower translation, but also by an increase in abrupt changes of direction.","_input_hash":-1057190205,"_task_hash":39776119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Together, increased stalling and increased rain during stalls imply increased coastal rainfall from TCs, other factors equal.","_input_hash":175775311,"_task_hash":-669288921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the data are sparse, we do in fact find a significant positive trend in coastal annual-mean rainfall 1948\u20132017 from TCs that stall, and we verify that this is due to increased stalling frequency.","_input_hash":-1388961095,"_task_hash":1909480097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We make no attribution to anthropogenic climate forcing for the stalling or rainfall; the trends could be due to low frequency natural variability.","_input_hash":-1335888821,"_task_hash":1061623921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Regardless of the cause, the significant increases in TC stalling frequency and high potential for associated increases in rainfall have very likely exacerbated TC hazards for coastal populations.\r\n","_input_hash":550496325,"_task_hash":-1836364502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A stalling TC inflicts strong winds on the same region for a longer time, potentially driving greater storm surge and depositing more rain.\r\n","_input_hash":934734025,"_task_hash":-1207171970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recent analysis of observations indicates that the average translation speed of TCs has slowed globally since the mid 20th century, including overland regions of the North Atlantic (NA) domain.1 TC trajectories are largely determined by the steering of large-scale mid-tropospheric circulation patterns and a generally smaller beta effect due to gradients in planetary vorticity that induces a poleward","_input_hash":1951550981,"_task_hash":879243158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"drift.2 Research is conflicted concerning the evolution of the atmospheric circulation in response to anthropogenic climate forcing.","_input_hash":-1668749704,"_task_hash":-246318083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some modeling and observational analyses suggest a weakening of general atmospheric circulation patterns, including those of the tropics.3,4,5,6 In one study, simulated TCs using climate-model-projected circulation changes indicate reduced westward steering flow in the NA subtropics and a consequential reduction in westward moving tracks compared to recurving tracks,7 though elsewhere in the NA the projected changes in the magnitude of steering flow are negligible.","_input_hash":1206845157,"_task_hash":1561459373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the mid-latitudes, some results suggest that a reduction in meridional temperature gradients due to arctic amplification has reduced the speed and increased the waviness of mid-tropospheric zonal winds11,12,13 in winter as well as summer.14","_input_hash":1653387379,"_task_hash":-1629358839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, there is considerable debate on the robustness of the signal and the physical mechanisms.15,16\r\nTaken together, there is not at present a clear mechanism explaining the observed TC speed reduction.","_input_hash":1091126418,"_task_hash":-626731082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This trajectory-induced increase in rainfall is exacerbated by the climate-warming impact on the hydrologic cycle.","_input_hash":-9504657,"_task_hash":813231566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increased atmospheric moisture enhances the likelihood of extreme rainfall events of all types.17,18 Close to the center of a TC, the increases in rain rate can reach 10% per degree C of warming in some model","_input_hash":1269022253,"_task_hash":1299186659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is evidence that TC rainfall has increased over the southeastern US in recent decades, both absolutely and as a fraction of extreme rainfall on the Continental United States (CONUS).20 Hurricane Harvey\u2019s catastrophic flooding of 2017 was a tragic example of a stalled TC over extremely warm ocean water that produced record rainfall.21 According to recent studies, a significant fraction (9\u201337%) of Harvey\u2019s rainfall was due to a warming climate,22,23 and the frequency of Harvey-like rainfall events is projected to increase substantially by the late 21st century.24\r\n","_input_hash":422617296,"_task_hash":-2113116644,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We then show that accumulated TC rainfall increases with increased TC residence over a coastal region.","_input_hash":-1963975178,"_task_hash":1802727914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Together, the observations that the frequency of stalls has increased and that stalling TCs accumulate more rain imply an increase in rainfall from TCs, other factors equal.","_input_hash":-321317770,"_task_hash":647848083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We find a positive trend from 1948\u20132017 in annual rainfall from stalling TCs on CONUS, and we show that increased stalling frequency drives the trend.\r\n","_input_hash":2036885031,"_task_hash":-147615235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This speed reduction is consistent with previous results,1 which showed a translation speed reduction over North American land.","_input_hash":1592515995,"_task_hash":840889321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is possible that observational sampling changes affect the time series, but their impacts cannot be distinguished from the 1944\u20132018 trend plus noise.","_input_hash":636455588,"_task_hash":-292485166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"3c, in part due to poor sampling.","_input_hash":-694515172,"_task_hash":-429229173,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"3e indicates an increase in frequency.","_input_hash":-1661546939,"_task_hash":892853994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Reduced translation speed and increased meandering both play a role in increased TC stalling.","_input_hash":490310310,"_task_hash":-1467879577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is also possible that the increased fraction is a reporting artifact, resulting from less accurate TC location estimates in the earlier data record (see Discussion).\r\n","_input_hash":211916231,"_task_hash":774110376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Greater accumulated rainfall is one of the primary hazards of TCs stalling over coastal regions.","_input_hash":-765230365,"_task_hash":2140736831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Figure 5 shows the accumulated rainfall per TC as a function of TC residence time in the regions.","_input_hash":-735615304,"_task_hash":1802852659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is a clear increase in accumulated rain per TC with residence time.","_input_hash":692166976,"_task_hash":-1797027838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The observations that, 1, accumulated rainfall increases with residence time and, 2, TCs are stalling more over coastal regions imply an increase in annual rainfall from stalling TCs.","_input_hash":-1212616832,"_task_hash":-1768656077,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From 1948 to 2017 this annual-mean coastal rainfall from stalling TCs has a positive trend of 0.026 km3 yr\u22121, and the positivity is significant at the 96.5% level by bootstrap tests (see Methods).","_input_hash":-784491954,"_task_hash":778281564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This trend corresponds to a factor 3.2 increase in annual-mean rain from stalling TCs from 1948 to 2017, roughly consistent with the factor 2.6 increase in TC coastal stalling frequency (Fig. 3b).\r\n","_input_hash":988310475,"_task_hash":358197488,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"b The total annual-mean rain per TC from both stalling and non-stalling TCs (solid) and its linear trend (dashed)\r\n","_input_hash":996481603,"_task_hash":-1765376537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This increase could be due to increased rain per stalling TC or increased frequency of stalling TCs.","_input_hash":1292210935,"_task_hash":1474087933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We conclude that increased stalling is causing the increased annual-mean coastal rain from stalling TCs.\r\n","_input_hash":-994913856,"_task_hash":1364270769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The stalling-TC rain signal is noisy; several factors contribute to annual variability in rainfall, and there are only 50 stalling-TC landfalls on CONUS over the 1948\u20132017 period.","_input_hash":-1750792363,"_task_hash":-633854827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To test sensitivity of the stalling-TC rain trend to individual events, we remove the single largest event (Tropical Storm Allison, 2001) and find that the trend drops from 0.026 to 0.020 km3 yr\u22121.","_input_hash":1641825195,"_task_hash":-1954338228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, a null hypothesis that these intense rain events are randomly distributed over the 1948\u20132017 period is violated, corroborating the straightforward expectation that increased TC stalling frequency enhances annual-mean rain from stalling TCs.\r\n","_input_hash":-2100719323,"_task_hash":-736972033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Annual-mean rain from all TCs is a combination of the rain from stalling and non-stalling TCs (Fig.","_input_hash":159143734,"_task_hash":-1278264779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In contrast to stalling TCs, annual-mean rain from non-stalling TCs has not increased significantly (Fig.","_input_hash":-501508425,"_task_hash":-1130669694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combined effects of an increase in annual rainfall from stalling TCs and no increase from non-stalling TCs is a weaker overall increase: from 1948 to 2017 annual-mean coastal rainfall from all TCs has increased by about 40% with a linear trend of 0.0059 km3 yr\u22121.","_input_hash":775428535,"_task_hash":-417359685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Knight and Davis20 also found evidence of increases in TC rainfall extremes, as well as increases in the fraction of CONUS rainfall extremes due to TCs.","_input_hash":780069,"_task_hash":1383201281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These researchers attribute the increase to TC intensity and frequency, but as their focus was extreme one-day rain events, they would not have picked up stall-driven rain signals accumulated over several days.\r\n","_input_hash":-649791169,"_task_hash":-1488602104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to sampling uncertainty, there are uncertainties driven by features of the CPC dataset, such as changes in rain-gauge density and technology through time30 and the errors associated with gauge-based rain collection at high wind speeds.31","_input_hash":-1000233109,"_task_hash":1474380592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Discussion\r\nWe have found evidence for an increase in the frequency of NA TCs stalling over coastal regions, as well as throughout the NA basin.","_input_hash":-65123748,"_task_hash":-857850878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such a reporting bias would underestimate translation speed in the early years, because it would result in smoother tracks (less gross distance traveled) over the same amount of time, thus creating an artificial speed increase through time.","_input_hash":1113305249,"_task_hash":1262600809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such an increase is in contrast to the decrease we report.","_input_hash":548734492,"_task_hash":-1779663439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, to the extent such a bias exists, its correction would only further enhance the reduction in translation speed.\r\n","_input_hash":-807649207,"_task_hash":1805476257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An early-record bias toward smoother tracks could indeed cause an artificial positive trend in track directional deviations.","_input_hash":-595459959,"_task_hash":-2042064515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, it wouldn\u2019t cause an artificial trend in stalling frequency.","_input_hash":-190514276,"_task_hash":-1000430862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We make no attribution to anthropogenic forcing of the trends in TC stalling frequency and associated annual-mean coastal TC rainfall, and the trends reported here could be due to low-frequency natural variability.","_input_hash":-602149004,"_task_hash":1649878613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many factors influence TC rainfall, including sea-surface temperature (SST).","_input_hash":1829522434,"_task_hash":-235343004,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The AMO-associated difference in annual-mean stalling TC rain, however, is a smaller 34%, and is not significant.","_input_hash":-995122015,"_task_hash":-1888754272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We have also found that annual-mean rainfall from stalling TCs on the U.S. has risen significantly due to the increased stalling frequency.","_input_hash":-1308876656,"_task_hash":1677413934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The increased stalling is due to both a reduction in TC translation speed and a trend toward large and abrupt deviations in direction.","_input_hash":907366275,"_task_hash":1216076300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricane Harvey in 2017, and now Hurricane Florence in 2018, are archetypical of the hazard that stalling hurricanes pose for coastal populations.","_input_hash":221474254,"_task_hash":1553505353,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A positive trend in stall frequency and the possibility of increased rain may need to be taken into account in planning for future TC flood risk.\r\n","_input_hash":-170368628,"_task_hash":-1764909821,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"References\r\nFrancis, J. A. & Vavrus, S. J. Evidence linking Artic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.","_input_hash":691530598,"_task_hash":1521090663,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Nation\r\nHurricane Dorian dumped more than 36 inches of rain as of Wednesday morning on the Bahamas as it hovered over the islands for more than two days, causing dangerous flooding and trapping some people in their homes.","_input_hash":1905735874,"_task_hash":-1864100096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the basic conditions of the disaster \u2014 a stalled hurricane and its sopping aftermath \u2014 are not one-off events.\r\n","_input_hash":-988722394,"_task_hash":-663664311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the last seven decades, hurricane stalling, which causes a storm to release massive amounts of rain on small areas, has become more common, research published in June in the journal","_input_hash":939755200,"_task_hash":558568193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But it is currently unclear if the trend is due to climate change or natural variation.\r\n","_input_hash":-327373277,"_task_hash":-138972945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Tim Hall, a senior scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and co-author of the report, said Hurricane Dorian is a \u201cclassic example of an extreme stalling event.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-769186264,"_task_hash":-69116053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, they are pushed around the ocean by wind streams, which are caused by high and low pressure systems in the atmosphere.\r\n","_input_hash":-69791441,"_task_hash":1033967433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other recent examples of stagnant hurricanes include Hurricane Harvey over Houston, Texas, in 2017, Hurricane Florence in 2018 over the Carolinas and Cyclone Idai in Mozambique earlier this year.\r\n","_input_hash":886653267,"_task_hash":1337287849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What could be causing hurricanes to stall\r\n","_input_hash":-1537724156,"_task_hash":-277459454,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The connection between hurricane stalling and climate change is still being studied, but there is a hypothesis being explored about the increased frequency.\r\n","_input_hash":1456597791,"_task_hash":-1062472738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Global warming is causing the poles to heat up, reducing the need to exchange so much energy between the poles and the tropics.\r\n","_input_hash":180551919,"_task_hash":241030686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What this means for hurricane preparedness\r\n","_input_hash":1885763650,"_task_hash":579100177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In general, global warming and climate change are key factors in why hurricanes are becoming more damaging.\r\n","_input_hash":1201482878,"_task_hash":-316003921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increased sea level rise \u2014 due to melting glaciers and heat-driven ocean expansion \u2014 creates higher storm surges.","_input_hash":273850558,"_task_hash":-174228234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warmer oceans cause hurricanes to have faster wind speeds and stronger central pressure, making the storms more intense.\r\n","_input_hash":1171164859,"_task_hash":989966010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On top of these patterns, slower and stronger hurricanes make it more difficult for emergency management officials and residents to prepare for, and respond to, a disaster.\r\n","_input_hash":936783187,"_task_hash":-183623528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":": Climate change has intensified hurricane rainfall, and now we know how much\r\nIn the Bahamas, rescue crews struggled to get into the most affected areas while the storm lingered.","_input_hash":2069827378,"_task_hash":-1828794298,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the storm moved toward the U.S., aerial photos began to reveal the full scale of the devastation with large swaths of the islands flattened by Dorian\u2019s heavy winds and rain.\r\n","_input_hash":-2100254767,"_task_hash":-295219101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf it\u2019s going to sit on top of you, you can\u2019t really plan for all of the complexities and destruction that will come from something like that.","_input_hash":-1167179657,"_task_hash":543513284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That is, even people who live further inland could be subject to severe flooding as hurricanes become more likely to stall.\r\n","_input_hash":-855051729,"_task_hash":-503326393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As governments and nonprofits cope with the aftermath of Dorian, and the increased damage of similar hurricanes in the near future, experts warn that they need to be creating plans for decades into the future, when climate change is expected to make storms even more intense and unpredictable than they are today.","_input_hash":-1176819836,"_task_hash":1135958445,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricane Dorian edges 'dangerously close' to Florida after battering Bahamas\r\n","_input_hash":1840939496,"_task_hash":-1404603708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Read more\r\nWhile the science has yet to come in on the specifics of just how much worse climate change made Dorian, we already know enough to say that warming worsened the damage.","_input_hash":1360581785,"_task_hash":1066716893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This comes less than a year after Florida withstood the first landfalling category 5 hurricane in decades, on 5 October \u2013 the latest ever in the season for a storm that strong.\r\n","_input_hash":-216888136,"_task_hash":-2112468673,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On a basic physics level, we know that warm waters fuel hurricanes, and Dorian was strengthened by waters well above average temperatures.","_input_hash":-1774561895,"_task_hash":171281670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Empirically, there is a roughly 7% increase in maximum sustained wind speeds of the strongest storms for each 1C of warming.","_input_hash":1160189987,"_task_hash":-235814869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since destructive potential is proportional to the third power of the wind speed, that corresponds to a 23% increase in potential wind damage.","_input_hash":-579611043,"_task_hash":-1851503698,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We saw that wind damage in the heartbreaking scenes of total devastation that have come in from the Bahamas.\r\n","_input_hash":325035638,"_task_hash":-499751818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We know that the warmer air gets, the more moisture it can hold \u2013 and then turn into flooding rains in a storm like this.","_input_hash":-9528235,"_task_hash":62522471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All that extra water makes hurricanes even more deadly, since it\u2019s generally not the wind but the water that kills people.","_input_hash":714664690,"_task_hash":-203690165,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So although Dorian\u2019s 220mph gusts were incredibly dangerous (and sped up thanks to climate change), it was the 20-plus feet of storm surge and torrential rains that were the most destructive elements.\r\n","_input_hash":172780854,"_task_hash":-108701480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But there are two other ways that warming has probably worsened","_input_hash":-930896996,"_task_hash":1632394832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One is that all that warm water allowed for the storm to ramp up quickly, undergoing what is known as rapid intensification as it exploded from a moderate category 2 to extreme category 5 over just two days.","_input_hash":-878368880,"_task_hash":2049351461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A recent study has shown that this is getting more common because of climate change, and indeed the past few years have seen many similar examples of this effect in action.","_input_hash":206145746,"_task_hash":-198213893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, that\u2019s exactly what we saw in Houston during Harvey, and in North Carolina during Florence.\r\n","_input_hash":-423612406,"_task_hash":760420741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Again, Dorian is far from unique in moving slowly, as a study last year found a 10% decrease in speed for storms like this globally, while a similar study found a 17% decrease along the east coast of the US.","_input_hash":-190162855,"_task_hash":1080054889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While neither of these studies directly tie that slowdown to climate change, the theory that climate change is changing the jet stream in ways that would lead to stalling storms (a phenomenon one of us has researched) is growing increasingly convincing.\r\n","_input_hash":1282011208,"_task_hash":356130911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone.","_input_hash":1707939211,"_task_hash":543889171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.\r\n","_input_hash":-602933401,"_task_hash":1789585058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"210, 169\u2013204 (2004)\r\n","_input_hash":7942148,"_task_hash":-1362066196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Orviku, K., Jaagus, J., Kont, A., Ratas, U. & Rivis, R. Increasing activity of coastal processes associated with climate change in Estonia.","_input_hash":-1427600110,"_task_hash":-97478989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Root, T. L., MacMynowski, D. P., Mastrandrea, M. D. & Schneider, S. H. Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: joint attribution.","_input_hash":-563586977,"_task_hash":287856674,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change.","_input_hash":-1693731659,"_task_hash":-528030552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"If you\u2019re younger than sixty, you have a good chance of witnessing the radical destabilization of life on earth\u2014massive crop failures, apocalyptic fires, imploding economies, epic flooding, hundreds of millions of refugees fleeing regions made uninhabitable by extreme heat or permanent drought.","_input_hash":1568622944,"_task_hash":1640952688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"You can keep on hoping that catastrophe is preventable, and feel ever more frustrated or enraged by the world\u2019s inaction.","_input_hash":1698252752,"_task_hash":-158765660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It will take the form of increasingly severe crises compounding chaotically until civilization begins to fray.","_input_hash":644546042,"_task_hash":-1276120904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Things will get very bad, but maybe not too soon, and maybe not for everyone.","_input_hash":1525323948,"_task_hash":1075240302,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our atmosphere and oceans can absorb only so much heat before climate change, intensified by various feedback loops, spins completely out of control.","_input_hash":-1803543183,"_task_hash":-282795952,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to a recent paper in Nature, the carbon emissions from existing global infrastructure, if operated through its normal lifetime, will exceed our entire emissions \u201callowance\u201d\u2014the further gigatons of carbon that can be released without crossing the threshold of catastrophe.","_input_hash":-1582440702,"_task_hash":2033766957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They have to be permanently terrified by hotter summers and more frequent natural disasters, rather than just getting used to them.","_input_hash":2071684332,"_task_hash":409631913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The most terrifying thing about climate change is the speed at which it\u2019s advancing, the almost monthly shattering of temperature records.","_input_hash":-1351737645,"_task_hash":-439717153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If collective action resulted in just one fewer devastating hurricane, just a few extra years of relative stability, it would be a goal worth pursuing.\r\n","_input_hash":1522617725,"_task_hash":541396591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Soil and water depletion, overuse of pesticides, the devastation of world fisheries\u2014collective will is needed for these problems, too, and, unlike the problem of carbon, they\u2019re within our power to solve.","_input_hash":1047135992,"_task_hash":520044090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the impending catastrophe heightens the urgency of almost any world-improving action.","_input_hash":-133617583,"_task_hash":2007119513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In this respect, any movement toward a more just and civil society can now be considered a meaningful climate action.","_input_hash":997622905,"_task_hash":-311862384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It can\u2019t \u201csolve\u201d the problem of homelessness, but it\u2019s been changing lives, one at a time, for nearly thirty years.","_input_hash":-103201896,"_task_hash":-1332874440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Kindness to neighbors and respect for the land\u2014nurturing healthy soil, wisely managing water, caring for pollinators\u2014will be essential in a crisis and in whatever society survives it.","_input_hash":1200412773,"_task_hash":-488378403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We estimate that, if operated as historically, existing infrastructure will cumulatively emit about 658 gigatonnes of CO2 (with a range of 226 to 1,479 gigatonnes CO2, depending on the lifetimes and utilization rates assumed).","_input_hash":1400155463,"_task_hash":679084896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If built, proposed power plants (planned, permitted or under construction) would emit roughly an extra 188 (range 37\u2013427)","_input_hash":1226043620,"_task_hash":1501111181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Committed emissions from existing and proposed energy infrastructure (about 846 gigatonnes CO2) thus represent more than the entire carbon budget that remains if mean warming is to be limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius (\u00b0C) with a probability of 66 to 50 per cent (420\u2013580 gigatonnes CO2)5, and perhaps two-thirds of the remaining carbon budget","_input_hash":1682236815,"_task_hash":-1762564207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions.","_input_hash":-235377157,"_task_hash":774955137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Davis, S. J., Caldeira, K. & Matthews, H. D. Future CO2 emissions and climate change from existing energy infrastructure.","_input_hash":2032426516,"_task_hash":-96037671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Pfeiffer, A., Hepburn, C., Vogt-Schilb, A. & Caldecott, B. Committed emissions from existing and planned power plants and asset stranding required to meet the Paris Agreement.","_input_hash":-1390991140,"_task_hash":-270005050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Structural decline in China\u2019s CO2 emissions through transitions in industry and energy systems.","_input_hash":-2102876294,"_task_hash":603884395,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"E. The \u20182 \u00b0C capital stock\u2019 for electricity generation: committed cumulative carbon emissions from the electricity generation sector and the transition to a green economy.","_input_hash":-1662518002,"_task_hash":1326383111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of shale gas, natural gas, coal, and petroleum.","_input_hash":-994719436,"_task_hash":-2129193892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"An Updated Database of Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Power Plants Worldwide.","_input_hash":-2101201332,"_task_hash":376826429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Path-dependent reductions in CO2 emission budgets caused by permafrost carbon release.","_input_hash":17766717,"_task_hash":1522688096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Moreover it was reported recently that in the one place where it was carefully measured, the underwater melting that is driving disintegration of ice sheets and glaciers is occurring far faster than predicted by theory\u2014as much as two orders of magnitude faster\u2014throwing current model projections of sea level rise further in doubt.\r\n","_input_hash":426290178,"_task_hash":-212297992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These recent updates, suggesting that climate change and its impacts are emerging faster than scientists previously thought, are consistent with observations that we and other colleagues have made identifying a pattern in assessments of climate research of underestimation of certain key climate indicators, and therefore underestimation of the threat of climate disruption.","_input_hash":938357639,"_task_hash":932563788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Consistent underestimation is a form of bias\u2014in the literal meaning of a systematic tendency to lean in one direction or another\u2014which raises the question: what is causing this bias in scientific analyses of the climate system?\r\n","_input_hash":-788800442,"_task_hash":161753234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We should seek to identify the sources of that bias and correct them if we can.\r\n","_input_hash":829734180,"_task_hash":1333145413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We found no evidence of fraud, malfeasance or deliberate deception or manipulation.","_input_hash":-130479961,"_task_hash":1886715640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among the factors that appear to contribute to underestimation is the perceived need for consensus, or what we label univocality: the felt need to speak in a single voice.","_input_hash":-2032943626,"_task_hash":-119162083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"How does this lead to underestimation?","_input_hash":1295601971,"_task_hash":204562637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A second reason for underestimation involves an asymmetry in how scientists think about error and its effects on their reputations.","_input_hash":-1279067155,"_task_hash":-5011687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In climate science, this anxiety is reinforced by the drumbeat of climate denial, in which scientists are accused of being \u201calarmists\u201d who \u201cexaggerate the threat.\u201d","_input_hash":1422476107,"_task_hash":-230726757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(Consider for example, an underestimate of an imminent hurricane, tornado, or earthquake.)","_input_hash":-787804166,"_task_hash":-702647726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combination of these three factors\u2014the push for univocality, the belief that conservatism is socially and politically protective, and the reluctance to make estimates at all when the available data are contradictory\u2014can lead to \u201cleast common denominator'' results\u2014minimalist conclusions that are weak or incomplete.\r\n","_input_hash":887120905,"_task_hash":1668727615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moreover, if consensus is viewed as a requirement, scientists may avoid discussing tricky issues that engender controversy (but might still be important), or exclude certain experts whose opinions are known to be \u201ccontroversial\u201d (but may nevertheless have pertinent expertise).","_input_hash":821438161,"_task_hash":-1529526427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We are not suggesting that every example of underestimation is necessarily caused by the factors we observed in our work, nor that the demand for consensus always leads to conservatism.","_input_hash":431899753,"_task_hash":1508497183,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But we found that the pattern of underestimation that we observed in the WAIS debate also occurred in assessments of acid rain and the ozone hole.\r\n","_input_hash":-894569702,"_task_hash":-797798776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Depending on the state of scientific knowledge, consensus may or may not emerge from an assessment, but it should not be viewed as something that needs to be achieved and certainly not as something to be enforced.","_input_hash":-971476271,"_task_hash":1642797429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This process of cause and effect works much the same way in society and business: as global forces take hold, their effects are deeply intertwined with the financial markets.\r\n","_input_hash":-1552612463,"_task_hash":-1757897793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These rising emissions have intensified the effects of climate change, with 2015-2018 being the four hottest years ever recorded.","_input_hash":-311259565,"_task_hash":-685183077,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events have become more frequent.","_input_hash":358766008,"_task_hash":-1080001223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In particular, floods and other hydrological events have quadrupled since 1980.\r\n","_input_hash":-111788889,"_task_hash":-1592519870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The global insured losses from natural catastrophes was $79 billion in 2018.\r\n","_input_hash":-320258769,"_task_hash":-680894787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather effects, and the health impact of burning fossil fuels, cost the U.S. economy at least $240 billion in 2018.\r\n","_input_hash":-1522516591,"_task_hash":812801301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s clear that climate change is having an immediate, serious impact on the world.\r\n","_input_hash":-2105201787,"_task_hash":-292803962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to these issues, climate change is contributing to another problem: it\u2019s becoming harder to feed the global population.\r\n","_input_hash":-1937173659,"_task_hash":-783227157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and resource scarcity will be a driving force behind the actions of consumers, companies, and governments for years to come.\r\n","_input_hash":976314239,"_task_hash":1462637935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Ban cited Bangladesh\u2019s response to two devastating cyclones as a good example of the way countries can adapt to environmental threats.","_input_hash":1134113360,"_task_hash":570473209,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Following the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people in 1970 and 1991, the South Asian nation reinforced flood defenses, built shelters and trained volunteers, sharply cutting the death toll in subsequent storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-266807039,"_task_hash":-1818868527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He also pointed to recent environmental devastation in the Bahamas as further proof of the importance of preparing for climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-230393162,"_task_hash":-801930154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In just seconds, a spark in hot and dry conditions can set off an inferno consuming thick, dried-out vegetation and almost everything else in its path.","_input_hash":117614989,"_task_hash":909193940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While every fire needs a spark to ignite and fuel to burn, hot and dry conditions in the atmosphere play a significant role in determining the likelihood of a fire starting, its intensity and the speed at which it spreads.","_input_hash":-1742749675,"_task_hash":-238374698,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"2018 was California's worst wildfire season on record, on the heels of a devasting 2017 fire season.","_input_hash":86893183,"_task_hash":1473594664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2019, wildfires have already burned 2.5 million acres in Alaska in an extreme fire season driven by high temperatures, which have also led to massive fires in Siberia.\r\n","_input_hash":-783416146,"_task_hash":1877877976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Whether started naturally or by people, fires worldwide and the resulting smoke emissions and burned areas have been observed by NASA satellites from space for two decades.","_input_hash":-1694008047,"_task_hash":365360530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Our ability to track fires in a concerted way over the last 20 years with satellite data has captured large-scale trends, such as increased fire activity, consistent with a warming climate in places like the western U.S., Canada and other parts of Northern Hemisphere forests where fuels are abundant,\" said Doug Morton, chief of the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.","_input_hash":-2025089107,"_task_hash":509549703,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Where warming and drying climate has increased the risk of fires, we've seen an increase in burning.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1993290134,"_task_hash":-498728114,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High temperatures and low humidity are two essential factors behind the rise in fire risk and activity, affecting fire behavior from its ignition to its spread.","_input_hash":27251566,"_task_hash":471974827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He and his colleagues studied the abundance of lightning strikes in the 2015 Alaskan fire season that burned a record 5.1 million acres.","_input_hash":-1311558842,"_task_hash":-43758219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lightning strikes are the main natural cause of fires.","_input_hash":-449846625,"_task_hash":898503373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers found an unusually high number of lightning strikes occurred, generated by the warmer temperatures that cause the atmosphere to create more convective systems -- thunderstorms -- which ultimately contributed to more burned area that year.\r\n","_input_hash":1872466623,"_task_hash":570861785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hotter and drier conditions also set the stage for human-ignited fires.","_input_hash":-621538804,"_task_hash":-1405493642,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"In the Western U.S., people are accidentally igniting fires all the time,\" Randerson said.","_input_hash":1506074868,"_task_hash":1460693647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"But when we have a period of extreme weather, high temperatures, low humidity, then it's more likely that typical outdoor activity might lead to an accidental fire that quickly gets out of control and becomes a large wildfire.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1358665118,"_task_hash":744799139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, in 2018 sparks flying from hammering a concrete stake into the ground in 100-degree Fahrenheit heat and sparks from a car's tire rim scraping against the asphalt after a flat tire were the causes of California's devastatingly destructive Ranch and Carr Fires, respectively.","_input_hash":253327037,"_task_hash":-1031268217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These sparks quickly ignited the vegetation that was dried out and made extremely flammable by the same extreme heat and low humidity, which research also shows can contribute to a fire's rapid and uncontrollable spread, said Randerson.","_input_hash":432307109,"_task_hash":1719850552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same conditions make it more likely for agricultural fires to get out of control.\r\n","_input_hash":1034191640,"_task_hash":-636954363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A warming world also has another consequence that may be contributing to fire conditions persisting over multiple days where they otherwise might not have in the past: higher nighttime temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":527513655,"_task_hash":1914708627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hot and dry conditions that precede fires can be tempered by rain and moisture circulating in the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-570539981,"_task_hash":949519437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"ENSO is a major driver of fire activity across multiple continents,\" Randerson said, who along with Morton and other researchers have studied the relationship between El Ni\u00f1o events and fire seasons in South America, Central America, parts of North America, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and equatorial Asia.","_input_hash":-1826039227,"_task_hash":-488571171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-741431824,"_task_hash":322007642,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In studying the long-term trends of fires, human land management is as important to consider as any other factor.","_input_hash":-1001861837,"_task_hash":922810863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While fire activity has gotten worse in northern latitude forests, research conducted by Randerson and Morton has shown that despite climate conditions that favor fires, the number of fires in grassland and savanna ecosystems worldwide are declining, contributing to an overall decline in global burned area.","_input_hash":-1017243771,"_task_hash":2129567356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The decline is due to an increased human presence creating new cropland and roads that serve as fire breaks and motivate the local population to fight these smaller fires, said Morton.\r\n","_input_hash":-922653108,"_task_hash":-459869037,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fire Feedbacks\r\nFires impact humans and climate in return.","_input_hash":1050627688,"_task_hash":1269114989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For people, beyond the immediate loss of life and property, smoke is a serious health hazard when small soot particles enter the lungs, Long-term exposure has been linked to higher rates of respiratory and heart problems.","_input_hash":666917831,"_task_hash":-22946178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fires also pose a threat to local water quality, and the loss of vegetation can lead to erosion and mudslides afterwards, which have been particularly bad in California, Randerson said.\r\n","_input_hash":975320630,"_task_hash":-593974450,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In some areas like Indonesia, Randerson and his colleagues have found that the radiocarbon age of carbon emissions from peat fires is about 800 years, which is then added to the greenhouse gases in that atmosphere that drive global warming.","_input_hash":-1692670056,"_task_hash":-919959854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Arctic and boreal forest ecosystems, fires burn organic carbon stored in the soils and hasten the melting of permafrost, which release methane, another greenhouse gas, when thawed.\r\n","_input_hash":-1529034962,"_task_hash":1774482906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another area of active research is the mixed effect of particulates, or aerosols, in the atmosphere in regional climates due to fires, Randerson said.","_input_hash":-927247649,"_task_hash":-1506635057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Aerosols can be dark like soot, often called black carbon, absorbing heat from sunlight while in the air, and","_input_hash":999872235,"_task_hash":-404006436,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Whether dark or light, according to Randerson, aerosols from fires may also have an effect on clouds that make it harder for water droplets to form in the tropics, and thus reduce rainfall -- and increase drying.\r\n","_input_hash":-430138499,"_task_hash":-1177739592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"As climate warms, we have an increasing frequency of extreme events.","_input_hash":-1893225534,"_task_hash":-972365546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This lack of preparedness will result in poverty, water shortages and levels of migration soaring, with an \u201cirrefutable toll on human life\u201d, the report warns.\r\n","_input_hash":-462204916,"_task_hash":-307380619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Trillion-dollar investment is needed to avert \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich escape the effects and the poor do not, but this investment is far smaller than the eventual cost of doing nothing.\r\n","_input_hash":1639996310,"_task_hash":-678932533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It says the number of people short of water each year will jump by 1.4 billion to 5 billion, causing unprecedented competition for water, fuelling conflict and migration.","_input_hash":193899678,"_task_hash":302900694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bob Ward, the policy director at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics, said: \u201cAs one of the governments that commissioned this important GCA report, the UK must heed its conclusions about the large economic benefits from adapting to those impacts of climate change that cannot now be avoided.\r\n","_input_hash":1478065657,"_task_hash":566045015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis summer has shown that the UK is not adapted to the changing climate of this century, with heavier rainfall and more frequent and intense heatwaves.","_input_hash":-320398808,"_task_hash":354227432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just 24 hours\u2019 warning of a coming storm or heatwave can cut the ensuing damage by 30%, saving lives and protecting assets worth at least 10 times the cost of the alert system.","_input_hash":1733154761,"_task_hash":777485731,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flood protection is key and Shanghai, and other Chinese \u201csponge cities\u201d are deploying porous pavements, rooftop gardens and trees in parks to soak up water from downpours.","_input_hash":-1210886478,"_task_hash":-1943414356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But construction, pollution and global heating have destroyed many mangrove forests, from Australia to Mexico.","_input_hash":-1536109348,"_task_hash":-492135100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Droughts, heat waves, and wildfires are growing more intense and dangerous from global warming and rising greenhouse gas emissions.","_input_hash":1839753990,"_task_hash":-1695263556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Phoenix, Arizona, is susceptible to a heat wave that could peak at a staggering 122 degrees Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":2027024688,"_task_hash":1061662745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Southern California could face a wildfire that burns 1.5 million acres of land.","_input_hash":-939190192,"_task_hash":1210860874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Tampa, Florida, could see 26 feet of storm surge flooding from a hurricane, just below the record-breaking 28-foot storm surge of Hurricane Katrina.\r\n","_input_hash":-395509350,"_task_hash":-1001741623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Two degrees is the amount of warming we are likely to experience by midcentury, and it\u2019s double the warming we\u2019ve experienced to date.","_input_hash":381825225,"_task_hash":775702909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that heat is already the deadliest weather phenomenon in the US, killing hundreds of people a year, more than floods, fires, earthquakes, lightning strikes, tornadoes, or hurricanes.","_input_hash":-382441820,"_task_hash":594554273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With climate change, the threat is only getting worse, particularly for the elderly and the impoverished.\r\n","_input_hash":927999737,"_task_hash":571777240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over the next 24 hours of this heat wave, electricity use will surge higher as millions of air conditioners blast at full force, and the power grid will sputter as power lines strain.","_input_hash":-2070161600,"_task_hash":-1222750353,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grid will succumb to brownouts and blackouts.","_input_hash":-2030225974,"_task_hash":-84507462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Phoenix metropolitan region will already be in a drought and what little water is left will start becoming too hot to use.","_input_hash":-1446847067,"_task_hash":1058636913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flights will be grounded as the heat makes the air too thin to generate enough lift for aircraft to safely take off and climb.","_input_hash":-1185311846,"_task_hash":-1502428729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution will reach record levels as dust and ozone build up, leading to another spike in emergency room visits.\r\n","_input_hash":-1965780365,"_task_hash":-1856606474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This surging heat with temperatures peaking around the 120s will linger for two weeks, as rising average temperatures increase the length, severity, and frequency of extreme heat.","_input_hash":-1367459101,"_task_hash":1675941443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Phoenix is already hot, but the heat will only get worse\r\n","_input_hash":-1912866959,"_task_hash":2102953889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018, researchers mapped out how extreme heat could lead to a rippling collapse in infrastructure, warning that Phoenix might face \u201ca [Hurricane] Katrina of extreme heat.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1906475477,"_task_hash":1685942634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And a searing late-June heat wave in 2017 lasted more than a week and melted mailboxes.","_input_hash":871332163,"_task_hash":-1341414364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High temperatures killed a record 172 people in the Phoenix metropolitan area that summer, up from 150 heat deaths in 2016 and 85 in 2015.\r\n","_input_hash":-692121586,"_task_hash":-119574964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But as the climate changes, heat waves will get worse.","_input_hash":-564748304,"_task_hash":1022179042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With the city still growing, the number of people suffering from the heat will rise as well.\r\n","_input_hash":935851914,"_task_hash":-317666836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A heat wave is simply a prolonged period of extreme heat.","_input_hash":-2131706969,"_task_hash":1006730880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s a relative measurement, meaning that what counts as a heat wave is different depending on the local climate.","_input_hash":-1063441410,"_task_hash":-1045621995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Phoenix, a heat wave builds on Arizona\u2019s already hot, dry climate.","_input_hash":-74335720,"_task_hash":-126377171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the forces behind the climate begin as cold water currents near Alaska\u2019s Aleutian Islands.","_input_hash":-1080603143,"_task_hash":-83278946,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then, during a heat wave, a high atmospheric pressure system builds, trapping the ordinary heat in place.","_input_hash":806210118,"_task_hash":1090491359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Those small changes in averages lead to big changes in extremes as heat-trapping gases increase the thermal energy in the atmosphere, leading to more intense, frequent, and longer","_input_hash":-2117380168,"_task_hash":949495056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"heat waves.\r\n","_input_hash":-2137421141,"_task_hash":-852942760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Phoenix\u2019s infrastructure contributes to the heat and suffers from it\r\n","_input_hash":398089208,"_task_hash":-1714470147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The ever-expanding reaches of concrete, asphalt, glass, and steel soak up the heat and radiate it slowly across the city, even block by block.\r\n","_input_hash":909042543,"_task_hash":-718177010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So day after day, the heat builds, and builds, and builds.","_input_hash":-1199352185,"_task_hash":372965266,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is a phenomenon known as the heat island effect, and the warming it causes can be just as significant as warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, albeit at different times of day.\r\n","_input_hash":1431433642,"_task_hash":-575848033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWarming due to the expanding built environment is similar to warming resulting from greenhouse gases during nighttime hours, while warming during daytime hours is dominated by greenhouse gas-induced climate change,\u201d explained Matei Georgescu, an associate professor of geophysical sciences and urban planning at Arizona State University.\r\n","_input_hash":1883435741,"_task_hash":-1713055498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heat in turn threatens the stability of this urban environment.","_input_hash":750548859,"_task_hash":263190990,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mikhail Chester, an associate professor of civil engineering at Arizona State University, explained that heat can be just as big a threat to health and infrastructure as a hurricane or earthquake, but because it builds up slowly, it\u2019s easy to overlook.\r\n","_input_hash":20437030,"_task_hash":809297461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the built environment, the impact of heat mounts over time and doesn\u2019t always manifest as a sudden, catastrophic failure.","_input_hash":1447494286,"_task_hash":-1080665776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, rising temperatures weaken roadways, cause metal fatigue in bridges, and make the metal pipes that move water expand, crack, and leak.\r\n","_input_hash":-788039558,"_task_hash":-1822614385,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the biggest threat from a heat wave may be a power failure.","_input_hash":23447773,"_task_hash":628718678,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Amanda Northrup/Vox\r\nChester, who coauthored the study warning that Phoenix could face the Katrina of extreme heat, explained that losing power jeopardizes not just air conditioning, but traffic lights, commuter rail, water sanitation systems, even fuel pumps for gasoline.","_input_hash":-1841324526,"_task_hash":-68492574,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So a blackout or brownout during a time when the city needs energy the most stands to create a propagating series of failure and disruption, halting the economy and potentially taking lives.\r\n","_input_hash":200612933,"_task_hash":-896147606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhether it is a hurricane in New Orleans or an [extreme heat event] in the Southwest, critical infrastructure systems are at risk for cascading failure in ways that are unpredictable and surprising due to their complex interdependencies and fragility to extreme conditions,\u201d the authors wrote.\r\n","_input_hash":-1862674199,"_task_hash":-1883146964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves will be increasingly deadly in the warmer future\r\n","_input_hash":362821807,"_task_hash":1149250068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Higher temperatures make it harder for the body to shed excess heat.","_input_hash":70068305,"_task_hash":1568576258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It can cause proteins to malform.","_input_hash":-389632425,"_task_hash":-990515829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When the body temperature rises up too high, it creates conditions like hyperthermia, which can then lead to heat stroke and death.\r\n","_input_hash":2096533451,"_task_hash":-2122432193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One upside to Phoenix\u2019s heat is that it comes with little humidity.","_input_hash":-1434768760,"_task_hash":1087146653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High levels of humidity impede the body\u2019s ability to cool off by sweating, though once temperatures get high enough, heat risks will rise regardless.","_input_hash":-1492686899,"_task_hash":1992553343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Maricopa County, which encompasses Phoenix, has reported more 150 heat-related deaths in each of the past few years.","_input_hash":43944332,"_task_hash":-1278698512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"[Heat] is a huge public health hazard,\u201d Chester said.\r\n","_input_hash":1942699015,"_task_hash":-472614951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High temperatures are lethal to people with existing problems like heart disease and emphysema.","_input_hash":-1831542437,"_task_hash":-372724845,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It accelerates the formation of ozone, a major pollutant.","_input_hash":199914622,"_task_hash":-958825834,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That can also contribute to breathing difficulties.","_input_hash":1964960521,"_task_hash":154290894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The indirect harms from heat may in fact be far larger than maladies caused directly from heat, but they are much more difficult to track.\r\n","_input_hash":953113023,"_task_hash":-304277935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Time matters when it comes to risk from heat.","_input_hash":-443395623,"_task_hash":-485813066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"just the peaks that are dangerous; exposure to lower heat for a longer period of time can be harmful as well.\r\n","_input_hash":1741317766,"_task_hash":-2036680701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"David Sailor, director of the Urban Climate Research Center at Arizona State, examined what would happen under the combined effect of heat on health and infrastructure.","_input_hash":715023383,"_task_hash":798964556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a study published in May, he reported that the risk of power outages under extreme heat is only growing.","_input_hash":-1106371596,"_task_hash":-2069910529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sailor and his colleagues found that even under the current level of warming, a blackout would be devastating for Phoenix.\r\n","_input_hash":1644715081,"_task_hash":1530968031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn the end, using a combination of census data and results from a city-level survey we conducted of elderly residents, we estimate that about 8,000 residents of Maricopa County would be particularly vulnerable to a major heat disaster (power outage coincident with summer heat),\u201d he said in an email.\r\n","_input_hash":-2047417996,"_task_hash":-423247275,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Eventually Phoenix could limit its absorption of heat from the desert sun.","_input_hash":-2100961794,"_task_hash":1103648884,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The world, however, is still warming, and temperatures after the sun sets will likely continue to rise.","_input_hash":-1483785540,"_task_hash":-267305598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is undoubtedly hitting Phoenix hard, and even in a city famous for its heat, it will profoundly change its way of life.\r\n","_input_hash":-44919,"_task_hash":1166747821,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though the heat is already here, the worst is yet to come.\r\n","_input_hash":-829432903,"_task_hash":2076358962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An earlier headline said 122 degrees Fahrenheit could last for days when instead it could be a peak during a heat wave.","_input_hash":-591469378,"_task_hash":745110773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The text has also been corrected to show that cold coastal water, not cold air, is the progenitor of desert conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":-942575872,"_task_hash":1740355675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events displaced a record seven million people from their homes during the first six months of this year, a figure that put 2019 on pace to be one of the most disastrous years in almost two decades even before Hurricane Dorian battered the Bahamas.\r\n","_input_hash":894832863,"_task_hash":-857066358,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn today\u2019s changing climate, mass displacement triggered by extreme weather events is becoming the norm,\u201d the center said in its report, adding that the numbers represent \u201cthe highest midyear figure ever reported for displacements associated with disasters.\u201d","_input_hash":-1177645849,"_task_hash":1545826579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events are becoming more extreme in the era of climate change, according to scientists, and more people are exposed to them, especially in rapidly growing and storm-prone Asian cities.\r\n","_input_hash":-1941431902,"_task_hash":1961785172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By contrast, in southern Africa, where Cyclone Idai struck in March, more than 1,000 people were killed and 617,000 were displaced across Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Madagascar.\r\n","_input_hash":881479457,"_task_hash":-1710106339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In March and April, half a million Iranians had to leave home and camp out in temporary shelters after a huge swath of the country saw some of the worst flooding in decades.","_input_hash":-1758249508,"_task_hash":306353336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And in Bolivia, heavy rains triggered floods and landslides in the first four months of the year, forcing more than 70,000 people to flee their homes, according to the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-270954198,"_task_hash":661539443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All told, nearly twice as many people were displaced by extreme weather events, mainly storms, as the numbers displaced by conflict and violence in the first six months of this year, according to the monitoring center.\r\n","_input_hash":1293225013,"_task_hash":-1763453657,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The numbers hold lessons for countries, especially those like the Caribbean island nations, repeatedly pummeled by intensifying storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-1666600745,"_task_hash":-1970723920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For the most part, disasters like floods and cyclones result in temporary displacement, though that could mean months at a time, and almost always within national borders.\r\n","_input_hash":-1497434972,"_task_hash":-1977055804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What the monitoring center\u2019s numbers may not adequately reflect are slow-moving extreme weather events, like rising temperatures or erratic rains that can prompt people to pack up and leave home, for example after multiple seasons of failed crops.","_input_hash":-802573270,"_task_hash":-669553678,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The primary cause of that change is the release of carbon dioxide from burning coal, oil and natural gas.\r\n","_input_hash":-521880265,"_task_hash":-195053398,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Despite the avoidance of millions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions through use of renewable energy, increased efficiency and conservation efforts, the rate of increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere remains high.\r\n","_input_hash":627677648,"_task_hash":-39619144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If we stop emitting greenhouse gases right now, why would the temperature continue to rise?\r\n","_input_hash":900759480,"_task_hash":796838021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This energy increases the average temperature of the Earth\u2019s surface, heats the oceans and melts polar ice.","_input_hash":1254571716,"_task_hash":-1832681693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As consequences, sea level rises and weather changes.\r\n","_input_hash":2137119149,"_task_hash":439930475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since 1880, after carbon dioxide emissions took off with the Industrial Revolution, the average global temperature has increased.","_input_hash":1884296981,"_task_hash":-1151306418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With the help of internal variations associated with the El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern, we\u2019ve already experienced months more than 1.5\u2103 above the average.","_input_hash":-204325890,"_task_hash":317371127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2017, there\u2019s been a stunning decrease in Antarctic sea ice, reminiscent of the 2007 decrease in the Arctic.\r\n","_input_hash":2008024725,"_task_hash":1757361414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Test","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The observed changes are coherent and consistent with our theoretical understanding of the Earth\u2019s energy balance and simulations from models that are used to understand past variability and to help us think about the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-119078504,"_task_hash":-682788563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What would happen to the climate if we were to stop emitting carbon dioxide today, right now?","_input_hash":-1379033211,"_task_hash":-608146075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In order to stop the accumulation of heat, we would have to eliminate not just carbon dioxide emissions, but all greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide.","_input_hash":-132610799,"_task_hash":-494962410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019d also need to reverse deforestation and other land uses that affect the Earth\u2019s energy balance (the difference between incoming energy from the sun and","_input_hash":1162937421,"_task_hash":-692828206,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such a cessation of warming is not possible.\r\n","_input_hash":299262102,"_task_hash":1502502152,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So if we stop emitting carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels today, it\u2019s not the end of the story for global warming.","_input_hash":-1032109409,"_task_hash":1395107410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Test","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There\u2019s a delay in air-temperature increase as the atmosphere catches up with all the heat that the Earth has accumulated.","_input_hash":1101775270,"_task_hash":1359928223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This decades-long lag between cause and effect is due to the long time it takes to heat the ocean\u2019s huge mass.","_input_hash":2067848543,"_task_hash":-1740780311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ice, also responding to increasing heat in the ocean, will continue to melt.","_input_hash":939460241,"_task_hash":-1142308188,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecosystems are altered by natural and human-made occurrences.","_input_hash":-716994014,"_task_hash":317333115,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In any event, it\u2019s not possible to stop emitting carbon dioxide right now.","_input_hash":-1589387386,"_task_hash":1740688321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Despite significant advances in renewable energy sources, total demand for energy accelerates and carbon dioxide emissions increase.","_input_hash":-985524160,"_task_hash":-1062757700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s hard to say we\u2019re on a new path until we see a peak and then a downturn in carbon emissions.","_input_hash":-442723778,"_task_hash":-169115736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the approximately 1\u2103 of warming we\u2019ve already seen, the observed changes are already disturbing.\r\n","_input_hash":1546142394,"_task_hash":-1326168936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The total amount of change, including sea-level rise, can be limited.","_input_hash":-842385483,"_task_hash":1927942013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And since the response to warming is more warming through feedbacks associated with melting ice and increased atmospheric water vapor, our job becomes one of limiting the warming.","_input_hash":124272007,"_task_hash":1586938928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This article was updated on July 7, 2017 to clarify the potential effects from stopping carbon dioxide emissions as well as other factors that affect global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-82982463,"_task_hash":-879849634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nTwo global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been stabilized in the year 2000, we are already committed to further global warming of about another half degree and an additional 320% sea level rise caused by thermal expansion by the end of the 21st century.","_input_hash":-1730741728,"_task_hash":451481749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Projected weakening of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean does not lead to a net cooling in Europe.","_input_hash":-402493031,"_task_hash":-375577644,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increases of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere produce a positive radiative forcing of the climate system and a consequent warming of surface temperatures and rising sea level caused by thermal expansion of the warmer seawater, in addition to the contribution from melting glaciers and ice sheets (1, 2).","_input_hash":1310836976,"_task_hash":-1770112150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We performed multimember ensemble simulations with two global coupled three-dimensional climate models to quantify how much more global warming and sea level rise (from thermal expansion) we could experience under several different scenarios.\r\n","_input_hash":1800324288,"_task_hash":-1154873035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This model has a relatively low climate sensitivity as compared to other models, with an equilibrium climate sensitivity of 2.1\u00b0C and a transient climate response (TCR) (the globally averaged surface air temperature change at the time of CO2 doubling in a 1% CO2 increase experiment) of 1.3\u00b0C.","_input_hash":939262055,"_task_hash":-1610900453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 20th-century simulations for both models include time-evolving changes in forcing from solar, volcanoes, GHGs, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, and the direct effect of sulfate aerosols (14, 17).","_input_hash":-700515132,"_task_hash":-1785333376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These 20th-century forcing differences between CCSM3 and PCM are not thought to cause large differences in response in the climate change simulations beyond the year 2000.\r\n","_input_hash":-1334784509,"_task_hash":1733678688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The warming in both the PCM and CCSM3 is close to the observed value of about 0.6\u00b0C for the 20th century (19), with PCM warming 0.6\u00b0C and CCSM3 warming 0.7","_input_hash":479897725,"_task_hash":1646105792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This lower value from the models is consistent with the part of 20th-century sea level rise thought to be caused by thermal expansion (20, 21), because as the ocean warms, seawater expands and sea level rises.","_input_hash":-1661080550,"_task_hash":-1751474221,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Neither model includes contributions to sea level rise due to ice sheet or glacier melting.","_input_hash":1623292199,"_task_hash":1865261031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Contributions from future ice sheet and glacier melting could perhaps at least double the projected sea level rise produced by thermal expansion (1).\r\n","_input_hash":-703588657,"_task_hash":-1558526282,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even if we could have stopped any further increases in all atmospheric constituents as of the year 2000, the PCM and CCSM3 indicate that we are already committed to 0.4\u00b0 and 0.6\u00b0C, respectively, more global warming by the year 2100 as compared to the 0.6\u00b0C of warming observed at the end of the 20th century (Table 1 and Fig.","_input_hash":-651736989,"_task_hash":-452778516,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But we are already committed to proportionately much more sea level rise from thermal expansion (Fig. 1C).\r\n","_input_hash":1848875870,"_task_hash":-1882790366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A medium-range scenario (SRES A1B) produces a warming at the end of the 21st century of 1.9\u00b0 and","_input_hash":-647728384,"_task_hash":1829824162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If concentrations of all GHGs and other atmospheric constituents in these simulations are held fixed at year 2100 values, we would be committed to an additional warming by the year 2200 for B1 of about 0.1\u00b0 to 0.3\u00b0C for the models (Fig. 1B).","_input_hash":657124515,"_task_hash":-279406097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But even for this small warming commitment in B1, there is almost double the sea level rise seen over the course of the 21st century by 2200, or an additional 12 and 13 cm (Fig. 1C).","_input_hash":-745470117,"_task_hash":104872563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For A1B, about 0.3\u00b0C of additional warming occurs by 2200, but again there is roughly a doubling of 21st-century sea level rise by the year 2200, or an additional 17 and 21 cm.","_input_hash":2139856207,"_task_hash":2122333272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u00b0C of warming in either scenario, but yet again about another doubling of the committed sea level rise that occurred during the 22nd century, with additional increases of 10 and 18 cm from thermal expansion for the two models for the stabilized B1 experiment, and 14 and 21 cm for A1B as compared to year 2200 values.","_input_hash":1985401922,"_task_hash":-1243066177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The mean strength of the meridional overturning and its changes are an indication of ocean ventilation, and they contribute to ocean heat uptake and consequent time scales of temperature response in the climate system (12, 24, 28).\r\n","_input_hash":1430488986,"_task_hash":771627254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This is consistent with the idea that a larger percentage decrease in meridional overturning would be associated with greater ocean heat uptake and greater surface temperature warming (12, 24).\r\n","_input_hash":-64817482,"_task_hash":959346836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is also consistent with the recovery of the meridional overturning in the 21st century after concentrations are stabilized in the PCM (net recovery of 0.2 sverdrups) compared to the CCSM3 (meridional + overturning continues to weaken by \u20130.3 sverdrups before a modest recovery).\r\n","_input_hash":-558727830,"_task_hash":-677290152,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"On the other hand, the CCSM3, with higher sensitivity and weaker mean meridional overturning, has a larger reduction of meridional overturning due to global warming (and particularly a larger percent decrease of meridional overturning) than the PCM and contributes to more warming commitment for GHG concentrations stabilized at year 2000 values.\r\n","_input_hash":1960441030,"_task_hash":-290121370,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The processes that contribute to these different warming commitments involve small radiative flux imbalances at the surface (on the order of several tenths of a watt per square meter) after atmospheric GHG concentrations are stabilized.","_input_hash":1952564022,"_task_hash":1644071460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The temperature difference between the upper and lower branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is smaller in the PCM than in the CCSM3 because of the stronger rate of mean meridional overturning in the PCM that induces a greater heat exchange or ventilation between the upper and deeper ocean.","_input_hash":1987046098,"_task_hash":1518086787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Geographic patterns of warming (Fig. 2) show more warming at high northern latitudes and over land, generally larger-amplitude warming in the CCSM3 as compared to the PCM, and geographic temperature increases roughly proportional to the amplitude of the globally averaged temperature increases in the different scenarios (Fig. 1B).","_input_hash":-1162490598,"_task_hash":-1047459699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Slowdowns in meridional overturning in the respective models (which are greater percentage-wise in the CCSM3 than the PCM) are not characterized by less warming over northern Europe in either model.","_input_hash":767738678,"_task_hash":-1198424709,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The warming produced by increases in GHGs overwhelms any tendency toward decreased high-latitude warming from less northward heat transport by the weakened meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic.","_input_hash":902471496,"_task_hash":1277322838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The warming commitment from the 20th-century stabilization experiments (Fig. 2, bottom) shows the same type of pattern in the forced experiments, with greater warming over high latitudes and land areas.","_input_hash":-1429098267,"_task_hash":-589025311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For regions such as much of North America, even after stabilizing GHG concentrations, we are already committed to more than an additional half a degree of warming in the two models.","_input_hash":1980359181,"_task_hash":190639417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though temperature increase shows signs of leveling off 100 years after stabilization, sea level continues to rise unabated with proportionately much greater increases compared to temperature, with these committed increases over the 21st century more than a factor of 3 greater, percentage-wise, for sea level rise (32) than for temperature change (Fig. 3).","_input_hash":1311460754,"_task_hash":-2044649428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thus, even if we could stabilize concentrations of GHGs, we are already committed to significant warming and sea level rise no matter what scenario we follow.","_input_hash":1216257684,"_task_hash":-319317556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rutgers-led study shows how increased rainfall can reduce water infiltration in soils\r\nCoasts, oceans, ecosystems, weather and human health","_input_hash":2051478384,"_task_hash":1597429761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"all face impacts from climate change, and now valuable soils may also be affected.\r\n","_input_hash":-1470004920,"_task_hash":809746164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"a study published in the journal Nature last year showing that regional increases in precipitation due to climate change may lead to less water infiltration, more runoff and erosion, and greater risk of flash flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1229704497,"_task_hash":-243271723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"During a 25-year experiment in Kansas that involved irrigation of prairie soil with sprinklers, a Rutgers-led team of scientists found that a 35 percent increase in rainfall led to a 21 percent to 33 percent reduction in water infiltration rates in soil and only a small increase in water retention.\r\n","_input_hash":-1060305286,"_task_hash":-939403195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The biggest changes were linked to shifts in relatively large pores, or spaces, in the soil.","_input_hash":-716624444,"_task_hash":-299223519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Large pores capture water that plants and microorganisms can use, and that contributes to enhanced biological activity and nutrient cycling in soil and decreases soil losses through erosion.\r\n","_input_hash":26380368,"_task_hash":1437082295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The next step is to investigate the mechanisms driving the observed changes, in order to extrapolate the findings to other regions of the world and incorporate them into predictions of how ecosystems will respond to climate change.","_input_hash":1415141747,"_task_hash":-1082015490,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientists also want to study a wider array of environmental factors and soil types, and identify other soil changes that may result from shifts in climate.\r\n","_input_hash":-2087024413,"_task_hash":-786091956,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Economic depression, hyperinflation and sovereign default by a major developed economy were the top three risks in a 2011 study.","_input_hash":-85406789,"_task_hash":-1275050949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The paper notes that over the last six years, despite calls to action from all major governments, the world has continued to emit increasing amounts of greenhouse gasses, exacerbating the risk of rising global temperature.\r\n","_input_hash":-1412667954,"_task_hash":-18423587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He notes that Munich Re has said that 2017-18 was the worst two-year period for natural catastrophes on record, with insured losses of $225 billion.\r\n","_input_hash":-648108572,"_task_hash":-1128850618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When a catastrophe bond experiences a loss event, the capital in the investment is suspended until the full cost of a disaster is pinned down.","_input_hash":-416340150,"_task_hash":46620143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A phenomenon of \u201closs creep,\u201d where initial estimates of a loss balloon months or even years after the event, has also spooked some investors.","_input_hash":-1195150608,"_task_hash":-1676955129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More on \u201closs creep\u201d emerged in a report this week from reinsurance broker Guy Carpenter that shows that extended development from North American hurricane losses and losses from non-peak perils like California wildfires have finally jolted reinsurers out of a soft reinsurance market.\r\n","_input_hash":-1018286799,"_task_hash":-213315700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cS&P Global Ratings sees an accelerated rise in global temperatures, a frequent occurrence of extreme weather events; the direct and indirect effects on businesses; and the likely direct human consequences, such as migration and water scarcity, as factors that financial systems will need to adjust to,\u201d the report states.\r\n","_input_hash":-563252451,"_task_hash":566470555,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the report, studies show that the value of global financial assets could drop and losses could \u201crise exponentially\u201d with an average increase in temperature between the years 2015 and 2100.\r\n","_input_hash":837589924,"_task_hash":1607544390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Levels are rising as an unintended consequence of the green energy boom.\r\n","_input_hash":1864320460,"_task_hash":759115239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It prevents electrical accidents and fires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1533478359,"_task_hash":10135945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This has resulted in many more connections to the electricity grid, and a rise in the number of electrical switches and circuit breakers that are needed to prevent serious accidents.\r\n","_input_hash":1625364957,"_task_hash":-1948255640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That's the same as the emissions from 1.3 million extra cars on the road for a year.\r\n","_input_hash":-1751112813,"_task_hash":-1458990465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Previously, an installation like this would have used switchgear supplied with SF6, to prevent the electrical accidents that can lead to fires.\r\n","_input_hash":1398300492,"_task_hash":-1221306897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is roughly the same as the annual emissions from 25 cars.\r\n","_input_hash":871236073,"_task_hash":-1490531815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers have warned of other alarming ecological signs that the Lower Darling River \u2013 part of the giant Murray-Darling Basin \u2013 is in a dire state, following last summer\u2019s mass fish kills.\r\n","_input_hash":746096194,"_task_hash":203718608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Banks will collapse, there will be massive erosion and it will send sediments down the river.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1503051229,"_task_hash":644332924,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The New South Wales government announced a $10m rescue package last week to mitigate the effects of the river crisis on native fish this summer.\r\n","_input_hash":1722669965,"_task_hash":-298842964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Several scientific reports said the lack of flow in the river due to the drought and exacerbated by irrigation upstream were to blame.","_input_hash":-381759032,"_task_hash":-1642754336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When temperatures soared to over 40C and were followed by a cool change, the water in the pools stratified, leading to deoxygenation of the deeper water, killing fish.\r\n","_input_hash":-315652311,"_task_hash":-1663225389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is just a fraction of the population of the river and will not prevent the likelihood of further mass fish deaths during the coming summer.\r\n","_input_hash":832998553,"_task_hash":-1219439756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Meanwhile, the NSW government appears to be in denial about possible causes of the ecological catastrophe last summer.","_input_hash":420571221,"_task_hash":1956783318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The water minister, Melinda Pavey, has criticised her own independent adviser, the NSW Natural Resources Commission, which said extractions by irrigators upstream may have led to the Lower Darling being pushed into hydrological drought three years earlier than it otherwise would have been.\r\n","_input_hash":510789288,"_task_hash":1586809299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We just raised the question: have [the extraction rules] influenced the conditions that have led to the catastrophic drying of the Barwon-Darling?\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1475335469,"_task_hash":-989830659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Eco-anxiety is likely to affect more and more people as the climate destabilises.","_input_hash":-765128848,"_task_hash":924615412,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Already, studies have found that 45% of children suffer lasting depression after surviving extreme weather and natural disasters.","_input_hash":1674345295,"_task_hash":1288118142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of that emotional turmoil must stem from confusion \u2013","_input_hash":-452899747,"_task_hash":757416761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Adults are often guilty of cognitive dissonance when it comes to climate change.","_input_hash":-994376137,"_task_hash":408945180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Because of sea level rise, people in the low-lying Maldives have more to fear from climate change than most.","_input_hash":491636697,"_task_hash":1239534468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There\u2019s moral clarity in the things young people say about climate change, but even at their age, there\u2019s a weariness.","_input_hash":-2132964898,"_task_hash":-486144507,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Given the severity of climate change and biodiversity loss predicted in their lifetimes, anger seems appropriate.\r\n","_input_hash":530808437,"_task_hash":1130439933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Hit for Six report, released in England, examines how climate change is drying out cricket grounds, making players more vulnerable to heat stress and increasing the likelihood of match disruptions from extreme weather \u2013 and how governing bodies need to do more to address the problem.\r\n","_input_hash":330836546,"_task_hash":-4014427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is already leading to more extreme heatwaves.","_input_hash":2034323534,"_task_hash":164788611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unless we act, extreme heat will worsen.","_input_hash":-911757898,"_task_hash":1976255931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This will result in more games being postponed, poorer performance because of heat influenced cognitive deterioration and increased likelihood of heat exhaustion and heat stroke.\r\n","_input_hash":-1099455852,"_task_hash":-352599735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When my club committee of management meets to discuss how we can keep our junior players safe on drying grounds and in more intense heatwaves, we are dealing with a symptom of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1963772774,"_task_hash":374127902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We increasingly have concerns about the impact of extreme heat on our junior players.","_input_hash":-2056805363,"_task_hash":1424261095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Prolonged drought and competition for water puts intense pressure on cricket grounds and turf pitches in India, South Africa and Australia.","_input_hash":-1222081242,"_task_hash":1553369281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In England, flooding and changing rainfall patterns are causing havoc.\r\n","_input_hash":588389555,"_task_hash":-734573908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is a danger that cricket\u2019s governing bodies will focus only on symptoms, rather than causes of the threat.","_input_hash":713984150,"_task_hash":151919297,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But players having ice baths addresses the symptom, not the cause of more extreme heat.","_input_hash":1216031036,"_task_hash":-711002489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Index funds and the investors who own them face an unmanageable risk from climate change, according to the director of Stanford University\u2019s Sustainable Finance Initiative.","_input_hash":1733474900,"_task_hash":1486347902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Seiger cited the sudden bankruptcy of Pacific Gas & Electric Company as an example of such a failure.","_input_hash":201467999,"_task_hash":-94628872,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But those assessments failed to anticipate the climate risk that forced the company to seek bankruptcy protection this year: increased heat and drought, shifting land-use patterns, lapses in safety measures.","_input_hash":1627598629,"_task_hash":-494977676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"PG&E equipment sparked wildfires that killed dozens of Californians, destroyed thousands of structures and scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.","_input_hash":1607762478,"_task_hash":-1356747837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cNot only does this bet increase the risk of financial loss for New York state employee pensioners, but it poses a systemic risk in that a majority of state pensions also rely heavily on passively managed index funds.","_input_hash":-166391273,"_task_hash":-1513833959,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A shock to the public markets from an abrupt or disorderly transition will smash nest eggs across the country.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1203343727,"_task_hash":145901077,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Seven million people were displaced between January and June of this year due to climate and weather crises.\r\n","_input_hash":1726174040,"_task_hash":-543697807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That's nearly double the number of people (3.8 million) who were displaced by violence in the same period.\r\n","_input_hash":32173949,"_task_hash":-936707397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People in India and Bangladesh have been especially affected by climate-related disasters this year.\r\n","_input_hash":-89879119,"_task_hash":-221466242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"July was the hottest month ever recorded globally, Australia shattered its record for the hottest summer ever, and Angola experienced the world's warmest recorded February temperature.\r\n","_input_hash":-2085921379,"_task_hash":1947157916,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than 950 natural disasters plagued 102 different countries and territories in the first six months of 2019, the report says, including monsoons, cyclones, and landslides.\r\n","_input_hash":534274152,"_task_hash":-1258987517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The authors estimate that 7 million people were displaced by climate disasters between January and June of this year, the highest mid-year total of displacements associated with disasters ever recorded by the group.","_input_hash":1859392836,"_task_hash":-693857443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That's nearly double the total number of people (3.8 million) displaced by violence in the same period.\r\n","_input_hash":1528227092,"_task_hash":-1968381784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"India and Bangladesh were hit especially hard, with over a million people, respectively, forced to evacuate due to a natural disaster or climate event.\r\n","_input_hash":1370195664,"_task_hash":-553746241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In situations like Cyclone Fani, for example, one of the strongest storms to hit the Indian subcontinent in nearly two decades, governments were able to take early action to protect and evacuate communities.\r\n","_input_hash":1158288569,"_task_hash":-785640863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Here are the climate-related disasters that caused the most displacement during the first half of 2019.\r\n","_input_hash":-222018501,"_task_hash":647239782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fani was the strongest tropical storm to hit the region of Odisha since 1999, when the Odisha Cyclone killed over 15,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-1937941758,"_task_hash":2104323429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"the high number of people who evacuated ahead of the storm lead to a significantly lower death toll of 89.\r\n","_input_hash":999710548,"_task_hash":-1789304577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cyclone Idai hit Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Madagascar in March and killed more than 1,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-153260819,"_task_hash":-839346858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cyclone Idai was the deadliest storm ever to hit the southwest Indian Ocean basin.","_input_hash":-40366343,"_task_hash":1376425246,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was also responsible for the second-highest number of displacements in the first half of 2019: 617,000.\r\n","_input_hash":605254820,"_task_hash":1493111968,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding in Iran displaced half a million people in the spring.\r\n","_input_hash":1337958975,"_task_hash":2107113628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Iran saw some of the worst flooding it has experienced in two decades during the spring.","_input_hash":1767133361,"_task_hash":1819863072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The floods impacted 90% of the country and caused more than $2.5 billion in damages.\r\n","_input_hash":-343895390,"_task_hash":-83441403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavy and continuous rainfall caused landslides and flooding across various regions in the Philippines, displacing nearly 300,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-2034127674,"_task_hash":-1250434162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flash flooding between January 22 and February 3, caused by tropical depression Amang, led to an additional 106,000 new displacements in the Davao.\r\n","_input_hash":926100675,"_task_hash":921808409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The storm wound up shifting west and only caused category 1 level impacts for the region, significantly less than the category 3 results expected.","_input_hash":-1599352325,"_task_hash":1551169543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"shear prevented new thunderstorms from forming, according to NASA, preventing the most damaging storm impacts from hitting the ground.\r\n","_input_hash":-1204193500,"_task_hash":-1450328097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavy rains and flooding caused over 190,000 displacements across 38 districts of Ethiopia this May and early June.\r\n","_input_hash":163254649,"_task_hash":-126222846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ethiopia has extremely variant weather, with some areas prone to drought and others that see frequent flooding.","_input_hash":-475037647,"_task_hash":1902698661,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's, one of the most impacted areas of Ethiopia most impacted by the flooding, also struggles with diaspora due to violence.","_input_hash":-1766001545,"_task_hash":-1773361994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On June 17, a 6.0 magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan, China, displacing 80,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-1875080459,"_task_hash":-974607229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This year's earthquake killed 13 people and injured 199.","_input_hash":-472184362,"_task_hash":1567245159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Floods and landslides in the first four months of the year caused around 75,000 displacements in Bolivia.\r\n","_input_hash":-563994494,"_task_hash":269693225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The flooding was spurred by heavy rainfall due to El Ni\u00f1o that caused rivers to swell.","_input_hash":1916581926,"_task_hash":1521166600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Across South America, floods in the Amazon and Rio de la Plata basins displaced hundreds of thousands of people across Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.\r\n","_input_hash":-1410495287,"_task_hash":-1889849477,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Somalia, another 72,000 people were displaced in the first six months of this year because of a drought that has plagued the country since 2015.\r\n","_input_hash":-1331315358,"_task_hash":278781217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This isn't the first year that Ethiopia has struggled with drought.","_input_hash":-1953805269,"_task_hash":-438142887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The East Africa drought started noticeably impacting Ethiopia in 2015, the report states.\r\n","_input_hash":-1570586836,"_task_hash":-1900921312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many of the million-plus people who fled in 2016 and 2017 have struggled to find stability after evacuating.\r\n","_input_hash":931853981,"_task_hash":-932314052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Most believe that human activity, in particular the burning of fossil fuels and the resulting buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, have influenced this warming trend.","_input_hash":1183795109,"_task_hash":1608378174,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"This glacier used to be closer,\" Fagre declares as we crest a steep section, his glasses fogged from exertion.","_input_hash":-146229227,"_task_hash":1559820046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thawing permafrost has caused the ground to subside more than 15 feet (4.6 meters) in parts of Alaska.","_input_hash":-964124212,"_task_hash":-1880030021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the recent rate of global sea level rise has departed from the average rate of the past two to three thousand years and is rising more rapidly\u2014about one-tenth of an inch a year.","_input_hash":-2062632915,"_task_hash":-1875956888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A continuation or acceleration of that trend has the potential to cause striking changes in the world's coastlines.\r\n","_input_hash":-2108567133,"_task_hash":-1710309382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vulnerable to sea-level rise, Tuvalu, a small country in the South Pacific, has already begun formulating evacuation plans.","_input_hash":1380704305,"_task_hash":-805906506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The projected economic and humanitarian impacts on low-lying, densely populated, and desperately poor countries like Bangladesh are potentially catastrophic.","_input_hash":-1906297512,"_task_hash":1187996104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea level produces a cascade of effects.","_input_hash":1410989446,"_task_hash":1560014759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bruce Douglas, a coastal researcher at Florida International University, calculates that every inch (2.5 centimeters) of sea-level rise could result in eight feet (2.4 meters) of horizontal retreat of sandy beach shorelines due to erosion.","_input_hash":262494803,"_task_hash":1605836468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Nile Delta, where many of Egypt's crops are cultivated, widespread erosion and saltwater intrusion would be disastrous since the country contains little other arable land.\r\n","_input_hash":335149040,"_task_hash":-187842171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In some places marvels of human engineering worsen effects from rising seas in a warming world.","_input_hash":477193399,"_task_hash":723146237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rising sea level is not the only change Earth's oceans are undergoing.","_input_hash":-721736511,"_task_hash":102079065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Propelled mainly by prevailing winds and differences in water density, which changes with the temperature and salinity of the seawater, ocean currents are critical in cooling, warming, and watering the planet's terrestrial surfaces\u2014and in transferring heat from the Equator to the Poles.\r\n","_input_hash":1732015751,"_task_hash":-2103476483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He warns that too much change in ocean temperature and salinity could disrupt the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation enough to slow down or possibly halt the conveyor belt\u2014causing drastic climate changes in time spans as short as a decade.\r\n","_input_hash":-287618369,"_task_hash":2091220257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the fall and winter, when plants decay, they release greater quantities of CO2 through respiration and decay.","_input_hash":-1626518682,"_task_hash":343029250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"It is inconceivable to me that the increase would not have a significant effect on climate.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-461508922,"_task_hash":-2039184464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers long ago predicted that the most visible impacts from a globally warmer world would occur first at high latitudes: rising air and sea temperatures, earlier snowmelt, later ice freeze-up, reductions in sea ice, thawing permafrost, more erosion, increases in storm intensity.","_input_hash":91552938,"_task_hash":963118248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specifically, this report provides an assessment of the significant vulnerabilities from climate-related events in order to identify high risks to mission effectiveness on installations and to operations.","_input_hash":472168372,"_task_hash":80727307,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effects of a changing climate are a national security issue with potential impacts to Department of Defense (DoD or the Department) missions, operational plans, and installations.","_input_hash":1923891492,"_task_hash":705118824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To achieve these goals, DoD must be able to adapt current and future operations to address the impacts of a variety of threats and conditions, including those from weather and natural events.","_input_hash":-138342531,"_task_hash":-248123031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2022 Recurrent Flooding","_input_hash":-1328228611,"_task_hash":-1163238823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Desertification","_input_hash":214782603,"_task_hash":-1923721459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recurrent Flooding Drought Desertification Wildfires\r\n","_input_hash":-378963812,"_task_hash":706421412,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recurrent Flooding\r\nVulnerabilities to installations include coastal and riverine flooding.","_input_hash":1708104662,"_task_hash":-1174720970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coastal flooding may result from storm surge during severe weather events.","_input_hash":-1552850087,"_task_hash":1905944088,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over time, gradual sea level changes magnify the impacts of storm surge, and may eventually result in permanent inundation of property.","_input_hash":2014560701,"_task_hash":1069522974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing coverage of land from nuisance flooding during high tides, also called \u201csunny day\u201d flooding, is already affecting many coastal communities.\r\n","_input_hash":1844471531,"_task_hash":1315527033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Joint Base Langley-Eustis (JBLE-Langley AFB), Virginia, has experienced 14 inches in sea level rise since 1930 due to localized land subsidence and sea level rise.","_input_hash":-1097168900,"_task_hash":-1151673524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding at JBLE- Langley, with a mean sea level elevation of three feet, has become more frequent and severe.\r\n","_input_hash":1306245515,"_task_hash":-1330627802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Navy Base Coronado experiences isolated and flash flooding during tropical storm events, particularly in El Ni\u00f1o years.","_input_hash":2114975163,"_task_hash":-1475395106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The main installation reports worsening sea level rise and storm surge impacts that include access limitations and other logistic related impairments.\r\n","_input_hash":111167397,"_task_hash":1654225915,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sea level rise, land subsidence, and changing ocean currents have resulted in more frequent nuisance flooding and increased vulnerability to coastal storms.","_input_hash":-543467751,"_task_hash":-156852627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought\r\nDrought can negatively impact U.S. military installations in various ways, particularly in the Southwest.","_input_hash":-870055517,"_task_hash":-760448826,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, dry conditions from drought impact water supply in areas dependent on surface water.","_input_hash":702283907,"_task_hash":1229203937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, droughts dry out vegetation, increasing wildfire potential/severity.","_input_hash":973443050,"_task_hash":10348051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specific to military readiness, droughts can have broad implications for base infrastructure, impair testing activities, and along with increased temperature, can increase the number of black flag day prohibitions for testing and training.","_input_hash":1659775908,"_task_hash":-1285950057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought can contribute to heat- related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke, outlined by the U.S. Army Public Health Center.","_input_hash":404590858,"_task_hash":-1884302604,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Several DoD sites in the DC area (including Joint Base Anacostia Bolling, Joint Base Andrews, U.S. Naval Observatory/Naval Support Facility, and Washington Navy Yard) periodically experienced drought conditions \u2013extreme in 2002 and severe from 2002 through 2018.","_input_hash":2013062016,"_task_hash":-679018423,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, Naval Air Station Key West experienced drought in 2015 and 2011, ranging from extreme to severe, respectively.","_input_hash":-985596218,"_task_hash":831555548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drought conditions have caused significant reduction in soil moisture at several Air Force bases resulting in deep or wide cracks in the soil, at times leading to ruptured utility lines and cracked road surfaces.","_input_hash":1017545354,"_task_hash":-1367664314,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Desertification\r\nDesertification poses a number of challenges related to training and maneuvers.","_input_hash":1860701778,"_task_hash":519345007,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Desertification results in reductions in vegetation cover leading to increases in the amount of runoff from precipitation events.","_input_hash":1043588268,"_task_hash":-263458671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greater runoff contributes to:\r\n\u2022 higher erosion rates \u2022","_input_hash":1212249990,"_task_hash":-1645626990,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following rain, eroded soil may be less suitable for native vegetation, resulting in bare land or revegetation with non-native, weedy species.","_input_hash":682188953,"_task_hash":356686226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In cases where this results in the expansion of shrub-lands, this could affect the suitability of the landscape for military maneuvers and off-road use.","_input_hash":1928664357,"_task_hash":1261980881,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Army installations Camp Roberts in San Miguel, California, and White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico were identified as vulnerable to current and future desertification, which\r\n7\r\naccelerates erosion and increases soil fragility, possibly limiting future training and testing exercises.","_input_hash":1409855668,"_task_hash":510214938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air Force bases in western states, including Kirtland, Creech, Nellis, and Hill were also identified as vulnerable to current and future desertification.","_input_hash":1954809246,"_task_hash":1379662432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Due to routine training and testing activities that are significant ignition sources, wildfires are a constant concern on many military installations.","_input_hash":1552514833,"_task_hash":561742376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result, the DoD spends considerable resources on claims, asset loss, and suppression activities due to wildfire.","_input_hash":-115683603,"_task_hash":1706315669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While fire is a key ecological process with benefits for both sound land management and military capability development, other climatic factors including increased wind and drought can lead to an increased severity of wildfire activity.","_input_hash":2074721638,"_task_hash":549586386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This could result in infrastructure and testing/training impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":2063731360,"_task_hash":1607602288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Later determined to be due to live fire training, gusty winds and dry conditions allowed the fire to spread, reaching about 3,300 acres in size, destroying three homes, and causing the evacuation of 250 homes.\r\n","_input_hash":-316484142,"_task_hash":1579628398,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A wildfire in November 2017 burned 380 acres on Vandenberg Air Force Base in southern California.","_input_hash":-74799089,"_task_hash":420453362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While no structures were burned, the fire prompted evacuation of some personnel.","_input_hash":957928014,"_task_hash":-491291403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Soil strength, ground subsidence, and stability are primarily affected by the phase change of ground ice to water at or near 0\u00b0C and when the soil thermal regime changes (by human activity, infrastructure emplacement, or systemic shifts related to weather).","_input_hash":-1621304749,"_task_hash":55956813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such subsidence may be rapid and catastrophic (days), very slow and systematic (decades), or somewhere in between.","_input_hash":-537642868,"_task_hash":1391357437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, thawing permafrost exposes coasts to increased erosion.\r\n","_input_hash":1667582220,"_task_hash":2023577509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thermokarst, which is a type of landscape that results from thawing permafrost, increases wetland areas and creates more challenging terrain.","_input_hash":180424955,"_task_hash":-489120791,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Predicting where this phenomenon occurs and how permafrost might change is vital to maintaining training operations and assessing impending environmental management challenges.\r\n","_input_hash":-1436233105,"_task_hash":1590339776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR), rainy season flooding and drought/desertification are very important factors in mission execution on the continent.","_input_hash":1404276508,"_task_hash":-1077446233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding and earthquake-induced tsunamis in Indonesia contribute to instability in the Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM).","_input_hash":-897446900,"_task_hash":1030793912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At Naval Base Guam, recurrent flooding limits capacity for a number of operations and activities including Navy Expeditionary Forces Command Pacific, submarine squadrons, telecommunications, and a number of other specific tasks supporting mission execution.\r\n","_input_hash":362965154,"_task_hash":620139580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, recurrent flooding impacts operations and activities of contingency response groups at Andersen Air Force Base, as well as mobility response, communications, combat, and security forces squadrons.","_input_hash":-1317231964,"_task_hash":140851245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Examples include: emergency management training; construction/renovation of emergency operations centers and disaster relief warehouses; assistance with planning for disaster response and recovery; and country baseline assessments for vulnerabilities to disasters, including vulnerabilities from weather and climate impacts.","_input_hash":-709378953,"_task_hash":-3611667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate effects to the Department\u2019s training and testing are manifested in an increased number of suspended/delayed/cancelled outdoor training/testing events and increased operational health surveillance and health and safety risks to the Department\u2019s personnel.","_input_hash":-678371154,"_task_hash":359255348,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specifically, installations in the Southeast and Southwest lose significant training and testing time due to extreme heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-1922030923,"_task_hash":-372770073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate effects lead to increased maintenance/repair requirements for training/testing lands and associated infrastructure and equipment (e.g., roads, targets, buildings).","_input_hash":2144469925,"_task_hash":613623300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to the loss of use of training and test ranges, these impacts result in increased land management requirements due to stressed threatened/endangered species and related ecosystems on and adjacent to DoD installations.","_input_hash":-715067479,"_task_hash":579927572,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wildfires in the western United States affecting Vandenberg AFB and operations at the Western Range and Point Mugu Sea Range.\r\n","_input_hash":1562679408,"_task_hash":384950100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2022 Hurricanes resulting in damage to infrastructure and delays in training, testing programs, and space launches at Tyndall Air Force Base, at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Centers, and the Eastern Range.\r\n","_input_hash":-1957769459,"_task_hash":115300659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2022 Rising seawater wash-over and contamination of freshwater on atoll installations.\r\n","_input_hash":1483838323,"_task_hash":1700025108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To continue missions in the event of loss or damage to critical energy and water infrastructure, the Department uses the Mission Assurance process (DoD 3020.40, Mission Assurance Strategy) to plan and conduct mitigation and remediation actions to improve the resilience of critical assets and capabilities to reduce risk to critical missions.","_input_hash":1592587090,"_task_hash":-528436200,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2022 As mentioned earlier in this report, flooding at JBLE-Langley Air Force Base has become more frequent and severe.","_input_hash":920178373,"_task_hash":1180195440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Eglin and MacDill Air Force Bases in Florida partnered with local groups to address persistent coastal erosion around their installations.","_input_hash":1456859610,"_task_hash":543069651,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This initiative will improve upon the Navy\u2019s scientific data, facilitate assessment of various sea level rise (SLR) scenario impacts, and help identify sustainable infrastructure strategies to offset stressors from flooding, beach erosion, and loss of wetlands and habitat.\r\n","_input_hash":-1869344355,"_task_hash":-547146415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The greater Hampton Roads area is very vulnerable to flooding caused by rising sea levels and land subsidence.","_input_hash":-38330947,"_task_hash":1397478267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fort Hood, Texas, endured severe flash flooding in June 2016.","_input_hash":-1444110936,"_task_hash":-2122901364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A training exercise that involved a low river crossing resulted in the death of several soldiers.","_input_hash":-1026972613,"_task_hash":-1522568187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In response to drought risk, SERDP initiated a study to understand and assess environmental vulnerabilities on installations in the desert southwest.","_input_hash":-1773415312,"_task_hash":-1490243327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Permafrost degradation can impact soil, vegetation, buildings, roads, and airfields.","_input_hash":-322080485,"_task_hash":-736247980,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, together with the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory and Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, developed solutions for damage caused by thawing permafrost at Thule Air Base in Greenland.","_input_hash":-1959267311,"_task_hash":-1511770576,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Planners must consider the impacts of drought and desertification as high potential instability areas and how these two hazards impact bases and missions.","_input_hash":1300243822,"_task_hash":1131592780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This report represents a high-level assessment of the vulnerability of DoD installations to five climate/weather impacts: recurrent flooding, drought, desertification, wildfires, and thawing permafrost.","_input_hash":-459670930,"_task_hash":38701155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some impacts are closely related or intensify the effects of each other (e.g., drought, desertification, wildfire), whereas others are somewhat related (e.g., coastal flooding driven by changing sea level can impact river conveyance, compounding riverine flood levels for tidally- influenced rivers).","_input_hash":-121401121,"_task_hash":1177446879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Taken together, however, these impacts help describe the overall vulnerabilities to DoD installations from changing future conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":-167025033,"_task_hash":651758694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About one-half are vulnerable to wildfires.","_input_hash":-646328553,"_task_hash":314878831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is important to note that areas subject to wildfire may then experience serious mudslides or erosion when rains follow fires.","_input_hash":-804782212,"_task_hash":1419414378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not surprisingly, impacts vary by region for coastal flooding, with greater impacts to the East coast and Hawaii than the West coast.","_input_hash":-917185494,"_task_hash":876606257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wildfire and recurrent flooding impacts are the most widely dispersed.\r\n","_input_hash":1187842431,"_task_hash":1480384235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Seven installations not currently vulnerable to impacts from recurrent flooding were estimated to be vulnerable in the future.","_input_hash":1925193173,"_task_hash":-589601156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the site did not experience flooding, flooding in the local area caused temporary loss of commercial water supply to the site.\r\n","_input_hash":-2025994940,"_task_hash":487878428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Part of the surge in interest can be attributed to what Hitchcox calls the \u201clarge charismatic birds\u201d like the ospreys and bald eagles.","_input_hash":836446554,"_task_hash":-1286517710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Once near extinction due to the widespread use of the now-banned insecticide DDT, which caused severe thinning of the large birds\u2019 eggshells, sightings of those species are now commonplace as they hunt for fish along Maine\u2019s coast and rivers.\r\n","_input_hash":-246165273,"_task_hash":-559458100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is the world we live in: Punishing heat waves, catastrophic floods, huge fires and climate conditions so uncertain that children took to the streets en masse in global protests to demand action.\r\n","_input_hash":-693995738,"_task_hash":-1390884549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United Nations secretary general, Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, expects around 60 countries to announce what he called new \u201cconcrete\u201d plans to reduce emissions and help the world\u2019s most vulnerable cope with the fallout from global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-307596009,"_task_hash":-2048559769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The latest report by a United Nations-backed scientific panel, meanwhile, projected that if emissions continue to rise at their current pace, by 2040, the world could face inundated coastlines, intensifying droughts and food insecurity.","_input_hash":-969904223,"_task_hash":1079826800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And so the outcry, Mr. Gerrard said, may well fall on \u201cintentionally closed ears.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1764624931,"_task_hash":-1998562047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cold, clear waters from melting","_input_hash":-782398820,"_task_hash":552619407,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While farming, logging and especially the commercial harvest of salmon in the early 20th century all took a toll, the single greatest impact on wild fish comes from eight large dams \u2014 four on the Columbia and four on the Snake River, a major tributary.\r\n","_input_hash":-2095324813,"_task_hash":-71153608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the dams raise water temperatures and block travel migration routes, increasing fish mortality.\r\n","_input_hash":-482978133,"_task_hash":-1152587437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The massive efforts have not stemmed the decline, despite the fact that more than $16 billion has been spent on recovery over the last several decades.\r\n","_input_hash":-2115667523,"_task_hash":1964934180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Federal officials just announced that the marine heat wave has returned this year.\r\n","_input_hash":1317986594,"_task_hash":-1195662940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the waters of the Pacific along the West Coast have experienced unusual warming \u2014 the so-called blob \u2014 which reduces the available food supply.\r\n","_input_hash":905829278,"_task_hash":1337399721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is not just orcas that are suffering because of the decline of salmon.","_input_hash":1602848535,"_task_hash":34533219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"That was followed by laughter and applause.","_input_hash":-127591460,"_task_hash":2033097692,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the Trump administration has rolled back a host of environmental regulations that were meant to curb greenhouse gas emissions from automobile tailpipes, coal plants and oil and gas wells.\r\n","_input_hash":-392783558,"_task_hash":1182766776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Russia announced that it would ratify the Paris Agreement, but nothing more about how to cut emissions from its sprawling state-owned petroleum industry.\r\n","_input_hash":-1128975111,"_task_hash":1026284429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Is it common sense to reward pollution that kills millions with dirty air and makes it dangerous for people in cities around the world to sometimes even venture out of their homes?\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1269961042,"_task_hash":1584615407,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies show that if emissions continue to rise at their current pace, the number of people needing humanitarian aid as a result of natural disasters could double by 2050.","_input_hash":-1523135237,"_task_hash":-1811700396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Tropical Storm Karen began to drench Puerto Rico on Tuesday with heavy rain that is forecast to continue on Wednesday and could cause flash flooding and mudslides.\r\n","_input_hash":651455708,"_task_hash":-1914244373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Puerto Ricans\u2019 nerves had been jangled by a magnitude 6.0 earthquake that rattled the island on Monday night.","_input_hash":1776674570,"_task_hash":-177014394,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The quake hit at 11:23 p.m. local time, striking 49 miles off the northwest coast, the United States Geological Survey said, and was followed by a series of smaller aftershocks, including at least two on Tuesday night that unnerved people again.\r\n","_input_hash":-1662992836,"_task_hash":1859982804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Elmer Rom\u00e1n, Puerto Rico\u2019s secretary of public safety, said there were no reports of injuries or any significant damage.","_input_hash":-1295333363,"_task_hash":-639201096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricane Dorian, this season\u2019s only major storm so far, mostly spared the island.\r\n","_input_hash":1644792838,"_task_hash":325236809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combination of Karen and the lingering effects of Hurricane Maria was already posing logistical problems.\r\n","_input_hash":850708382,"_task_hash":-1925688390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cTropical storms can create a lot of havoc.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1243896992,"_task_hash":234527664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Isolated areas, especially in Puerto Rico\u2019s central mountainous region, could get up to 10 inches of rain.","_input_hash":209084240,"_task_hash":-884691977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Those conditions could create life-threatening mudslides, meteorologists warned.\r\n","_input_hash":-765478165,"_task_hash":758305860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Outages blamed on electrical storms were reported in several parts of the island on Tuesday afternoon.","_input_hash":1789401616,"_task_hash":562971327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The public power utility is better prepared to respond to any possible outages than it was during Hurricane Maria in 2017, the governor said.\r\n","_input_hash":972630816,"_task_hash":-1435751167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This year, 12 storms have been named, four have become hurricanes and one, Dorian, became a Category 5, wreaking catastrophic devastation in the Bahamas.\r\n","_input_hash":-44971591,"_task_hash":-773095689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The catastrophic effects of climate change are already visible around the world.","_input_hash":-921872401,"_task_hash":865250877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From blistering heatwaves in North America to typhoons in south-east Asia and droughts in Africa and Australia, no country or community is immune.","_input_hash":985716109,"_task_hash":838395533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These events damage infrastructure and private property, negatively affect health, decrease productivity and destroy wealth.","_input_hash":-634313537,"_task_hash":137025193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The enormous human and financial costs of climate change are having a devastating effect on our collective wellbeing.\r\n","_input_hash":-1055849639,"_task_hash":-1623312024,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Catalysed by the Paris agreement, governments around the world are putting policies in place to limit the global rise in temperatures to 2C, and preferably as close to 1.5C as possible.","_input_hash":-1342749274,"_task_hash":-2009170824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Supervisors are encouraged to set expectations to ensure financial firms are adequately addressing the financial risks from climate change, including by conducting scenario analysis to assess their strategic resilience to climate change policy.","_input_hash":-370457865,"_task_hash":-475234887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"First, to support the market and regulators in adequately assessing the risks and opportunities from climate change, robust and internationally consistent disclosure is vital.","_input_hash":876638307,"_task_hash":-1321077142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The stakes are undoubtedly high, but the commitment of all actors in the financial system to act on these recommendations will help avoid a climate-driven \u201cMinsky moment\u201d \u2013 the term we use to refer to a sudden collapse in asset prices.\r\n","_input_hash":-633549084,"_task_hash":761532503,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Climate change causes and impacts are increasing rather than slowing down.","_input_hash":-1728146550,"_task_hash":1363790872,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea level rise has accelerated and we are concerned that an abrupt decline in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, which will exacerbate future rise.","_input_hash":-1818120281,"_task_hash":1407018456,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As we have seen this year with tragic effect in the Bahamas and Mozambique, sea level rise and intense tropical storms led to humanitarian and economic catastrophes.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1141209873,"_task_hash":-1627506254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To stop a global temperature rise of more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and meet the goals of the 2015 Paris climate agreement, countries must triple climate emission cut targets, the report warns.\r\n","_input_hash":283367935,"_task_hash":993658024,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Accelerating climate impacts from melting ice caps to sea-level rise and extreme weather are responsible for the warming, researchers say, with the global average temperature increasing 1.1","_input_hash":-1497645601,"_task_hash":-154010001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} From 06dc58a3b5867922909142fa354688e2052a85ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kameron Rodrigues Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2022 18:32:39 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 9/9] Removed dataset --- ...04bf02d9-d2cb-4c24-9775-f0bd06e0ba7f.jsonl | 4319 ----------------- 1 file changed, 4319 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 utils/database_download/dataset_downloads/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.04bf02d9-d2cb-4c24-9775-f0bd06e0ba7f.jsonl diff --git a/utils/database_download/dataset_downloads/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.04bf02d9-d2cb-4c24-9775-f0bd06e0ba7f.jsonl b/utils/database_download/dataset_downloads/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.04bf02d9-d2cb-4c24-9775-f0bd06e0ba7f.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index df0c4fe..0000000 --- a/utils/database_download/dataset_downloads/cm_cause_effect_rel_download.04bf02d9-d2cb-4c24-9775-f0bd06e0ba7f.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4319 +0,0 @@ -{"text":"The Earth rotates about its axis once a day, but it does not do so uniformly.","_input_hash":-139850481,"_task_hash":692144583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Anthony","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Instead, the rate of rotation varies by up to a millisecond per day.","_input_hash":1863220239,"_task_hash":766818894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Anthony","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Like a spinning ice skater whose speed of rotation increases as the skater\u2019s arms are brought closer to their body, the speed of the Earth\u2019s rotation will increase if its mass is brought closer to its axis of rotation.","_input_hash":-502086775,"_task_hash":1485400248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Conversely, the speed of the Earth\u2019s rotation will decrease if its mass is moved away from the rotation axis.","_input_hash":1081256077,"_task_hash":-2060458065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting land ice, like mountain glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, will change the Earth\u2019s rotation only if the meltwater flows into the oceans.","_input_hash":-2018217686,"_task_hash":1643641985,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If the meltwater remains close to its source (by being trapped in a glacier lake, for example), then there is no net movement of mass away from the glacier or ice sheet, and the Earth\u2019s rotation won\u2019t change.","_input_hash":659556373,"_task_hash":2144552449,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But if the meltwater flows into the oceans and is dispersed, then there is a net movement of mass and the Earth\u2019s rotation will change.","_input_hash":859819278,"_task_hash":-87455070,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, if the Greenland ice sheet were to completely melt and the meltwater were to completely flow into the oceans, then global sea level would rise by about seven meters (23 feet) and the Earth would rotate more slowly, with the length of the day becoming longer than it is today, by about two milliseconds.","_input_hash":-1744785319,"_task_hash":30993403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting sea ice, such as the Arctic ice cap, does not change sea level because the ice displaces its volume and, hence, does not change the Earth\u2019s rotation.","_input_hash":676289388,"_task_hash":-12757137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)About a billion more people might be exposed to mosquito borne diseases as temperatures continue to rise with climate change, according to a new study.","_input_hash":867799289,"_task_hash":333575504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the planet gets warmer, scientists say, diseases like Zika, chikungunya and dengue will continue spreading farther north.","_input_hash":348456287,"_task_hash":287822701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors of the new study, published Thursday in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, created a model that includes data on predicted temperature changes and the known range of the day biting, disease carrying mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.","_input_hash":-445590841,"_task_hash":1832011353,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Europe will probably see some of the biggest increases in diseases from both of these species, the researchers say.","_input_hash":-1081773020,"_task_hash":1492775842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United States, East Asia, high elevation parts of central America, East Africa and Canada will also see large increases in risk for these diseases.","_input_hash":2096435631,"_task_hash":-1778634263,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The much warmer climates in Southeast Asia and West Africa will not be as suitable for the albopictus species.","_input_hash":928772068,"_task_hash":60991973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This study complements previous work on the link between climate change and bugs, well, bugging us to death.","_input_hash":-1011075709,"_task_hash":1143371693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Fourth National Climate Assessment, published by the US government in November, suggested that North America could see some of the largest increases in disease.","_input_hash":-469420643,"_task_hash":1351054663,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other reports have suggested that climate change could \"halt and reverse\" progress in human health over the past century.","_input_hash":1784297702,"_task_hash":1494679230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The cases of disease caused by mosquitoes have been increasing.","_input_hash":644134913,"_task_hash":1916271580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study in May found that tick and mosquito borne diseases have more than tripled since 2004 in the United States.","_input_hash":-45598741,"_task_hash":1782710216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"About a sixth of the illnesses and disability cases worldwide come from these conditions, according to the World Health Organization; every year, a billion people are infected and more than a million die from them.","_input_hash":1833558544,"_task_hash":902693029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The new study found that the number of people who will be at risk for these diseases in any month of the year will increase substantially by 2050, by about half a billion.","_input_hash":320356377,"_task_hash":1703098318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By 2080, the number of people at risk in one or more months increases to nearly a billion more than currently expected.","_input_hash":822626406,"_task_hash":1996630465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This model we created is a really large planning tool,\" said lead study author Sadie Ryan, an associate professor of medical geography at the University of Florida.","_input_hash":-211531457,"_task_hash":815923208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She hopes officials will use the work to anticipate problems so they can budget and plan to keep the bugs at bay, as such planning has worked well in the past.","_input_hash":-1765317665,"_task_hash":1645482400,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"If you think about why we don't have malaria in the US now, [it] is because we had incredibly successful vector control,\" Ryan said.","_input_hash":714318493,"_task_hash":139685350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We have these tools, but we have to want to use them.\"","_input_hash":2131849818,"_task_hash":-1061706646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ryan cautioned that countries in South and Central America had mostly gotten rid of Aedes aegypti by the 1970s.","_input_hash":-1011734141,"_task_hash":-1184197954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their vector control effort was \"so efficient.","_input_hash":-105216448,"_task_hash":-655141628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then we stopped funding it as well, and then it came roaring back in the '80s.","_input_hash":-2065308662,"_task_hash":-500633789,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" The study is \"provocative\" and \"well worth paying attention to,\" said Dr. Myron Cohen, a professor and director of the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.","_input_hash":-1859629830,"_task_hash":58184679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cohen was not involved in the study but has worked on research involving mosquito borne diseases such as Zika.","_input_hash":989445476,"_task_hash":-1663799166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The important question, he says, is whether politicians and policy makers the ones who will need to make the changes to slow climate change and prepare for its consequences see studies like this and act.","_input_hash":594375275,"_task_hash":-882627305,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If Florida, for instance, is going to see a lot of dengue, they're going to need to be better prepared, and if the southern US is going to suffer more dengue, that would be bad,\" Cohen said.","_input_hash":1013900646,"_task_hash":-1874164235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Information like this is very interesting and very important.","_input_hash":-1938014178,"_task_hash":-27864935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We hope politicians and policy makers will get this and act on this concern.\"","_input_hash":1668700728,"_task_hash":341038568,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This article was created in partnership with the National Geographic Society.","_input_hash":-1988442025,"_task_hash":1679295057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaCoal is everywhere in Mongolia\u2019s frigid capital.","_input_hash":580873164,"_task_hash":-181498779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It sits beneath the towering smokestacks of power plants in piles as big as football fields.","_input_hash":-1703882896,"_task_hash":414171409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drivers haul it through town in the open beds of pickup trucks.","_input_hash":-1962416112,"_task_hash":945323609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vendors stack yellow bags of the stuff along roadsides, and jagged pieces spill from metal buckets in the round felt yurts where the poorest families burn it to keep out the bitter cold.","_input_hash":1398806200,"_task_hash":-1013231439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The smoke in Ulaanbaatar is at times so thick that people and buildings are visible only in outline.","_input_hash":82493599,"_task_hash":-592386850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its smell is acrid and inescapable.","_input_hash":1502017465,"_task_hash":504963239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The sooty air stings throats and wafts into the gleaming modern office buildings in the center of town and into the blocky, Soviet style apartment towers that sprawl toward the mountains on the city\u2019s edges.","_input_hash":1705717415,"_task_hash":617797531,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On bad days, handheld pollution monitors max out, as readings soar dozens of times beyond recommended limits.","_input_hash":2078308519,"_task_hash":-793221059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Levels of the tiniest and most dangerous airborne particles, known as PM 2.5, once hit 133 times the World Health Organization\u2019s suggested maximum.","_input_hash":1874677818,"_task_hash":2091895301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mongolia\u2019s pollution problem is a more severe version of one playing out around the world.","_input_hash":1923506704,"_task_hash":-1760847084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From the United States and Germany to India and China, air pollution cuts short an estimated 7 million lives globally every year.","_input_hash":728282149,"_task_hash":-1427059305,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coal is one of the major causes of dirty air\u2014and of climate change.","_input_hash":450570652,"_task_hash":2043584057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Mongolia, at least for now, coal is essential to surviving the brutal winters.","_input_hash":-136992658,"_task_hash":-1645423697,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the toll it takes is steep.","_input_hash":-495995880,"_task_hash":88314232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI no longer know what a healthy lung sounds like\u201d This winter authorities closed the capital\u2019s schools for two full months, from mid December to mid February, in a desperate attempt to shield children from the toxic air.","_input_hash":1449126205,"_task_hash":-1817839723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s unclear how effective that measure is.","_input_hash":-1800445401,"_task_hash":-1076379306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hospitals are stretched far beyond capacity, as pneumonia cases, particularly among the youngest, spike every winter.","_input_hash":-943453111,"_task_hash":1183406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI no longer know what a healthy lung sounds like,\u201d says Ganjargal Demberel, a doctor who makes house calls in a neighborhood of yurts\u2014known in Mongolia as gers\u2014tucked into the jagged brown hills in the city\u2019s northeastern corner.","_input_hash":1177627756,"_task_hash":-492721223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEverybody has bronchitis or some other problem, especially during winter.\u201d","_input_hash":-1454089763,"_task_hash":-1945236749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One of Dr. Ganjargal\u2019s patients is Gal Erdene Sumiya, a shaggy haired seven month old who, when I meet him, is just getting over pneumonia.","_input_hash":-1641271351,"_task_hash":1596919503,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI can\u2019t bring him outside to get any air, because it\u2019s so polluted,\u201d says his mother, Selengesaikhan Oyundelger.","_input_hash":-958131695,"_task_hash":-148717075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She keeps her older children inside almost all the time too.","_input_hash":-825373995,"_task_hash":1720630602,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A patterned pink cloth covers the walls of the family\u2019s ger, and the wooden poles that support its round roof are brightly painted, creating a living space that\u2019s cozy and intimate.","_input_hash":106144301,"_task_hash":-608203111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A small stove keeps it warm as Selengesaikhan rolls out dough for mutton dumplings.","_input_hash":-536112068,"_task_hash":1116126176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She says the other mothers she met when her son was hospitalized talked about pollution incessantly: \u201cThey were saying they had no confidence in the future of this country.\u201d","_input_hash":-2009793994,"_task_hash":-1086752929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ger districts like hers, a mix of the traditional round tents and simple wood or brick houses, are home mostly to migrants from the countryside, former herders who have come to the capital seeking jobs and education.","_input_hash":751557031,"_task_hash":1328874895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because they lack the infrastructure available to apartment dwellers\u2014reliable electricity and district heating systems, as well as water and sanitation\u2014residents shovel coal into small stoves for warmth.","_input_hash":-1392454378,"_task_hash":-859924797,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A single family easily burns two tons or more each winter.","_input_hash":-1414039224,"_task_hash":-920226196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Smoke floats from the metal chimneys that poke up from every tent and house, and the ger districts are among the city\u2019s most polluted.","_input_hash":-1998555305,"_task_hash":1060902843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But bigger polluters darken Ulaanbaatar\u2019s air as well.","_input_hash":-108391411,"_task_hash":547975356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Huge black plumes waft from power plants, and smoke drifts too from the chimneys of apartment buildings, supermarkets, and schools where maintenance men heap coal into big boilers.","_input_hash":80431259,"_task_hash":583334645,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The blanket of foul air that engulfs this city for half the year is both a profound threat to its people\u2019s health and a symptom of a much wider set of failures.","_input_hash":2006519005,"_task_hash":691644593,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Almost 30 years after it ended decades of isolation, rejected communism, and became a democracy, Mongolia remains a nation in transition.","_input_hash":555298779,"_task_hash":1477365424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It has opened its rich mineral wealth to foreign mining companies that extract gold, copper\u2014and, of course, coal\u2014from the Gobi Desert.","_input_hash":-1528469176,"_task_hash":-1687846582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cold Place, Deadly Smog Nestled in a narrow valley, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia\u2019s capital, is home to nearly 1.5 million people and has some of the worst air pollution in the world\u2014especially in winter, when many homes are heated by coal stoves.","_input_hash":2050548385,"_task_hash":-225361385,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Levels of fine soot particles (PM2.5)\u2014the most dangerous type of air pollution\u2014can rise to more than 20 times the World Health Organization\u2019s safe limit.","_input_hash":-1817867134,"_task_hash":1759841720,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mountains trap air pollution","_input_hash":1150675646,"_task_hash":-13758790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In winter, cold, polluted air is trapped near the ground by an inversion: a layer of warmer air above that prevents the dispersion of pollutants.","_input_hash":-453332028,"_task_hash":1240207812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 10 most polluted capitals in 2018 Annual average levels of PM2.5, in micrograms per cubic meter (\u00b5g/m\u00b3)","_input_hash":-1275630281,"_task_hash":1770932510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Monthly PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar Death rate from air pollution (per 100,000 people)","_input_hash":-1315063593,"_task_hash":614430696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As environmental and economic changes have made the old nomadic way of life more tenuous, Ulaanbaatar\u2019s leaders have failed to plan for the mass migration to the capital of rural families who are no longer able to eke out a living tending livestock on the high, windswept steppe.","_input_hash":-131704337,"_task_hash":1747398364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mongolia is a nation of three million people inhabiting a space almost triple that of France\u2014but nearly half are now crowded into its ever more polluted capital.","_input_hash":-143145821,"_task_hash":406549598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI feel so guilty\u201d Purevkhuu Tserendorj\u2019s family didn\u2019t migrate from the countryside; they returned to Ulaanbaatar in 2015 from Los Angeles, where she and her husband had been studying.","_input_hash":-425783206,"_task_hash":-770437729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They felt the pollution\u2019s effects immediately.","_input_hash":-1216847846,"_task_hash":1029060765,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their younger son was a newborn then, and he started coughing only a few days after they landed.","_input_hash":-2085400083,"_task_hash":-1605572800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Before long, he had pneumonia.","_input_hash":-1737197724,"_task_hash":-833219392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Her friends told her their children got it several times a year, and soon her two boys did too.","_input_hash":-814702025,"_task_hash":975906179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s normal in Mongolia,\u201d says Purevkhuu, a former television journalist.","_input_hash":-1993442643,"_task_hash":1105457563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But she wasn\u2019t prepared to accept such a serious illness as routine.","_input_hash":1827231336,"_task_hash":1924855143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So on Facebook she called for angry parents to gather on Sukhbaatar Square, where a statue of Genghis Khan sits in front of the imposing marble parliament building.","_input_hash":1790057066,"_task_hash":1959523146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It was December 2016, with temperatures below zero Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":899198793,"_task_hash":-1823346612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe mothers couldn\u2019t feel their feet and fingers,\u201d Purvekhuu recalls.","_input_hash":-612737546,"_task_hash":1414692331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The movement that began that day has grown, but its founder is grappling with an awful dilemma.","_input_hash":1635580065,"_task_hash":41373716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Her older son, now five, endured eye cancer as a baby in L.A.","_input_hash":-1062662699,"_task_hash":936126080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To protect his health, she and her husband sent him to live temporarily with his grandparents in Washington, D.C., and it\u2019s agonizing to be so far apart.","_input_hash":1571813930,"_task_hash":1350205523,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEvery morning I wake up missing, dreaming about him,\u201d Purvekhuu says.","_input_hash":-1033200435,"_task_hash":-1422039738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The family is thinking of returning to America.","_input_hash":367420579,"_task_hash":273898087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But Purevkhuu has become the face of air quality activism in Mongolia, so she fears the government will let pollution get even worse if she leaves.","_input_hash":-335410692,"_task_hash":-1043536083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Staying is hard to contemplate too: \u201cI feel so guilty\u201d about living in Ulaanbaatar, she says.","_input_hash":-2010882214,"_task_hash":256110048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt affects my children very badly.\u201d","_input_hash":-1949673252,"_task_hash":-1559354965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Alex Heikens, UNICEF\u2019s Mongolia representative, believes the air pollution here \u201cis more than a public health crisis.\u201d","_input_hash":-1240172618,"_task_hash":-1303741174,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He sees it as a long term threat to the nation\u2019s well being, scarring lungs permanently, impairing children\u2019s brain development and endangering future productivity.","_input_hash":708280940,"_task_hash":318644411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cEven if we would stop the pollution now, we go down to zero today, many of these problems are already built into the health of the population,\u201d he says.","_input_hash":-1993411366,"_task_hash":1461035355,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even inside schools and hospitals, Heikens says, pollution levels are off the charts.","_input_hash":497101059,"_task_hash":238773588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn the maternity wards, a baby is born: First breath of air is 600 micrograms per cubic meter PM2.5\u201d\u201424 times the acceptable level.","_input_hash":1158470515,"_task_hash":-768239066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThat\u2019s not a good start of your life.\u201d","_input_hash":1399124886,"_task_hash":-306245244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe will not receive you\u201d So far, the official response has been ineffectual, and many Mongolians have begun to see it through a wider lens.","_input_hash":-1649884321,"_task_hash":-346458883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.","_input_hash":745957700,"_task_hash":-1704934654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The word Manan is a mashup of the two main parties\u2019 names, and critics use it to imply that there\u2019s little difference between them, that both sides put personal interests first.","_input_hash":-972244442,"_task_hash":1945745253,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The word also means \u201cfog,\u201d so it alludes to the lack of transparency that hides official misdeeds.","_input_hash":216594243,"_task_hash":-712921925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And these days, Manan also refers to the unnatural fog of pollution.","_input_hash":-1746413696,"_task_hash":-367965810,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That fog, says economist Jargal Dambadarjaa, \u201cis becoming thicker and thicker.\u201d","_input_hash":1697315126,"_task_hash":1637710751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Politicians \u201care not serving the people they\u2019re supposed to serve.","_input_hash":-1385556269,"_task_hash":1782085803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead they\u2019re serving the people who are financing them.\u201d","_input_hash":1648608970,"_task_hash":-498293526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But now Mongolians are getting mad.","_input_hash":347588353,"_task_hash":520535631,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI hope very much that we will clean the house relatively shortly.\u201d","_input_hash":1081429305,"_task_hash":305477887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When it comes to pollution, experts say the remedy should start with providing better services to the ger districts, whose residents are both a big cause and the worst victims of pollution.","_input_hash":-399699711,"_task_hash":278459003,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One study found ger district children had lung capacity 40 percent smaller than kids in the countryside\u2014a red flag for long term health problems.","_input_hash":993910040,"_task_hash":1059821410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the ger districts have grown rapidly in recent years, they have been part of Ulaanbaatar for decades, and officials have neglected to provide even basic infrastructure.","_input_hash":-1911931601,"_task_hash":427941725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ger families have enough electricity for light bulbs and a few appliances, but neither grid connections nor the city\u2019s power supply are sufficient for them to switch to electric heating.","_input_hash":-1262416043,"_task_hash":-1025799343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although most of Mongolia\u2019s electricity comes from coal, at least big plants can be regulated, and their smoke treated, says Regdel Duger, president of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences.","_input_hash":423360734,"_task_hash":-1388484612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Insulating gers could halve the energy needed to heat each one, he added.","_input_hash":-1274412926,"_task_hash":-1060068017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He recommended the government provide loans to help ger owners fund such improvements.","_input_hash":-611811570,"_task_hash":-1262745582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recently, officials have sought to limit the ger districts\u2019 growth by temporarily barring new migrants from coming to the city unless they can afford to buy or rent a home.","_input_hash":-1740719279,"_task_hash":-1348631079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf you are going to move into the ger district and add more stoves,\u201d says Deputy Mayor Batbayasgalan Jantsan, \u201cthen I\u2019m","_input_hash":845619112,"_task_hash":1042878300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"sorry, we will not receive you.\u201d","_input_hash":1167836888,"_task_hash":-1341270490,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Officials may introduce a fee for new arrivals when the migration ban expires, he said.","_input_hash":-2021303449,"_task_hash":207345489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many migrants, though, simply come illegally.","_input_hash":1890420490,"_task_hash":-1321238061,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The forces driving Mongolia\u2019s urbanization are powerful.","_input_hash":1982677065,"_task_hash":-184165207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Young people are pulled to the capital, as to cities around the world, by the prospect of jobs or better schooling.","_input_hash":1875386439,"_task_hash":-1936946080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Mongolia\u2019s nomads are also being pushed off the land, as mining accelerates desertification of grasslands, through the mines\u2019 heavy groundwater use and destruction of vegetation.","_input_hash":-337386583,"_task_hash":1576018495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Meanwhile climate change is increasing the frequency of the one two punch of harsh weather known as the dzud: a dry summer followed by an even colder than normal winter.","_input_hash":-266780680,"_task_hash":-1194912167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That decimates livestock and livelihoods.","_input_hash":-551045576,"_task_hash":1860643630,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even goats add to the trouble: Herders raise them for lucrative cashmere, but unlike camels, horses, and cows, they rip up plants by the roots, degrading pastures and ensnaring their owners in debt.","_input_hash":-968423170,"_task_hash":-792058319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThey\u2019re stuck in that box\u201d Beyond efforts to curb migration, the government is also planning a shift to a higher grade coal, barring the dirtiest grade of the fuel from entering the city starting in","_input_hash":-354094031,"_task_hash":-1314007042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"May. Tsogtbaatar Byambaa, a Ministry of Health official, expects that to help, but he knows there is far more to do.","_input_hash":199626905,"_task_hash":842353010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe magnitude of this issue is here,\u201d he says, raising one hand high.","_input_hash":1044301284,"_task_hash":1907112781,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat we might be doing is here,\u201d gesturing lower with the other.","_input_hash":864629202,"_task_hash":-59545723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe need to bring those closer.\u201d","_input_hash":335450374,"_task_hash":591833633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Much of the low grade coal that fills Ulaanbaatar\u2019s stoves, and that the government is outlawing, comes from Nalaikh, on the outskirts of the city.","_input_hash":-615225852,"_task_hash":-1694831596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A state owned company ran mining operations there until it collapsed in the 1990s.","_input_hash":-1022128749,"_task_hash":1465780874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now locals work the dozens of informal, unregulated holes that pock the landscape beneath the hulking shells of abandoned buildings.","_input_hash":-701878484,"_task_hash":237382988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Muhammad Ashimset is only 18, but he\u2019s been doing 12 hour shifts underground for three years.","_input_hash":-1239278758,"_task_hash":179866629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each morning, he climbs into a battered metal bucket the size and shape of a bathtub, and as the cable holding it unspools, slides down a 200 foot deep shaft.","_input_hash":-862529919,"_task_hash":-215275629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He and his co workers send the big bucket up full, and crews shovel the coal into pickup trucks bound for the city.","_input_hash":216005974,"_task_hash":-1601970199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Soon that trade will end\u2014legally, anyway.","_input_hash":887833064,"_task_hash":-2057636461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the warm ger where the miners shelter from the bitter wind during breaks, they say they hope there will be new jobs for them if these mines are forced to close when the law requiring higher grade coal kicks in.","_input_hash":-57168660,"_task_hash":-1985297044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As another dust covered miner pours salty milk tea into plastic bowls, Murat Ahambek says he understands the rationale behind that rule.","_input_hash":-1546034941,"_task_hash":-480886928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After all, his family feels the effects of air pollution too.","_input_hash":-463904770,"_task_hash":1070599185,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMy wife and my daughter, when they go home in the evening, they constantly cough,\u201d he says.","_input_hash":1376266536,"_task_hash":1379062965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many observers, though, doubt the move to refined coal will ease such symptoms.","_input_hash":-1892467172,"_task_hash":-1453080213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sukhgerel Dugersuren, chair of a mining oversight group called Oyu Tolgoi Watch, says it\u2019s long past time for Mongolia to shift away from coal altogether, not just to slightly better coal.","_input_hash":1613227458,"_task_hash":-512397803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But she sees little sign of the political will to make that happen.","_input_hash":-1762674216,"_task_hash":-69031464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere is reluctance to take on new things, or maybe just no capacity,\u201d she says of government officials who are invested\u2014both financially and intellectually\u2014in the toxic fuel, and uninterested in renewable energy, despite Mongolia\u2019s rich resources of wind and sunshine.","_input_hash":-54936885,"_task_hash":1468375797,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe people are old, their education is old, the mentality.","_input_hash":-1565984497,"_task_hash":-1446934671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They\u2019re kind of stuck in that box.\u201d","_input_hash":-657504838,"_task_hash":1291046921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, she says, Chinese money is readily available to finance coal mines and power plants\u2014but not clean energy.","_input_hash":1165327299,"_task_hash":-1457012641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While China has invested heavily in renewable power at home, it remains dependent on coal and has been eager to tap Mongolia\u2019s rich resources.","_input_hash":-446926906,"_task_hash":1793959017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cUlaanbaatar is already suffocating from its coal use,\u201d Sukhgerel says, but she fears \u201cthe way the planning is going, there\u2019s going to be more [coal fired] power plants.","_input_hash":-794472118,"_task_hash":-832256592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There\u2019s going to be more coal burned here.\u201d","_input_hash":-1670893463,"_task_hash":-2136469546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beth Gardiner is a London based journalist and the author of Choked:","_input_hash":-989817343,"_task_hash":-560922451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution.","_input_hash":1532554567,"_task_hash":1547084031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Matthieu Paley is a photographer and frequent contributor to National Geographic.","_input_hash":1930135270,"_task_hash":-1826632296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Follow him on Instagram.","_input_hash":-1373177859,"_task_hash":243734570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In rural Honduras, farming has been many residents\u2019 livelihood for generations.","_input_hash":1475903093,"_task_hash":-1738559188,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But now, rising temperatures and declining rainfall are killing crops and jeopardizing the farmers\u2019 very survival.","_input_hash":1842203292,"_task_hash":37224612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Special correspondent Marcia Biggs and videographer Julia Galiano Rios explore how climate change affects these rural populations, driving them into urban areas and ultimately, even out of the country.","_input_hash":1293073933,"_task_hash":-851825520,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Read the Full Transcript Judy Woodruff: We return to our series on migration from Central America.","_input_hash":-1868815489,"_task_hash":1430200706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We brought you stories of violence and insecurity driving people towards the U.S., but there are economic reasons, too.","_input_hash":-1928753708,"_task_hash":-1318079100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Honduras, where agriculture sustains many people, long term drought, caused in part by climate change, is forcing many to leave.","_input_hash":-230328436,"_task_hash":-151539150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In tonight's report, produced in partnership with the Pulitzer Center, special correspondent Marcia Biggs and videographer Julia Galiano Rios traveled to Lempira state in far Western Honduras.","_input_hash":-761898818,"_task_hash":-1102285626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: It's a typical morning for Catalina Ayala, grinding corn to make the day's tortillas.","_input_hash":-545161611,"_task_hash":-459810619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It serves as daily bread here in rural Honduras, where families live off the land, growing corn, beans, and coffee.","_input_hash":-1269654056,"_task_hash":1281907749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Her husband, Alfredo, has been a corn farmer all his life.","_input_hash":1475398,"_task_hash":1939135498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But this is the last of the family's harvest.","_input_hash":757531530,"_task_hash":-1847475190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How much reserves of corn do you have?","_input_hash":2001143185,"_task_hash":-1436447225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs:","_input_hash":1106412778,"_task_hash":2088018938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo's one of almost four million people struggling to survive in what's called Central America's Dry Corridor, an area that stretches from Costa Rica to the Mexican border.","_input_hash":66404747,"_task_hash":698099804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Historically known for its irregular rainfall, it earned the nickname in 2009, after a drought killed over half the crops in the region.","_input_hash":-830608935,"_task_hash":1779498368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Accelerated by climate change, rainfall in the Western Honduras state of Lempira has fallen sharply in the last five years.","_input_hash":964402967,"_task_hash":-1286709712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's just all dead.","_input_hash":-910993167,"_task_hash":-2098758370,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo says, 10 years ago, he could harvest around 4,000 pounds of corn each season.","_input_hash":-298091078,"_task_hash":-505270792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now he says he's lucky if he gets around 500.","_input_hash":-1678987426,"_task_hash":-1361111062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He says he's lost over 90 percent of his crop, and what was left wasn't even enough to live on.","_input_hash":-1863184671,"_task_hash":879779789,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"OK, so he's saying that, when there is rain, when there is no crop \u2014 no drought, that the corn crop obviously is much bigger, much wider, the kernels are much bigger.","_input_hash":-286518346,"_task_hash":878162120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And they had to forgo planting them because of the drought.","_input_hash":1777360592,"_task_hash":3168444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You see what came because of the drought.","_input_hash":1633105719,"_task_hash":-1171997930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So they started planting these maicillos, which is what they used to feed the animals.","_input_hash":1826397270,"_task_hash":-1202820002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo's","_input_hash":-1594652670,"_task_hash":-1381883814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"like most farmers we spoke to, who have started planting a lower quality corn called maicillo, which is more resistant to drought.","_input_hash":1353124520,"_task_hash":688894566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Traditionally used as chicken feed, it may keep them alive, but no one will buy it.","_input_hash":1358083568,"_task_hash":1078684541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What is the maicillo like to eat?","_input_hash":-1450000276,"_task_hash":-931861694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Don Alfredo Monge (through translator)","_input_hash":828362281,"_task_hash":-784714719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": Just bring it over.","_input_hash":-1780168507,"_task_hash":-863654941,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's not the same.","_input_hash":260461665,"_task_hash":2036286130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's a different flavor.","_input_hash":-1220006861,"_task_hash":-1974164714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The tortilla is darker.","_input_hash":-1467226785,"_task_hash":644686421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: While wealthier farmers can install irrigation systems, Don Alfredo says he doesn't have the cash.","_input_hash":1969829264,"_task_hash":1545266800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And without a crop, he will soon be out of a home.","_input_hash":24204376,"_task_hash":34882032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He used to pay the rent on his land with a percentage of his crops.","_input_hash":-813181270,"_task_hash":-355612557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And on good days, he's able to find work as a day laborer for around $4 per day.","_input_hash":161318777,"_task_hash":1803651983,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Today wasn't one of those days.","_input_hash":-1240311790,"_task_hash":-648050440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How bad is it for your family right now?","_input_hash":-1356322788,"_task_hash":838360193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": I am desperate.","_input_hash":-213349732,"_task_hash":551246921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That is my personal situation, and that of many other families here.","_input_hash":2088600631,"_task_hash":-2077396119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are desperate.","_input_hash":-1555456821,"_task_hash":-27420724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not having food makes one desperate.","_input_hash":640094056,"_task_hash":569194648,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not eating for just one day causes distress.","_input_hash":491759238,"_task_hash":545833324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization, there's been a surge of migration from rural areas in Honduras, where farmers lost an estimated 82 percent of corn and bean crops last year from lack of rain.","_input_hash":1088967127,"_task_hash":-857668510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And for coffee farmers, yet another problem, an epidemic of rust fungus, roya in Spanish, an insidious plant disease they liken to cancer, which grows quickly in dry, warm climates, destroying entire coffee plantations.","_input_hash":1472772244,"_task_hash":2027669137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"German Orellana is an agricultural engineer.","_input_hash":1454557400,"_task_hash":1597998657,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He did his postgraduate research in the U.S., before returning to his tiny village in Honduras to work on water sustainability projects.","_input_hash":256914648,"_task_hash":-1600015401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He took us to see the effects of the roya, its signature, this yellow discoloration.","_input_hash":1442152528,"_task_hash":727647363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): When the temperature is lower, 77 Fahrenheit or lower, this fungus will not spread.","_input_hash":1609903587,"_task_hash":-1483199187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when the temperature is really high, the climate hot and dry, it will breed on one leaf, to another leaf, and eventually to the entire plantation.","_input_hash":901151231,"_task_hash":727805997,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): In the last four years, there have been plantations like this one left completely abandoned.","_input_hash":1308077357,"_task_hash":-1299642483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, one can fertilize, eliminate, prune, clean, but the farmers haven't done any of that, because they know this can't be saved.","_input_hash":-507436031,"_task_hash":651254080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German Adan Orellana (through translator): Simply put, there are families that won't have anything to eat because there are entire communities that depend totally and completely on coffee.","_input_hash":1665501251,"_task_hash":-1420823336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The kids need to study.","_input_hash":2005540393,"_task_hash":1158332001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Families need to eat.","_input_hash":659652516,"_task_hash":-548990003,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If they can't sell this, the only option is to immigrate.","_input_hash":-476004298,"_task_hash":-168472672,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If this continues, there will be more violence, more poverty, more hunger, more illegal immigration.","_input_hash":-877769964,"_task_hash":-924924560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's not a problem in Honduras.","_input_hash":-1145061101,"_task_hash":62698658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It's a global problem.","_input_hash":-617656676,"_task_hash":-600304626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: Some farmers are sticking it out, trying to fight the problem.","_input_hash":-438298264,"_task_hash":737622073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When the roya hit crops in 2012, farmers like Timoteo Cruz Alberto started planting a new type of coffee, called Lempira, thought to be resistant.","_input_hash":1068562933,"_task_hash":910825486,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It took three years for him to find out they were wrong.","_input_hash":-1510026467,"_task_hash":-1975819514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Timoteo Cruz Alberto (through translator)","_input_hash":-376540905,"_task_hash":-37744540,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": We had hope that they would be the solution for coffee farmers, but we have seen that's going to be difficult.","_input_hash":-1366619189,"_task_hash":65325837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As you can see, they are all affected.","_input_hash":799862808,"_task_hash":1116810587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So we will pick the beans from this plant, and then it will die.","_input_hash":-1694916649,"_task_hash":-1319743300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If the price of coffee was higher, we'd have the money to combat the problem.","_input_hash":-1176052102,"_task_hash":1644397027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But, instead, the alternative will be that maybe we will have to join the caravan.","_input_hash":243280244,"_task_hash":-939578096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": Without this product, we don't have anything else to turn to.","_input_hash":33542150,"_task_hash":-308391321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There's no other product.","_input_hash":-1733465215,"_task_hash":-1693459456,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This product is wonderful, because it's the most socially conscious we have in our country.","_input_hash":1197769100,"_task_hash":494010841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It employs so many people.","_input_hash":-2065108628,"_task_hash":-641984570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, you will see we have 20 people here cutting.","_input_hash":23186620,"_task_hash":560409912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Without this product, these people would have no other work.","_input_hash":-481844835,"_task_hash":-1145885149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Marcia Biggs: For now, Alberto's crop still yields results.","_input_hash":314778630,"_task_hash":-275198082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coffee beans spill into buckets.","_input_hash":1852381042,"_task_hash":-2108975208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Families working for him bring their children, on a winter break from school, to pitch in.","_input_hash":-2128123288,"_task_hash":667107296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We asked them if they were worried about what roya could do to the future of coffee farming.","_input_hash":1117779476,"_task_hash":947634440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For Don Alfredo, the decision to leave is more urgent.","_input_hash":-284689391,"_task_hash":-1287797139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He and his wife are eating the last of their crop.","_input_hash":-622633883,"_task_hash":-650941914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And Catalina suffers from diabetes, which requires expensive medication.","_input_hash":51496841,"_task_hash":-202439556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He's tried to leave before.","_input_hash":637199009,"_task_hash":577859036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2001, Don Alfredo hired a coyote to smuggle him into Arizona, surviving for over a week in the desert with no food, before being caught and deported.","_input_hash":-37981410,"_task_hash":-1780801814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You are going to go through all of this again, without any guarantee that you will be able to stay?","_input_hash":-1138574730,"_task_hash":-625554940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":": I am 49 years old, and I already feel old, but the situation forces me to go.","_input_hash":-779811213,"_task_hash":1867958759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The day closes again without rain, and those who have lived off this land for generations face yet another day without food, closer to the day when many will leave this way of life behind.","_input_hash":-1238718697,"_task_hash":-1373203357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For the \"PBS NewsHour,\" I'm Marcia Biggs in Lempira, Western Honduras.","_input_hash":-474907903,"_task_hash":1617631025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.","_input_hash":576548055,"_task_hash":-1353088532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The financial and economic risks of climate change are already being considered by central banks in other countries and are increasingly a concern for the Federal Reserve Bank, said Glenn D. Rudebusch, a senior policy advisor and executive vice president in the Economic Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.","_input_hash":-1607079489,"_task_hash":-1283912963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His letter was posted on the bank\u2019s website on Monday.","_input_hash":1983556259,"_task_hash":-2002706892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research highlighted the economic risks associated with climate change, risks that were detailed in the Fourth National Climate Assessment released by U.S. government agencies last year that argued climate inaction would be far costlier to the national economy than climate mitigation.","_input_hash":-1147552500,"_task_hash":1319632291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout substantial and sustained global mitigation and regional adaptation efforts, climate change is expected to cause growing losses to American infrastructure and property and impede the rate of economic growth over this century,\u201d Rudebusch said, adding that risks to the economy include business interruptions resulting in loan defaults and bankruptcies caused by storms, droughts, wildfires, and other extreme events.","_input_hash":-1975005231,"_task_hash":1449536418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rudebusch said even financial firms with limited carbon emissions could face substantial climate risk exposure, through mortgages and business loans in coastal communities across the globe.","_input_hash":1360672074,"_task_hash":-1524573451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn response, the financial supervisory authorities in a number of countries have encouraged financial institutions to disclose any climate related financial risks and to conduct \u2018climate stress tests\u2019 to assess their solvency across a range of future climate change alternatives,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":1611117406,"_task_hash":785335890,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An international group of 18 central banks and bank supervisors organized as the Network for Greening the Financial System, acknowledged in October 2018 that climate related risks are a source of financial risk and clarified that central banks must ensure financial systems are resilient to climate related risks.","_input_hash":-246082225,"_task_hash":794662557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A letter from 20 U.S. senators to Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell, the head of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the comptroller of currency in January urged them to remember that their agencies are responsible for protecting the stability of the U.S. financial system and urged urgiedng them to ensure the nation\u2019s financial system is ready for climate change.","_input_hash":1763035404,"_task_hash":1559685661,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The senators also urged the heads of the agencies to join with global peers to ensure the financial system is resilient to climate related risks.","_input_hash":-1260528094,"_task_hash":888953263,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cU.S. regulators must take stock of these risks and require greater transparency and preparation from supervised financial institutions as we confront the growing impacts of climate change,\u201d the senators wrote in the letter.","_input_hash":403868404,"_task_hash":-488337283,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe request detailed information on the steps each of your organizations have taken to identify and manage climate related risks in the U.S. financial system.","_input_hash":-852037219,"_task_hash":-922933602,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, we have seen no evidence that your agencies have seriously considered the financial risks of climate change or incorporated those risks into your supervision of financial institutions,\u201d said the senators, who gave the agency chairs until Feb. 15 to respond to several climate change related questions.","_input_hash":-1062730823,"_task_hash":134915538,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Powell, chair of the Federal Reserve, told legislators in February the inquiry about climate change was a \u201cfair question\u201d to ask and promised to look into it.","_input_hash":-411270542,"_task_hash":1626310874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even climate solutions, such as a transition to a low carbon economy, involve financial risks, Rudebusch said in his letter, including losses by companies that depend on fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-2003279614,"_task_hash":95690686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He also said the financial system could be affected if municipalities are forced to use taxpayer money to protect their citizens from climate impacts.","_input_hash":89115745,"_task_hash":471798112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cOn top of these direct effects, climate adaptation\u2014with spending on equipment such as air conditioners and resilient infrastructure including seawalls and fortified transportation systems\u2014is expected to increasingly divert resources from productive capital accumulation,\u201d Rudebusch said.","_input_hash":71899466,"_task_hash":1327085801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many municipalities, including New York City, Baltimore, Rhode Island and several cities in Colorado, California and elsewhere have filed lawsuits against major oil companies to hold them accountable for climate impacts.","_input_hash":872684920,"_task_hash":947658433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The suits seek compensation from the industry to pay for improvements to infrastructure needed to protect their residents.","_input_hash":-767230602,"_task_hash":468731832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.","_input_hash":-814364654,"_task_hash":-670083556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change could cause such shocks to grow in size and frequency and their disruptive effects could become more persistent and harder to ignore,\u201d he said, adding that would signal a significant change, since monetary policy decisions often overlook short term disturbances.","_input_hash":-778252858,"_task_hash":1723234272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the other hand, he said long term factors could also become more relevant because central banks often consider policy implications of short term events.","_input_hash":1542070661,"_task_hash":1539428713,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rudebusch said economists view the growing losses to American infrastructure and property as the result of a fundamental market failure, meaning carbon fuel prices do not properly account for climate change costs.","_input_hash":-561673134,"_task_hash":-1721654310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBusinesses and households that produce greenhouse gas emissions, say, by driving cars or generating electricity, do not pay for the losses and damage caused by that pollution.","_input_hash":-1841352861,"_task_hash":388049404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Therefore, they have no direct incentive to switch to a low carbon technology that would curtail emissions,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":1266518444,"_task_hash":681900460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But while some have suggested a carbon tax would add incentive to transition from a high to a low carbon economy, others say it won\u2019t be enough.","_input_hash":-713371365,"_task_hash":2100358687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cInstead, a comprehensive set of government policies may be required, including clean energy and carbon capture research and development incentives, energy efficiency standards, and low carbon public investment,\u201d wrote Rudebusch.","_input_hash":-1323673169,"_task_hash":-2025684433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although the consequences of climate change are relevant for the Fed\u2019s monetary and financial policies, Rudebusch said issues like supporting environmental sustainability and limiting climate change are not directly included in the Fed\u2019s statutory mandate.","_input_hash":-375965021,"_task_hash":-899778977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But with looming climate impacts, he called on economists\u2014particularly those at central banks\u2014to contribute more to research on the economic and financial hazards of climate change.","_input_hash":1718727216,"_task_hash":443733527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Terry Hughes et","_input_hash":1695399762,"_task_hash":2057409411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"al./Nature SYDNEY, Australia \u2014","_input_hash":-2046582276,"_task_hash":-1227687877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has long been one of the world\u2019s most magnificent natural wonders, so enormous it can be seen from space,","_input_hash":2128464500,"_task_hash":1826057789,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"so beautiful it can move visitors to tears.","_input_hash":31250142,"_task_hash":-1600333605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the reef, and the profusion of sea creatures living near it, are in profound trouble.","_input_hash":-1760641202,"_task_hash":-382872787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Huge sections of the Great Barrier Reef, stretching across hundreds of miles of its most pristine northern sector, were recently found to be dead, killed last year by overheated seawater.","_input_hash":-877342401,"_task_hash":1533533035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More southerly sections around the middle of the reef that barely escaped then are bleaching now, a potential precursor to another die off that could rob some of the reef","_input_hash":-1495679378,"_task_hash":-1831429295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2019s most visited areas of color and life.","_input_hash":1286405925,"_task_hash":2001746318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe didn\u2019t expect to see this level of destruction to the Great Barrier Reef for another 30 years,\u201d said Terry P. Hughes, director of a government funded center for coral reef studies at James Cook University in Australia and the lead author of a paper on the reef that is being published Thursday as the cover article of the journal Nature.","_input_hash":1469788211,"_task_hash":-2040989838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn the north, I saw hundreds of reefs \u2014 literally two thirds of the reefs were dying and are now dead.\u201d","_input_hash":1644706462,"_task_hash":1480257030,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage to the Great Barrier Reef, one of the world\u2019s largest living structures, is part of a global calamity that has been unfolding intermittently for nearly two decades and seems to be intensifying.","_input_hash":95919787,"_task_hash":207498771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the paper, dozens of scientists described the recent disaster as the third worldwide mass bleaching of coral reefs since 1998, but by far the most widespread and damaging.","_input_hash":-740052321,"_task_hash":987995677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The state of coral reefs is a telling sign of the health of the seas.","_input_hash":-780502033,"_task_hash":493831437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their distress and death are yet another marker of the ravages of global climate change.","_input_hash":1141819836,"_task_hash":1532914004,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If most of the world\u2019s coral reefs die, as scientists fear is increasingly likely, some of the richest and most colorful life in the ocean could be lost, along with huge sums from reef tourism.","_input_hash":1384148688,"_task_hash":-2008934518,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In poorer countries, lives are at stake: Hundreds of millions of people get their protein primarily from reef fish, and the loss of that food supply could become a humanitarian crisis.","_input_hash":-438497788,"_task_hash":1733502726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With this latest global bleaching in its third year, reef scientists say they have no doubt as to the responsible party.","_input_hash":-210247811,"_task_hash":667013367,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They warned decades ago that the coral reefs would be at risk if human society kept burning fossil fuels at a runaway pace, releasing greenhouse gases that warm the ocean.","_input_hash":-711931311,"_task_hash":-903293885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Emissions continued to rise, and now the background ocean temperature is high enough that any temporary spike poses a critical risk to reefs.","_input_hash":-1152061596,"_task_hash":-725883868,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is not a future threat,\u201d Professor Hughes said.","_input_hash":-1792457691,"_task_hash":-1339068724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cOn the Great Barrier Reef, it\u2019s been happening for 18 years.\u201d","_input_hash":-2096473575,"_task_hash":2038222101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Corals require warm water to thrive, but they are exquisitely sensitive to extra heat.","_input_hash":-1419086381,"_task_hash":30283324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just two or three degrees Fahrenheit of excess warming can sometimes kill the tiny creatures.","_input_hash":-252719989,"_task_hash":-547508726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Globally, the ocean has warmed by about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 19th century, by a conservative calculation, and a bit more in the tropics, home to many reefs.","_input_hash":1704514157,"_task_hash":-1838137145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An additional kick was supplied by an El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.","_input_hash":1635244161,"_task_hash":-758202137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was obvious last year that the corals on many reefs were likely to die, but now formal scientific assessments are coming in.","_input_hash":143546350,"_task_hash":-2091470166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The paper in Nature documents vast coral bleaching in 2016 along a 500 mile section of the reef north of Cairns, a city on Australia\u2019s eastern coast.","_input_hash":-148426478,"_task_hash":-1369916115,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bleaching indicates that corals are under heat stress, but they do not always die and cooler water can help them recover.","_input_hash":78199556,"_task_hash":688296596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Subsequent surveys of the Great Barrier Reef, conducted late last year after the deadline for inclusion in the Nature paper, documented that extensive patches of reef had in fact died, and would not be likely to recover soon, if at all.","_input_hash":783786884,"_task_hash":756660724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Professor Hughes led those surveys.","_input_hash":-1625277335,"_task_hash":-1492816048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He said that he and his students cried when he showed them maps of the damage, which he had calculated in part by flying low in small planes and helicopters.","_input_hash":680236115,"_task_hash":-513478039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His aerial surveys, combined with underwater measurements, found that 67 percent of the corals had died in a long stretch north of Port Douglas, and in patches, the mortality reached 83 percent.","_input_hash":-550192891,"_task_hash":-1927184084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By luck, a storm stirred the waters in the central and southern parts of the reef at a critical moment, cooling them, and mortality there was much lower \u2014 about 6 percent in a stretch off Townsville, and even lower in the southernmost part of the reef.","_input_hash":885757480,"_task_hash":1684240706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But an Australian government study released last week found that over all, last year brought \u201cthe highest sea surface temperatures across the Great Barrier Reef on record.\u201d","_input_hash":-1785311023,"_task_hash":1051795724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Only 9 percent of the reef has avoided bleaching since 1998, Professor Hughes said, and now, the less remote, more heavily visited stretch from Cairns south is in trouble again.","_input_hash":1544745779,"_task_hash":-1748929447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Water temperatures there remain so high that another round of mass bleaching is underway, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority confirmed last week.","_input_hash":-699337777,"_task_hash":1897954861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Professor Hughes said he hoped the die off this time would not be as serious as last year\u2019s, but \u201cback to back bleaching is unheard of in Australia.\u201d","_input_hash":-1448762662,"_task_hash":1721593387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The central and southern part of the reef had already been badly damaged by human activities like dredging and pollution.","_input_hash":-1961027955,"_task_hash":1351502192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Australian government has tried to combat these local threats with its Reef 2050 plan, restricting port development, dredging and agricultural runoff, among other risks.","_input_hash":-1629796637,"_task_hash":35823081,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But Professor Hughes\u2019s research found that, given the high temperatures, these national efforts to improve water quality were not enough.","_input_hash":23102065,"_task_hash":1544768256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe reefs in muddy water were just as fried as those in pristine water,\u201d Professor Hughes said.","_input_hash":2053684000,"_task_hash":1228484988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThat\u2019s not good news in terms of what you can do locally to prevent bleaching \u2014 the answer to that is not very much at all.","_input_hash":493534499,"_task_hash":259896951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You have to address climate change directly.\u201d","_input_hash":-5301466,"_task_hash":-1627576883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the election of Donald J. Trump as the American president, a recent global deal to tackle the problem, known as the Paris Agreement, seems to be in peril.","_input_hash":729206886,"_task_hash":-1601148963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Australia\u2019s conservative government also continues to support fossil fuel development, including what many scientists and conservationists see as the reef\u2019s most immediate threat \u2014 a proposed coal mine, expected to be among the world\u2019s largest, to be built inland from the reef by the Adani Group, a conglomerate based in India.","_input_hash":-515159551,"_task_hash":-688344101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe fact is, Australia is the largest coal exporter in the world, and the last thing we should be doing to our greatest national asset is making the situation worse,\u201d said Imogen Zethoven, campaign director for the Australian Marine Conservation Society.","_input_hash":-1564404645,"_task_hash":63334126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Australia relies on the Great Barrier Reef for about 70,000 jobs and billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue, and it is not yet clear how that economy will be affected by the reef\u2019s deterioration.","_input_hash":-824120868,"_task_hash":1111530678,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even in hard hit areas, large patches of the Great Barrier Reef survived, and guides will most likely take tourists there, avoiding the dead zones.","_input_hash":729493337,"_task_hash":-610096935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.","_input_hash":-1353952892,"_task_hash":646234061,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.","_input_hash":-17573370,"_task_hash":1330556857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the changes humans are causing are so rapid, by geological standards, that it is not entirely clear that coral species will be able to keep up.","_input_hash":540157339,"_task_hash":-1085501760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And even if the corals do survive, that does not mean individual reefs will continue to thrive where they do now.","_input_hash":687986849,"_task_hash":1623677214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coral reefs are sensitive systems, built by unusual animals.","_input_hash":641574128,"_task_hash":1995972083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The corals themselves are tiny polyps that act like farmers, capturing colorful single celled plants called algae that convert sunlight into food.","_input_hash":-693057435,"_task_hash":432713173,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The coral polyps form colonies and build a limestone scaffolding on which to live \u2014 a reef.","_input_hash":1966030699,"_task_hash":-176155619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when the water near a reef gets too hot, the algae begin producing toxins, and the corals expel them in self defense, turning ghostly white.","_input_hash":-1632785635,"_task_hash":253951803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If water temperatures drop soon enough, the corals can grow new algae and survive, but if not, they may succumb to starvation or disease.","_input_hash":171681844,"_task_hash":1998630289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even when the corals die, some reefs eventually recover.","_input_hash":-1455768891,"_task_hash":-1790763469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years.","_input_hash":1905607777,"_task_hash":-1188332195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the temperature of the ocean is now high enough that global mass bleaching events seem to be growing more frequent.","_input_hash":-444458636,"_task_hash":475335226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If they become routine, many of the world\u2019s hard hit coral reefs may never be able to re establish themselves.","_input_hash":1065033140,"_task_hash":-731864311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.","_input_hash":99723401,"_task_hash":1496697203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI don\u2019t think the Great Barrier Reef will ever again be as great as it used to be \u2014 at least not in our lifetimes,\u201d said C. Mark Eakin, a reef expert with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Silver Spring,","_input_hash":279828176,"_task_hash":654175814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Md. Dr. Eakin was an author of the new paper and heads a program called Coral Reef Watch, producing predictive maps to warn when coral bleaching is imminent.","_input_hash":1236632259,"_task_hash":11746818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even though last year\u2019s El Ni\u00f1o has ended, water temperatures are high enough that his maps are showing continued hot water across millions of square miles of the ocean.","_input_hash":1997035563,"_task_hash":73979505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Kim M. Cobb, a climate scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology who was not involved in the writing of the new paper, described it and the more recent findings as accurate, and depressing.","_input_hash":-523165253,"_task_hash":776056308,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She said she saw extensive coral devastation last year off Kiritimati Island, part of the Republic of Kiribati several thousand miles from Australia and a place she visits regularly in her research.","_input_hash":-2022051128,"_task_hash":1443944594,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the international effort to fight climate change at risk of losing momentum, \u201cocean temperatures continue to march upward,\u201d Dr. Cobb said.","_input_hash":-1244063565,"_task_hash":3844776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe idea that we\u2019re going to have 20 or 30 years before we reach the next bleaching and mortality event for the corals is basically a fantasy.\u201d","_input_hash":-2137032239,"_task_hash":1252695914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An alarming heatwave in the sunless winter Arctic is causing blizzards in Europe and forcing scientists to reconsider even their most pessimistic forecasts of climate change.","_input_hash":-853781936,"_task_hash":-496951041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.","_input_hash":-1531635624,"_task_hash":1037828662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The north pole gets no sunlight until March, but an influx of warm air has pushed temperatures in Siberia up by as much as 35C above historical averages this month.","_input_hash":1717327980,"_task_hash":887371103,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greenland has already experienced 61 hours above freezing in 2018 more than three times as many hours as in any previous year.","_input_hash":-1645572839,"_task_hash":-1207655971,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Seasoned observers have described what is happening as \u201ccrazy,\u201d \u201cweird,\u201d and \u201csimply shocking\u201d.","_input_hash":333936328,"_task_hash":309457381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is an anomaly among anomalies.","_input_hash":-746190765,"_task_hash":-177645299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is far enough outside the historical range that it is worrying \u2013 it is a suggestion that there are further surprises in store as we continue to poke the angry beast that is our climate,\u201d said Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University.","_input_hash":-360457654,"_task_hash":-1942273245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe Arctic has always been regarded as a bellwether because of the vicious circle that amplify human caused warming in that particular region.","_input_hash":1693886721,"_task_hash":1156876450,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And it is sending out a clear warning.\u201d","_input_hash":1652896704,"_task_hash":984687946,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although most of the media headlines in recent days have focused on Europe\u2019s unusually cold weather in a jolly tone, the concern is that this is not so much a reassuring return to winters as normal, but rather a displacement of what ought to be happening farther north.","_input_hash":1173295365,"_task_hash":407422249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sign up to the Green Light email to get the planet's most important stories Read more At the world\u2019s most northerly land weather station Cape Morris Jesup at the northern tip of Greenland \u2013 recent temperatures have been, at times, warmer than London and Zurich, which are thousands of miles to the south.","_input_hash":112491517,"_task_hash":-1999988328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although the recent peak of 6.1C on Sunday was not quite a record, but on the previous two occasions (2011 and 2017) the highs lasted just a few hours before returning closer to the historical average.","_input_hash":189675741,"_task_hash":-833803130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Last week there were 10 days above freezing for at least part of the day at this weather station, just 440 miles from the north pole.","_input_hash":1743452375,"_task_hash":-542393528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cSpikes in temperature are part of the normal weather patterns \u2013 what has been unusual about this event is that it has persisted for so long and that it has been so warm,\u201d said Ruth Mottram of the Danish Meteorological Institute.","_input_hash":-1072043204,"_task_hash":-1485713019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cGoing back to the late 1950s at least we have never seen such high temperatures in the high Arctic.\u201d","_input_hash":1169999046,"_task_hash":-1173510133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The cause and significance of this sharp uptick are now under scrutiny.","_input_hash":346138101,"_task_hash":-1899847356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Temperatures often fluctuate in the Arctic due to the strength or weakness of the polar vortex, the circle of winds \u2013 including the jetstream \u2013 that help to deflect warmer air masses and keep the region cool.","_input_hash":-173031673,"_task_hash":1403556038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As this natural force field fluctuates, there have been many previous temperature spikes, which make historical charts of Arctic winter weather resemble an electrocardiogram.","_input_hash":1331888249,"_task_hash":-28245248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the heat peaks are becoming more frequent and lasting longer \u2013 never more so than this year.","_input_hash":-1321634323,"_task_hash":-472603168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn 50 years of Arctic reconstructions, the current warming event is both the most intense and one of the longest lived warming events ever observed during winter,\u201d said Robert Rohde, lead scientist of Berkeley Earth, a non profit organisation dedicated to climate science.","_input_hash":407368370,"_task_hash":1453974907,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The question now is whether this signals a weakening or collapse of the polar vortex, the circle of strong winds that keep the Arctic cold by deflecting other air masses.","_input_hash":-727179816,"_task_hash":-1258012649,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The vortex depends on the temperature difference between the Arctic and mid latitudes, but that gap is shrinking because the pole is warming faster than anywhere on Earth.","_input_hash":-511900146,"_task_hash":830514327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While average temperatures have increased by about 1C, the warming at the pole \u2013 closer to 3C \u2013 is melting the ice mass.","_input_hash":-1578609346,"_task_hash":748274087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Nasa, Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 13.2% per decade, leaving more open water and higher temperatures.","_input_hash":1036411971,"_task_hash":-1749996914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some scientists speak of a hypothesis known as \u201cwarm Arctic, cold continents\u201d as the polar vortex becomes less stable sucking in more warm air and expelling more cold fronts, such as those currently being experienced in the UK and northern Europe.","_input_hash":-2046782743,"_task_hash":93174373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rohde notes that this theory remains controversial and is not evident in all climate models, but this year\u2019s temperature patterns have been consistent with that forecast.","_input_hash":108404293,"_task_hash":1339702268,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Longer term, Rohde expects more variation.","_input_hash":-2058180818,"_task_hash":1376184577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAs we rapidly warm the Arctic, we can expect that future years will bring us even more examples of unprecedented weather.\u201d","_input_hash":136865717,"_task_hash":729474346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Jesper Theilgaard, a meteorologist with 40 years\u2019 experience and founder of website Climate Dissemination, said the recent trends are outside previous warming events.","_input_hash":-1698593176,"_task_hash":-924251640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cNo doubt these warming events bring trouble to the people and the nature.","_input_hash":1229402753,"_task_hash":-1065911583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Shifting rain and snow \u2013 melt and frost make the surface icy and therefore difficult for animals to find anything to eat.","_input_hash":-1709415798,"_task_hash":-777114292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Living conditions in such shifting weather types are very difficult.\u201d","_input_hash":-1029556401,"_task_hash":1909048329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Others caution that it is premature to see this as a major shift away from forecasts.","_input_hash":1946704356,"_task_hash":-777322100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe current excursions of 20C or more above average experienced in the Arctic are almost certainly mostly due to natural variability,\u201d said Zeke Hausfather of Berkeley Earth.","_input_hash":-1944064446,"_task_hash":1557583258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhile they have been boosted by the underlying warming trend, we don\u2019t have any strong evidence that the factors driving short term Arctic variability will increase in a warming world.","_input_hash":-624499319,"_task_hash":-709335729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If anything, climate models suggest the opposite is true, that high latitude winters will be slightly less variable as the world warms.\u201d","_input_hash":1016660632,"_task_hash":388598161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it is too soon to know whether overall projections for Arctic warming should be changed, the recent temperatures add to uncertainty and raises the possibility of knock on effects accelerating climate change.","_input_hash":797046710,"_task_hash":-843599658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is too short term an excursion to say whether or not it changes the overall projections for Arctic warming,\u201d says Mann.","_input_hash":-1988484531,"_task_hash":1952656047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBut it suggests that we may be underestimating the tendency for short term extreme warming events in the Arctic.","_input_hash":-1066980654,"_task_hash":1561132273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And those initial warming events can trigger even greater warming because of the \u2018feedback loops\u2019 associated with the melting of ice and the potential release of methane (a very strong greenhouse gas).\u201d","_input_hash":99412379,"_task_hash":-574509260,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"$0 contributions","_input_hash":-1492124355,"_task_hash":-1613584245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"$1,250,000","_input_hash":-151691198,"_task_hash":857549467,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"our goal 2021 will be ... \u2026 a defining year for democracy in America and around the world.","_input_hash":1152853525,"_task_hash":1763758903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the new year approaches, we have a small favour to ask.","_input_hash":-1817517326,"_task_hash":-18468551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Millions are flocking to the Guardian for open, independent, quality news every day.","_input_hash":320261768,"_task_hash":460816730,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Readers in all 50 states and in 180 countries around the world now support us financially.","_input_hash":1873807070,"_task_hash":1037863328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As we prepare for what promises to be a pivotal year, we\u2019re asking you to consider a year end gift to help fund our journalism.","_input_hash":-654881898,"_task_hash":-1318390712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We believe everyone deserves access to information that\u2019s grounded in science and truth, and analysis rooted in authority and integrity.","_input_hash":-1565541533,"_task_hash":1978483919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s why we made a different choice: to keep our reporting open for all readers, regardless of where they live or what they can afford to pay.","_input_hash":690310245,"_task_hash":-169953060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This means everyone can be better informed and inspired to take meaningful action.","_input_hash":1268647502,"_task_hash":-62067199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In these perilous times, an independent, global news organisation like the Guardian is essential.","_input_hash":-522812976,"_task_hash":352806600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We have no shareholders or billionaire owner, meaning our journalism is free from commercial and political influence.","_input_hash":-916598883,"_task_hash":-155584614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Amid the various intersecting crises of 2020 \u2013 from Covid 19, to police violence, to voter suppression \u2013 the Guardian has never sidelined the climate emergency.","_input_hash":-799060450,"_task_hash":1357548381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We keep the climate at the center of our reporting, and we practise what we preach: we no longer take advertising from fossil fuel companies, and we\u2019re on course to achieve net zero emissions by 2030.","_input_hash":792130505,"_task_hash":727391342,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If there were ever a time to join us, it is now.","_input_hash":-1438946779,"_task_hash":-257089196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Your funding powers our journalism.","_input_hash":1364713302,"_task_hash":1250964040,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019re asking readers to help us raise $1.25m to support our reporting in the new year.","_input_hash":-1986862525,"_task_hash":-282998319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Every contribution, however big or small, will help us reach our goal.","_input_hash":-1609055285,"_task_hash":-1717788823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Make a gift now from as little as $1.","_input_hash":520456505,"_task_hash":530410323,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thank you.","_input_hash":-596001498,"_task_hash":1635751997,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Support the Guardian","_input_hash":-1254173266,"_task_hash":404546670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dan Link/US Fish and Wildlife Service","_input_hash":-664513149,"_task_hash":-1454097120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First, the island was there.","_input_hash":-286801218,"_task_hash":1992647776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then, it was mostly gone.","_input_hash":25597442,"_task_hash":-463035379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Before Hurricane Walaka swept through the central Pacific this month, East Island was captured in images as an 11 acre sliver of sand that stood out starkly from the turquoise ocean.","_input_hash":-1434519531,"_task_hash":800256276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After the storm, government officials confirmed that the island, in the northwestern part of the Hawaiian archipelago, had been largely submerged by water, said Athline Clark of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","_input_hash":220647407,"_task_hash":-1187818474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"East Island is the second island to disappear in recent months from French Frigate Shoals, a crescent shaped reef including many islets, Ms. Clark said.","_input_hash":1685734014,"_task_hash":1448666226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Chip Fletcher, a climate scientist with the University of Hawaii who has been studying East Island\u2019s natural history, said it comprises loose sand and gravel rather than solid rock.","_input_hash":995761620,"_task_hash":-1254001022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His team had just taken geological samples from the island in July.","_input_hash":1479335893,"_task_hash":1536420074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But late last week, he said, he was alerted by government officials that it had mostly disappeared.","_input_hash":-333500506,"_task_hash":571633150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cFrom my experience in cases similar to this, I had just assumed that the island had another decade to three decades of life left,\u201d Dr. Fletcher said.","_input_hash":1894011904,"_task_hash":398737891,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is quite stunning that it is now, for the most part, gone.\u201d","_input_hash":-969696921,"_task_hash":-189800702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ms. Clark, the NOAA superintendent for the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, which includes the French Frigate Shoals, said no one immediately realized the island had largely disappeared because it is so remote.","_input_hash":-945684259,"_task_hash":96789828,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is 750 miles northwest of Oahu, the island that is home to Honolulu.","_input_hash":665107897,"_task_hash":-466564640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Unlock more free articles.","_input_hash":-762639610,"_task_hash":-1383311375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Create an account or log in The low lying island, with its sandy composition, wasn\u2019t much of a match for the storm in early October, which started off as a Category 5 hurricane and created large storm swells, Ms. Clark said.","_input_hash":1440463642,"_task_hash":-706702338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although experts cannot directly trace the shrinking of East Island to the effects of climate change, Ms. Clark said, it contributes to the strength and frequency of hurricanes like the one that overtook the island.","_input_hash":2051053397,"_task_hash":1369328094,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists say hurricanes will be stronger because warmer water provides more energy to feed them.","_input_hash":-902609076,"_task_hash":302392198,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe intensity and frequency of storms is likely to increase,\u201d Ms. Clark said.","_input_hash":-821100603,"_task_hash":1814164339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is probably a forebear of things to come.\u201d","_input_hash":2037012541,"_task_hash":978619008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2016, President Barack Obama more than quadrupled the size of the Papahanaumokuakea national monument, turning it into the world\u2019s largest protected marine area.","_input_hash":857346185,"_task_hash":-2119403334,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Created by President George W. Bush a decade earlier, the monument is home to an estimated 7,000 marine and terrestrial species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else on Earth.","_input_hash":-893124060,"_task_hash":-1181831215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Charles Littnan, a conservation biologist with NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, said about 96 percent of Hawaiian green sea turtles, a threatened species, travel to the French Frigate Shoals to nest.","_input_hash":-308424594,"_task_hash":1359460675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About half used East Island, Dr. Littnan said.","_input_hash":1283079633,"_task_hash":1343736512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The shoals are also home to more than 200 endangered Hawaiian monk seals, he said.","_input_hash":-1783699806,"_task_hash":-664224700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only 1,400 of the species remain in the state.","_input_hash":-831578470,"_task_hash":1157533359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The animals dodged the worst effects of the hurricane, Dr. Littnan said, because it struck late in their breeding seasons.","_input_hash":-1800811885,"_task_hash":-373340817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most of the turtles had already left the island by the time the storm hit.","_input_hash":1899131420,"_task_hash":-778239629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When the turtles return next year, they may try to find another island on which to nest, Dr. Littnan said.","_input_hash":-1903392893,"_task_hash":-354740962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But it is possible that East Island will resurface and the turtles and seals will return to their seasonal homes.","_input_hash":900553861,"_task_hash":-168013689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In images of the island after the storm, Dr. Littnan said he could already see that some monk seals had returned and hauled themselves onto the 150 foot long patch of sand that remained.","_input_hash":-2003300772,"_task_hash":-1409318131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He added that the island\u2019s future was uncertain.","_input_hash":-132526682,"_task_hash":1971295874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe\u2019ve seen islands disappear in the past and re emerge,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-130499100,"_task_hash":540336204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd we\u2019ve had islands that disappear and they\u2019re gone 30 years later.\u201d","_input_hash":-1496157332,"_task_hash":-1553925228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So we need to have a little talk about concrete.","_input_hash":-1330431023,"_task_hash":-602904015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We take it for granted, but concrete is the foundation (no pun intended) of countless buildings, homes, bridges, skyscrapers, millions of miles of highways, and some of the most impressive feats of civil engineering the world has ever known.","_input_hash":-259304613,"_task_hash":934469844,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s the most widely used human made substance on the planet.","_input_hash":-1911805969,"_task_hash":136272806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It also happens to be incredibly bad for the climate.","_input_hash":2133202270,"_task_hash":-854830903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Portland cement, the most commonly used base (the goop that gets mixed with sand and gravel, or aggregate, to form concrete), is made with limestone that is quarried and then heated to staggeringly high temperatures \u2014 releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide in the process.","_input_hash":1283505794,"_task_hash":288808498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add to that all the fuel burned to mine and crush the aggregate, and you\u2019ve got a climate disaster.","_input_hash":-1391984657,"_task_hash":1815264474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By some accounts, concrete alone is responsible for 4 8 percent of the world\u2019s CO2 emissions.","_input_hash":526456700,"_task_hash":858228597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s only getting worse.","_input_hash":1313485415,"_task_hash":-257195623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Between 2011 and 2013, China used more cement than the United States used in all of the 20th century \u2014 about enough to pave paradise and put up a parking lot the size of Hawaii\u2019s Big Island.","_input_hash":737857089,"_task_hash":2097824397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cement production worldwide could grow another 23 percent by 2050.","_input_hash":-196224629,"_task_hash":-304766947,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s no secret that we have already blown past the levels of climate altering pollution that scientists warn could have catastrophic effects on life as we know it.","_input_hash":238135389,"_task_hash":1289095235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We set a new CO2 record just last month, notching 411.66 parts per million of CO2 in the air in Mauna Loa, Hawaii \u2014 far higher than the 300 parts per million that is the highest humans have ever survived long term.","_input_hash":-1012337054,"_task_hash":-918238360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But a solution on the horizon could switch up the math completely.","_input_hash":-1080830673,"_task_hash":2020876745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new method of creating concrete actually pulls C02 out of the air, or directly out of industrial exhaust pipes, and turns it into synthetic limestone.","_input_hash":-1266761766,"_task_hash":347923775,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The technique, which has already been demonstrated in California, is part of a growing effort to not just slow the advance of climate change, but to reverse it, restoring a safe and healthy climate for ourselves and future generations.","_input_hash":1923495451,"_task_hash":-990660103,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To do that, the Foundation for Climate Restoration estimates that a trillion tons of CO2 must be removed from our atmosphere on top of additional efforts to curb emissions.","_input_hash":-324193847,"_task_hash":1123532406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The National Academies of Science agrees that \u201cnegative emissions technologies,\u201d as they\u2019re known, are essential.","_input_hash":16478939,"_task_hash":591618867,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s a massive undertaking, but if we change how we think about concrete, capturing a trillion tons of CO2 may not be so pie in the sky after all.","_input_hash":1239731763,"_task_hash":-547729879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Enter Brent Constantz, a Silicon Valley entrepreneur and marine geologist, who once treated cardiovascular calcification and created bone cements (used in operating rooms to mend broken limbs) by mimicking the process that corals and shellfish use to create their own shells.","_input_hash":-2129803738,"_task_hash":279261937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His patents and products are used by doctors around the world.","_input_hash":-1903048316,"_task_hash":-421027702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Developing and testing new medical procedures was perilous work, Constantz said, although the drive to cure terminal illnesses outweighed many of the risks involved.","_input_hash":-1787085856,"_task_hash":1590105753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That passion lead Constantz to launch a company in 2012 called Blue Planet, based in Los Gatos, California.","_input_hash":1097154606,"_task_hash":-668015369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its goal is \u201ceconomically sustainable carbon capture.\u201d","_input_hash":-271633336,"_task_hash":-1176322306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The company\u2019s technology, like his previous work, builds on the power of corals.","_input_hash":1902994702,"_task_hash":1603563871,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Corals turn millions of teeny polyps into stunning, full grown reefs through a process known as biomineralization, Constantz explained.","_input_hash":-1700366876,"_task_hash":1494346100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Inspired by this phenomenon, he developed a similar \u201clow energy mineralization\u201d technique that turns captured CO2 into the same bony stuff that corals secrete: calcium carbonate.","_input_hash":-340554135,"_task_hash":-14618536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Blue Planet\u2019s process starts with collecting CO2 and dissolving it in a solution.","_input_hash":1459006001,"_task_hash":-745254687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the process, the company creates carbonate that reacts with calcium from waste materials or rock to create calcium carbonate.","_input_hash":806939465,"_task_hash":-229444229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Calcium carbonate happens to be the main ingredient in limestone.","_input_hash":1028460623,"_task_hash":1982417028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But rather than superheating it to create cement (which would release all that CO2 right back into the atmosphere), Constantz and his team turn the resulting stone into pebbles that serve as aggregate.","_input_hash":91383288,"_task_hash":-1962121283,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is easiest to do where there\u2019s lots of CO2 \u2014 smokestacks at factories, refineries and power plants, for example \u2014 but it can also come from \u201cdirect air capture,\u201d using less concentrated air anywhere, a technology whose costs are rapidly declining.","_input_hash":1164825916,"_task_hash":1568652130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Do this on a large scale, Constantz said, and you could help satiate the growing global demand for rock and sand, and make a massive dent in the climate crisis at the same time: Every ton of Blue Planet\u2019s synthetic limestone contains 440 kilograms of CO2.","_input_hash":-1478843902,"_task_hash":-1528091866,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While it still needs to be mixed with cement (the goopy stuff) to make concrete, using this in place of gravel or stone that needs to be quarried and crushed creates a finished product that is carbon neutral, if not carbon negative, according to the company.","_input_hash":1727981494,"_task_hash":1559476095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The annual use of aggregate is over 50 billion tons and growing fast.","_input_hash":-15688159,"_task_hash":1504743968,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Making it from synthetic limestone instead of quarried rock could sequester 25 billion tons a year \u2014 meaning that, in 40 years, this solution alone could remove a trillion tons of CO2 from the air, enough to restore pre industrial levels.","_input_hash":109464692,"_task_hash":2135850760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while most other methods of sequestering carbon are good for only a short time, limestone is completely stable, Constantz said.","_input_hash":-1784039731,"_task_hash":1729328468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIf we look at the Earth, there\u2019s limestone that is millions of years old, like the White cliffs of Dover.\u201d","_input_hash":1314734148,"_task_hash":1314143486,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Blue Planet\u2019s limestone, created using emissions collected from the Moss Landing Power Plant on Monterey Bay and other sources, has already been added to concrete in areas of San Francisco International Airport.","_input_hash":1921325000,"_task_hash":-557832776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Constantz expects to open its first commercial production facility in the Bay Area within the year, producing a little over 300,000 tons of rock annually with C02 captured from an adjacent power plant\u2019s exhaust stack.","_input_hash":-1830722154,"_task_hash":-1783908393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Constantz dreams of having thousands of plants up and running by 2050, with most of the resulting rock being used by government agencies to construct roads and buildings.","_input_hash":1956687982,"_task_hash":-1188696963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEven the poorest countries in the world are still mining rock in open pit mines, and that\u2019s an important aspect to what we\u2019re doing,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-1946590430,"_task_hash":-518708775,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere is already funding out there that is paying for rock.","_input_hash":1086476039,"_task_hash":1454552899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I\u2019m not talking about increasing government spending a bit.\u201d","_input_hash":-2115094496,"_task_hash":1886186794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Foundation for Climate Restoration estimates that getting 30,000 Blue Planet plants running by 2030 would create enough CO2 removal capacity to remove all the excess CO2 from the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-1627605073,"_task_hash":-2073388447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Foundation is part of a growing movement for climate restoration, whose goal is to restore a climate with a CO2 concentration below 300 ppm, and rebuild the Arctic ice.","_input_hash":1779799356,"_task_hash":-1880342270,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Those actions, its leaders say, will get us back to a climate more like the one our grandparents or great grandparents lived in.","_input_hash":259221427,"_task_hash":1166602605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The bottom line?","_input_hash":1417763490,"_task_hash":320664194,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019re inching closer toward an uninhabitable planet of our own making \u2014 even faster than once thought.","_input_hash":1625436910,"_task_hash":-445608756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To get ourselves back on track, we need to continue curbing our emissions to avoid making the problem worse.","_input_hash":-125284158,"_task_hash":120261091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At the same time, we\u2019ll need to remove a trillion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere, says Peter Fiekowsky, Founder of the Foundation for Climate Restoration.","_input_hash":-2019620486,"_task_hash":1021784379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe all want to restore a safe and healthy climate for ourselves and future generations,\u201d Fiekowsky says.","_input_hash":1819611100,"_task_hash":-1917304530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMobilizing commitments from diverse stakeholders is required for success in any global endeavor, especially one as important as climate restoration.","_input_hash":1575125529,"_task_hash":-689933267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The explicit goal is what makes restoration possible now when it seemed impossible before.\u201d","_input_hash":-906610652,"_task_hash":-641628830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This article is sponsored by the Foundation for Climate Restoration, a nonprofit partnering with local governments, NGOs and communities around the world to launch ecosystem restoration projects at restoration scale.","_input_hash":-359981581,"_task_hash":1443906344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its Healthy Climate Alliance is an education, networking, and advocacy program to advance these goals.","_input_hash":-45336001,"_task_hash":1847965121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here at Grist, you know what we like almost as much as solar panels?","_input_hash":-1014467174,"_task_hash":-1990021653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Partners!","_input_hash":-421930697,"_task_hash":-1894355124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They help us keep the lights on","_input_hash":-1936408769,"_task_hash":-1764428714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"so we can keep bringing you the best and most Gristy journalism on the planet.","_input_hash":520873385,"_task_hash":1101234420,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Click here for more information.","_input_hash":246609715,"_task_hash":1039162217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Environmental journalism made possible by you.","_input_hash":513766223,"_task_hash":-1761555380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a nonprofit, we rely on reader support to help fund our award winning journalism.","_input_hash":-458248217,"_task_hash":1389058869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019re one of the few news outlets dedicated exclusively to people focused environmental coverage, and we believe our content should remain free and accessible to all our readers.","_input_hash":762882993,"_task_hash":-1913784050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If you dig our mission and agree news should never sit behind a paywall, donate today to help support our work.","_input_hash":-1487717823,"_task_hash":-2142768684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Donate now through December 31, and your donation will be matched dollar for dollar.","_input_hash":939090924,"_task_hash":-2029639970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"ATLANTA \u2014","_input_hash":1585970432,"_task_hash":-424511205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United States, East Asia, high-elevation parts of central America, East Africa and Canada will also see large increases in risk for these diseases.\r\n","_input_hash":2110535628,"_task_hash":681343082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About a sixth of the illnesses and disability cases worldwide come from these conditions, according to the World Health Organization; every year, a billion people are infected and more than a million die from them.\r\n","_input_hash":180651804,"_task_hash":745602159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coal is one of the major causes of dirty air\u2014and of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1495703871,"_task_hash":1391130302,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cEverybody has bronchitis or some other problem, especially during winter.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1240967149,"_task_hash":1861695992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Levels of fine soot particles (PM2.5)\u2014the most dangerous type of air pollution\u2014can rise to more than 20 times the World Health Organization\u2019s safe limit.\r\n","_input_hash":1004169646,"_task_hash":1897400676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ulaanbaatar\r\nDeath rate from air pollution (per 100,000 people)\r\n","_input_hash":-1024395026,"_task_hash":160427407,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution reaches higher levels in winter months\r\n","_input_hash":259819982,"_task_hash":920496951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He sees it as a long-term threat to the nation\u2019s well-being, scarring lungs permanently, impairing children\u2019s brain development and endangering future productivity.","_input_hash":-412813420,"_task_hash":1228282245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Anger over revelations of official corruption has roiled politics in recent months, toppling the parliamentary speaker in January.\r\n","_input_hash":-1488703017,"_task_hash":-325734100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And these days, Manan also refers to the unnatural fog of pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-1682325698,"_task_hash":1281771383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Meanwhile climate change is increasing the frequency of the one-two punch of harsh weather known as the dzud: a dry summer followed by an even colder than normal winter.","_input_hash":-1045682746,"_task_hash":332721202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That decimates livestock and livelihoods.\r\n","_input_hash":1271998770,"_task_hash":-1053081855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cUlaanbaatar is already suffocating from its coal use,\u201d Sukhgerel says, but she fears \u201cthe way the planning is going, there\u2019s going to be more [coal-fired] power plants.","_input_hash":1555231371,"_task_hash":-1957978185,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Honduras, where agriculture sustains many people, long-term drought, caused in part by climate change, is forcing many to leave.\r\n","_input_hash":-1199241432,"_task_hash":-548050248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Accelerated by climate change, rainfall in the Western Honduras state of Lempira has fallen sharply in the last five years.\r\n","_input_hash":-683673549,"_task_hash":-489632106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"You see what came because of the drought.\r\n","_input_hash":-20887849,"_task_hash":737819281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not eating for just one day causes distress.\r\n","_input_hash":-114843152,"_task_hash":932761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization, there's been a surge of migration from rural areas in Honduras, where farmers lost an estimated 82 percent of corn and bean crops last year from lack of rain.\r\n","_input_hash":-805402628,"_task_hash":522399125,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And for coffee farmers, yet another problem, an epidemic of rust fungus, roya in Spanish, an insidious plant disease they liken to cancer, which grows quickly in dry, warm climates, destroying entire coffee plantations.\r\n","_input_hash":1623260657,"_task_hash":1726578735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And Catalina suffers from diabetes, which requires expensive medication.\r\n","_input_hash":-470383777,"_task_hash":1998713418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Financial risk associated with climate change could undermine the stability of the financial system, according to a research letter by a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.\r\n","_input_hash":1566785603,"_task_hash":1889679630,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"His research highlighted the economic risks associated with climate change, risks that were detailed in the Fourth National Climate Assessment released by U.S. government agencies last year that argued climate inaction would be far costlier to the national economy than climate mitigation.\r\n","_input_hash":-1638483267,"_task_hash":741478527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout substantial and sustained global mitigation and regional adaptation efforts, climate change is expected to cause growing losses to American infrastructure and property and impede the rate of economic growth over this century,\u201d Rudebusch said, adding that risks to the economy include business interruptions resulting in loan defaults and bankruptcies caused by storms, droughts, wildfires, and other extreme events.\r\n","_input_hash":1854721827,"_task_hash":801650377,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial policy isn\u2019t generally affected by individual weather or other climate-related events, but Rudebusch said that could change as climate change intensifies.\r\n","_input_hash":792440324,"_task_hash":-1419215608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change could cause such shocks to grow in size and frequency and their disruptive effects could become more persistent and harder to ignore,\u201d he said, adding that would signal a significant change, since monetary policy decisions often overlook short-term disturbances.\r\n","_input_hash":-1106196430,"_task_hash":-2062974427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rudebusch said economists view the growing losses to American infrastructure and property as the result of a fundamental market failure, meaning carbon fuel prices do not properly account for climate change costs.\r\n","_input_hash":957652566,"_task_hash":2088439582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the paper, dozens of scientists described the recent disaster as the third worldwide mass bleaching of coral reefs since 1998, but by far the most widespread and damaging.\r\n","_input_hash":264103676,"_task_hash":-1800135714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their distress and death are yet another marker of the ravages of global climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-888481864,"_task_hash":1663423227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emissions continued to rise, and now the background ocean temperature is high enough that any temporary spike poses a critical risk to reefs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1926025710,"_task_hash":447605866,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fahrenheit of excess warming can sometimes kill the tiny creatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1986886589,"_task_hash":-37030167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An additional kick was supplied by an El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.\r\n","_input_hash":-707381183,"_task_hash":-112687668,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Water temperatures there remain so high that another round of mass bleaching is underway, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority confirmed last week.\r\n","_input_hash":2027760333,"_task_hash":428705424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Professor Hughes said he hoped the die-off this time would not be as serious as last year\u2019s, but \u201cback-to-back bleaching is unheard-of in Australia.\u201d","_input_hash":-1679606955,"_task_hash":502700902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The central and southern part of the reef had already been badly damaged by human activities like dredging and pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":1528915646,"_task_hash":602954179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An alarming heatwave in the sunless winter Arctic is causing blizzards in Europe and forcing scientists to reconsider even their most pessimistic forecasts of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1189330367,"_task_hash":1912283121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it could yet prove to be a freak event, the primary concern is that global warming is eroding the polar vortex, the powerful winds that once insulated the frozen north.\r\n","_input_hash":-305840213,"_task_hash":374987937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe Arctic has always been regarded as a bellwether because of the vicious circle that amplify human-caused warming in that particular region.","_input_hash":-1591485260,"_task_hash":206272920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn 50 years of Arctic reconstructions, the current warming event is both the most intense and one of the longest-lived warming events ever observed during winter,\u201d said Robert Rohde, lead scientist of Berkeley Earth, a non-profit organisation dedicated to climate science.\r\n","_input_hash":1976132815,"_task_hash":-1861545303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhile they have been boosted by the underlying warming trend, we don\u2019t have any strong evidence that the factors driving short-term Arctic variability will increase in a warming world.","_input_hash":1044740808,"_task_hash":1902252366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although it is too soon to know whether overall projections for Arctic warming should be changed, the recent temperatures add to uncertainty and raises the possibility of knock-on effects accelerating climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1849134353,"_task_hash":-1846023429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBut it suggests that we may be underestimating the tendency for short-term extreme warming events in the Arctic.","_input_hash":-540060418,"_task_hash":1422543851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And those initial warming events can trigger even greater warming because of the \u2018feedback loops\u2019 associated with the melting of ice and the potential release of methane (a very strong greenhouse gas).\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-2082026404,"_task_hash":8120170,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The low-lying island, with its sandy composition, wasn\u2019t much of a match for the storm in early October, which started off as a Category 5 hurricane and created large storm swells, Ms. Clark said.\r\n","_input_hash":1292255767,"_task_hash":560992851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By some accounts, concrete alone is responsible for 4-8 percent of the world\u2019s CO2 emissions.","_input_hash":1969659996,"_task_hash":80712171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s no secret that we have already blown past the levels of climate-altering pollution that scientists warn could have catastrophic effects on life as we know it.","_input_hash":603602694,"_task_hash":1356969627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"ATLANTA \u2014 Air pollution is one human-made factor that is trapping sunlight and causing climate change, but the relationship also goes the other way: Climate change stands to increase levels of air pollution, experts say.\r\n","_input_hash":-2048087847,"_task_hash":925949008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Research shows that \"a warming climate will lead to more severe air pollution,\" and that this holds true even if the only factor that changes is temperature, said Patrick Kinney, a professor of urban health and sustainability at the Boston University School of Public Health.","_input_hash":2131776557,"_task_hash":288771776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, higher temperatures, in particular, will increase smog pollution, Kinney said, in part because smog contains ozone particles, which form faster at higher temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-317856968,"_task_hash":1012454924,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But air pollution doesn't come only from the obvious human sources, such as cars and factories.","_input_hash":473621564,"_task_hash":398983196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other sources, such as burning forests, also contribute to air pollution, and these factors are also related to climate change, Kinney said.","_input_hash":-2083390952,"_task_hash":-714455407,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The smoke from wildfires remains in the air for a long time and can travel long distances, Kinney said.","_input_hash":1609559136,"_task_hash":1130898475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This type of air pollution kills nearly half a million people prematurely every year, worldwide, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-464237642,"_task_hash":-270835843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the negative health effects of air pollution go beyond a scratchy throat or a nagging cough.\r\n","_input_hash":-2049700806,"_task_hash":204986551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Major health consequences of exposure to air pollution include an increased risk for heart disease and lung cancer, Kinney told Live Science.","_input_hash":74226809,"_task_hash":-177568564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We know a lot about how cigarette smoke can cause [health] problems; air pollution is doing the same thing,\" he added.","_input_hash":180956423,"_task_hash":-1914053612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The links between air pollution and both heart disease and lung cancer may not be obvious to many people because these conditions develop over many years, Kinney said.","_input_hash":-2115092405,"_task_hash":309332239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The finding that climate change can play a role in increasing air pollution means that air pollution will be \"more difficult to control in the future than we thought,\" Kinney said.\r\n","_input_hash":1467022491,"_task_hash":997958437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to the longer season, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air cause plants to produce more pollen, Kinney said.\r\n","_input_hash":-211031116,"_task_hash":-1815936143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If global temperatures continue to rise, rainfall will increasingly become a beast of extremes: long dry spells here, dangerous floods there \u2013 and in some places, intense water shortages.","_input_hash":-1101295143,"_task_hash":-1980762509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So when water supplies come up short, it's often a slow-moving disaster, with effects that accumulate \u2013 and linger \u2013 for years until rainfall rates seem to return to normal.","_input_hash":-1406285825,"_task_hash":134373118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although a shortage of clean drinking water is the most immediate threat to human health, water scarcity can have far-reaching consequences.","_input_hash":1229893862,"_task_hash":-675482830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought can also elevate risk of wildfires and dust storms that may lead to irritation of lungs and airways.\r\n","_input_hash":1016478499,"_task_hash":-1474564858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rainfall declines induced by climate change are expected to be compounded by historically limited water resources and ballooning population growth punctuated by influxes of refugees.","_input_hash":-1053669743,"_task_hash":-507270595,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What's more, flows in one of the nation's key freshwater resources \u2013 the Yarmouk-Jordan River \u2013 have dwindled as a result of dam building and have also been affected by conflict-driven land-use changes in Syria.\r\n","_input_hash":1175254845,"_task_hash":-239953616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results showed that, barring significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emission rates, rainfall in Jordan will decline by 30 percent and the occurrence of drought will triple by 2100.","_input_hash":182623428,"_task_hash":-159012725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even under this optimistic scenario, Jordan is likely to experience more frequent and longer droughts of moderate severity by 2100.","_input_hash":53035553,"_task_hash":1184486877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warmer temperatures are having a ripple effect on food webs in Ontario lakes, according to a new University of Guelph study.\r\n","_input_hash":-1545125966,"_task_hash":-779678784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There they hunt different prey species, causing a climate-induced \"rewiring\" of food webs, altering the flow of energy and nutrients in the lake.\r\n","_input_hash":1190999058,"_task_hash":-1189093067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The behavioural changes we see imply major reorganization of ecosystems.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1847814456,"_task_hash":1210502257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There has been little dispute that microscopic particulate matter in air pollution penetrates into the deepest parts of the lungs and contributes to the early deaths each year of thousands of people in the United States with heart and lung disease.\r\n","_input_hash":519338703,"_task_hash":-1253396625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One recent study called PM 2.5 \u201cthe largest environmental risk factor worldwide,\u201d responsible for many more deaths than alcohol use, physical inactivity or high sodium intake.\r\n","_input_hash":-27567291,"_task_hash":1660080717,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s own website says: \u201cNumerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including: premature death in people with heart or lung disease, nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, increased respiratory symptoms.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-916356248,"_task_hash":-1646645520,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is despite the fact that epidemiological studies from around the world have shown a robust association between real-world exposure to PM 2.5 and premature mortality.\r\n","_input_hash":1060248717,"_task_hash":884405320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of it results from the combustion of fossil fuels and is emitted from power plants, industrial smokestacks and motor vehicles.","_input_hash":-1118238897,"_task_hash":141076595,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On days when PM 2.5 levels spike, more people with heart and lung disease die than on cleaner days.","_input_hash":1328178069,"_task_hash":-1127560463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"They have argued that epidemiological studies should not be used to set air quality standards because the health effects of air pollution are hopelessly confounded by other risk factors, like poverty, poor diet, smoking and diabetes.","_input_hash":-152669920,"_task_hash":-361724379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And, he says, while \"there's no guarantee that any introduction leads to an explosive outbreak,\" climate change makes it a whole lot more likely.","_input_hash":603613891,"_task_hash":-1366481747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Millions of children are already affected by climate change, around the world and in the US.","_input_hash":963920956,"_task_hash":-1914343602,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By virtue of its effect on sea levels, more frequent and severe hurricanes, heatwaves and droughts, air pollution, forest fires, and increases in infectious diseases, climate change is already affecting the way children live.","_input_hash":1253651014,"_task_hash":-441834097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What I see most frequently are children whose asthma and/or nasal allergies are getting out of control during days of poor air quality, in spite of their parents\u2019 best efforts and compliance with medications.\r\n","_input_hash":-1728084268,"_task_hash":-1955085016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I see patients whose eczema, a type of allergic skin disease, gets out of control on days of extreme heat or air pollution.","_input_hash":534001674,"_task_hash":-1169943994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What happened during Hurricane Harvey is difficult to forget.","_input_hash":-1027887093,"_task_hash":574233388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to Save the Children, 3 million children were affected by the hurricane.","_input_hash":-855856693,"_task_hash":1395623820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the emotional toll caused by Hurricane Harvey did not end after the shelters were emptied and the houses restored.","_input_hash":-203793964,"_task_hash":-1921122591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many were experiencing anxiety, behavior problems, and nightmares.\r\n","_input_hash":68695758,"_task_hash":-2002341090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I remember a mother who told me that her nine-year-old boy was experiencing post-traumatic stress after being rescued from their flooded home and did not want to sleep alone.","_input_hash":642004524,"_task_hash":-1993503265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is hard to imagine the crisis children in Puerto Rico experienced during Hurricane Maria.","_input_hash":-1285228356,"_task_hash":1541596291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After the violent winds and rain, every person on Puerto Rico, including over half a million children, woke up to a devastated island.","_input_hash":595242493,"_task_hash":1470327352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The challenge imposed by environmental instability starts before the child is even born.","_input_hash":1937382780,"_task_hash":1611396564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Exposure to extreme heat, air pollution, and increased rates of infection during pregnancy has been associated with poorly developed lungs, prematurity, stillbirth, brain abnormalities, heart abnormalities, and increased incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders.\r\n","_input_hash":1326388334,"_task_hash":-476312281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We also know that emotional distress during pregnancy and mood disorders, which can be triggered as women face the uncertainty that climate change brings to their lives and the lives of their families, can affect not only the physical but also the neurological and cognitive development of the unborn child.\r\n","_input_hash":996915564,"_task_hash":539151368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many of a child\u2019s vital organs, such as the lungs and brain, are immature and more susceptible to air pollution.","_input_hash":66024613,"_task_hash":-2050334702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Newborns and very young children are also more susceptible to illness and even death during heat waves.\r\n","_input_hash":-486737339,"_task_hash":605843739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On very hot days, this makes them prone to dehydration and other potentially fatal heat-induced conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":736949609,"_task_hash":-622631141,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cFor example, climate-related financial risks could affect the economy through elevated credit spreads, greater precautionary saving, and, in the extreme, a financial crisis,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":671096330,"_task_hash":-871324140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThere could also be direct effects in the form of larger and more frequent macroeconomic shocks associated with the infrastructure damage, agricultural losses, and commodity price spikes caused by the droughts, floods, and hurricanes amplified by climate change,\u201d Rudebusch says.\r\n","_input_hash":-1816094653,"_task_hash":-41303106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After all, financial crises are often the result of large, unexpected losses in some corner of the capital markets that banks and other major financial institutions end up having greater exposure to than previously estimated (or at least officially reported).\r\n","_input_hash":1140897535,"_task_hash":-331127171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Imagine the ripple effects that catastrophic climate events of a highly unpredictable nature could have on financial portfolios.","_input_hash":-381242338,"_task_hash":-1729357329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Say, for instance, that faster-than-expected changes in climate force a more rapid reduction in fossil-fuel energy sources?","_input_hash":-218205687,"_task_hash":496434827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout greater action, Schroders, which is a signatory to the statement, point to long-run temperature rises of around 4\u00b0C, with $23 trillion of associated global economic losses over the next 80 years.","_input_hash":-1240108356,"_task_hash":90123695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is permanent economic damage three or four times the scale of the impacts of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, while continuing to escalate.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":742547879,"_task_hash":326481563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the same vein, the investments need to reduce carbon emissions resulting in warming climates are likely to affect trends in credit markets.\r\n","_input_hash":242267040,"_task_hash":-1419032098,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Instead, he says, \u201cclimate change could cause such shocks to grow in size and frequency and their disruptive effects could become more persistent and harder to ignore.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1246156322,"_task_hash":-954449944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new report from the Congressional Budget Office estimates annual losses from damage linked to hurricanes and flooding at $54 billion under current conditions (which are changing rapidly).\r\n","_input_hash":687145754,"_task_hash":-969221357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Previous research from the San Francisco Fed found the disturbances from climate change would shave about a third off U.S. economic growth rates by the end of this century.\r\n","_input_hash":1213554614,"_task_hash":-1715439683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme turbulence is on the rise around the world.","_input_hash":-81443408,"_task_hash":2099161940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It isn\u2019t just nauseating or scary \u2014 it\u2019s dangerous.\r\n","_input_hash":-2062692272,"_task_hash":644679210,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In June 2017, nine passengers and a crew member were hospitalized after extreme turbulence rocked their United Airlines flight from Panama City to Houston.\r\n","_input_hash":-69464140,"_task_hash":-929748309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe turbulence is becoming more frequent and intense due in part to climate change.","_input_hash":-1256539184,"_task_hash":-1741180511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Research indicates that rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere cause disruptions to the jet streams and create dangerous wind shears that greatly increase turbulence, especially at moderate latitudes where the majority of air travel occurs.\r\n","_input_hash":1368325623,"_task_hash":-1492436319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For flight attendants and passengers alike, that dangerous, shaky feeling in midair comes from air currents shifting.","_input_hash":-1984742814,"_task_hash":1907301223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Turbulence is already costing US airlines $200 million per year, with damage to aircraft plus injuries to passengers and crew.","_input_hash":1750013379,"_task_hash":-911297820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That number will skyrocket as extreme incidents increase.","_input_hash":-574920473,"_task_hash":1206904419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Turbulence is a threat to safety and economic security, but it\u2019s only part of the harm caused by climate change.","_input_hash":-839872058,"_task_hash":1793883066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past two summers, flights in Phoenix and Salt Lake City were canceled due to excessive heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-425529401,"_task_hash":-939245395,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires in the West reduced visibility, slowed frequency of landings, and rerouted planes.","_input_hash":-393067932,"_task_hash":-1040242747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricanes and floods damaged airport infrastructure and altered flight service for weeks and months as battered islands and cities struggled to recover.","_input_hash":80117771,"_task_hash":1853204629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thunderstorms and severe winter storms strand more passengers and airline crews each year.","_input_hash":355728976,"_task_hash":-374541050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And as the planet warms, we\u2019re seeing more and more severe versions of nearly all of these weather events.\r\n","_input_hash":243779777,"_task_hash":-1758011881,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change affects our home lives, too, as extreme events fueled by warming wreak havoc on US communities.","_input_hash":-1968337725,"_task_hash":-1316690665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found that in certain years and certain contexts, warming-related drought sparked conflicts that sent refugees abroad.\r\n","_input_hash":-288729674,"_task_hash":-307642808,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study found the clearest climate fingerprint on the violent conflicts that erupted in western Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa between 2011 and 2015 and that resulted in migration.","_input_hash":2097578798,"_task_hash":336572759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change had a hand in the Arab Spring uprising in Tunisia, Libya, Yemen and Syria between 2010 and 2012.\r\n","_input_hash":-666894167,"_task_hash":-1222254466,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Outward migration after those conflicts is indirectly linked to climate change, according to the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-336687782,"_task_hash":-423848562,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"We can say the effect of climate change on migration is causal, and it operates through conflict,\" said Raya Muttarak, one of the report's co-authors.\r\n","_input_hash":-1438514827,"_task_hash":773849981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She stressed that climate change may also contribute to low agricultural yields and gross domestic product \u2014 conditions that might set the stage for conflict or compel people to leave a country.","_input_hash":-1207522479,"_task_hash":392770112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its bloody eight-year-old civil war followed years of droughts and crop failures that caused an internal migration of Syrian farmers into city slums already crowded with Iraqi war refugees.","_input_hash":1554182719,"_task_hash":-508652369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"President Bashar al-Assad's response to the humanitarian and economic hardships led to political unrest that then erupted into war.","_input_hash":-84855721,"_task_hash":1875853250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But while small island nations in the Caribbean and South Pacific are ground zero for climate-induced disasters like sea-level rise, they've rarely ranked as hotbeds of terrorism or armed conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":-1134025661,"_task_hash":1356595126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new Stanford University study shows global warming has increased economic inequality since the 1960s.","_input_hash":-1356077982,"_task_hash":-695549163,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperature changes caused by growing concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth\u2019s atmosphere have enriched cool countries like Norway and Sweden, while dragging down economic growth in warm countries such as India and Nigeria.\r\n","_input_hash":-584682070,"_task_hash":-434730870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study builds on previous research in which Burke and co-authors analyzed 50 years of annual temperature and GDP measurements for 165 countries to estimate the effects of temperature fluctuations on economic growth.","_input_hash":1961505806,"_task_hash":34093981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They demonstrated that growth during warmer than average years has accelerated in cool nations and slowed in warm nations.\r\n","_input_hash":394025850,"_task_hash":1838191285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Using the climate models to isolate how much each country has already warmed due to human-caused climate change, the researchers were able to determine what each country\u2019s economic output might have been had temperatures not warmed.\r\n","_input_hash":2011078334,"_task_hash":-1917403700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s less clear how warming has influenced growth in countries in the middle latitudes, including the United States, China and Japan.","_input_hash":1985334158,"_task_hash":1542731949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dragged down by warming\r\nWhile the impacts of temperature may seem small from year to year, they can yield dramatic gains or losses over time.","_input_hash":226201029,"_task_hash":363347291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, after accumulating decades of small effects from warming, India\u2019s economy is now 31 percent smaller than it would have been in the absence of global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":726948011,"_task_hash":2003905484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(Percentages refer to the median change in per capita GDP from global warming between 1961 and 2010.)\r\n","_input_hash":-1478850934,"_task_hash":102697638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is on par with the decline in economic output seen in the U.S. during the Great Depression,\u201d Burke said.","_input_hash":1376036603,"_task_hash":-424116336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHistorically, rapid economic development has been powered by fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-342339148,"_task_hash":-1422897616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our finding that global warming has exacerbated economic inequality suggests that there is an added economic benefit of energy sources that don\u2019t contribute to further warming.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":59690091,"_task_hash":-679748457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Costing out the effects of climate change\r\nEpisodes of severe weather in the United States, such as the present abundance of rainfall in California, are brandished as tangible evidence of the future costs of current climate trends.","_input_hash":-1213032986,"_task_hash":1523030616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change.","_input_hash":694339757,"_task_hash":411590684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).\r\n","_input_hash":-321031803,"_task_hash":-87989949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, the estimated benefits of greenhouse gas abatement\u2014or conversely, the \u201cdamages\u201d from climate change\u2014are conceptually and computationally challenging to construct.","_input_hash":1927369945,"_task_hash":914696233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, we develop an integrated architecture to compute potential economic damages from climate change based on empirical evidence, which we apply to the United States.","_input_hash":-2145429258,"_task_hash":-472628095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(ix) Inundation from localized probabilistic sea level rise projections (36) interacting with storm surge and wind exposure in (viii) are mapped onto a database of all coastal properties maintained by Risk Management Solutions, where engineering models predict damage (SM section H).\r\n","_input_hash":1072648950,"_task_hash":1017842324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Direct impacts from (vi), (vii), and (ix) are aggregated across space or time within each sector.","_input_hash":-689262500,"_task_hash":1469670850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Various previous analyses [e.g., (39)] note that natural demographic change and economic growth may dominate climate change effects in overall magnitude, although such comparisons are not our focus here.","_input_hash":-1225415413,"_task_hash":-1048283056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"S2 display the median average impact during the period 2080 to 2099 due to climate changes in RCP8.5, a trajectory consistent with fossil-fuel\u2013intensive economic growth, for each county.","_input_hash":757118773,"_task_hash":-1430439099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, warming reduces mortality in cold northern counties and elevates it in hot southern counties (Fig. 2B).","_input_hash":-1322804071,"_task_hash":-1647873364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Atlantic coast counties suffer the largest losses from cyclone intensification and mean sea level (MSL) rise (Fig. 2F and fig.","_input_hash":-1965035096,"_task_hash":1176253714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In general (except for crime and some coastal damages), Southern and Midwestern populations suffer the largest losses, while Northern and Western populations have smaller or even negative damages, the latter amounting to net gains from projected climate changes.\r\n","_input_hash":76043283,"_task_hash":2031369013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Combining impacts across sectors reveals that warming causes a net transfer of value from Southern, Central, and Mid-Atlantic regions toward the Pacific Northwest, the Great Lakes region, and New England (Fig. 2I).","_input_hash":755363767,"_task_hash":-757111143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here climbers are killed by avalanches or rockfall, by injuries sustained from a fall, from exposure to the elements, from exhaustion or from altitude illness.\r\n","_input_hash":-1939819557,"_task_hash":-2054200033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Chinese and Nepalese sources, the discovery of many corpses of climbers in the Mount Everest area in the last years is due to climate change.","_input_hash":668134561,"_task_hash":-1354347207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nepal\u2019s army drained the Imja lake near Mount Everest in 2016 after its water from rapid glacial melt had reached dangerous levels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1828820557,"_task_hash":1832171982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After years of being battered by hurricanes, wildfires, and heat waves coupled with a climate denier-in-chief, it seems Americans might finally be coming around to the stance that climate change is real and we should do something about it thing.","_input_hash":-646831374,"_task_hash":-226875311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These kinds of responses reveal the limits of what people are willing to do and and underscore a lack of urgency.","_input_hash":-2101843790,"_task_hash":-887373328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Asked by reporters after the hearing what triggered the new review, Spencer was blunt.\r\n","_input_hash":93395561,"_task_hash":838944138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"People understand that the planet is getting hotter, a change that is both easy to understand and directly familiar to almost everyone.\r\n","_input_hash":-207894010,"_task_hash":1317583303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the effects of the increased heat are much broader than simply higher temperatures.","_input_hash":612737544,"_task_hash":-831519158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased health risks\r\n","_input_hash":-1363806898,"_task_hash":-1503179699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Big precipitation events with even more rain and snow\r\n","_input_hash":-1399310940,"_task_hash":244969954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased flooding\r\n","_input_hash":1691633797,"_task_hash":-1009871293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea levels\r\n","_input_hash":-1475372929,"_task_hash":-1077902403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ice melt\r\nShifts in sea habitats\r\n","_input_hash":123064131,"_task_hash":1307505955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Also frightening is that this is happening during the African summer, when there is usually more rain.","_input_hash":197001769,"_task_hash":348824036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study\u2019s authors implicate climate change in the loss of tropical invertebrates \u2014 moths, butterflies, grasshoppers and spiders.","_input_hash":79742285,"_task_hash":1471554127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coral bleaching occurs when corals lose their color after the symbiotic algae that live in coral cells and provide them with nutrients are expelled due to heat stress.","_input_hash":752360183,"_task_hash":-107005796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So scientists tend to distinguish between moderate bleaching, which can be managed, and severe bleaching, which can kill corals and also leave surviving corals more vulnerable to disease and other threats.\r\n","_input_hash":1729888581,"_task_hash":-1530266796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201c[We\u2019re] looking at 90 percent of reefs seeing the heat stress that causes severe bleaching on an annual basis by mid-century.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1676748443,"_task_hash":-1862171349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study comes after the unprecedented 2014-2017 global bleaching event that produced devastating consequences to the Great Barrier Reef off Australia and many other global reefs.\r\n","_input_hash":-486781831,"_task_hash":-2146796608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The new survey of 100 major coral reefs, from 1980 through 2016, found only a handful that had not suffered severe bleachings during that period.","_input_hash":533702189,"_task_hash":724765581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More striking, it found that the rate of severe bleaching is increasing over time.","_input_hash":1512437598,"_task_hash":1005602437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The average reef in the group bleached severely once every 25 or 30 years at the beginning of the 1980s, but by 2016 the recurrence time for severe bleaching was just 5.9 years.","_input_hash":-1194759681,"_task_hash":-1583342615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study said that as ocean waters have grown steadily warmer, global bleaching events are now triggered not only in warm-water El Ni\u00f1o years, but potentially in any year, including cooler La Ni\u00f1a years.\r\n","_input_hash":-817246480,"_task_hash":-382449460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Did climate change make Hurricane Florence worse?\r\n","_input_hash":-1457162457,"_task_hash":-717840693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Preliminary research has shown that Hurricane Florence, which struck North Carolina in September 2018, was probably somewhat larger and dumped more rain than it would have if the same storm had arrived in a world without humans\u2019 greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-1469082576,"_task_hash":125918596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(warm seas are the central energy source for hurricanes).\r\n","_input_hash":-304926822,"_task_hash":-476321887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, rising seas, caused by the melting of the planet\u2019s ice and the swelling of the ocean as it warms, make any coastal flooding event worse, even on sunny days.","_input_hash":2066638589,"_task_hash":-12661067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can say, with a high probability, that at least five or six of those inches are human-caused climate change,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":233819277,"_task_hash":-680610581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, as seas continue to rise (and rise at a faster rate), more and more water driven inland by storms will be attributable to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1034870464,"_task_hash":-125906537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the cover: Larry Hickman stands in floodwaters after Hurricane Florence in Bucksport,","_input_hash":-802957701,"_task_hash":-258380346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"S.C. The September storm caused damaging floods in the Carolinas.\r\n","_input_hash":-1712653048,"_task_hash":-136249833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires, climate change and the destruction of a California town\r\nBy Zoeann Murphy and Chris Mooney\r\n","_input_hash":-1511349395,"_task_hash":-1060065897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More explosive and rapidly spreading fires leave communities with little notice or chance to evacuate.","_input_hash":1003664296,"_task_hash":1629055679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such fire behavior stood out in the deadly 2018 Carr and Camp fires in California.\r\n","_input_hash":-735960545,"_task_hash":-1501987235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the West, human-caused climate change is a significant factor in worsening wildfires, scientists at the University of Idaho and Columbia University in New York have found.","_input_hash":2093084785,"_task_hash":519031408,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The hotter and drier conditions parch soil and wither plants and brush, increasing fuel for more forest fires.\r\n","_input_hash":395532769,"_task_hash":-840328207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Carr Fire, which killed eight, generated an enormous tornado-like vortex that stunned fire researchers.","_input_hash":979478878,"_task_hash":1625437522,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Camp Fire \u2014 the worst fire in California history \u2014 destroyed an entire town, Paradise, and killed at least 85 people.","_input_hash":1311972623,"_task_hash":1077328960,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It cost an estimated $16.5 billion in damage, according to insurance company Munich Re, making it even more destructive than the year\u2019s worst hurricanes.\r\n","_input_hash":-828003700,"_task_hash":843492751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On the cover: The November 2018 Camp Fire left destruction in its wake in Paradise, Calif.\r\n","_input_hash":1161862082,"_task_hash":1570339752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Antarctic glaciers have been melting at an accelerating pace over the past four decades thanks to an influx of warm ocean water \u2014 a startling new finding that researchers say could mean sea levels are poised to rise more quickly than predicted in coming decades.\r\n","_input_hash":-835868424,"_task_hash":-1453590636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Even Greater Unfreezing\r\n","_input_hash":-25692574,"_task_hash":-1465009180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That is considerably more ice melt than Antarctica is contributing, even though the Antarctic contains far more ice.","_input_hash":946094446,"_task_hash":-1324145810,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s mainly driven by the Arctic contribution, the Antarctic and a third major factor \u2014 that ocean water naturally expands as it warms.\r\n","_input_hash":-518222955,"_task_hash":1276678961,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The cause of the sunflower sea star\u2019s demise is a mystery, but it coincided with a warming event in the Pacific Ocean, possibly tied to the climate, that lasted for two years, ending in 2015.","_input_hash":453383699,"_task_hash":1409604096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It heated vast stretches of water in patches and probably exacerbated a wasting disease that had earlier struck the creature.\r\n","_input_hash":-258392248,"_task_hash":-387303098,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a new report, global energy experts have found that not only are planet-warming carbon-dioxide emissions still increasing, but the world\u2019s growing thirst for energy has led to higher emissions from coal-fired power plants than ever before.\r\n","_input_hash":-1611367206,"_task_hash":1829976203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To meet that demand, largely fueled by a booming economy, countries turned to an array of sources, including renewables.\r\n","_input_hash":-1553682663,"_task_hash":-996407793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In particular, a fleet of relatively young coal plants located in Asia, with decades to go on their lifetimes, led the way toward a record for emissions from coal-fired power plants \u2014 exceeding 10 billion tons of carbon dioxide \u201cfor the first time,\u201d the agency said.","_input_hash":-1697942637,"_task_hash":687641130,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greenhouse-gas emissions from the use of energy \u2014 by far their largest source \u2014 reached a record high of 33.1 billion tons in 2018.","_input_hash":684330652,"_task_hash":-67142752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emissions showed 1.7 percent growth, well above the average since 2010.\r\n","_input_hash":-1969969129,"_task_hash":403676817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That added heat is contributing to raging forest fires and bark beetle outbreaks, a combination that has devastated the state\u2019s forests.","_input_hash":1789615573,"_task_hash":578441973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In recent years, disease and other disturbances have caused forests to die, emitting carbon dioxide instead as they rot.\r\n","_input_hash":1657468393,"_task_hash":-608897993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While beetle outbreaks have happened before, scientists think rising temperatures have made them worse.","_input_hash":-2064448352,"_task_hash":-107594275,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Trees stressed by drought struggle to resist beetle attacks, and the drier ground makes forests more susceptible to fires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1560699939,"_task_hash":1107835974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A survey of global fossil and temperature records from the past 20,000 years suggests that Earth\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems are at risk of an even faster transformation than one that took place after the end of the last ice age, when sea levels rose, glaciers receded and global average temperatures soared as much as 7 degrees Celsius.\r\n","_input_hash":2084756078,"_task_hash":246219938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricanes are going to get worse.","_input_hash":831146554,"_task_hash":-1715600510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A stretch of desolate Alaskan shoreline is eroding more than twice as fast as it used to, fueled by Earth\u2019s warming temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1628831160,"_task_hash":-1841403013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"About 40 historic Mediterranean sites, representing cultures extending from the Phoenicians through the Venetians, are already at risk due to rising seas, research finds.","_input_hash":-717240457,"_task_hash":782847288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It found that out of 49 total such sites along the coasts of the Mediterranean, 37 are already vulnerable to a 100-year storm surge event.\r\n","_input_hash":119527365,"_task_hash":636768347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a world of rising sea levels, those risks will grow only more severe, threatening the destruction of irreplaceable cultural landmarks.","_input_hash":-711228503,"_task_hash":1402755722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For Joseph Manning \u2014 a professor of ancient Greek history at Yale who praised the new research \u2014 rising seas could be the next destroyer of human culture to come along after massive losses in the past decade alone tied to violence and civil war in Syria, Iraq and Egypt, among other countries.","_input_hash":-629513454,"_task_hash":189983702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"most viscerally, a surge in the number of grapes that are singed by the intensifying summer heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-219482354,"_task_hash":-195366532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And after World War II, fishery disputes prompted militarized action in democratic countries.","_input_hash":2049999000,"_task_hash":1090311255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since the goal is to reduce global \u201cgreenhouse gas emissions from human sources\u201d by \u201c40 to 60 percent from 2010 levels by 2030,\u201d pretty much everyone and everything will need to be mobilized in the \u201cFederal Government-led\u201d effort.\r\n","_input_hash":-887206471,"_task_hash":617536347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The best historical analogy is not the New Deal but World War II, when mobilization of the nation\u2019s vast productive capacity not only defeated Germany and Japan but also generated unprecedented domestic economic growth, hugely expanding the middle class.","_input_hash":874085521,"_task_hash":1106121761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Howard is worried about what\u2019s coming: the heat and humidity of a Boston summer.\r\n","_input_hash":1369202851,"_task_hash":-2069156170,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Howard, who is 57, has COPD, a progressive lung disease that can be exacerbated by heat and humidity.","_input_hash":-441117870,"_task_hash":-1540172111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"The overall trend of the hotter summers that we\u2019re seeing [is] due to climate change,\" Rice says, \"and with the overall upward trend, we've got the consequences of climate change.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1983252637,"_task_hash":-1112209696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So Rice focuses on steps her patients can take to cope with the consequences of heatwaves, more potent pollen and a longer allergy season.\r\n","_input_hash":2025604601,"_task_hash":835497497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The 64-year-old has asthma that is worse during the allergy season.","_input_hash":1556918726,"_task_hash":58604414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"The hard thing about this is to articulate the risk does elicit a lot of reasonable and rationale concern,\" Basu says.","_input_hash":-1647859243,"_task_hash":-1763444184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Nicholas attributes the delay, in part, to politics.","_input_hash":-1500995844,"_task_hash":246626055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Decades-long patterns of frost, heat and rain","_input_hash":-1755977500,"_task_hash":661415559,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Early rains, unexpected droughts and late freezes leave farmers uncertain over what comes next.\r\n","_input_hash":-20881822,"_task_hash":345021238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The chickpea is enjoying an unexpected assist from extreme weather.","_input_hash":1542627007,"_task_hash":1823170068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average annual temperature in Montana has increased by 2.4 degrees over the last century, but the amount of rain hasn\u2019t changed much.\r\n","_input_hash":-1797218876,"_task_hash":325049721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drought isn\u2019t helping.","_input_hash":1408453547,"_task_hash":385643388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When he was growing up, predictable spring rains led to even summer heat and a reliable crop of corn.","_input_hash":-1210922451,"_task_hash":1189677750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, trees are blooming too early and then being hit by unusual frosts, which result in less sellable fruit.","_input_hash":690827517,"_task_hash":1767088097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One problem that comes with hotter spring weather is an increase in diseases like fire blight, which can be especially hard to prevent in organic orchards where antibiotics can\u2019t be used, said Kate Prengaman, associate editor of Good Fruit Grower, a Washington-based magazine for tree fruit and grape farmers.\r\n","_input_hash":347562615,"_task_hash":1419993197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hotter temperatures can subject both organic and conventionally grown apples to sunburn, which causes defects on the fruit\u2019s skin.","_input_hash":-510058852,"_task_hash":764756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBut we\u2019ve noticed that as the climate changes and the weather is getting erratic, the freezes we get are more unpredictable.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-227755321,"_task_hash":39339507,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But changing weather patterns produce less rain during the growing season, and the underground aquifers that feed the state\u2019s crop are drying out.","_input_hash":1291567604,"_task_hash":-1232032880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much heat alters the starch that the plants produce.","_input_hash":1730090803,"_task_hash":1352656438,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It breaks apart more easily at the mill, causing waste.","_input_hash":-624886817,"_task_hash":50821779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than 1,000 people died in this country, Malawi and Zimbabwe.","_input_hash":1330010833,"_task_hash":2094823889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Floods shut down much of the city\u2019s water and sanitation systems.","_input_hash":-2146751015,"_task_hash":-1484488169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bacteria in contaminated water cause this disease.","_input_hash":832897107,"_task_hash":1190965121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its symptoms include severe diarrhea, violent vomiting and dehydration.","_input_hash":-1718786949,"_task_hash":565368535,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists can\u2019t yet say exactly what role climate change may have played in Cyclone Idai.","_input_hash":-975520306,"_task_hash":-329690413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But they do know that extreme storms will become more common with climate change.","_input_hash":-898992042,"_task_hash":183670846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme heat is one problem.","_input_hash":-1084284922,"_task_hash":2147280083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More intense hurricanes, rainstorms and wildfires are others.","_input_hash":-1572267440,"_task_hash":41898598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such events cause direct harm.","_input_hash":-1203765827,"_task_hash":-702772920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air and water pollution will worsen in many places.","_input_hash":1581796890,"_task_hash":-1170350036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIf we understand that we are part of the cause, it gives some hope that we can be a part of the solution,\u201d says Sarah Kew.","_input_hash":513096603,"_task_hash":313065400,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cyclone Idai was just the latest in a series of devastating storms, many of which have been intensified by climate change.","_input_hash":1318421985,"_task_hash":925370461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last September in the United States, for instance, Hurricane Florence flooded huge areas of North Carolina.","_input_hash":804938866,"_task_hash":1307936839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Storms can bring contamination.","_input_hash":2007787240,"_task_hash":202673293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of them make poisons that cause breathing problems.","_input_hash":874395799,"_task_hash":1586029459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change will likely bring more bad blooms.","_input_hash":1390994787,"_task_hash":1034843226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet the health impacts of climate change don\u2019t stop there.\r\n","_input_hash":-1848815130,"_task_hash":-537568898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the name given to a heat wave that made many people think about fires in hell.","_input_hash":2122937764,"_task_hash":2069764409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lucifer-like heat waves were once rare.","_input_hash":-1548723898,"_task_hash":-859666076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe estimate that human-caused climate change has increased the odds of such an event more than threefold since 1950,\u201d says Kew.","_input_hash":-1026023334,"_task_hash":1292757783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWithout human influence, half of the extreme heat waves projected to occur in the future wouldn\u2019t happen\u201d in most of the United States, he says.","_input_hash":-1726455840,"_task_hash":-1545372439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An increased risk of death from heat waves exists worldwide, says Yuming Guo.","_input_hash":-1481341336,"_task_hash":427497992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He and other scientists calculated the added risks for heat-wave deaths in 20 countries and regions.","_input_hash":95333819,"_task_hash":-1185026767,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If people do nothing about climate change, for example, Colombia in South America could have roughly 20 times more deaths from heat waves.","_input_hash":-563878286,"_task_hash":-808440441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moldova in Eastern Europe would have about 50 percent more deaths.","_input_hash":-70848383,"_task_hash":1933997561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not breathing easy\r\n","_input_hash":-1001053897,"_task_hash":613846577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change isn\u2019t just warming the air.","_input_hash":-1804882302,"_task_hash":-881996224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of the reasons include rising levels of pollen, pollution and other air quality problems.\r\n","_input_hash":-438181655,"_task_hash":1467238368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Plant pollen can cause hay fever.","_input_hash":-1236682357,"_task_hash":-1953231411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its misery includes sneezes, runny noses, sore throats, headaches and itchy eyes.","_input_hash":-754710282,"_task_hash":-169159942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Pollen also can trigger asthma attacks, making it hard to take a breath.","_input_hash":-311146194,"_task_hash":487553108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI personally suffer from spring-time allergies and fear a longer and potentially worse pollen season,\u201d says Michael Case.","_input_hash":-1479288179,"_task_hash":737670771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change will bring warming and a shift in rainfall patterns.","_input_hash":-672004765,"_task_hash":-1398744850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThese changes will have real effects on people\u2019s health,\u201d Case says, \u201cmaking it worse in some areas and potentially better in other areas.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":407764916,"_task_hash":-1662685025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Trees, too, can trigger allergies and asthma.","_input_hash":240510899,"_task_hash":538144699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Oak pollen led to 21,000 emergency room trips there for asthma in 2010.","_input_hash":2010118849,"_task_hash":962821665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sunlight triggers chemical reactions in both types of chemicals.","_input_hash":332138566,"_task_hash":24740740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And ozone is a trigger for asthma attacks and other breathing problems.\r\n","_input_hash":290850776,"_task_hash":1260529285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Particulate pollution can cause lung disease.","_input_hash":2115701060,"_task_hash":884740454,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies show those tiny bits can cause heart and circulation problems.","_input_hash":-441081962,"_task_hash":-1362622370,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wildfires spew particulates, too, along with other pollutants.","_input_hash":631756484,"_task_hash":1062357855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bad air quality affected vast areas of the western United States, where wildfires raged last year.","_input_hash":1687826254,"_task_hash":26965292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Even droughts can make breathing harder.","_input_hash":1414450925,"_task_hash":-1356429214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dry soil also kick-starts the growth of a harmful fungus.","_input_hash":-1903268038,"_task_hash":686896839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It causes a disease commonly known as valley fever.","_input_hash":-1285779669,"_task_hash":1314360375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These worms cause schistosomiasis (Shis-toh-so-MY-uh-sis).","_input_hash":637098560,"_task_hash":-2141784972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s why \u201cany change to climate is expected to have a big influence on the importance and distribution of insect-borne diseases,\u201d says Jennifer Lord.","_input_hash":265354323,"_task_hash":223953979,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These insects carry the parasites that cause sleeping sickness in people and nagana in cattle.","_input_hash":-1146015288,"_task_hash":-870039147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People with mild cases suffer with fevers, headaches and chills.","_input_hash":-1517918431,"_task_hash":281100013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Roughly 435,000 people died from the disease in 2017, notes the World Health Organization.\r\n","_input_hash":597471591,"_task_hash":172611903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This virus causes fevers and severe joint pain.","_input_hash":-1307134108,"_task_hash":-1820103654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Taking action\r\nThe more the average global temperature climbs,","_input_hash":297630087,"_task_hash":243773752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the worse climate\u2019s health impacts will be.","_input_hash":129900018,"_task_hash":-255124794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEach additional unit of warming will increase the risks for adverse health outcomes,\u201d says Ebi.","_input_hash":1121905681,"_task_hash":1720279996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fortunately, she adds, \u201cThere\u2019s a lot we can do now to reduce the number of people who are suffering and dying from climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":169042418,"_task_hash":-1636322149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Indeed, pollution already imposes huge costs to society.","_input_hash":-1861529378,"_task_hash":-1021815401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The new target encompasses all greenhouse gas emissions, including those from international aviation and shipping -- two industries that do not fall under the 2015 Paris climate agreement, which calls on countries to reduce their carbon output and halt global warming below 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.\r\n","_input_hash":687973092,"_task_hash":885074025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fish are disappearing because of climate change\r\n","_input_hash":1338841673,"_task_hash":494979424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And a lot of people have been \u2014 and will be \u2014 harmed by the effects of rising greenhouse gases.","_input_hash":1130350784,"_task_hash":-123934046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many of those impacts will clearly hurt the physical health of people, such as by aggravating asthma or heart disease.","_input_hash":509286084,"_task_hash":1080795524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But climate change can be bad for mental health as well.","_input_hash":512047648,"_task_hash":483672889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme weather and sea-level rise can destroy homes and property.","_input_hash":-1756549647,"_task_hash":2125406870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People can suffer physical harm from extreme events as well.","_input_hash":-1117284770,"_task_hash":1006875389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Depression, anxiety, post-trauma stress, sleep disorders and other problems can result.\r\n","_input_hash":1148096629,"_task_hash":1233762112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But climate change can pose a risk to mental health even without a direct physical threat.","_input_hash":316643855,"_task_hash":-880276784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can trigger feelings of anger, grief, resentment, fear, frustration and being overwhelmed.","_input_hash":-1865105275,"_task_hash":945678815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"anxiety A nervous reaction to events causing excessive uneasiness and apprehension.","_input_hash":-1814226808,"_task_hash":-650244843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People with anxiety may even develop panic attacks.\r\n","_input_hash":-1570933823,"_task_hash":-1895355441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"climate change Long-term, significant change in the climate of Earth.","_input_hash":1501369338,"_task_hash":-2067581105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It can happen naturally or in response to human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests.\r\n","_input_hash":-1087462718,"_task_hash":-1492029124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A mental illness characterized by persistent sadness and apathy.","_input_hash":-1226119766,"_task_hash":1293236386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although these feelings can be triggered by events, such as the death of a loved one or the move to a new city, that isn\u2019t typically considered an \u201cillness\u201d \u2014 unless the symptoms are prolonged and harm an individual\u2019s ability to perform normal daily tasks (such as working, sleeping or interacting with others).","_input_hash":-22943600,"_task_hash":-1075570068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"People suffering from depression often feel they lack the energy needed to get anything done.","_input_hash":348697920,"_task_hash":1690247006,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A condition where the body does not work appropriately, leading to what might be viewed as an illness.","_input_hash":1879014377,"_task_hash":-2095976991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat.","_input_hash":-1116582503,"_task_hash":-1980484296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For instance, exposure to radiation poses a risk of cancer.","_input_hash":686450663,"_task_hash":-1142451319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(For instance: Among cancer risks that the people faced were radiation and drinking water tainted with arsenic.)\r\n","_input_hash":1631382743,"_task_hash":-927212344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A factor \u2014 such as unusual temperatures, movements, moisture or pollution \u2014 that affects the health of a species or ecosystem.","_input_hash":819606198,"_task_hash":727033201,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A mental, physical, emotional or behavioral reaction to an event or circumstance (stressor) that disturbs a person or animal\u2019s usual state of being or places increased demands on a person or animal; psychological stress can be either positive or negative.\r\n","_input_hash":477329827,"_task_hash":1603795904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rising levels of carbon dioxide could make crops less nutritious and damage the health of hundreds of millions of people, research has revealed, with those living in some of the world\u2019s poorest regions likely to be hardest hit.\r\n","_input_hash":1036132295,"_task_hash":501619721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Now experts say such changes could mean that by the middle of the century about 175 million more people develop a zinc deficiency, while 122 million people who are not currently protein deficient could become so.\r\n","_input_hash":-2098945381,"_task_hash":1659262288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Poor mental health can be triggered by disease or merely reflect a short-term response to life\u2019s challenges.","_input_hash":1177626178,"_task_hash":1993806670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among other problems, zinc deficiencies are linked to troubles with wound healing, infections and diarrhoea; protein deficiencies are linked to stunted growth; and iron deficiencies are tied to complications in pregnancy and childbirth.\r\n","_input_hash":-1163200844,"_task_hash":58952251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors note that even if individuals were able to eat more of the plants to get the same nutrient intake, they might end up with other issues like obesity, while climate effects such as increased temperatures and water stress could actually result in an overall decrease in crop yields.\r\n","_input_hash":1343604406,"_task_hash":59558566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf no actions are taken, additional millions to billions of people will be nutrition deficient because of rising CO2, and the most vulnerable regions in the world will suffer the greatest impacts,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":2069771674,"_task_hash":-172486796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From broken healthcare to corrosive racial inequality, from rapacious corporations to a climate crisis, the need for fact-based reporting that highlights injustice and offers solutions is as great as ever.","_input_hash":-493641651,"_task_hash":-330232369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s a dramatic shift from previous years, when climate change lagged well behind other dangers to people and property.","_input_hash":41127227,"_task_hash":1058067830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to one estimate, natural disasters caused about $340 billion in damage across the world in 2017, with insurers paying out a record $138 billion.","_input_hash":-1022728585,"_task_hash":500590217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change can make a sizable dent on economic growth by disrupting supply chains and demand for products, and creating harsh working conditions, among other issues.\r\n","_input_hash":1303011883,"_task_hash":811359955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While scientists warn that climate change is a likely factor in the unprecedented flooding that inundated eastern Nebraska in March, directors at the state\u2019s largest utility largely do not see the event as a call to hasten the utility\u2019s transition away from fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1859626486,"_task_hash":-1684452828,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The flood was estimated to have caused about $1.3 billion in damage to roads, dams, levees and other structures, as well as farm crops and livestock.","_input_hash":-2094653138,"_task_hash":-1038221567,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI have recognized that climate change is causing these extreme events we\u2019ve seen around this country and the world for several years,\u201d Thompson said.","_input_hash":-1755493584,"_task_hash":-78124047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although he views the flooding as a consequence of the warming world, Thompson didn\u2019t exactly advocate accelerating the utility\u2019s shift away from fossil fuels and the adoption of more renewable generation.","_input_hash":-541039623,"_task_hash":-1478816414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"towers causing turbulence in the atmosphere.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2024795142,"_task_hash":1645838100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is caused by man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which wind turbines do not emit.\r\n","_input_hash":134270034,"_task_hash":-1151424238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding \u201cis just something that happens,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-162113494,"_task_hash":1084829862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Jerry Chlopek, from Columbus, also sees the flood as nothing more than a freak occurrence.\r\n","_input_hash":-1304955161,"_task_hash":-868411317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI don\u2019t know what to blame on climate change and what not to blame on climate change.","_input_hash":1289456032,"_task_hash":22551001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen we face the utter devastation of this last big event, the millions and millions of dollars of income and capital that are gone for people who were already struggling a little to make ends meet, I think people are beginning to wonder if it\u2019s responsible to just say, \u2018No, it couldn\u2019t be climate change and we need to keep doing what we\u2019re doing.\u2019\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1691064207,"_task_hash":-1811135677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events, and the world's most vulnerable children will bear the brunt of these disasters.\r\n","_input_hash":970788087,"_task_hash":1754024349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While Cyclone Fani is putting millions at risk in India and Bangladesh, Mozambique is still recovering from back-to-back cyclones that tore through the region in March and April, causing serious damage to the lives of thousands of children.","_input_hash":449843179,"_task_hash":920213510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These powerful storms should be an urgent wakeup call to world leaders on the grave risks that extreme weather events pose to the lives of children.\r\n","_input_hash":1386642842,"_task_hash":-962812196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Cyclones, droughts and other extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity.","_input_hash":644166449,"_task_hash":-1315709243,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cyclone Kenneth, the strongest storm ever recorded in Mozambique, damaged or destroyed at least 400 schools, affecting over 40,000 schoolchildren.","_input_hash":1222340176,"_task_hash":1731983247,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Kenneth struck just six weeks after Cyclone Idai pummeled Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, affecting 1 million children.","_input_hash":-953799543,"_task_hash":-1748659489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is deepening the environmental threat faced by families in Bangladesh's poorest communities, leaving them unable to keep their children properly housed, fed, healthy and educated,\" said Fore. \"","_input_hash":-1352856668,"_task_hash":1949122458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Bangladesh and around the world, climate change has the potential to reverse many of the gains that countries have achieved in child survival and development.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1975657067,"_task_hash":-342642225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Climate change is linked to rising sea levels and the increase in rainfall associated with cyclones, thus causing more devastation in coastal but also inland areas.","_input_hash":686480412,"_task_hash":-521462827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the short term, the most vulnerable children are at risk of drowning and landslides, deadly diseases including cholera and malaria, malnutrition from reduced agricultural production and psychological trauma \u2014 all of which are compounded when health centers and schools are impacted.","_input_hash":-2111498504,"_task_hash":1472568053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the long term, cycles of poverty can linger for years and limit the capacity of families and communities to adapt to climate change and to reduce the risk of disasters.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-788278020,"_task_hash":-1417795476,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"UNICEF works to curb the impact of extreme weather events in many ways, including:\r\ndesigning water systems that can withstand cyclones and salt water contamination\r\nstrengthening school structures and supporting preparedness drills\r\nsupporting community health systems in risk-prone areas\r\n","_input_hash":660340051,"_task_hash":-1255650153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without mitigating actions, global temperatures are projected to rise by 4oC above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century\u2014with increasing and irreversible risks of collapsing ice sheets, inundation of low-lying island states, extreme weather events, and runaway warming scenarios.\r\n","_input_hash":157117498,"_task_hash":-1987255072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A warming climate could also mean increased extinction risk for a large fraction of species, the spread of diseases, an undermining of food security, and reduced renewable surface water and groundwater resources.\r\n","_input_hash":-1270841026,"_task_hash":-1682122262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another key point is that the damage done by fossil fuel energy use is not limited to climate change.","_input_hash":-977431590,"_task_hash":1231015818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Its use also gives rise to local air pollution deaths, and road congestion and accidents.\r\n","_input_hash":1040685808,"_task_hash":-1859964345,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Humans emit 30 billion to 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide, or the greenhouse gas known as CO2, into the atmosphere each year.\r\n","_input_hash":-1543804642,"_task_hash":-974536235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In truth, we would have to cover the entire contiguous US with trees just to capture 10% of the CO2 we emit annually.\r\n","_input_hash":984601992,"_task_hash":-1429561950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers fear global warming will cause the Sierra Nevada snowpack to lose much of its freshwater by the end of the century, spelling trouble for water management throughout the state.\r\n","_input_hash":1895522883,"_task_hash":263403545,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) expect to see an increase in \u2018precipitation whiplash\u2019 events in the region, with rapid transitions between extreme wet and extreme dry periods.\r\n","_input_hash":-1298438011,"_task_hash":1378908564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These extreme precipitation events pose a risk to dams, levees and canals, few of which have been tested against intense storms such as those that caused the Great Flood of 1862.","_input_hash":-18850520,"_task_hash":847360752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By the end of the 21st century, the frequency of floods of this magnitude across the state is expected to increase by 300 to 400 percent.\r\n","_input_hash":510527950,"_task_hash":-1386458903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the winter of 2017, record snowfall in the Sierras caused a spillway to fail on the Oroville Dam, sending water spilling over the dam.","_input_hash":1739473061,"_task_hash":-1485834746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After the damage to the dam\u2019s spillways, DigitalGlobe, a satellite imagery company, released images showing the extent of the damage.\r\n","_input_hash":1138447768,"_task_hash":1813466242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists from UCLA\u2019s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and the Center for Climate Science predicted increased warming in the region will cause snow to melt faster.","_input_hash":-202122078,"_task_hash":-679813452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human society is in jeopardy from the accelerating decline of the Earth\u2019s natural life-support systems, the world\u2019s leading scientists have warned, as they announced the results of the most thorough planetary health check ever undertaken.\r\n","_input_hash":-916079317,"_task_hash":-1819108973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In economic terms, the losses are jaw-dropping.","_input_hash":1256062851,"_task_hash":1480973691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Pollinator loss has put up to $577bn (\u00a3440bn) of crop output at risk, while land degradation has reduced the productivity of 23% of global land.\r\n","_input_hash":-297185729,"_task_hash":-1134299215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The knock-on impacts on humankind, including freshwater shortages and climate instability, are already \u201cominous\u201d and will worsen without drastic remedial action, the authors said.\r\n","_input_hash":1768069919,"_task_hash":1578058875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Remedies are possible, but they require urgent, transformative action because policies until now have failed to halt the tide of human-made extinctions.","_input_hash":1696328847,"_task_hash":-217364392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report also examines five main drivers of unprecedented biodiversity and ecosystem change over the past 50 years, identifying them as: changes in land and sea use; direct exploitation of organisms; climate change; pollution; and invasion of alien species.\r\n","_input_hash":-116936250,"_task_hash":-808218059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If we see business as usual going forward then we\u2019ll see a very fast decline in the ability of nature to provide what we need and to buffer climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-586973735,"_task_hash":628722226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Agriculture and fishing are the primary causes of the deterioration.","_input_hash":-2145856572,"_task_hash":-733040751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study paints a picture of a suffocating human-caused sameness spreading across the planet, as a small range of cash crops and high-value livestock are replacing forests and other nature-rich ecosystems.","_input_hash":784119594,"_task_hash":1205351108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As well as eroding the soil, which causes a loss of fertility, these monocultures are more vulnerable to disease, drought and other impacts of climate breakdown.\r\n","_input_hash":1496252877,"_task_hash":1015903980,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, pollution and invasive species have had a relatively low impact, but these factors are accelerating.","_input_hash":-1660175136,"_task_hash":-943542861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Population growth is noted as a factor, along with inequality.","_input_hash":-388796354,"_task_hash":-928814812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It says values and goals need to change across governments so local, national and international policymakers are aligned to tackle the underlying causes of planetary deterioration.","_input_hash":601899126,"_task_hash":910794911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At the same time, a new threat has emerged: Global warming has become a major driver of wildlife decline, the assessment found, by shifting or shrinking the local climates that many mammals, birds, insects, fish and plants evolved to survive in.","_input_hash":546264776,"_task_hash":2002852041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When combined with the other ways humans are damaging the environment, climate change is now pushing a growing number of species, such as the Bengal tiger, closer to extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":1215214949,"_task_hash":933263565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result, biodiversity loss is projected to accelerate through 2050, particularly in the tropics, unless countries drastically step up their conservation efforts.\r\n","_input_hash":-345751090,"_task_hash":859220328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The loss of mangrove forests and coral reefs along coasts could expose up to 300 million people to increased risk of flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1514105440,"_task_hash":-892494252,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors note that the devastation of nature has become so severe that piecemeal efforts to protect individual species or to set up wildlife refuges will no longer be sufficient.","_input_hash":-1006481620,"_task_hash":200301683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though outside experts cautioned it could be difficult to make precise forecasts, the report warns of a looming extinction crisis, with extinction rates currently tens to hundreds of times higher than they have been in the past 10 million years.\r\n","_input_hash":871427337,"_task_hash":-661293008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHuman actions threaten more species with global extinction now than ever before,\u201d the report concludes, estimating that \u201caround 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action is taken.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1974390257,"_task_hash":-1219419287,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past 50 years, global biodiversity loss has primarily been driven by activities like the clearing of forests for farmland, the expansion of roads and cities, logging, hunting, overfishing, water pollution and the transport of invasive species around the globe.\r\n","_input_hash":-2040075722,"_task_hash":-159769581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And with humans continuing to burn fossil fuels for energy, global warming is expected to compound the damage.","_input_hash":-1203415324,"_task_hash":1337256771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Roughly 5 percent of species worldwide are threatened with climate-related extinction if global average temperatures rise 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, the report concluded.","_input_hash":-1375532581,"_task_hash":-1407664732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And it could become harder in the future to breed new, hardier crops and livestock to cope with the extreme heat and drought that climate change will bring.\r\n","_input_hash":1308523205,"_task_hash":-237270016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change has raised the risk of a fungal disease that ravages banana crops, new research shows.\r\n","_input_hash":-302041105,"_task_hash":705299356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The new study, by the University of Exeter, says changes to moisture and temperature conditions have increased the risk of Black Sigatoka by more than 44% in these areas since the 1960s.\r\n","_input_hash":1010231921,"_task_hash":1283451750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Black Sigatoka is caused by a fungus (Pseudocercospora fijiensis) whose lifecycle is strongly determined by weather and microclimate,\" said Dr. Daniel Bebber, of the University of Exeter.\r\n","_input_hash":-951763026,"_task_hash":1975919046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"This research shows that climate change has made temperatures better for spore germination and growth, and made crop canopies wetter, raising the risk of Black Sigatoka infection in many banana-growing areas of Latin America.\r\n","_input_hash":1069689771,"_task_hash":-812654758,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Despite the overall rise in the risk of Black Sigatoka in the areas we examined, drier conditions in some parts of Mexico and Central America have reduced infection risk.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-508342170,"_task_hash":-1586975799,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Pseudocercospora fijiensis fungus spreads via aerial spores, infecting banana leaves and causing streaked lesions and cell death when fungal toxins are exposed to light.\r\n","_input_hash":698839184,"_task_hash":-2073841149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Species loss is accelerating to a rate tens or hundreds of times faster than in the past, the report said.","_input_hash":-140240361,"_task_hash":2005745074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The habitat loss leaves plants and animals homeless.","_input_hash":352606752,"_task_hash":1486467012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2014 Permitting climate change from the burning of fossil fuels to make it too hot, wet or dry for some species to survive.","_input_hash":-340278452,"_task_hash":-2017762073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Both problems exacerbate each other because a warmer world means fewer species, and a less biodiverse world means fewer trees and plants to remove heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the air, Lovejoy said.\r\n","_input_hash":1333740291,"_task_hash":1106146704,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Five times in the past, Earth has undergone mass extinctions where much of life on Earth blinked out, like the one that killed the dinosaurs.","_input_hash":-23276761,"_task_hash":-440547971,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Watson said the report was careful not to call what\u2019s going on now as a sixth big die-off because current levels don\u2019t come close to the 75% level in past mass extinctions.\r\n","_input_hash":526713306,"_task_hash":556436377,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Habitat loss is one of the biggest threats, and it\u2019s happening worldwide, Watson said.","_input_hash":1529126287,"_task_hash":1722652363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many of the worst effects can be prevented by changing the way we grow food, produce energy, deal with climate change and dispose of waste, the report said.","_input_hash":-19509217,"_task_hash":-99956899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Using data from field experiments and modeling of ground faults, researchers at Tufts University have discovered that the practice of subsurface fluid injection used in \u2018fracking\u2019 and wastewater disposal for oil and gas exploration could cause significant, rapidly spreading earthquake activity beyond the fluid diffusion zone.","_input_hash":-1023759299,"_task_hash":-972256156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet the study, published today in the journal Science, tests and strongly supports the hypothesis that fluid injections are causing potentially damaging earthquakes further afield by the slow slip of pre-existing fault fracture networks, in domino-like fashion.\r\n","_input_hash":-695215776,"_task_hash":-456296084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The results account for the observation that the frequency of man-made earthquakes in some regions of the country surpass natural earthquake hotspots.\r\n","_input_hash":938761181,"_task_hash":-1252885936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, earthquakes and fault rupture occur over vastly larger scales.","_input_hash":1291906183,"_task_hash":273035965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stress from this fault slip may be the leading cause of an expanding cloud of seismicity (grey circles).","_input_hash":-692192816,"_task_hash":4182085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The hazard posed by fluid-induced earthquakes is a matter of increasing public concern in the US.","_input_hash":-782299788,"_task_hash":-127180116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The man-made earthquake effect is considered responsible for making Oklahoma\u2014 a very active region of oil and gas exploration\u2014the most productive seismic region in the country, including California.","_input_hash":1529090922,"_task_hash":-1840296075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s remarkable that today we have regions of man-made earthquake activity that surpass the level of activity in natural hot spots like southern California,\u201d said Robert C. Viesca, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Tufts University\u2019s School of Engineering, co-author of the study and Bhattacharya\u2019s post-doc supervisor.","_input_hash":837185866,"_task_hash":-669925867,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most earthquakes induced by fracking are too small -- 3.0 on the Richter scale -- to be a safety or damage concern.","_input_hash":343600664,"_task_hash":-1689400795,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Injection of wastewater into deep boreholes (greater than one kilometer) can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage.\r\n","_input_hash":-37773336,"_task_hash":893708741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the largest earthquake induced by fluid injection and documented in the scientific literature was a magnitude 5.8 earthquake in September 2016 in central Oklahoma.","_input_hash":1843702089,"_task_hash":150393981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Four other earthquakes greater than 5.0 have occurred in Oklahoma as a result of fluid injection, and earthquakes of magnitude between 4.5 and 5.0 have been induced by fluid injection in Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas and Texas.\r\n","_input_hash":-1715619821,"_task_hash":1419405892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bhattacharya, P. and Viesca, R.C. \"Fluid-induced aseismic fault slip outpaces pore-fluid migration\u201d Science, 364","_input_hash":1503336917,"_task_hash":1815189691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Three deaths were reported from Cyclone Kenneth and the U.N. warned of \u201cmassive flooding\u201d ahead.\r\n","_input_hash":2038961988,"_task_hash":1851649509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was the first time in recorded history that the southern African nation has been hit by two cyclones in one season, the U.N. said.\r\n","_input_hash":2107222113,"_task_hash":191276148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He said two island residents were reported dead, and Mozambique\u2019s emergency operations center said a woman in the city of Pemba was killed by a falling tree.\r\n","_input_hash":14415198,"_task_hash":23256460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While the region that took the brunt of Kenneth is more sparsely populated than the area hit by Idai, Mozambique\u2019s disaster management agency said nearly 700,000 people could be at risk, many left exposed and hungry as flood waters rise.\r\n","_input_hash":-1570574696,"_task_hash":2113106995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The cyclone cut off electricity on the island and toppled a mobile phone tower, cutting off communications, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":853523899,"_task_hash":-1943387928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The aid group cited weekend forecasts of as much as 250 millimeters (9 inches) of torrential rain, or about a quarter of the average annual rainfall for the region.","_input_hash":195865041,"_task_hash":1746655783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest city in the cyclone-hit region, Pemba, had significant power outages.\r\n","_input_hash":-1851746734,"_task_hash":-987114047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is a very vulnerable area, higher in poverty\u201d than the one hit by Cyclone Idai, Red Cross spokeswoman Katie Wilkes said.\r\n","_input_hash":1054752379,"_task_hash":-1219960729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some saw parents killed or lost in the flooding that followed the storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-2025558791,"_task_hash":1276588076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Kenneth made landfall just over a week ago, killing 41 people and now sparking a cholera outbreak.","_input_hash":-284191752,"_task_hash":-314224313,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last month Cyclone Idai struck central Mozambique, killing more than 600 people and leading to thousands of cases of cholera and malaria.\r\n","_input_hash":2060604087,"_task_hash":422409108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the 150,000 people affected by Kenneth, half are children, UNICEF spokesman Daniel Timme told the Associated Press.\r\n","_input_hash":623074929,"_task_hash":-1082958998,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" We have known about the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect for many decades, and I have previously described it in Forbes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1810983489,"_task_hash":-1949489652,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":", this essay is written as an antidote to wild claims spouting the \"cliche\" or \"zombie theory\" that climate warming is caused by urban heat bias.","_input_hash":1218976031,"_task_hash":1734760512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hausfather and colleagues found that \"urbanization accounts for 14% to 21% of the rise in unadjusted minimum temperatures since 1895 and 6% to 9% since 1960.\"","_input_hash":967250255,"_task_hash":-1834867853,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, the paper goes on to say that correction procedures have effectively removed the urban heat signal such that it has not caused a bias in temperature assessment over the past 50-80 years.","_input_hash":1476722074,"_task_hash":-1737542597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cities are made with heat-absorbing materials, have less vegetation to provide evapotranspirational cooling, and consist of anthropogenic heat from transportation and heating systems.","_input_hash":-333459214,"_task_hash":137371690,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many buildings also contribute to the UHI by emitting its heat into urban corridors.","_input_hash":166192641,"_task_hash":1760521310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Stone and colleagues have argued that scientists have been so careful to make sure we are not biasing the global temperature record (rightfully so) with the \"urban signal\" that we have overlooked that urban areas are warming with greater intensity.","_input_hash":2138202671,"_task_hash":997498059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Urban areas have the \"double-whammy\" of the background anthropogenic warming associated with greenhouse gas emissions plus the warming signal from the urban heat island.","_input_hash":-1409869949,"_task_hash":-1886123151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate scientists really do understand the role that urbanization plays in temperature warming, and the new study also shows that they will be cognizant of urban encroachment on the observation.","_input_hash":-824837690,"_task_hash":-1355374549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate scientists agree that the globe is warming, and that it\u2019s due to humans.","_input_hash":-382445799,"_task_hash":63038501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Shorter winters, longer and more intense heat waves, rising sea level, and bigger rain storms \u2013 all these things show that climate change isn\u2019t something that\u2019s coming","_input_hash":-6147522,"_task_hash":-413208000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warming oceans and melting ice sheets are also causing sea level to rise on Long Island Sound.","_input_hash":322159674,"_task_hash":330131512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While a foot doesn't seem like much we're already seeing an increase in flooding.","_input_hash":-1197164663,"_task_hash":-1019277497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Storms like Hurricane Sandy will produce more severe flooding in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-904555407,"_task_hash":492726250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By 2050, a 1 in 100 year flood today will be more like a 1 in 23 year flood.","_input_hash":-853997758,"_task_hash":-2058213796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Floods that happened once in a life time will be nearly 4 times as frequent.\r\n","_input_hash":1763618826,"_task_hash":-1751203939,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The result is heavier rainstorms.","_input_hash":-383676416,"_task_hash":-1160364629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the northeast, heavy precipitation events have increased 55 percent in the last 60 years.","_input_hash":-1214729163,"_task_hash":1716361788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flash floods are becoming more common as every degree we warm the atmosphere can hold about 4 percent more water.\r\n","_input_hash":752959877,"_task_hash":263629986,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the earth continues to warm the impacts will become more and more severe here in Connecticut and throughout the globe.\r\n","_input_hash":698051426,"_task_hash":1870389825,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here is a look at current temperatures and the historic trend that shows a nearly 2-degree rise since 1950.","_input_hash":621463579,"_task_hash":-259235785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to major hurricanes in 2017 and the longer, more intense wildfire seasons we're seeing in the west.\r\n","_input_hash":-290720924,"_task_hash":-455118087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cybersecurity and financial volatility ranked second and third behind climate change for largest current risks.\r\n","_input_hash":451235327,"_task_hash":707618826,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is particularly poignant because those richer countries have disproportionately benefited from the natural resource use that is driving climate change.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-972502804,"_task_hash":-2034164923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They found evidence that this decline was not so much because people had less sex in hot weather, but because hot weather decreases sperm production.","_input_hash":909073516,"_task_hash":11973951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More species are now threatened than at any other period in human history, with climate change contributing to the decline in biodiversity.\r\n","_input_hash":-243778690,"_task_hash":-1646536215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI feel like I got a slap in the face,\u201d Liisa Rohweder, the CEO of WWF Finland, which is an observer at the Arctic Council, told the broadcaster.\r\n","_input_hash":-1445404755,"_task_hash":685462716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Industry explains that this increase of production is fueled by expected increases in demand for disposable plastics, such as soft drinks and packaging, by millennials in developed countries, and growing consumer markets in developing countries.","_input_hash":-1344304248,"_task_hash":397775804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even the UN Environment Program has taken a strong stance against plastic pollution, and started a global campaign to reduce marine debris from microplastics and single use plastics by 2022.","_input_hash":1166117873,"_task_hash":-524179489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This makes the fight against single-use plastic pollution more compelling and holistic, realizing that good choices in renewable energy and climate friendly decisions may also help reduce single-use plastic production and pollution, and vice versa.\r\n","_input_hash":1866562366,"_task_hash":1284112069,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Stories that link extreme weather and climate change can overlook other relevant factors; Revkin mentions the California wildfires, and notes the role that development played in contributing to damage and loss.\r\n","_input_hash":-2081650976,"_task_hash":-168941251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Cowan cites the UK\u2019s role in the global climate crisis, which stems from a history of extractive colonialism and continues through entities such as UK-traded fossil-fuel companies operating across Africa, as an example.","_input_hash":-288912108,"_task_hash":-30079755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Journalism too often reflects and reinforces this problem of silence, abetting years of lackluster policy debate and ever-rising emissions.","_input_hash":1715540035,"_task_hash":1676080905,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Storms are projected to get bigger and more frequent, which can create waves that are more powerful and, in many places, bigger.\r\n","_input_hash":233846320,"_task_hash":-1811944231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"[Waning winters: In the Netherlands, an iconic skating race \u2014 and a way of life \u2014 faces extinction from climate change]\r\n","_input_hash":1774869827,"_task_hash":1805667638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 26-year-old Maui native can tick off the dangers climate change poses to the ocean he loves: \u201cBleaching of reefs; the damage of the shoreline from stronger storms; the changing of wind patterns so that a particular wave might not be as good anymore; the shifting of currents, which could destroy a particular break along a coastline.","_input_hash":-1951408076,"_task_hash":-669977883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nothing will be universal across the globe, and while some areas might see smaller waves, others \u2014 particularly those at high latitudes \u2014 could see more pronounced effects.","_input_hash":143402514,"_task_hash":-1216559875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study noted that wave power \u2014 the transfer of energy from wind to sea \u2014 increased by an average of 0.47 percent per year from 1948 to 2008 and has risen by 2.3 percent annually since 1994.","_input_hash":-1276314932,"_task_hash":1477714418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, more work is still required to be certain the changes we observe are caused by climate change,\u201d said Ian Young, a researcher at the University of Melbourne who led the study.\r\n","_input_hash":-513968549,"_task_hash":-558219544,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Erosion also could spoil beaches, and shifting wind conditions not only could alter the way water moves toward shores but also could change sediment transport patterns, which could relocate or eliminate sandbars that trip waves.\r\n","_input_hash":-1419878997,"_task_hash":1314132202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The hydrofoil acts similarly to an airplane wing, and the power from the swell creates movement and lift.","_input_hash":-1889123660,"_task_hash":-1871822614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A massive United Nations report this week warned that nature is in trouble, estimated 1 million species are threatened with extinction if nothing is done and said the worldwide deterioration of nature is everybody\u2019s problem.\r\n","_input_hash":11528625,"_task_hash":81590628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Food, energy, medicine, water, protection from storms and floods and slowing climate change are some of the 18 ways nature helps keep people alive, the report said.","_input_hash":-284899837,"_task_hash":-717506067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even though overall the world is growing more food, pressure on crops from pollution, habitat changes and other forces has made prices soar and even caused food riots in Latin America, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":319985604,"_task_hash":1988766430,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s about 60% of what humans produce through burning fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1027030002,"_task_hash":2121406090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change and biodiversity loss are equally huge environmental problems that make each other worse, report chairman Robert Watson said.\r\n","_input_hash":-238194456,"_task_hash":542301755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People can build expensive time-consuming sea walls to fight the rise of oceans from climate change or the same protection can be offered by coastal mangroves, the report said.\r\n","_input_hash":-2120720138,"_task_hash":963951216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd they clearly help to protect land from severe weather events and storm surges from the sea.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":117534341,"_task_hash":-2102442156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A mysterious epidemic of chronic kidney disease among agricultural workers and manual laborers may be caused by a combination of increasingly hot temperatures, toxins and infections, according to researchers at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.\r\n","_input_hash":-1791144820,"_task_hash":1986931483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In recent years, chronic kidney disease has emerged as a major illness among workers in hot climates.","_input_hash":862797479,"_task_hash":659177225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the exact cause has been hard to determine.\r\n","_input_hash":2062367418,"_task_hash":-649197919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Newman and study co-author Richard Johnson, MD, of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, said the disease could be caused by heat, a direct health impact of climate change, as well as pesticides like glyphosate.\r\n","_input_hash":-705610572,"_task_hash":-1194465373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Lead and cadmium, known to cause kidney injury, have been reported in the soils of Sri Lanka and Central America.\r\n","_input_hash":1026781637,"_task_hash":-755948917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other potential causes include infectious diseases that can hurt the kidneys such as the hanta virus and leptospirosis, common in sugar cane workers.","_input_hash":-1651012529,"_task_hash":-691557862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe common factors are heat exposure and heavy labor,\u201d Newman said.\r\n","_input_hash":296196874,"_task_hash":-677022963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat stress and persistent dehydration can cause kidney damage.\r\n","_input_hash":284773903,"_task_hash":-439858528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is not caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.","_input_hash":-1542899504,"_task_hash":-163907089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The usual suspects are not the cause.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1418629621,"_task_hash":1746780027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Newman and Johnson believe the epidemic is caused by a combination of heat and some kind of toxin and they recognize the need to take preventative action immediately.","_input_hash":-1771430926,"_task_hash":-772379369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The number of billion-dollar weather disasters in the United States has more than doubled in recent years, as devastating hurricanes and ferocious wildfires that experts suspect are fueled in part by climate change have ravaged swaths of the country, according to data released by the federal government Wednesday.\r\n","_input_hash":-1788956063,"_task_hash":1207579966,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since 1980, the United States has experienced 241 weather and climate disasters where the overall damage reached or exceeded $1 billion, when adjusted for inflation, according to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","_input_hash":-643907105,"_task_hash":1490824408,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The disasters killed at least 247 people and cost the nation an estimated $91 billion.","_input_hash":1559094708,"_task_hash":767584011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The bulk of that damage, about $73 billion, was attributable to three events:","_input_hash":1675966249,"_task_hash":103269079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricanes Michael and Florence and the collection of wildfires that raged across the West.\r\n","_input_hash":2091783426,"_task_hash":-1991455044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That distinction belongs to 2017, when Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria combined with devastating Western wildfires and other natural catastrophes","_input_hash":-559135205,"_task_hash":1951639160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"caused $306 billion in total damage.","_input_hash":-1315879750,"_task_hash":-1097864788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the most recent numbers continue what some experts call an alarming trend toward an increasing number of billion-dollar disasters, fueled, at least in part, by the warming climate.\r\n","_input_hash":760615825,"_task_hash":-289325485,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"where you know there is some big piece of this that is probably coming from climate change, but at the same time, there are a lot of moving parts,\u201d said Solomon Hsiang, a public policy professor at the University of California at Berkeley, who has studied how natural disasters affect societies.\r\n","_input_hash":1287995777,"_task_hash":1183447225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many factors contribute to the cost of any one disaster.","_input_hash":-768121273,"_task_hash":252978584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hsiang said that climate models predict that the country can expect more of the most catastrophic and costly events over time \u2014 namely, more powerful hurricanes slamming into the East and Gulf coasts and more intense wildfires in the West.","_input_hash":-1521241513,"_task_hash":-12898647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists also have predicted that a warming climate will fuel more severe droughts, longer wildfire seasons and more frequent floods.\r\n","_input_hash":2098737677,"_task_hash":-332665159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change has helped to shape the severity of at least some of the natural disasters in recent years, said Kerry Emanuel, a top hurricane expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","_input_hash":974484962,"_task_hash":2040153266,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, Emanuel has published research suggesting the enormous rainfall Hurricane Harvey dumped on Houston was made more possible because of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1586250622,"_task_hash":1357513653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, that\u2019s different than saying that the overall aggregate damage figures are definitely rising because of climate change.","_input_hash":1919442790,"_task_hash":920057410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2014 analysis by the Rhodium Group, for instance, projected that by 2030, the average damage from hurricanes and nor\u2019easters, to the East and Gulf coasts in particular, should be $3 billion to $7.3 billion higher each year.","_input_hash":-1069471151,"_task_hash":1884772727,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The distribution of damages from billion-dollar disasters has long been dominated by hurricanes, which can wreak havoc over multiple large states and millions of people in a matter of hours.","_input_hash":-1144203679,"_task_hash":1276761469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since 1980, hurricanes traditionally have caused more than half the total losses tallied by the government.","_input_hash":-951676360,"_task_hash":1459942820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the Camp Fire in the fall, which became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, also fueled a historically damaging wildfire season.","_input_hash":2130833425,"_task_hash":-1014504855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"NOAA estimated that wildfires accounted for $24 billion of damage last year, well in excess of the record of $18 billion, set in 2017.\r\n","_input_hash":-1733872438,"_task_hash":-1540899072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While fires and hurricanes are responsible for the bulk of disaster-related damages \u2014 and also disaster-related headlines \u2014 a number of other events also routinely have surpassed the billion-dollar mark over the years.","_input_hash":-2097305422,"_task_hash":1786836587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They include droughts, hailstorms, winter storms and tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1914165583,"_task_hash":74769426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while calamities have struck nearly every corner of the country, climate change is likely to make the impact disproportionate going forward \u2014 not just from hurricanes and other storms, but also from economic losses associated with an ever-growing number of hotter days.\r\n","_input_hash":26028895,"_task_hash":2111851330,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High levels of CO2 in the atmosphere -- caused by humans burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests -- prevent the Earth's natural cooling cycle from working, trapping heat near the surface and causing global temperatures to rise and rise, with devastating effects.\r\n","_input_hash":2138982594,"_task_hash":1926757587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases has already led to a 1C rise in global temperatures, and we are likely locked in for a further rise, if more immediate action is not taken by the world's governments.\r\n","_input_hash":1572142967,"_task_hash":423875207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to 70 peer-reviewed climate studies, in a world that is 2 degrees warmer, there will be 25% more hot days and heatwaves -- which bring with them major health risks and risks of wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":1112531916,"_task_hash":-1018680579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Around the world, 37% of the population will be exposed to at least one severe heatwaves every five years, and the average length of droughts will increase by four months, exposing some 388 million people to water scarcity, and 194.5 million to severe droughts.\r\n","_input_hash":-947070776,"_task_hash":-1620152286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding and extreme weather like cyclones and typhoons will increase, wildfires will become more frequent and crop yields will fall.","_input_hash":47568267,"_task_hash":1669479964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also know what needs to be done to stop it -- a drastic cut in carbon emissions, reforestation and creation of carbon sinks, and new technologies for carbon capture and other innovations, or, in the words of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, \"rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-385056877,"_task_hash":-1387590060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Like many of our coastal species, they\u2019re vulnerable to habitat loss and warming seas, which are more hospitable to algal blooms and red tide.","_input_hash":1755287852,"_task_hash":-1418105053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On the list of the 20 urban areas in America that will suffer the most from rising seas, Florida has five: St Petersburg, Tampa, Miami, Miami Beach and Panama City.","_input_hash":-853868046,"_task_hash":-1638858913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You will see emerging issues like Miami\u2019s climate gentrification, where previously low-income neighborhoods like Little Haiti are rising in value and under pressure from developers because of their higher ground, resulting in the displacement of people and place-based culture.","_input_hash":1253370052,"_task_hash":-1479172527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd it\u2019s at risk from sea level rise.","_input_hash":-1635990319,"_task_hash":968649241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are air quality issues and forest fires out west, and extreme heat inland.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1741002892,"_task_hash":2145224596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Union of Concerned Scientists point out that \u201cnearly 175 communities nationwide can expect significant chronic flooding by 2045\u201d and of those \u201cnearly 40% \u2013 or 67 communities \u2013 currently have poverty levels above the national average\u201d.","_input_hash":-1984079453,"_task_hash":1444091479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The climate change-induced real estate crisis is imminent in the south, and it\u2019s going to have a brutal impact on those who can\u2019t afford new insurance, relocation, lowered property values, or bandages such as private sea walls.","_input_hash":-229985522,"_task_hash":-1087272556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The eight Torres Strait Islanders will tell the UN Human Rights Committee in the Swiss city of Geneva that rising seas caused by global warming are threatening their homelands and culture, according to lawyers representing the group.\r\n","_input_hash":-1959204789,"_task_hash":-22059010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other trees, withering from the heat, have stopped bearing edible fruit.\r\n","_input_hash":1954359529,"_task_hash":-1303831798,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But their efforts are no match for the king tides that sweep through the island on full moons, sometimes flooding homes on the coast.\r\n","_input_hash":-1389281143,"_task_hash":1134338693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The erosion of the land, along with the unpredictability of the seasons and intensified cyclones, islanders said, also gnaws at their mental health.\r\n","_input_hash":2140393848,"_task_hash":-41298364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While the cultures and circumstances of these communities are diverse, Blackman says they share a common health threat: that the harmful impacts of poverty are magnified in remote locations.\r\n","_input_hash":791325778,"_task_hash":1062158011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Blackman, a Gubbi Gubbi woman and CEO of an Aboriginal community-controlled health service Gidgee Healing, sees poverty contributing to poor health in remote communities in many ways.","_input_hash":1470054491,"_task_hash":-1715191604,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Western Australian government\u2019s recent Sustainable Health Review cites US research suggesting that only 16% of a person\u2019s overall health and wellbeing relates to clinical care and the biggest gains, especially for those at greatest risk of poor health, come from action on the social determinants of health.","_input_hash":1408232358,"_task_hash":-1435061238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Tackling the social determinants of health is critical to address health inequities, which arise because people with the least social and economic power tend to have the worst health, live in unhealthier environments and have worse access to healthcare.\r\n","_input_hash":473471087,"_task_hash":-1122166611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Queensland is being subjected to increasingly frequent extreme heatwaves.","_input_hash":1124386461,"_task_hash":452604750,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It\u2019s like operating under war conditions\u2019\r\nAboriginal Community Controlled Health Services have a long history of working holistically and innovatively to address the wider determinants of health, and Gidgee Healing incorporates legal services, knowing that legal concerns \u201ccause a lot of worry for families\u201d, Blackman says.\r\n","_input_hash":-1993510539,"_task_hash":-2084973012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But climate change and extreme weather events, such as recent flooding that cut road access to many remote communities for several weeks, are making it ever-more difficult.\r\n","_input_hash":-1373886996,"_task_hash":1816437451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is exacerbating the social and economic inequalities that already contribute to profound health inequities.\r\n","_input_hash":1406475840,"_task_hash":-1602538148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The mental health impacts are also huge, Blackman says, mentioning the deaths of hundreds of thousands of livestock during the floods.","_input_hash":1663323023,"_task_hash":-864195753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cThis is devastation, this is loss, this is grief, we are already facing a suicide crisis in the north-west across all of the community, including the Aboriginal community,\u201d she says.","_input_hash":-628139292,"_task_hash":1006290536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A multiplier effect\r\nHurricane Katrina is often held up as a textbook example of how climate change hits poor people hardest, and not only because the poorest areas in New Orleans were worst affected by flooding.","_input_hash":-369322530,"_task_hash":1497989062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As Sharon Friel, professor of health equity at the Australian National University, outlines in a new book, Climate Change and the People\u2019s Health, most of those who died because of Hurricane Katrina came from disadvantaged populations.","_input_hash":1358549503,"_task_hash":-3076156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"These were also the groups that suffered most in the aftermath, as a result of damage to infrastructure and loss of livelihoods.\r\n","_input_hash":-336889636,"_task_hash":-2014655612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is not only the direct and indirect impacts of climate change that worsen health inequities; policies to address climate change can have unintended consequences.","_input_hash":1220051193,"_task_hash":-1317031831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"During heatwaves in Melbourne, community health service provider Cohealth checks on the safety of public housing residents.","_input_hash":430543907,"_task_hash":867262858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She adds that local governments and service providers have been left to carry an unfair burden due to inaction on climate and health by governments, especially the federal government.\r\n","_input_hash":-41662563,"_task_hash":-974692192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Kellie Caught, senior advisor on climate and energy at Acoss, is calling for the next federal government to invest in vulnerability mapping to identify communities most at risk from climate change, in order to support development of local climate adaptation and resilience plans.\r\n","_input_hash":1785615770,"_task_hash":-665209695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A widely cited randomised trial, published in 2007 in the BMJ, found that insulating low-income households in New Zealand led to a significantly warmer, drier indoor environment, and resulted in significant improvements in health and comfort, a lower risk of children having time off school or adults having sick days off work, and a trend for fewer hospital admissions for respiratory conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":-683516063,"_task_hash":1062623806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Like Venn, Towle stresses the need to invest far more in primary healthcare and the prevention of chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, lung and cardiac disease, which are more common in poorer communities, and make people less resilient to the effects of heat, which he says \u201cis emerging as a big silent killer\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-919105018,"_task_hash":-1100354708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the COVID-19 pandemic and state-imposed restrictions continue to cripple the Illinois hotel industry, things in nearby states are improving.","_input_hash":1004475362,"_task_hash":-446630716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The \u201cBig Game\u201d between the California and Stanford football teams originally set for Saturday was postponed to Dec. 1 because of poor air quality resulting from wildfires in northern California.\r\n","_input_hash":1413296270,"_task_hash":-794402840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In November, the Camp Fire in Butte County and the Woolsey Fire near Los Angeles together killed at least 90 people, burned more than 250,000 acres, destroyed more than 20,000 structures and generated unhealthy air conditions in communities hundreds of miles away.","_input_hash":896340236,"_task_hash":1101006564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The National Climate Assessment that was released by the U.S. government the day after Thanksgiving confirmed this evidence, highlighting that global warming has been responsible for around half of the historical increase in area burned.\r\n","_input_hash":-613281769,"_task_hash":-2000674172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With regards to the conditions in California over the past few years, it is clear from multiple lines of evidence that California is now in a new climate, in which conditions are much more likely to be hot, leading to earlier melting of snowpack and exacerbating periods of low precipitation when they occur.","_input_hash":193543159,"_task_hash":-890148008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The net effect is an extension of the fire season and greater potential for large, intense wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":1091314065,"_task_hash":1698287071,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While we have been investigating the impact of air pollution and wildfires on health, the main focus previously for us and others has been on the health consequences for those relatively close to the fire.","_input_hash":570004628,"_task_hash":835306036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a result, our center (The Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research) collected biomarkers (for example, blood and saliva) from Bay Area residents during the period of increased smoke exposure from the Camp Fire.","_input_hash":-616490582,"_task_hash":-1216562056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"State legislators responded to the catastrophic 2017 wildfire season with bills that proposed to increase fuel treatments around California through timber thinning and prescribed burns.","_input_hash":164896054,"_task_hash":-97267410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The devastating 2018 wildfires place greater urgency on the need to respond to California\u2019s wildfire problem.","_input_hash":1591460916,"_task_hash":1104898419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There are dozens of communities in California and in the rest of the western United States that are at risk of a catastrophic fire in a similar way as Paradise, California, and we need new strategies and technologies to proactively protect them instead of being limited to reactive suppression efforts.","_input_hash":122519961,"_task_hash":203253976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Moreover, post-fire investigation is often unable to determine any obvious culprit and the cause of ignition is reported with the exceedingly unhelpful \u201cundetermined\u201d designation.","_input_hash":1901273983,"_task_hash":-1034844345,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Worst of all, the large fire occurred while the Woolsey Fire was raging.","_input_hash":1364961054,"_task_hash":1459512255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(It wasn\u2019t started by the Woolsey Fire).","_input_hash":-1174285753,"_task_hash":-72166792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Stanford Climate and Energy Policy Program has been working with California legislators since the 2017 wildfires to help them better understand the root causes of destructive wildfires and to take legal and policy steps aimed at reducing risks and creating greater safety for California.","_input_hash":42274255,"_task_hash":1307044763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The loss of life and destruction from this year\u2019s California fires is record-breaking and tragic.","_input_hash":-1712455602,"_task_hash":-1520123530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Smoky air affects us all, but our young and our old are the most vulnerable by far.\r\n","_input_hash":922701332,"_task_hash":320811784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Our work on droughts and fires highlights some of the increased risks observed today.","_input_hash":-712987004,"_task_hash":-1790685776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"[Jackson recently wrote about increased fire risk and other climate-related threats in this Scientific American blog post.]\r\n","_input_hash":583523737,"_task_hash":-909136745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For more faculty who study climate, health and policy related to wildfires, see Stanford\u2019s wildfire experts list.\r\n","_input_hash":1963154454,"_task_hash":-941685371,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Diversions and dams can also increase flooding in some regions, displacing populations of humans and wildlife alike.","_input_hash":-2001543580,"_task_hash":-1915690513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Due in part to habitat loss, freshwater plant and animal species are now declining much faster than those on land.\r\n","_input_hash":-1163717022,"_task_hash":1681600994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And these consequences aren\u2019t just hypothetical: Dams in the Columbia River in the United States and the Yangtze River in China have led to crashes in salmon and paddlefish populations, respectively, Lovgren reports.\r\n","_input_hash":141352695,"_task_hash":-1333430505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since 2009, one person has been displaced every second by a natural disaster.","_input_hash":588587560,"_task_hash":-456241978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rapid and large-scale migration can place significant strain on countries already facing economic, political, and environmental challenges, increasing their vulnerability to instability and humanitarian crisis.\r\n","_input_hash":-530704796,"_task_hash":-1140231563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt amplifies and increases many of the threats that we face around the world today,\u201d she affirms, \u201cfrom terrorism to instability [and] political strife.\u201d","_input_hash":867711854,"_task_hash":-298723859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On this episode of Displaced, Goodman sits down with hosts Ravi and Grant to discuss how climate change can exacerbate political unrest, violent conflict, and geopolitical competition.\r\n","_input_hash":-2039009392,"_task_hash":1997469505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Migration toward cities that already face capacity constraints \u2014 due to environmental conditions, resource scarcity, and unemployment \u2014 \u201ccreates for further mayhem [and] civil unrest, leading to larger state-on-state conflict,\u201d Goodman says.","_input_hash":283492369,"_task_hash":-1745442484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the role that drought played in the ongoing Syrian conflict, Goodman reflects, \u201cWe didn\u2019t understand well enough, before the conflict became deadly, that it was the drought that was driving populations into ever more congested areas,\u201d fostering greater political instability.\r\n","_input_hash":-2073222009,"_task_hash":-1387924640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet, as chapter 3 of the 2018 IPCC report notes, evidence of a causal relationship between climate change, migration, and conflict is inconsistent; the effects of climate change are likely mediated by a range of factors, including state capacity, resilient infrastructure, and agricultural dependence.","_input_hash":-1627650350,"_task_hash":-2114918951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The ongoing effects of climate change in the Arctic illustrate how climate change can produce profound disruptions at both the local and international levels.","_input_hash":1928709980,"_task_hash":854668014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Melting ice has also opened up new shipping lanes, creating new economic opportunities that could exacerbate great power rivalries.","_input_hash":-1133313213,"_task_hash":1653889625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Impacts of 1.5\u00b0C of Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems \u2014 IPCC\r\n","_input_hash":2061931055,"_task_hash":2101811840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We demonstrate that research on climate change and violent conflict suffers from a streetlight effect.","_input_hash":1329037386,"_task_hash":1069847513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"These biases mean that research on climate change and conflict primarily focuses on a few accessible regions, overstates the links between both phenomena and cannot explain peaceful outcomes from climate change.","_input_hash":-62890623,"_task_hash":-351152389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This could result in maladaptive responses in those places that are stigmatized as being inherently more prone to climate-induced violence.\r\n","_input_hash":758721222,"_task_hash":1746126848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Direct Effects of Climate Change on Individuals\r\n","_input_hash":1243008042,"_task_hash":942132836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For decades, psychologists and sociologists have studied the relationship between heat (e.g., uncomfortably warm temperatures) and aggression (i.e., behavior intended to inflict harm upon others motivated to avoid that harm; for reviews on the subject, see Anderson & Anderson, 1998; Anderson et al., 2000; Anderson, 2001).","_input_hash":1513528522,"_task_hash":1693769379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Because participants were randomly assigned to the rooms, and because the measure of participants\u2019 aggression occurred after participants had spent time in the rooms, the researcher can conclude that differences in aggression between the two groups of participants were caused by the room conditions, and not the other way around (i.e., that more aggressive participants chose hotter rooms).","_input_hash":1744810629,"_task_hash":-1971561502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore, one field experiment showed that even extremely violent behavior is affected by temperature.","_input_hash":-1793062964,"_task_hash":-2086957374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This relationship between temperature and violence held even after controlling for numerous alternative explanations, including differences in poverty, unemployment, age distribution, and other sociocultural differences.","_input_hash":-2127222892,"_task_hash":1901312053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To be sure, these other factors can and often do independently affect violent behavior, but they are also likely amplifiers of the effects of climate on aggression (Van de Vliert, 2009).\r\n","_input_hash":-1445691925,"_task_hash":1378673170,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The authors concluded that temperature was associated with violence, particularly in regions plagued with existing conflict and instability.","_input_hash":151855852,"_task_hash":504799000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"They found that the hotter annual temperatures yielded significantly higher violent crime rates and, in 96.4% of the years studied, violent crime rates were higher in the summer than the rest of the year (Anderson & DeLisi, 2011).\r\n","_input_hash":-1310796296,"_task_hash":-1646432475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mechanisms Underlying Temperature-Aggression Effects\r\n","_input_hash":1981077618,"_task_hash":-1132878246,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Given the complexity of almost any human behavior, it makes sense to consider aggression as a product of numerous interacting factors: physiological predispositions, psychological processes, and sociocultural factors.","_input_hash":875291,"_task_hash":-330854669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a fuller discussion of the different factors underlying aggressive behavior can be found elsewhere (e.g., Anderson & Bushman, 2002), we will briefly review some of the mechanisms thought to underlie the relationship between temperature and aggression.\r\n","_input_hash":1734034516,"_task_hash":509491136,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Several biological factors are thought to underlie the link between temperature and aggression.","_input_hash":896564128,"_task_hash":-1266392181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Others suggest that the human body produces extra adrenaline in response to extreme temperatures, which may in turn facilitate aggression (Simister & Cooper, 2005).","_input_hash":498968545,"_task_hash":-633045732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Others suggest that hot temperatures produce discomfort, increasing irritability and hostile perceptions of others, both of which increase the likelihood of aggression (Anderson & Bushman, 2002; Anderson, 1989).","_input_hash":-11587164,"_task_hash":297963822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such findings cannot be fully explained through physiological mechanisms and suggest that both biological and psychological factors underlie the relationship between heat and aggression.\r\n","_input_hash":1552785704,"_task_hash":1324204974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Taken together, research shows that individuals exposed to hot temperatures are more likely to be violent as a direct result of the heat.","_input_hash":1262383659,"_task_hash":123441928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers estimate that even modest increases in average annual temperature (e.g., 1.1\u00b0C) could result in 25,000 more serious and deadly assaults per year in the United States alone (Anderson & DeLisi, 2011; IPCC, 2007).\r\n","_input_hash":1605977925,"_task_hash":-150055083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is unlikely that rapid climate change effects on aggression and violence will be limited to the immediate and direct effect of heat on individuals.","_input_hash":1551096033,"_task_hash":-1206740877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In this next section, we review a growing body of research showing that climate change is also likely to have a multitude of subtler, indirect effects on individuals\u2019 violent behavior, effects that may be even larger in terms of the amount and types of violence engendered.\r\n","_input_hash":-992062390,"_task_hash":1869262854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Individuals\r\n","_input_hash":2044442458,"_task_hash":-1792271203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rapid global climate change will likely affect other variables that, in turn, also increase aggressive behavior in individuals.","_input_hash":1117059843,"_task_hash":1413038499,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such developmental effects arise because rapid climate change increases exposure of children (and fetuses) to risk factors that are known to lead to violence-prone adults.","_input_hash":-1706371751,"_task_hash":1055197713,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there are many such indirect pathways to increased violence, we outline four that clearly link rapid climate change to the development of violence-prone adults: food insecurity, economic deprivation, susceptibility to terrorism, and preferential ingroup treatment.\r\n","_input_hash":938503192,"_task_hash":1960511390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Food insecurity brings with it a multitude of problems, and the research reviewed below shows that, among these problems, compromised access to food increases aggression and antisocial behavior.\r\n","_input_hash":199242243,"_task_hash":578747089,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children who suffered from malnutrition at the age of 3 were more likely than children who were adequately fed to be aggressive and hyperactive at age 8","_input_hash":135157126,"_task_hash":1261525489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"childhood aggression, hyperactivity, school problems, conduct disorder) are, themselves, risk factors for adulthood antisocial and violent behavior.\r\n","_input_hash":41166373,"_task_hash":-68561095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Converging evidence for these findings comes from an unfortunate natural experiment that affected 100,000 Dutch men born before and after World War II.","_input_hash":1312414081,"_task_hash":1960994608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From October 1944 to May 1945, residents living in the western Netherlands were subjected to a German blockade that resulted in significant food insecurity.","_input_hash":1765966782,"_task_hash":-1222609779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the decades that followed, the men who experienced maternal malnourishment during pregnancy were 2.5 times more likely than men who had not to develop antisocial personality disorder, a condition characterized by frequent violence and antisocial behavior (","_input_hash":-1559259835,"_task_hash":771267095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Given that climate change is projected to significantly compromise agricultural production and increase food insecurity for hundreds of millions of people (IPCC, 2007), and given the role that food insecurity plays in the development of violent and antisocial behavior, it is reasonable to expect that climate change\u2019s impact on food accessibility is a risk factor for violence at the individual level.","_input_hash":1357185285,"_task_hash":-131649039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moreover, this effect is theoretically distinct from the effect that food shortages also have as a catalyst for intergroup conflict, described later in this chapter.\r\n","_input_hash":953110032,"_task_hash":1882126254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Economic Deprivation\r\nClimate change is projected to have a detrimental impact on economies worldwide, including reduced crop yields, less grazing land, and the loss of homes and jobs due to wildfires and flooding (IPCC, 2007).","_input_hash":1442157038,"_task_hash":-187800730,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the economic impact will likely be felt by most people, the most vulnerable populations are likely to be disproportionately affected, including increased poverty and income disparity (Cullen & Agnew, 2011).","_input_hash":-1262428843,"_task_hash":1062635220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And although poverty and income disparity are problems in and of themselves, they can also foster decreased life satisfaction, increased resentment, and dissent, all of which are risk factors for retributive aggression (Doherty & Clayton, 2011).","_input_hash":512286073,"_task_hash":-2059432569,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As noted earlier, one consequence of rapid global warming is an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and flooding.","_input_hash":280106504,"_task_hash":1458370517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When Butler and Gates (2012) studied income disparity in East African cattle herders, they discovered that resource asymmetries caused by extreme and adverse weather contribute to conflict in the region.","_input_hash":-1453378294,"_task_hash":-1099364911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This conflict, in turn, is thought to fuel retaliatory attacks, both for vengeance and as a means of dissuading other herders from attacking them in the future.","_input_hash":-426169605,"_task_hash":-2015762929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of course, actual poverty is not a necessary condition for violence to occur\u2014researchers have shown that significant income disparity is sufficient to yield violent behavior (Barnett & Adger, 2007), particularly if the relative deprivation occurs rapidly (e.g., in the wake of a natural disaster) or if it contributes to uncertainty about one\u2019s own future (Goodhand, 2003; Nafziger & Auvinen, 2002; Ohlsson, 2000).\r\n","_input_hash":1423054987,"_task_hash":20564903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many of the factors thought to motivate terrorism are byproducts of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":158006096,"_task_hash":-1623771712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, one factor that motivates people to pursue terrorism is frustration over the sudden loss of one\u2019s livelihood, particularly when the loss can be attributed to the behavior of others, or when people perceive the loss as disproportionately affecting them, their families, and their larger ingroup (e.g., others are prospering while they suffer; the decisions made by others contributed to their plight).","_input_hash":-593251469,"_task_hash":1646382919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Droughts, which are projected to increase in frequency as a result of climate change, bring about many of the conditions that foment terrorism (e.g., threatened livelihood, perceived inability to sustain oneself) and can lead to increased violence in an already violent and vulnerable region.","_input_hash":1871949064,"_task_hash":-1607914195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Illustrating this point, researchers estimate that a one standard deviation increase in drought intensity and duration increases the likelihood of conflict in a region by 62% (Maystadt & Ecker, 2014).\r\n","_input_hash":-639671828,"_task_hash":-1848142363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The economic effects of climate change are projected to have a number of detrimental effects.","_input_hash":1647041047,"_task_hash":-1917622384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"While poverty and starvation are some of the more direct and immediate outcomes, research is beginning to show how climate may have remote effects that include terrorism and militia violence, civil war, and interstate war, illustrating the complexity of climate change effects on humanity and the multitudinous pathways to violent behavior.\r\n","_input_hash":-1176701234,"_task_hash":1626570234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While terrorism represents a particularly extreme and indirect outcome of climate change, researchers also believe that climate change will lead to more moderate forms of \u201cdefensive\u201d hostility toward others, particularly if they belong to different racial, ethnic, or religious groups.","_input_hash":-1168911360,"_task_hash":845817928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is expected to create harsher, more threatening climates (e.g., more frequent and extreme storms, droughts, floods, reduced crop, and livestock yields; IPCC, 2007).","_input_hash":-562203620,"_task_hash":-1400981723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such climates threaten both livelihoods and lives, but, as the reviewed research suggests, it will also likely increase violence, particularly toward outgroup members.","_input_hash":-374174876,"_task_hash":-1752968581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Because ongoing rapid climate change in the next century is projected to displace hundreds of millions of people as a result of lost homes and insufficient resources, it is increasingly likely that people will be forced to interact with outgroup member refugees.","_input_hash":2063108224,"_task_hash":607297433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This already-volatile situation, combined with the other factors described in this chapter, may well lead to eruptions of violence.\r\n","_input_hash":-378618728,"_task_hash":-1168405751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In the preceding sections, we have outlined a number of direct and indirect pathways through which climate change may increase the risk of violence in individuals\u2014directly through increased temperature, or indirectly through genetic predispositions, food insecurity, economic deprivation, and defensiveness against outgroups.","_input_hash":1060533882,"_task_hash":-1381580844,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Effects of Climate Change on Groups\r\n","_input_hash":-814260064,"_task_hash":1830807583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most of the examples presented involve populations whose livelihood is threatened by deleterious climate change and more frequent and extreme weather patterns.","_input_hash":-1998646623,"_task_hash":-437307921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Such changes can lead to increased economic and political instability and ecomigration\u2014migration of groups ranging from small herding kinship groups to whole nations\u2014as a result of ecological disasters.","_input_hash":-1779470511,"_task_hash":-49713556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Ecomigration further contributes to violent conflict risk through increased competition for dwindling resources, tensions between disparate groups suddenly occupying the same region, distrust regarding each group\u2019s motives, and other socioeconomic issues (Reuveny, 2007).","_input_hash":-177491010,"_task_hash":1867229888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not all ecomigration is the result of rapid climate change, of course (e.g., volcanoes, earthquakes), but ecomigration as the direct result of rapid climate change (e.g., increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, droughts, flooding) is quite common (Piguet, P\u00e9coud, & de Guchteneire, 2011).\r\n","_input_hash":-354718398,"_task_hash":752559392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To demonstrate the impact that climate can have on intergroup conflict, we first present evidence from illustrative case studies in which rapid climate change contributed, in part, to conflict in the region.","_input_hash":-75126470,"_task_hash":-663792256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We conclude this section by discussing some of the mechanisms underlying or which amplify climate change effects on intragroup and intergroup violence.\r\n","_input_hash":586510424,"_task_hash":539101753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Many of the case studies presented here result from rapid-onset environmental disasters.","_input_hash":-324332764,"_task_hash":1005255181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To be sure, not all natural disasters are caused by climate change (e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes).","_input_hash":-1566101718,"_task_hash":209452138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, many environmental disasters are directly influenced by climate change (e.g., flooding due to glacial melting, droughts due to shifting precipitation patterns, increased hurricane frequency and intensity; IPCC, 2007).","_input_hash":1095008640,"_task_hash":-1158473107,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, to argue that climate change is a risk factor for violence, it is not necessary for climate change to be the largest or even the most immediate contributing factor to the violence in a region.","_input_hash":1024227080,"_task_hash":1795197052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In many of these cases, an environmental disaster was a flashpoint which ultimately culminated in interpersonal violence due to lost infrastructure, fear and uncertainty, perceived scarcity or competition, or massive relocation\u2014","_input_hash":240022115,"_task_hash":-975899521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, significant changes in rainfall patterns and frequent droughts in Kenya, Sudan, and southern Ethiopia threatened the livelihood of pastoralists in these particularly arid regions (Boko et al., 2007), sparking violent conflict as herders were forced to share dwindling water sources and pastures (Leff, 2009).","_input_hash":2035539113,"_task_hash":-1457892284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Uganda, droughts in cattle-producing regions led to food costs soaring by more than 200% (IFRCRCS, 2006) and forced more than 1.5 million to move due to violent internal strife.","_input_hash":1410652512,"_task_hash":808501119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Together, these examples illustrate the tensions that can arise, both within groups and between groups, when environmental conditions destroy vital resources.\r\n","_input_hash":-60211903,"_task_hash":-1771299391,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, one study suggested that for every 1\u00b0C increase in average temperature, civil war frequency across Africa are expected to increase by 5%, even after accounting for social and economic factors (Burke et al., 2009).","_input_hash":1174285037,"_task_hash":-1265963323,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This research incorporated a number of geographical variables, and found that warmer temperatures predict increased violence across the continent.","_input_hash":1826079024,"_task_hash":461254895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Models of civil war in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that droughts threaten personal income and livelihood, both of which contribute to the prevalence of civil war (Devitt & Tol, 2012).","_input_hash":-2002897749,"_task_hash":-392042727,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They found that extreme fluctuations in rainfall (droughts and floods) led to political conflict, protests, riots, strikes, intra-governmental violence, coups, violent repression, and anti-government violence.","_input_hash":1501447232,"_task_hash":-1052814896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When looked at as a whole, the research suggests that rapid climate change (and the extreme weather it produces) plays a major role, even if not the largest or most direct, in violent conflicts in Africa.\r\n","_input_hash":-1194693293,"_task_hash":122650199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effect of climate change on conflict is not limited to the African continent, however.","_input_hash":1196048204,"_task_hash":355854344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, the country of Bangladesh has experienced significant ecomigration due to its rapidly-growing population, unsustainable farming practices, and environmental disasters: more than 25 million have been affected by droughts, 270 million by floods, and 41 million by severe storms.","_input_hash":1899929830,"_task_hash":-121409665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The result has been a mass migration of 12 to 17 million Bangladeshis into neighboring India since the 1950s, a migration which has led to significant conflict.","_input_hash":558708815,"_task_hash":-869347993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In one poignant example, a 5-hour rampage in 1983 led to 1,700 Bengali migrants being killed in India, having been accused of stealing farmland (Homer-Dixon et al., 1993).","_input_hash":205527836,"_task_hash":1505420162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This incident was just one of numerous group conflicts that arose as a result of the disrupted land and economic distribution and the balance of power between religious and ethnic groups in the region (Homer-Dixon, 1994).","_input_hash":24971781,"_task_hash":-1329009716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecomigration has played a similar role in the Syrian Civil War, after a multi-year drought turned 60% of the country\u2019s land into desert and killed entire herds of cattle.","_input_hash":890886511,"_task_hash":251730723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In both cases, rapid climate changes led to ecomigration which, in turn, contributed to conflict\u2014both between ethnic groups and within the citizens of a single country.","_input_hash":653356025,"_task_hash":2069803655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In other regions, the problem is not water scarcity, but land scarcity:","_input_hash":-931853331,"_task_hash":-324829435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"island countries such as Tuvalu and Kiribati face possible inundation and loss of nationhood due to rising sea levels (Barnett & Adger, 2001; Nurse & Sem, 2001; Perry, 2012; Rahman, 1999; Watson, 2000).","_input_hash":1205330704,"_task_hash":-928663495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It has been suggested that by 2080 as much as 70% of the world\u2019s current coastal wetlands could be lost due to rising sea levels (Nicholls et al., 1999), forcing tens or hundreds of millions of people to relocate to other regions.\r\n","_input_hash":1549149310,"_task_hash":-2038127728,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the relationship between climate change and conflict is often mediated by ecomigration, this is not always the case.","_input_hash":-1267705864,"_task_hash":1784085573,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, water scarcity amplified religious and political tensions in the Arab-Israeli wars due to disputed control over the Jordan River basin, which is shared by Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (Gleick, 1993; see Postel & Wolf, 2001, for additional examples of other important water conflicts).\r\n","_input_hash":-1276930970,"_task_hash":841592940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So far, our examples have involved regions suffering from significant political or economic turmoil, and which are already predisposed to violent conflict.","_input_hash":809074641,"_task_hash":1547469550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wealthier, more stable nations are more resilient in the face of climate change effects, but even in such nations there are examples of ecological disasters contributing to conflict.","_input_hash":-1322581497,"_task_hash":-1509138167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One example is the U.S. Dust Bowl in the 1930s, where poor farming practices, a prolonged drought, and strong winds caused 2.5 million Americans to lose their livelihoods and leave the Great Plains to adjacent states (Reuveny, 2008).","_input_hash":581184092,"_task_hash":1028563053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moderating factors (e.g., federal aid) prevented these incidents from becoming full-blown armed conflicts and a civil war, but the impact of these natural disasters nevertheless had a visible impact on violence in these regions, demonstrating that no country is immune to climate-driven effects on aggression.\r\n","_input_hash":913764148,"_task_hash":1077990485,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, the Little Ice Age\u2014a period of cooling from 1300\u20131850, ushered in a number of significant cultural changes, including shorter growing seasons, changing agricultural practices, and civil war, as disruption in food production led to shortages, famines, and unrest, particularly in agrarian societies lacking the resources to cope with these crises (Fagan, 2000).","_input_hash":1707036177,"_task_hash":-2027323977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rapid climate shifts in the past millennium are said to have contributed, in part, to wars across the Northern Hemisphere and in China","_input_hash":-2063918716,"_task_hash":110881671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Looking at shorter, predictable changes in inter-annual climate in the past half-century, researchers suggest that as many as 21% of all civil conflicts since 1950 were influenced, in part, by climate conditions (Hsiang et al., 2011).\r\n","_input_hash":-1760981965,"_task_hash":457834253,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A comprehensive meta-analysis of such studies predicted that a 1 standard deviation increase in global temperatures or extreme rainfall could increase the frequency of interpersonal violence by 4% and intergroup conflict by 14% (Hsiang et al., 2013).","_input_hash":-199514170,"_task_hash":660746695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although rapid climate change and ensuing ecological disasters may not be the sole or largest factor in determining whether conflict will occur in a region, it is a statistically significant contributor.","_input_hash":891396556,"_task_hash":-816073955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In addition to understanding whether climate change affects conflict and violence, scientists have begun to explore whether it is possible to predict when, where, and for whom these effects are likely to be strongest, and to explore some of the mechanisms driving climate change effects on aggression.","_input_hash":-514734933,"_task_hash":582438875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While it seems that most places are susceptible to the effects of global climate change on violence, the impact of these effects is more likely to be felt by some groups than others.","_input_hash":85907320,"_task_hash":-84185445,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While not studied within the context of global warming, there is evidence that, in the aftermath of severe floods, food shortages, and war, when social norms break down, there is an increase in rape, assault, and homicide (","_input_hash":1460267463,"_task_hash":-1746937383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, in the aftermath of a 2009 cyclone that devastated the Sundarbans\u2014an island region bordering India and Bangladesh\u2014many people lost their homes and their jobs.","_input_hash":-695046072,"_task_hash":1703339296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"While natural disasters impact everyone involved, it would be worth pursuing research on particularly vulnerable groups within these populations to better understand the full extent of climate change effects and to understand both the factors that contribute to conflict and violence as well as the impact it has on its victims.\r\n","_input_hash":516568444,"_task_hash":1465293073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, researchers recognize the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying violent conflicts that arise due to climate change.","_input_hash":-1396205924,"_task_hash":724736150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, while climate change may cause droughts and other resource shortages, knowing the variables which comprise the causal chain may help policymakers to anticipate and minimize the damage from climate change effects.","_input_hash":536985407,"_task_hash":-1881588484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, one of the important variables in determining whether climate-change-induced resource scarcity will lead to violent conflict is whether a region is already dealing with violence and insecurity (Adano et al., 2012).","_input_hash":769389846,"_task_hash":-1461860893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Existing violence reduces people\u2019s resilience by reducing efficient resource use, market stability, and access to education\u2014all factors that would normally make a region resilient to natural disasters.","_input_hash":-273293161,"_task_hash":620449609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a 2015 article, Goodell writes that the United States military faces multi-billion dollar expenses as a direct result of climate change, including the need to upgrade, replace, or relocate naval and air force bases located along vulnerable coastlines or on islands threatened by rising sea levels.","_input_hash":1589919110,"_task_hash":2028465309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change also indirectly increases military expenditures by increasing the need to prepare for new and more complex deployments (e.g., responding to emergencies such as Hurricane Sandy, climate-related conflicts in regions such as Syria; Department of Defense, 2015), and by increasing the cost of supporting domestic installations (e.g., upgrading port facilities in response to rising sea levels; Department of Defense, 2014).","_input_hash":2107765537,"_task_hash":-1030287801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As an illustrative example of increased military costs due to climate change: receding Arctic ice cover requires deployment of new naval vessels to address growing tensions between Canada, the United States, Russia, and China over newly-exposed natural resources and shipping lanes (Department of Defense, 2015).","_input_hash":-874983555,"_task_hash":-1276684848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In this final section, we address criticisms of the position put forth in this chapter that global climate change contributes to increased global conflict and violence.","_input_hash":-2043810458,"_task_hash":-1616721616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"is not the biggest, or even a practically significant cause of conflict or violence; b) abundance, not scarcity, causes conflict; and c) climate change is neither necessary nor sufficient for violence to occur.\r\n","_input_hash":1408665205,"_task_hash":-782671372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The first criticism argues that climate change is not the sole cause of violence and conflict, nor is it even a large enough effect to warrant practical consideration.","_input_hash":763668771,"_task_hash":-475498844,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These critics often agree that rapid climate change can contribute to violence through resource scarcity and ecomigration.","_input_hash":25552541,"_task_hash":-242732051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, others argue that whether people go to war or seek out peaceful resolutions (be they pastoral cattle herders or countries) is more strongly determined by rational considerations of the cost of war and the value of potential gains from the conflict (Gartzke, 2012), the presence of diplomatic agreements (e.g., Bernauer & Siegfried, 2012), or the availability of technological solutions (e.g., Feitelson et al., 2012).","_input_hash":383301845,"_task_hash":581713249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are not proposing that rapid climate change is the only contributing factor to human aggression, or even the most important one.","_input_hash":-250464833,"_task_hash":-497748258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This position is in line with a report from the Center for Security Studies and swisspeace, which suggested that environmental factors are inextricably intertwined with political, economic, and cultural factors as causes of conflict (Mason et al., 2008).","_input_hash":-1872493370,"_task_hash":-1878791421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This conclusion acknowledges variables that counteract the effects of climate change on violence while still acknowledging that climate change, in and of itself, constitutes both a direct and an indirect risk factor.","_input_hash":1313784207,"_task_hash":37399263,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This point is made even more apparent in reports suggesting that many of the \u201cbigger\u201d factors are, themselves, caused by or amplified by climate change (CNA, 2007; Department of Defense, 2014), as exemplified by Raleigh and Kniveton (2012), whose research suggests that extreme rainfall variation increases the frequency of violent conflict in East Africa.","_input_hash":2032231566,"_task_hash":-558987684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To summarize, it is unlikely that future conflicts will be attributed solely to climate change; this does not mean, however, that climate change is not among the distal causes of such conflicts.\r\n","_input_hash":1563376447,"_task_hash":-1739322157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cAbundance causes conflict, not scarcity\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":757921170,"_task_hash":-777852321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A second criticism leveled against the proposed relationship between climate change and conflict states that in some studies, an abundance\u2014not scarcity\u2014of resources causes conflicts; moreover, these authors claim that, in times of scarcity, people are more willing to cooperate than in times of abundance (e.g., Hendrix, 2010; Hendrix & Glaser, 2007).","_input_hash":-1258670444,"_task_hash":-272254524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In responding to this position, it should be noted that climate change is expected to bring about both scarcity and abundance of resources, depending on the location.","_input_hash":-729067610,"_task_hash":1936198379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As such, as has been conceded by some holding these positions (e.g., Hendrix & Salehyan, 2012), conflicts fueled primarily by an abundance of resources do not necessarily detract from the argument that climate change, scarcity, and ecomigration are important risk factors for violence.","_input_hash":-1384300976,"_task_hash":-1505334783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change can contribute to the sort of abundances that, in and of themselves, contribute to conflicts.","_input_hash":708641207,"_task_hash":306781660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Furthermore, other data support the claim that both scarcity and abundance can contribute to conflicts (Raleigh & Kniveton, 2012), and that the relationship between resource availability and conflict is likely not a simple one-or-the-other relationship.\r\n","_input_hash":552275398,"_task_hash":-1011014259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cRapid climate change is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause of conflict\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1156087432,"_task_hash":1759323596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, Reuveny (2007) looked at 38 contemporary examples of environmental migration and found that 19 of them resulted in violent conflict while 19 of them did not.","_input_hash":1112140813,"_task_hash":1863991876,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These data alone \u201cprove\u201d that climate-driven migration is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain conflict.","_input_hash":246172547,"_task_hash":1457848079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, they argue that climate is one of many risk factors that contribute to violence and conflict, shifting the debate to one about the magnitude, mechanisms, and moderators of climate change effects as compared to social, political, and economic effects (e.g., Zhang et al., 2007a).","_input_hash":1074724187,"_task_hash":-932794126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The bad news is that countries already particularly vulnerable to conflict and aggression, or which are already experiencing significant land degradation, water scarcity, or high population density, are at the greatest risk of experiencing an increase in conflict and violence due to global climate change (Hallegatte et al., 2016; Mares & Moffett, 2015; O\u2019Loughlin et al., 2014; Raleigh et al., 2014; Raleigh & Urdal, 2007; Van de Vliert, 2013).","_input_hash":545346332,"_task_hash":1625719143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Furthermore, even though some countries are better-shielded from famine by protective economic or political factors, even developed countries are likely to see increases in the proportion of children exposed to risk factors for violence, and may find themselves struggling to defend their way of life against worsening climate-driven economic conditions (Van de Vliert, 2013).","_input_hash":-1880040838,"_task_hash":1659196839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Even within wealthy, highly developed countries, the socially disadvantaged are likely to experience the detrimental effects of climate change, as illustrated by a study of crime data in St. Louis, Missouri, which found that unusually hot temperatures disproportionately increased violent crime in disadvantaged neighborhoods (Mares, 2013).","_input_hash":-602381671,"_task_hash":-1018812426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moreover, increased poverty, civil dissolution, and wars in developing countries can have a spreading impact on developed countries, either from an increase in the global need for resources, the involvement of developed countries in wars worldwide, and the breeding of terrorist groups in have-not countries fueled by resentment toward primarily Western countries (e.g., Doherty & Clayton, 2011).","_input_hash":1526320567,"_task_hash":-77058669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And while some may argue that technological breakthroughs will ameliorate some of these effects, existing technology, including air conditioning in cars and buildings, water desalination techniques, and better irrigation systems often consume power themselves, which only further contributes to greenhouse gases and the problem of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-558252151,"_task_hash":16303217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Such actions include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which reduces the speed and magnitude of climate change, and the use of better population control (given that most of the increase in population in the next decade is expected to take place in developing countries, with huge increases in greenhouse gas emissions as a result).","_input_hash":220654693,"_task_hash":2026092944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"can lead to significant population-level effects on carbon emission reduction.","_input_hash":-1988289908,"_task_hash":-1051217736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other research suggests that framing climate change as a global issue, rather than as a source of localized disasters, fosters peaceful coexistence and reconciliation","_input_hash":-1885465703,"_task_hash":-202454245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"If governments begin preparing now to feed, shelter, educate, and move at-risk populations to regions in which they can maintain their livelihoods and cultures, we could reduce both the development of violence-prone individuals and the civil unrest, ecomigration, and war associated with climate change.","_input_hash":2110216994,"_task_hash":1778687653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Given the potentially disastrous consequences of inaction, however, the costs seem well-justified.\r\n","_input_hash":-741280719,"_task_hash":-2066290708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview.","_input_hash":-355499854,"_task_hash":-1148595699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is growing evidence that climate change can increase the risks of conflict and violence.","_input_hash":2132650761,"_task_hash":688537646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When government authorities are unable or unwilling to mitigate and adapt to climate shocks such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and droughts, these extreme weather events are more likely to be followed by surges in crime, including homicide, robbery and sexual violence.\r\n","_input_hash":-344013122,"_task_hash":-907190227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Desertification and shrinking water resources can sharpen disputes, including in areas where extremist groups are active, such as the Sahel region in West Africa.","_input_hash":1075656732,"_task_hash":-1183400144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Research indicates that climate change rarely, if ever, causes conflicts directly; intervening variables \u2014 most of them related to governance, underdevelopment and resource management \u2014 mediate this relationship.","_input_hash":-1588732149,"_task_hash":1758918671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While reliably quantifying how much climate change contributes to a single event is challenging, researchers are identifying the causal paths in which climate conditions worsen insecurity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1160105127,"_task_hash":363639184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is also growing evidence from the Sahel, the Caribbean, the Horn of Africa, the Amazon Basin and the Pacific Ocean that extreme weather accelerates and multiplies social tensions and violent disputes, often by worsening water or food shortages or more dire scarcity.","_input_hash":206972428,"_task_hash":1701275427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Droughts have killed hundreds of thousands people in Somalia and contributed to the displacement of millions of Syrians; they may also be helping to drive the crisis in Venezuela.\r\n","_input_hash":42017933,"_task_hash":537867834,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change may also increase risks of interstate conflict, as in raising tensions between Sudan and Chad over pastoral land.","_input_hash":-1184412290,"_task_hash":-184312632,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"With rising sea levels or soil degradation, climate change intensifies insecurity by shrinking sources of income and tearing apart communities.\r\n","_input_hash":561860046,"_task_hash":-429174614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, in the Northern Triangle of Central America \u2014 Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala \u2014 this chain is provoking increased internal displacement, primarily within the countries.","_input_hash":-1275670754,"_task_hash":-1972709230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Bolivia, the disappearance of Lake Poop\u00f3 has caused entire indigenous communities to relocate because their main livelihood, fishing, is vanishing.","_input_hash":440832686,"_task_hash":1364953516,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These people express a huge sense of loss of belonging, identity and stability.\r\n","_input_hash":-889168207,"_task_hash":1442218430,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The most recent special report of the International Panel on Climate Change says that we have only 11 years to avoid a climate change catastrophe; many of the risks cited, including flooding of low-lying coastal areas and damage to critical infrastructure, are relevant to national, regional and international security and stability.\r\n","_input_hash":-1152225438,"_task_hash":22570415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Diplomats and researchers have noted that nowhere on the planet can climate change contribute toward insecurity more than in the Arctic, where geopolitical rivalries are mounting as the ice melts with global results.","_input_hash":1909329903,"_task_hash":1523789306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate and security factors should be included, wherever possible, in national development strategies \u2014 while keeping in mind that poorly planned adaptation responses can lead to unintended consequences, as when newly introduced crops damage ecosystems and livelihoods.","_input_hash":-1735688299,"_task_hash":1964052609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"When it came to rates of disorderly conduct, they were 7 percent higher on 98-degree days than on 57-degree days.\r\n","_input_hash":-1244209224,"_task_hash":-1970349604,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Following that more pleasant weather results in more crime, it could be assumed that cooler days in hot weather months would result in more crime.\r\n","_input_hash":-377007080,"_task_hash":-912326010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cI could speculate about the reasons that cooler, more comfortable summer temperatures are not associated with higher rates of crime, but I am honestly not sure,\u201d Schinasi said.","_input_hash":-2056074509,"_task_hash":-115847788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Regardless, seeing increases in crime during warmer days is particularly concerning when taking climate change into account.","_input_hash":1676666987,"_task_hash":253544610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is important to recognize the implications of these climate change effects for public health, including changes in crime rates,\u201d Schinasi said.","_input_hash":820133235,"_task_hash":-1999451951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Infant Mortality in the U.S.","_input_hash":-2040528979,"_task_hash":1943926909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Why the rise in shootings during warmer weather?","_input_hash":1022887736,"_task_hash":1753533623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"(There\u2019s also some evidence that hot weather increases irritability and anger, although the question of causality regarding crime is hotly debated).","_input_hash":-238028883,"_task_hash":-73795927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nearly all of the 20 cities with the most murders in 2014 experienced fewer cold days and/or more hot days in 2015 and 2016 than they averaged per year over the preceding 25 years.","_input_hash":-2146326254,"_task_hash":1344273989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effect of warmer weather on rising gun violence in 2015 and 2016 in any individual city might have been small, but all told across the nation, it might have been significant.","_input_hash":1075057668,"_task_hash":-1964441149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Warmer weather can\u2019t really explain big increases in murder in Chicago or Baltimore in 2015 and 2016 \u2014 or in Orlando, where the Pulse nightclub mass shooting took place.","_input_hash":-1533076359,"_task_hash":1764485783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers have suggested that crime and social disorder could rise along with further temperature increases.\r\n","_input_hash":-1036899153,"_task_hash":1648074325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This would match a slight drop in the national average annual temperature last year, although it\u2019s not clear what role, if any, weather might have played.\r\n","_input_hash":-921505030,"_task_hash":1765097474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That suggests the need for more research and better data on shootings in American cities to understand how weather affects gun violence.\r\n","_input_hash":672980627,"_task_hash":1453111572,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"West Midlands police force said: \"A combination of the World Cup, summer heatwave and excess alcohol are being blamed for the surge.\"\r\n","_input_hash":322268734,"_task_hash":-1231438550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While North Yorkshire told BBC Look North that the heat may be a factor, with pressure peaking during hot weekends when people were \"outside, drinking in the sunshine\".\r\n","_input_hash":785394187,"_task_hash":-1304153612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And a 1992 study of crime across England and Wales found \"strong evidence that temperature has a positive effect on most types of property and violent crime\", regardless of the season.\r\n","_input_hash":1933115835,"_task_hash":1330578439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Outdoor gun violence increases in the city as the temperature rises, while there\u2019s virtually no change for indoors.\r\n","_input_hash":1336837655,"_task_hash":-1068716571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, studies from around the world and over different time periods have repeatedly found a link between hotter weather and rising crime rates.\r\n","_input_hash":974903431,"_task_hash":-450795062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And research from Mexico, which took 16 years' worth of daily crime records from different municipalities, equating to 12 million days of data, found an increase in temperature of 1C correlated with an increase across all types of crime of 1.3%.\r\n","_input_hash":-1924122144,"_task_hash":-1192537392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some studies suggest crime rises along with temperature to a certain point, after which it becomes \"too hot\" and crime starts to fall again - but this is disputed.\r\n","_input_hash":1197728327,"_task_hash":1334680690,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So there's lots of data linking rising crime to rising temperature - but why is this happening?","_input_hash":1037527185,"_task_hash":1524521221,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the physical effects of heat on people's responses\r\na change in the opportunities available to commit crime\r\n","_input_hash":-295338492,"_task_hash":286594693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat is an irritant and the discomfort it causes, including getting less sleep, might make people shorter tempered.\r\n","_input_hash":46612787,"_task_hash":1969404747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This revealed a drop in happiness between a day in the range of 15-20C and a day in the range of 27-32C comparable to the drop in happiness the average American feels from Sunday to Monday according to the same Twitter data.\r\n","_input_hash":-1045879953,"_task_hash":-1296084736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But if discomfort alone is the explanation, then why doesn't the discomfort of extreme cold have the same effect?\r\n","_input_hash":2079053089,"_task_hash":-1125825902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists have hypothesised that heat triggers a particular physiological response that makes people angrier and more impatient.\r\n","_input_hash":-1959461518,"_task_hash":-251970208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There are studies linking heat to lowered cognitive function, an increased heart rate, higher testosterone production and even a perception of time passing more slowly than normal.\r\n","_input_hash":943889448,"_task_hash":916836581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While violent crimes increase, other crimes actually appear to decrease when it's warmer.","_input_hash":-1457119933,"_task_hash":1458571199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same factors - more people being around and longer hours of daylight in the summer - which might drive violent crime serve as deterrents for burglary and street robbery.\r\n","_input_hash":-836494555,"_task_hash":-854973256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is backed up by the fact that crime rises when temperatures are unseasonably warm in the winter, even if the actual temperature is still fairly mild, as well as during a summer heatwave.","_input_hash":1349856337,"_task_hash":-2044086680,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Does global warming really increase armed conflict?","_input_hash":-2080307805,"_task_hash":-1300580069,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These stories surely generated clicks, given the public\u2019s interest in climate change and climate change denial.","_input_hash":1260125778,"_task_hash":-873533135,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The underlying assumption is that rainfall affects refugee flows only through its effect on warfare.\r\n","_input_hash":783615697,"_task_hash":370642548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"One problem with using rainfall in this context is the fact that the effects of rainfall on conflict are often imperceptible or even positive, meaning that often warfare intensifies with more \u2013 not less \u2013 precipitation, as several researchers have found.","_input_hash":-1869165370,"_task_hash":-1460345331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There are also several reasons why increased rainfall can lead to higher numbers of refugees.","_input_hash":-1318168760,"_task_hash":-1073542381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Assuming that conflict is only affected by rainfall in the model without clearly illustrating it can make it difficult to identify the most pertinent relationships.","_input_hash":-2129514625,"_task_hash":807161662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A recent paper by McGuirk and Burke, for example, shows that in Africa \u201cfactor conflicts\u201d \u2013 conflicts over controlling a territory where food is grown \u2013 occur where there is more abundance, while \u201coutput conflicts\u201d over the appropriation of surplus arise when resources are scarce.","_input_hash":1800882303,"_task_hash":-1250862798,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other findings show that conflict between non-state actors is also more susceptible to rainfall anomalies.\r\n","_input_hash":-354336294,"_task_hash":-821584584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The link between low precipitation and violence seems to be stronger when the focus is on violence perpetrated against civilians, rather than between armed actors.","_input_hash":773695678,"_task_hash":-1367685352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change, therefore, is not a universal cause of armed conflict.","_input_hash":1838962996,"_task_hash":1265537336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, a recent study by von Uexkull and colleagues finds that while growing-season drought has no noticeable effect on most types of conflict, it can contribute to sustaining violence among vulnerable groups.","_input_hash":491962309,"_task_hash":513231717,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Urban areas are more susceptible to fluctuating food prices, which often leads to social unrest.\r\n","_input_hash":1915236433,"_task_hash":1646925205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We might see other areas of consensus emerge, especially where scholars work to identify specific pathways that can lead conflict rather than broad explanations.\r\n","_input_hash":-494379565,"_task_hash":-1357835771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These claims can lead to bad policies that hurt rather than help people at risk of conflict and the effects of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1280914542,"_task_hash":-1297651154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Does climate change lead to violent conflict?","_input_hash":1671156118,"_task_hash":-1386380051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It finds that the existing literature has not detected a robust and general effect from climate to conflict onset.","_input_hash":-1775703239,"_task_hash":-1442852693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Moreover, there exists scientific agreement that climatic changes can contribute to conflict under some conditions and through certain pathways.","_input_hash":-1389452513,"_task_hash":-28012383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In particular, the recent literature offers considerable suggestive evidence that climatic changes can lead to conflict in countries and/or regions, which are dependent on agriculture, host politically excluded groups, and have ineffective institutions.","_input_hash":1678584299,"_task_hash":290291330,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future research should focus not only on understanding of the pathways and contexts in which climatic changes are most likely to increase or exacerbate the risk of conflict but also work to understand the mechanisms by which climate variability and change might cause conflict.","_input_hash":-514775893,"_task_hash":2115890153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Impacts typical of a changing climate are already buffeting the front lines of America\u2019s military presence.","_input_hash":1446065568,"_task_hash":392569504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, in Alaska, erosion from warmer weather is undermining the foundations at some radar facilities that are critical early-warning networks for attacks on the United States.","_input_hash":1314299085,"_task_hash":-716115943,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They are among dozens of facilities the Pentagon has tagged as at risk from recurrent flooding, drought, desertification, wildfires or thawing permafrost resulting from shifts in climate that are happening much faster than expected.","_input_hash":1676808585,"_task_hash":967121802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much more insidious are the effects of warming on the social fabric and confidence in government in countries whose stability matters to American security.","_input_hash":-1269216528,"_task_hash":1662128669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Afghanistan, for example, the failure of the state is linked in part to weaker agriculture (the main source of income in most communities).\r\n","_input_hash":-1674831841,"_task_hash":1631303272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What makes climate change such a pernicious problem is that it increases the odds of those adverse conditions arising \u2014 especially in places where government already does not function well.","_input_hash":711874281,"_task_hash":793807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Getting serious about the odds that global warming could be much more harmful than expected could amplify previous assessments for the nation\u2019s security.\r\n","_input_hash":-2066374139,"_task_hash":-2086095288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Uncertainty is endemic to climate science because the exact level of future changes in climate are hard to pin down.","_input_hash":1099484548,"_task_hash":-776891633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The pathways that lead from warming to tangible harm to the nation\u2019s coastlines, crops, military and overseas interests are highly complex.","_input_hash":-2018093639,"_task_hash":413716032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A report released this January by DoD found that of the 79 major military installations in the U.S. that were examined, the majority were at a worsening risk of flooding, drought, wildfires and other hazards driven by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-407099558,"_task_hash":1663916398,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That evaluation did not factor in smaller facilities like the one at Tin City, many of which are poised to see destructive impacts from coastal erosion and thawing permafrost in the near future.\r\n","_input_hash":417136453,"_task_hash":204724189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"I don't know what's causing it, but we have to do something about it, because it's impacting our mission.\"\r\n","_input_hash":2045612014,"_task_hash":-2102623028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As Boulds led us up a metal flight of stairs, the room filled with a high-pitched oscillating hum.\r\n","_input_hash":1114387658,"_task_hash":-755431478,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Already, the Pentagon is spending big to slow down impacts from climate change at other radar sites.","_input_hash":-207328884,"_task_hash":-357263015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"According to Lemon, at the Cape Lisburne site more than 200 miles north near the community of Point Hope, waves from the encroaching Chukchi Sea were washing over the airstrip.\r\n","_input_hash":368980178,"_task_hash":814484575,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These risks led DOD to declare that \"while climate change alone does not cause conflict, it may act as an accelerant of instability or conflict, placing a burden to respond on civilian institutions and militaries around the world.","_input_hash":-255738879,"_task_hash":-91839989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The department's leaders recognized that the United States' existing role in responding to extreme weather events, delivering humanitarian assistance, and preserving national security would be made all the more difficult by climate change.","_input_hash":-441689312,"_task_hash":1641949411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review labeled climate change as a \"threat multiplier,\" meaning the stressors already present around the world (\"poverty, environmental degradation, political instability, and social tensions\") will likely be amplified and worsened by the introduction of climate impacts.","_input_hash":1826560757,"_task_hash":-1912069117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u0336 Secretary of Defense James Mattis6\r\ndrought and disease as potential destabilizing events in that region.3","_input_hash":-1593218037,"_task_hash":557701716,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A region faced with severe water and food shortages may become more susceptible to having contributing elements of extremism and violence take","_input_hash":927571414,"_task_hash":2134425650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"root.4 The degradation or outright loss of land due to drought, erosion, and/or sea level rise can contribute to the threat multiplier equation through the displacement of people and the subsequent loss of a population's livelihood, housing, and agricultural capabilities.","_input_hash":12094617,"_task_hash":57726980,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warmer temperatures can also exacerbate the introduction and proliferation of heat-related illnesses and disease vectors, such as mosquitoes, into vulnerable regions.5 Humanitarian aid has the power to bring additional stability to impoverished nations, buffering them against natural disasters and political forces that may instigate conflict.","_input_hash":-643295224,"_task_hash":219854992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Foreign investment in resilient infrastructure can allow vulnerable nations to better stand on their own and recover more quickly when disaster strikes.6 Extreme weather events are projected to increase in severity and frequency over the next several decades and will place a greater burden on DOD units, personnel, and assets tasked with responding to such events and delivering humanitarian and disaster relief, both in the United States and abroad.7","_input_hash":-274637737,"_task_hash":-1939459047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The consequences of climate change will likely heighten the risk DOD infrastructure already faces from severe weather events.","_input_hash":1609632558,"_task_hash":1666677227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Beyond infrastructure damages, sea level rise and extreme weather could be particularly disruptive to training operations that rely on reliable access to land, air, and sea-based training facilities.","_input_hash":-472065926,"_task_hash":50903159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events could also hinder acquisition and supply chain operations that maintain these facilities, potentially influencing the types of equipment DOD acquires and the ways goods are transported, distributed, and stored.13 The U.S. military will have to face the fallout of these impacts, given its operations in vulnerable and potentially volatile parts of the world.","_input_hash":222444714,"_task_hash":-1950273448,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2013, outgoing Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano warned that her successor would need to be prepared for more severe weather-related events as a result of climate change.17","_input_hash":-258375998,"_task_hash":-1149997375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These risks are crop insurance, health care, wildfire suppression, hurricane-related disaster relief, and federal facility flood risk, all of which are anticipated to cost billions of dollars more by the end of the century due to the impacts of climate change.23","_input_hash":478263531,"_task_hash":1108821818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Environmental Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons One of the biggest risks posed by climate change is the potential for massive population displacement.","_input_hash":911999188,"_task_hash":721079305,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change is also unique in that the losses inflicted upon a population's homeland (whether from sea level rise, desertification, flooding, or a surge in deadly heat conditions) is most likely permanent.","_input_hash":1317136266,"_task_hash":-256101446,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Joseph Cassidy, the former Director for Policy, Regional, and Functional Organizations at the U.S. Department of State, identified three categories of risk associated with climate-induced migration and displacement and how governments respond:","_input_hash":1768327267,"_task_hash":130617166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Indirect risks, such as disruptions to the global economy brought on by mass migration, would also have significant ramifications for the United States.","_input_hash":791810983,"_task_hash":-821105501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Third-order risks would primarily be conflicts sparked or worsened by an influx of climate migrants, exemplifying climate change as a threat multiplier.36,37","_input_hash":769471900,"_task_hash":1590246119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Examples of the devastating impacts climate-related migration could have on the social, economic, and political stability of countries","_input_hash":335056802,"_task_hash":-646044967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Perhaps one of the most well-known examples is the conflict beginning in 2003 in Sudan's Darfur region, which has been partly attributed to climate- and drought-related migration that led to competition for scarce resources before escalating into a full-scale war.38","_input_hash":-372902108,"_task_hash":1043209199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Syria's historically severe drought stretching from 2006 to 2010 acted as one of multiple contributing factors that led to migration, civil unrest, and ultimately armed conflict.","_input_hash":106582714,"_task_hash":1588569340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists concluded that a prolonged drought of this severity became more than twice as likely to strike Syria due to impacts from anthropogenic climate change.39\r\nWater Conflict","_input_hash":268597930,"_task_hash":-115137805,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another major impact of climate change on the international stage will be on water supply and the increased likelihood of intra- and inter-state conflict over this finite resource.","_input_hash":-284814739,"_task_hash":-1400820783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although struggles over water resources are not a new occurrence, climate change will only intensify and increase the frequency of such issues\u2014similar to migration.","_input_hash":1892017675,"_task_hash":-1385444361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 2012 report from the Office of the U.S. Director of National Intelligence warned that when water problems combine with \u201cpoverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership, and weak political institutions,\u201d social disruptions and the threat of a failed state may emerge.40","_input_hash":-1242565896,"_task_hash":-2079183653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The report notes that North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia are all likely to face major challenges coping with water-related issues such as water shortages, poor water quality, and floods by 2040.","_input_hash":-346375156,"_task_hash":-1927425588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In rating the management capacity for seven different river basins in these hot spots based on the \u201cstrength and resilience\" of their governance mechanisms, the report cautioned that \"even well-prepared river basins are likely to be challenged by increased water demand and impacts from climate change.","_input_hash":1316990246,"_task_hash":1926938401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Severe water scarcity could also lead to the \u201cweaponization of water.\u201d","_input_hash":1482134247,"_task_hash":-625663741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"continuing a steady climb in ocean surface temperatures over the past three decades.43,44 Record ocean temperatures have contributed to a decline in sea ice levels.","_input_hash":-1552882438,"_task_hash":184770303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If we fail to act upon climate change, instability around the globe will inevitably intensify, and even our bases will risk being lost.","_input_hash":-1597779272,"_task_hash":558443537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A modern energy revolution, a strategic resolve to respond to climate change can transform how we fight.","_input_hash":1687122712,"_task_hash":631725392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The vast geographic distribution of these facilities, their often advanced age, and the less severe environmental conditions they were originally built to withstand has been a cause for grave concern among base commanders.54 Extreme weather events\u2014flooding, drought, and wildfire\u2014","_input_hash":-599065529,"_task_hash":1685839125,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Damage inflicted upon defense facilities and the interdependent assets they host (such as aircraft, hangars, and radar equipment)","_input_hash":-476996837,"_task_hash":295288119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hazardous temperatures and storms can also disrupt scheduled training activities and put personnel at risk.","_input_hash":-48089114,"_task_hash":-235444254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These relationships foster deep economic benefits across the local economy, but also present underlying challenges in the event of a natural disaster or other disruption.","_input_hash":-1076228558,"_task_hash":-961982064,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Given the shared risks posed by climate impacts, future partnerships between base managers and local government leaders could be mutually beneficial.","_input_hash":1810886766,"_task_hash":1900148182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The order cites climate-related water restrictions, coastal flooding, wildfires, severe weather, and an influx of invasive species as examples of climate impacts program managers may have to consider.83","_input_hash":-624297641,"_task_hash":1166323447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Air Force has also included climate change vulnerability metrics in its comprehensive planning guidelines for installations.84 Coastal erosion accelerated by melting permafrost and extreme weather prompted the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) to conduct coastal erosion studies to determine the risks to Air Force airfields and radar stations located in Alaska.","_input_hash":1923685261,"_task_hash":960915514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The effort examined how future hurricanes and storm surges may be amplified by climate change and the risks these events could pose to resources relied upon by the Air Force's 45th Space Wing.85\r\nPast Congressional Actions and Proposals Despite widespread agreement among the scientific, and more recently military, communities on the grave and growing risk of climate change, Congressional action has resulted in relatively few concrete policy proposals and even fewer successfully-passed bills.","_input_hash":-4100621,"_task_hash":274467403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However,\r\nthe House version of the NDAA for FY2017 expressly forbids any of its appropriated funds from being used to implement climate adaptation measures, which the Pentagon had previously outlined in an official directive.90,91 Tensions arising from the military's desire to insulate its operations from climate risks and the fiscal priorities of influential groups within Congress","_input_hash":1863023221,"_task_hash":-2086332107,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"projections not flooded in 2067 by future sea level rise \u2013 thanks to those new levees.\r\n","_input_hash":-1305878663,"_task_hash":-1903347222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Temperature, in particular, exerts remarkable influence over human systems at many social scales; heat induces mortality, has lasting impact on fetuses and infants, and incites aggression and violence while lowering human productivity.","_input_hash":-1924867351,"_task_hash":-1377513023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High temperatures also damage crops, inflate electricity demand, and may trigger population movements within and across national borders.","_input_hash":-2015539654,"_task_hash":-1610042950,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Tropical cyclones cause mortality, damage assets, and reduce economic output for long periods.","_input_hash":-1799309194,"_task_hash":1925365197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Precipitation extremes harm economies and populations predominately in agriculturally dependent settings.","_input_hash":601963272,"_task_hash":20024226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These effects are often quantitatively substantial; for example, we compute that temperature depresses current U.S. maize yields roughly 48%, warming trends since 1980 elevated conflict risk in Africa by 11%, and future warming may slow global economic growth rates by 0.28 percentage points year\u22121.\r\n","_input_hash":1933038324,"_task_hash":1015654369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much research aims to forecast impacts of future climate change, but we point out that society may also benefit from attending to ongoing impacts of climate in the present, because current climatic conditions impose economic and social burdens on populations today that rival in magnitude the projected end-of-century impacts of climate change.","_input_hash":676893237,"_task_hash":386857736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, we calculate that current temperature climatologies slow global economic growth roughly 0.25 percentage points year\u22121, comparable to the additional slowing of 0.28 percentage points year\u22121 projected from future warming.\r\n","_input_hash":911029551,"_task_hash":333105596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, clear patterns of adaptation in health impacts and in response to tropical cyclones contrast strongly with limited adaptation in agricultural and macroeconomic responses to temperature.","_input_hash":-1319083892,"_task_hash":1683257494,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, calculations used to design global climate change policies require as input \u201cdamage functions\u201d that describe how social and economic losses accrue under different climatic conditions, essential elements that now can (and should) be calibrated to real-world relationships.","_input_hash":-1617498716,"_task_hash":1331527688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because of persistent \u201cadaptation gaps,\u201d current climate conditions continue to play a substantial role in shaping modern society, and future climate changes will likely have additional impact.","_input_hash":-1505972487,"_task_hash":-240897570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, we compute that temperature depresses current U.S. maize yields by ~48%, warming since 1980 elevated conflict risk in Africa by ~11%, and future warming may slow global economic growth rates by ~0.28 percentage points per year.","_input_hash":-1290992624,"_task_hash":25375818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In general, we estimate that the economic and social burden of current climates tends to be comparable in magnitude to the additional projected impact caused by future anthropogenic climate changes.","_input_hash":422862767,"_task_hash":724696913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nArmed conflict within nations has had disastrous humanitarian consequences throughout much of the world.","_input_hash":1666572728,"_task_hash":2091084134,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We find strong historical linkages between civil war and temperature in Africa, with warmer years leading to significant increases in the likelihood of war.","_input_hash":1663288917,"_task_hash":985116184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When combined with climate model projections of future temperature trends, this historical response to temperature suggests a roughly 54% increase in armed conflict incidence by 2030, or an additional 393,000 battle deaths if future wars are as deadly as recent wars.","_input_hash":211686610,"_task_hash":389365019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than two-thirds of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa (\u201cAfrica\u201d hereinafter) have experienced civil conflict since 1960 (1), resulting in millions of deaths and monumental human suffering.","_input_hash":1446901470,"_task_hash":-963638675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Understanding the causes and consequences of this conflict has been a major focus of social science research, with recent empirical work highlighting the role of economic fluctuations in shaping conflict risk (2).","_input_hash":-1905521008,"_task_hash":1071712735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Combined with accumulating evidence on the potentially disruptive effects of climate change on human enterprise, such as through possible declines in global food production (3) and significant sea level rise (4), such findings have encouraged claims that climate change will worsen instability in already volatile regions (5\u20137).\r\n","_input_hash":-1526681458,"_task_hash":-126641352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most existing studies linking the 2 variables have focused on the role of precipitation in explaining conflict incidence, finding past conflict in Africa more likely in drier years (2, 7).","_input_hash":1485083989,"_task_hash":908052976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But such a focus bears uncertain implications for changes in conflict risk under global climate change, as climate models disagree on both the sign and magnitude of future precipitation change over most of the African continent (9).","_input_hash":-1185461815,"_task_hash":344536647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With recent studies emphasizing the particular role of temperature in explaining past spatial and temporal variation in agricultural yields and economic output in Africa (10, 11), it thus appears plausible that temperature fluctuations could affect past and future conflict risk, but few studies have explicitly considered the role of temperature.","_input_hash":-504299519,"_task_hash":589385669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis of historical climate proxies since 1400 C.E. finds that long-term fluctuations of war frequency follow cycles of temperature change (12); however, the relevance of this to modern-day Africa is uncertain.\r\n","_input_hash":-362650015,"_task_hash":1453025916,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We provide quantitative evidence linking past internal armed conflict incidence to variations in temperature, finding substantial increases in conflict during warmer years, and we use this relationship to build projections of the potential effect of climate change on future conflict risk in Africa.","_input_hash":-854048455,"_task_hash":-1321512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our model relates country-level fluctuations in temperature and precipitation to the incidence of African civil war, defined as the use of armed force between 2 parties, one of which is the government of a state, resulting in at least 1,000 battle-related deaths (13).","_input_hash":-204596554,"_task_hash":255326414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Consistent with previous studies (2, 7), and to capture the potentially delayed response of conflict to climate-induced economic shocks (due to, e.g., the elapsed time between climate events and the harvest period), we allow both contemporaneous and lagged climate variables to affect conflict risk.\r\n","_input_hash":-354292680,"_task_hash":65335092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperature variables are strongly related to conflict incidence over our historical panel, with a 1 \u00b0C increase in temperature in our preferred specification leading to a 4.5% increase in civil war in the same year and a 0.9% increase in conflict incidence in the next year (model 1 in Table 1).","_input_hash":-1481038090,"_task_hash":854607925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Relative to the 11.0% of country-years that historically experience conflict in our panel, such a 1 \u00b0C warming represents a remarkable 49% relative increase in the incidence of civil war.\r\n","_input_hash":-1362102767,"_task_hash":-484666401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Despite the prominence of precipitation in past conflict studies, this temperature effect on conflict is robust to the inclusion of precipitation in the regression (model 2 in Table 1) and also robust to explicit controls for country-level measures of per capita income and democracy over the sample period (model 3 in Table 1)\u2014factors highlighted by previous studies as potentially important in explaining conflict risk (1, 14\u201316).","_input_hash":-586876123,"_task_hash":1457088759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To predict changes in the incidence of civil war under future climate change, we combine our estimated historical response of conflict to climate with climate projections from 20 general circulation models that have contributed to the World Climate Research Program's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (WCRP CMIP3).","_input_hash":-1369533252,"_task_hash":595571154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We focus on climate changes and associated changes in conflict risk to the year 2030, both because the host of factors beyond climate that contribute to conflict risk (e.g., economic performance, political institutions) are more likely to remain near-constant over the next few decades relative to mid-century or end of century, and because climate projections themselves are relatively insensitive to alternate greenhouse gas emissions scenarios to 2030.\r\n","_input_hash":1207355352,"_task_hash":1019367157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Again given the 11% of country-years in our panel that experience conflict, this increase corresponds to a 54% rise in the average likelihood of conflict across the continent (Table 2).","_input_hash":1379806787,"_task_hash":-1395463285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If future conflicts are on average as deadly as conflicts during our study period, and assuming linear increases in temperature to 2030, this warming-induced increase in conflict risk would result in a cumulative additional 393,000 battle deaths by 2030 (see Methods).","_input_hash":955209375,"_task_hash":-1135361430,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Given that total loss of life related to conflict events can be many times higher than direct battle deaths (18), the human costs of this conflict increase likely would be much higher.\r\n","_input_hash":38154282,"_task_hash":978825756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because uncertainty in projections of conflict incidence appear driven more by the uncertainty in the climate\u2013conflict relationship than by climate model projections (Fig.","_input_hash":166416008,"_task_hash":1990336262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Estimates of the median and range of projected increases in conflict remain remarkably consistent across specifications of how civil war responds to climate (Fig. 2, Top), including whether war is assumed to respond to levels of climate variables or year-to-year changes in those variables, whether or not potential response to precipitation in addition to temperature is included, and the use of alternative climate data sets.","_input_hash":-388307431,"_task_hash":1781365692,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Projected percent changes in the incidence of civil war for all of sub-Saharan Africa, including both climate and conflict uncertainty as calculated as in Fig.","_input_hash":1651119330,"_task_hash":-1741799022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(Bottom) Projected combined effects of changes in climate, per capita income, and democracy.","_input_hash":721097786,"_task_hash":31189388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, because nonclimate factors that affect conflict risk also could change over time, we include 2 projections of 2030 civil war incidence taking into account the combined effects of projected changes in climate, economic growth, and democratization (Fig. 2, Bottom).","_input_hash":-1037320611,"_task_hash":-1876503677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We find that neither is able to overcome the large effects of temperature increase on civil war incidence, although the optimistic scenario reduces the risk of civil war by roughly 2% relative to the linear extrapolation, corresponding to a 20% relative decline in conflict (Fig. 2, Bottom).\r\n","_input_hash":-2097543849,"_task_hash":1319393811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The large effect of temperature relative to precipitation is perhaps surprising given the important role that precipitation plays in rural African livelihoods and previous work emphasizing the impact of falling precipitation on conflict risk (2).","_input_hash":300255114,"_task_hash":-626981506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, precipitation and temperature fluctuations are negatively correlated (r = \u22120.34) over our study period, suggesting that earlier findings of increased conflict during drier years might have been partly capturing the effect of hotter years.","_input_hash":-67791676,"_task_hash":66464621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nevertheless, the temperature signal is robust across datasets and is consistent with a growing body of evidence demonstrating the direct negative effects of higher temperatures on agricultural productivity and the importance of these fluctuations for economic performance (10, 11, 19).\r\n","_input_hash":-633402921,"_task_hash":532850167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperature can affect agricultural yields both through increases in crop evapotranspiration (and hence heightened water stress in the absence of irrigation) and through accelerated crop development, with the combined effect of these 2 mechanisms often reducing African staple crop yields by 10%\u201330% per \u00b0C of warming (3, 11, 20).","_input_hash":-389610718,"_task_hash":-156554626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because the vast majority of poor African households are rural, and because the poorest of these typically derive between 60% and 100% of their income from agricultural activities (21), such temperature-related yield declines can have serious economic consequences for both agricultural households and entire societies that depend heavily on agriculture (10).","_input_hash":-618497333,"_task_hash":129766255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Finally, because economic welfare is the single factor most consistently associated with conflict incidence in both cross-country and within-country studies (1, 2, 14\u201316), it appears likely that the variation in agricultural performance is the central mechanism linking warming to conflict in Africa.","_input_hash":-512732378,"_task_hash":-1899088978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Yet because our study cannot definitively rule out other plausible contributing factors\u2014for instance, violent crime, which has been found to increase with higher temperatures (22), and nonfarm labor productivity, which can decline with higher temperatures (23)\u2014further elucidating the relative contributions of these factors remains a critical area for future research.\r\n","_input_hash":-481899139,"_task_hash":-596664028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When combined with the unanimous projections of near-term warming across climate models and climate scenarios, this temperature effect provides a coherent and alarming picture of increases in conflict risk under climate change over the next 2 decades in Africa.","_input_hash":1666171208,"_task_hash":-432110343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore, the adverse impact of warming on conflict by 2030 appears likely to outweigh any potentially offsetting effects of strong economic growth and continued democratization.","_input_hash":-2060352767,"_task_hash":-150119394,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We view this final result with some caution, however, because economic and political variables are clearly endogenous to conflict; for example, conflict may both respond to and cause variation in economic performance (2) or democratization.","_input_hash":1752662980,"_task_hash":2145784443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Consequently, credibly identifying past or future contributions of economic growth or democratization to civil war risk is difficult.","_input_hash":-431071913,"_task_hash":404965908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We interpret our result as evidence of the strength of the temperature effect rather than as documentation of the precise future contribution of economic progress or democratization to conflict risk.","_input_hash":132993978,"_task_hash":-812776426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The possibility of large warming-induced increases in the incidence of civil war has a number of public policy implications.","_input_hash":-1460800153,"_task_hash":-2124945258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First, if temperature is primarily affecting conflict via shocks to economic productivity, then, given the current and expected future importance of agriculture in African livelihoods (24), governments and aid donors could help reduce conflict risk in Africa by improving the ability of African agriculture to deal with extreme heat.","_input_hash":-823710283,"_task_hash":-1559273190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"if there was a conflict resulting in >1,000 deaths in country i in year t and 0 otherwise.\r\n","_input_hash":1109129526,"_task_hash":101820379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additional battle deaths related to warming are calculated using historical battle death data (32), and assume a linear increase in the conflict risk related to warming beginning in 1990 (corresponding to historical risk levels in our panel) and ending in 2030 (a 54% increase in risk).","_input_hash":-481403033,"_task_hash":-553404124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sea levels are rising as global warming heats up the planet.","_input_hash":-1901916150,"_task_hash":-1419514106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Tidal flooding will become more frequent and extensive.","_input_hash":1209523605,"_task_hash":1741475803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When hurricanes strike, deeper and more extensive storm surge flooding will occur.\r\n","_input_hash":1443832793,"_task_hash":1875436428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We must prepare for the growing exposure of our military bases to sea level rise.\r\n","_input_hash":-507778092,"_task_hash":-452963739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By 2050, most of the installations in this analysis will see more than 10 times the number of floods they experience today.\r\n","_input_hash":-1510619027,"_task_hash":-1376958636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By 2070, half of the sites could experience 520 or more flood events annually\u2014the equivalent of more than one flood daily.\r\n","_input_hash":-250226198,"_task_hash":896850384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many surrounding communities will also face growing exposure to rising seas.\r\n","_input_hash":908656702,"_task_hash":-2050151338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Moreover, recent studies suggest that ice sheet loss is accelerating and that future dynamics and instability could contribute significantly to sea level rise this century.\r\n","_input_hash":1970887925,"_task_hash":-132267255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nUrban crime may be an important but overlooked public health impact of rising ambient temperatures.","_input_hash":409143398,"_task_hash":-132268732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Overall, these analyses suggest that disorderly conduct and violent crimes are highest when temperatures are comfortable, especially during cold months.","_input_hash":-1144642293,"_task_hash":-1552195525,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We suggest that high temperatures increase retaliation by increasing hostile attributions when teammates are hit by a pitch and by lowering inhibitions against retaliation.","_input_hash":-1250336883,"_task_hash":990861242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Results indicated a direct linear increase in horn honking with increasing temperature.","_input_hash":980173280,"_task_hash":1777910845,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"I identify the effect of weather on monthly crime by using a semi-parametric bin estimator and controlling for state-by-month and county-by-year fixed effects.","_input_hash":1103008155,"_task_hash":299391801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The results show that temperature has a strong positive effect on criminal behavior, with little evidence of lagged impacts.","_input_hash":1216762871,"_task_hash":-668219972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 2010 and 2099, climate change will cause an additional 22,000 murders, 180,000 cases of rape, 1.2 million aggravated assaults, 2.3 million simple assaults, 260,000 robberies, 1.3 million burglaries, 2.2 million cases of larceny, and 580,000 cases of vehicle theft in the United States.\r\n","_input_hash":-1389792537,"_task_hash":1033709693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a serious problem that affects billions of people globally.","_input_hash":-712616719,"_task_hash":509413569,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Although the environmental and health costs of air pollution are well known, the present research investigates its ethical costs.","_input_hash":-621113784,"_task_hash":1071571197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We propose that air pollution can increase criminal and unethical behavior by increasing anxiety.","_input_hash":-1963636822,"_task_hash":864817255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Consistent with our theoretical perspective, results revealed that anxiety mediated this effect.","_input_hash":-150207152,"_task_hash":-198684462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution not only corrupts people\u2019s health, but also can contaminate their morality.","_input_hash":-140044856,"_task_hash":996125861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This Ebola outbreak in eastern Congo, the second-largest ever recorded, is now spiraling out of control.","_input_hash":1876054132,"_task_hash":746491327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So far nearly 1,150 people have died in the outbreak, according to the World Health Organization.","_input_hash":-629540076,"_task_hash":-1903227579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet optimism ran strong among the arriving wave of international health experts and humanitarian workers, many of whom had experience treating Ebola, an often fatal disease caused by a virus that is transmitted by body fluids.\r\n","_input_hash":1752404489,"_task_hash":-857241768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many of the symptoms of Ebola resemble those of more common maladies, such as malaria.","_input_hash":740124753,"_task_hash":509324255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe way my wife died, it is not Ebola that killed her that day,\u201d said H\u00e9ritier Bedico Zawadi, an engineer, one sleepless month after the death of his wife, Suzanne Kahindo Kitseghe, a 29-year-old doctor.\r\n","_input_hash":526353974,"_task_hash":1788234237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI think that is one motivation\u201d for the hostility to Ebola responders.\r\n","_input_hash":31718448,"_task_hash":2035205879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A severe drought in Panama has resulted in lower water levels in the Panama Canal, forcing some shippers to limit the amount of cargo their largest ships carry so they can safely navigate the waterway.\r\n","_input_hash":1761823888,"_task_hash":-1131103943,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such restrictions may have to be imposed more frequently if, as scientists expect, climate change leads to more extreme storms and dry periods.\r\n","_input_hash":804765947,"_task_hash":2047987301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The drought is linked to an El Ni\u00f1o that developed early this year and is expected to continue into the fall.","_input_hash":-904258114,"_task_hash":-496656264,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"During an El Ni\u00f1o, warmer-than-normal surface waters in the equatorial Pacific can affect weather patterns in many parts of the world, including rainfall in Central America.","_input_hash":904327179,"_task_hash":-20007386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They have led to canal restrictions in the past.\r\n","_input_hash":-378046992,"_task_hash":938245433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Already, four of the most intense storms and several of the worst droughts since the canal opened 105 years ago have occurred in the past decade, said Robert F. Stallard, a hydrologist with the United States Geological Survey and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute who has studied water issues in Panama for decades.\r\n","_input_hash":-1767647639,"_task_hash":-1072842252,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Draft restrictions have been imposed before, during previous El Ni\u00f1o years, and have sometimes caused greater revenue losses.","_input_hash":-62079825,"_task_hash":-2009912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dr. Stallard said the impact of the drought this year was reduced in part because of heavy rains last fall.\r\n","_input_hash":235082480,"_task_hash":686210145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In December 2010, torrential rains caused the lakes to overflow; the resulting flooding forced the canal to be closed for a day.","_input_hash":1861016108,"_task_hash":-776159189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Too much water inundating the system can also damage locks and other infrastructure.\r\n","_input_hash":2128834098,"_task_hash":1778882635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even for skeptics, the effects of climate change are becoming harder to deny.","_input_hash":285939384,"_task_hash":1589752502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The country\u2019s tropics are spreading south, bringing storms and mosquito-borne illnesses like dengue fever to places unprepared for such problems, while water shortages have led to major fish die-offs in drying rivers.\r\n","_input_hash":353556458,"_task_hash":2065321521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cYou can\u2019t trigger the pride response,\u201d Ms. Harris-Rimmer said.\r\n","_input_hash":-800540506,"_task_hash":-266884608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scholars of Australian populism agree, arguing that the weakening of the major parties and the country\u2019s tilt to the right have been driven mainly by class envy and alienation, including the belief that the elite do not understand the needs and values of the working class.\r\n","_input_hash":-841210738,"_task_hash":1588307084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ice loss through the Fram Strait used to be offset by ice growth in the Beaufort Gyre, northeast of Alaska, where perennial ice could persist for years.\r\n","_input_hash":372151158,"_task_hash":1843353193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Environmental Protection Agency plans to change the way it calculates the health risks of air pollution, a shift that would make it easier to roll back a key climate change rule because it would result in far fewer predicted deaths from pollution, according to five people with knowledge of the agency\u2019s plans.\r\n","_input_hash":-1347311923,"_task_hash":754303145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The E.P.A. had originally forecast that eliminating the Obama-era rule, the Clean Power Plan, and replacing it with a new measure would have resulted in an additional 1,400 premature deaths per year.","_input_hash":-1651053207,"_task_hash":2045585096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The proposed shift is the latest example of the Trump administration downgrading the estimates of environmental harm from pollution in regulations.","_input_hash":-506583103,"_task_hash":907079332,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many experts said that approach was not scientifically sound and that, in the real world, there are no safe levels of the fine particulate pollution associated with the burning of fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1435709935,"_task_hash":-2099755027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The E.P.A., when making major regulatory changes, is normally expected to demonstrate that society will see more benefits than costs from the change.","_input_hash":689658177,"_task_hash":-1219956186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cParticulate matter is extremely harmful and it leads to a large number of premature deaths,\u201d said Richard L. Revesz, an expert in environmental law at New York University.","_input_hash":-17546586,"_task_hash":-1980192679,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It would also allow older coal plants to remain in operation longer and result in an increase of particulate matter.\r\n","_input_hash":-1890779164,"_task_hash":176073290,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The greatest health risk comes from what is known as PM 2.5, the range of fine particles that are less than 2.5 microns in diameter.","_input_hash":1299092756,"_task_hash":52347936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cHow in the world can you get $30 or $40 billion of benefit to public health when most of that is attributable to reductions in areas that already meet a health-based standard,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-284700442,"_task_hash":-1914379927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mr. Wehrum acknowledged that the administration was considering a handful of analyses that would reduce the prediction of 1,400 premature deaths as a result of the measure.\r\n","_input_hash":1478537547,"_task_hash":1688845539,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But that doesn\u2019t mean the risk of an accident disappears at 55 m.p.h.","_input_hash":1124030955,"_task_hash":1635456904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBecause there could be an effect that would enhance climate change and enhance the rising temperatures.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1724159769,"_task_hash":-288393230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The pace of permafrost melt and its release of carbon is of great concern to researchers who model climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":361464651,"_task_hash":1789538609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study from Stanford published on Earth Day concluded with near certainty that global warming is fueling a global disparity in wealth.","_input_hash":1141939978,"_task_hash":-1181934009,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past 50 years, global warming has contributed to an approximately 25 percent larger wealth gap between the poorest and wealthiest nations in the world than if global temperatures had remained stable.\r\n","_input_hash":63548841,"_task_hash":713837763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe\u2019re not arguing that global warming created inequality,\u201d emphasized a study author to Time Magazine.","_input_hash":868552169,"_task_hash":-1085213838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A cruel irony behind climate injustice is that the biggest drivers of climate change happen to be some of the wealthiest countries of the world, many of which may actually benefit from the warmer seasons.","_input_hash":-2110390775,"_task_hash":788707111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe historical data clearly show that crops are more productive, people are healthier and we are more productive at work when temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold,\u201d said another one of the study\u2019s authors in a statement, suggesting that cooler, wealthier countries will experience an economic boost from warmer temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1487179672,"_task_hash":941106771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As many as one million plant and animal species are now threatened with extinction because of farming, poaching, pollution, the transport of invasive species and, increasingly, global warming.","_input_hash":-1835549041,"_task_hash":344762774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One possible reason for the disparity is that the effects of global warming are more apparent to many people.","_input_hash":-336314842,"_task_hash":-1196417906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record-breaking heat waves, deadly wildfires, rising sea levels","_input_hash":-141027429,"_task_hash":1437557771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The loss of wild plant varieties could make it harder in the future to breed new, hardier crops to cope with threats like increased heat and drought.\r\n","_input_hash":-1100857269,"_task_hash":-481300519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Future sea level rise (SLR) poses serious threats to the viability of coastal communities, but continues to be challenging to project using deterministic modeling approaches.","_input_hash":-658287495,"_task_hash":-1225188778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Inclusion of thermal expansion and glacier contributions results in a global total SLR estimate that exceeds 2 m at the 95th percentile.","_input_hash":-399519211,"_task_hash":-2009738565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global mean sea-level rise (SLR), which during the last quarter century has occurred at an accelerating rate (1), averaging about +3 mm\u22c5y\u22121, threatens coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide.","_input_hash":-1523270946,"_task_hash":-2033873286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Adaptation measures accounting for the changing hazard, including building or raising permanent or movable structures such as surge barriers and sea walls, enhancing nature-based defenses such as wetlands, and selective retreat of populations and facilities from areas threatened by episodic flooding or permanent inundation, are being planned or implemented in several countries.","_input_hash":486352244,"_task_hash":1142166317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the nearly 40 y since the first modern, scientific assessments of SLR, understanding of the various causes of this rise has advanced substantially.","_input_hash":1757321112,"_task_hash":-1154858384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a consequence, it is unclear to what extent recent observed ice sheet changes (11) are a result of internal variability (ice sheet weather) or external forcing (ice sheet climate).\r\n","_input_hash":-893336322,"_task_hash":-2010150330,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combined sea-level contribution from all processes and ice sheets was determined assuming either independence or dependence.","_input_hash":-467713753,"_task_hash":-1468033650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is driven, primarily, by larger uncertainty ranges for the WAIS and GrIS contributions (Fig. 3), possibly resulting from experts\u2019 consideration of the aforementioned nonlinear processes.","_input_hash":-1234041322,"_task_hash":-2076655116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In comparison, our current findings result in a larger uncertainty range at a lower temperature increase (Fig. 2).","_input_hash":-1199799815,"_task_hash":2009712829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The reduction in the sea-level contribution from the ice sheets at this lower temperature for our study is broadly in line with the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on 1.5 \u00b0C, which obtained a value of 10 cm reduction in global mean sea level from all sources (26).\r\n","_input_hash":340677310,"_task_hash":-922877075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is difficult to determine the basis for this, but we note that the experts overwhelmingly believe that the recent (last 2 decades) acceleration in mass loss from the GrIS is predominantly a result of external forcing, rather than internal variability.","_input_hash":1868708548,"_task_hash":885950025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the 22 experts, 18 judge the acceleration is largely or entirely a result of external forcing (SI Appendix, Fig.","_input_hash":1239572250,"_task_hash":-935757603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The rather high median and 95% values for 2100 SLR (Fig. 2 and Table 1), found here, likely reflect recent studies that have explored, in particular, AIS sensitivity to CO2 forcing during previous warm periods (27, 28) and new positive feedback processes such as the Marine Ice Cliff Instability (19), alongside the increasing evidence for a secular trend in Arctic climate (29) and subsequent increasing GrIS mass loss (4).","_input_hash":-1315132874,"_task_hash":1627612809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It may also be related to the observational record, which indicates continued increase in mass loss from both the AIS and GrIS during this time.","_input_hash":-1690118714,"_task_hash":-31567411,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This could result in land loss of 1.79 M km2, including critical regions of food production, and displacement of up to 187 million people (38).","_input_hash":1927567447,"_task_hash":-46668982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effect of this optimization is a moderate reduction in the 90th percentile credible range relative to the PW01 combination.\r\n","_input_hash":1413393900,"_task_hash":1665105665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although hurricanes are no stranger to the Caribbean, the overwhelming scientific evidence of how extreme weather conditions are worsening due to global warming shows that we need to take the signals that our Earth is sending us seriously.","_input_hash":-1261680101,"_task_hash":510423312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That evidence can be found in the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) 2018 special report on the effects of global warming above 1.5 degrees Celsius -- and in the devastation left by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in the region, in the form of mangled towns, villages, homes and critical infrastructure, wrecked lives, devastated crops and ecosystems, damaged economies and financial markets.\r\n","_input_hash":-715094140,"_task_hash":1554399414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I am at the complete mercy of the hurricane.","_input_hash":-982570484,"_task_hash":969168014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricane Maria is regarded as one of the worst natural disasters to hit our neighboring islands of the Caribbean.\r\n","_input_hash":937681477,"_task_hash":1334546439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to a 2018 Swiss Re report, $92 billion -- nearly half of 2017's total insured cost -- was caused by hurricane damage in the US and the Caribbean.","_input_hash":-2077654603,"_task_hash":190099065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And a 2018 UN report detailing the impact of Irma and Maria showed the ways in which islands suffered after the storms' fury.","_input_hash":-135483004,"_task_hash":988641909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Affected islands struggled for weeks without electricity and running water, increasing the likelihood for disease.\r\n","_input_hash":380313288,"_task_hash":-918084749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while damages to the Caribbean's housing and infrastructure sectors remained the highest, many sources of our livelihood -- crops, trees and livestock -- were devastated.","_input_hash":1694199584,"_task_hash":1648421146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are experiencing the devastating economic and social impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":759415231,"_task_hash":-1544842215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We will lead on creating the frameworks that can incentivize clean transport on our islands, power that is generated from the sun, wind, waves and ecosystems.","_input_hash":-1097430905,"_task_hash":371073977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The painful interruption in business-as-usual caused by the trade war presents an opportunity to rethink U.S. farming\u2019s dependence on Chinese buyers.\r\n","_input_hash":-574625243,"_task_hash":-2096926392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Midwest was inundated by flooding this spring, again, as entire towns and tens of thousands of acres of cropland along the Missouri River were washed away.","_input_hash":357459667,"_task_hash":1513418886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The United States is at an inflection point brought by a trade war and climate change.","_input_hash":-1808831151,"_task_hash":689297491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Brutal droughts, floods and wildfires were expected to make the environment a pivotal issue in Australia's election last Saturday (May 18).","_input_hash":1502476597,"_task_hash":1634342091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Burning coal is the single largest source of mankind's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and coal is more polluting than oil and gas.\r\n","_input_hash":882512257,"_task_hash":-1768332596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Farmers - who are worst hit by floods, droughts and fires - are also starting to demand action to curb the effects of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-955346461,"_task_hash":-1557767160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The period from January through April produced a global temperature 1.62 degrees F above the average of 54.8 degrees, which is the third-hottest YTD on record.","_input_hash":-1691870969,"_task_hash":1170511461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Driven by global warming \u2013 and with it ever greater extremes of heat, drought and rainfall \u2013 the rising mercury can explain up to half of all variations in harvest yields worldwide.\r\n","_input_hash":1805059728,"_task_hash":1661440505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unusually cold nights, ever greater numbers of extremely hot summer days, weeks with no rainfall, or torrents of storm-driven precipitation, account for somewhere between a fifth to 49% of yield losses for maize, rice, spring wheat and soy beans.\r\n","_input_hash":-814071050,"_task_hash":-426394580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And once international scientists had eliminated the effect of temperature averages across the whole growing season, they still found that heatwaves, drought and torrential downfall accounted for 18% to 43% of losses.\r\n","_input_hash":2009056967,"_task_hash":608894766,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impact of climate change driven by global warming fuelled by profligate fossil fuel use had been worrying ministries and agricultural researchers for years: more carbon dioxide should and sometimes could mean a greener world.\r\n","_input_hash":248331203,"_task_hash":-757828312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More warmth and earlier springs mean a longer growing season with lower risks of late frost.","_input_hash":1474152246,"_task_hash":-167693016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the average rise in temperature worldwide of just 1 \u00b0C in the last century is exactly that: an average.","_input_hash":-1163847149,"_task_hash":-1603679410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What cities and countryside have observed is an increase both in the number and intensity of potentially lethal heatwaves, of longer and more frequent parching in those landscapes that are normally dry, with heavier downpours in places that can depend on reliable rainfall.\r\n","_input_hash":936112045,"_task_hash":1963635233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cInterestingly, we found that the most important climate factors for yield anomalies were related to temperature, not precipitation, as one could expect, with average growing season temperature and temperature extremes playing a dominant role in predicting crop yields,\u201d said Elisabeth Vogel of the University of Melbourne, who led the study.\r\n","_input_hash":-645864587,"_task_hash":384528849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But impacts of extremes vary according to region, soil, latitude and other factors too.\r\n","_input_hash":1089055126,"_task_hash":962844533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In some years excessive rain reduced the corn yield by as much as 34%; drought and heat in turn could be linked to losses of 37%.","_input_hash":1587593501,"_task_hash":-800872925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And British scientists report in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B that changes in temperature and moisture linked to global warming could be bad for the banana crop.\r\n","_input_hash":1588368182,"_task_hash":42170032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These have increased the risk of infection by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, or Black Sigatoka disease, by more than 44% in Latin America and the Caribbean.","_input_hash":-969633348,"_task_hash":250957632,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here, farmers endure extreme weather challenges such as drought and flash flooding -- and, thus, some of the highest food shortages.\r\n","_input_hash":686609576,"_task_hash":1484362695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather is adding to the problem, with most agreeing that conditions are very different from 20 or 30 years ago.\r\n","_input_hash":133590794,"_task_hash":324685935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Food shortages are already acute.","_input_hash":-1511318631,"_task_hash":2008319324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Zimbabwean government estimates that more than 2.4 million people in rural areas will face acute food insecurity at the peak of the current \"lean season\" of January to March.\r\n","_input_hash":-1330261471,"_task_hash":-1086199405,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased uncertainty'\r\n","_input_hash":-625974489,"_task_hash":1915710132,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Mwenezi, people have also reported heavy hailstorms and strong winds that have destroyed crops.\r\n","_input_hash":-611088802,"_task_hash":-2113284933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But he adds that while it's known that climate change is bringing more heat and rising risk of drought to this area, there is no clear scientific evidence about changes in hail or strong winds -- mainly because researchers don't have the data.\r\n","_input_hash":-687735381,"_task_hash":-1170770341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Separate from these climate changes is the weather phenomenon El Ni\u00f1o, a fluctuation in the climate system that warms the sea surface temperature in the Pacific.","_input_hash":-1734107135,"_task_hash":-2116258382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2015-16, this caused a drought in Zimbabwe, followed by flooding.","_input_hash":-1133451827,"_task_hash":1759735627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Petteri Taalas, secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization, says another El Ni\u00f1o is now likely, and although it won't be as bad as four years ago, it will still have \"considerable impacts\" such as higher-than-normal temperatures and a more prolonged dry spell.\r\n","_input_hash":1861340457,"_task_hash":-1036158749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the consequences of such extreme weather go even further, beyond livelihoods, hunger and education, to the population's health -- including HIV.\r\n","_input_hash":1164352203,"_task_hash":1911879268,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Restaurant owner Musa Sibanda, 56, a volunteer with the Zimbabwean Red Cross, says she commonly sees people living with HIV who have complications after harvest failures because the lack of food affects the effectiveness of their treatment.\r\n","_input_hash":-1839275286,"_task_hash":-98812161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If they don't have enough food, their already-vulnerable bodies will not respond as well, and they may experience side effects such as nausea and stomach upset, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":49438011,"_task_hash":1213914643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The mother of five maintains her two-field smallholder farm in Mwenezi district while struggling with night sweats, severe headaches and weakness because of her HIV.\r\n","_input_hash":-2115352823,"_task_hash":2076453886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought and resulting issues around food security were also shown in a recent study to affect rates of new HIV infections.","_input_hash":1783672239,"_task_hash":-1315140279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Climate extremes are often associated with changes in behavior as people struggle to survive in the face of loss of agricultural production.,\" wrote lead author Andrea Low, assistant professor of epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University.","_input_hash":-821860988,"_task_hash":-1563748838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most Americans (73%) are aware that air pollution from the use of fossil fuels harms human health.","_input_hash":-64019462,"_task_hash":747527404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, the most frequently cited health impacts are general (e.g., breathing problems, respiratory illness) rather than specific (e.g., asthma).\r\n","_input_hash":1222578062,"_task_hash":-1053890280,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In a nationally representative survey conducted in December 2018 by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication, respondents were asked: \u201cIn your view, does air pollution from the use of fossil fuels harm the health of Americans?\u201d","_input_hash":1027472150,"_task_hash":944606272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Participants who answered \u201cyes\u201d were then asked an open-ended follow-up question: \u201cTo the best of your knowledge, what health problems are caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels?\u201d","_input_hash":742160643,"_task_hash":-1273796204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Slightly more than half (55%) of all participants named at least one health problem related to air pollution from the use of fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-463847238,"_task_hash":612144954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The results indicate that Americans are particularly unaware of neurological health problems caused by exposure to air pollution from the use of fossil fuels.","_input_hash":2087609747,"_task_hash":2146518160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Only one percent of participants responding to the open-ended question cited neurological health problems, and no respondents mentioned a number of other health conditions linked to air pollution, including diabetes, kidney disease, or weakening of the bones.\r\n","_input_hash":721420384,"_task_hash":-1034462294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Those respondents who said that air pollution from the use of fossil fuels causes health problems were asked an additional set of questions.","_input_hash":-2047613478,"_task_hash":151398624,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"First, we asked \u201cDo you think that some groups of Americans are more likely than other Americans to experience health problems caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels?\u201d","_input_hash":1024219428,"_task_hash":94103788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In response, 56% of participants said they think some groups of Americans are more affected by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels than others, while 4% said no group is at higher risk, and 12% indicated that they \u201cdon\u2019t know.","_input_hash":-1222856574,"_task_hash":1676600886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Participants who responded that they did think some groups of Americans are more affected by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels than others were then asked an open-ended follow-up question: \u201cWhich groups of Americans do you think are more likely than other Americans to experience health problems caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels?\u201d","_input_hash":-1372388547,"_task_hash":-1509826582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the American Lung Association, children and teenagers, older adults, people who have low incomes, people who work or exercise outdoors, people who live or work near busy highways, and people with lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes are all at higher risk of suffering health problems from air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-402953424,"_task_hash":-2097960931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These findings demonstrate that many Americans are unable to name a specific health problem caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels, and many more Americans are unaware of the full array of serious health problems caused by air pollution from the use of fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-863934562,"_task_hash":-1114410540,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many Americans are also unaware that some groups are more likely to be affected by air pollution from fossil fuels than others, and even fewer are able to name which groups are more vulnerable.\r\n","_input_hash":-1427508555,"_task_hash":1172349306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Click here for more information about Coding instructions for content analysis of perceived problems of air pollution from fossil fuels\r\n","_input_hash":596038026,"_task_hash":-1252907728,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Click here for more information about Coding instructions for content analysis of perceived populations affected by air pollution from fossil fuels\r\n","_input_hash":1831985318,"_task_hash":-1430274567,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Burning fossil fuels produces harmful air pollution and increases people\u2019s exposure to toxic chemicals that can harm their brains and nervous systems.","_input_hash":-1913276469,"_task_hash":-18229626,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is an emerging scientific consensus that air pollution from fossil fuel use is harmful to children\u2019s developing brains and may also affect the cognitive functioning of older adults\u2014although not all studies have found these results.","_input_hash":-277260228,"_task_hash":1695414020,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In children, exposure to air pollution has been linked to development delays, reduced IQ, cognitive deficits and autism spectrum disorder.","_input_hash":-1330552202,"_task_hash":-1485967425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In adults, exposure to air pollution has been linked to higher rates of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-426020279,"_task_hash":-1094095774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The very young, the elderly and people with low household income are especially vulnerable to the harmful impacts of exposure to toxic chemicals in the air.\r\n","_input_hash":833797497,"_task_hash":2135164096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The world\u2019s reliance on burning fossil fuels to produce electricity, heat, transportation and industry began during the Industrial Revolution.\r\n","_input_hash":-1202329697,"_task_hash":-376464147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Burning fossil fuel releases hundreds of toxic pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM), black carbon, polycyclic\r\naromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mercury, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.","_input_hash":521205671,"_task_hash":-348427392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"MOST AIR POLLUTION IS CREATED BY THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS.\r\n","_input_hash":1917764217,"_task_hash":-1739316469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the U.S. Department of Energy, over the past 20 years, three-fourths of human-caused emissions were produced from burning fossil fuels.1\r\n","_input_hash":-2106145231,"_task_hash":-2037221740,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Almost everyone in the world is affected by air pollution; only one person in 10 lives in a city with air clean enough to meet World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines.2\r\n","_input_hash":882068828,"_task_hash":-1747077327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Fuel combustion creates 85 percent of airborne particulate pollution.3 Inhaling these tiny particles can be extremely harmful to human health and development, particularly early in life.","_input_hash":1079283105,"_task_hash":209342787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"AIR POLLUTION HARM","_input_hash":-721111802,"_task_hash":-1417173603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over the past decade, many studies have linked exposure to outdoor air pollution to harmful impacts on the brain.\r\n","_input_hash":-1379709551,"_task_hash":506304537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Air pollution contributes to neurodevelopmental damage to the growth and functioning of the brain and nervous system.","_input_hash":-1914295596,"_task_hash":-181940097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, an emerging body of scientific evidence suggests that air pollution may also be a factor in neurodegenerative disorders that many older adults experience.4\r\n","_input_hash":916931349,"_task_hash":-1358796258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Link Between Fossil Fuels and Neurological Harm\r\n","_input_hash":-1146211907,"_task_hash":1295664289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the evidence mounts about the harmful effects of air pollution on people\u2019s brains, the world\u2019s health professionals and health organizations are becoming increasingly concerned.\r\n","_input_hash":-1069406777,"_task_hash":2007940180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Consensus Statement noted evidence of danger to children in the United States due to air pollution, listing fossil fuel-related air pollutants (including particulate matter, PAHs, and nitrogen dioxide) as \u201cprime examples of toxic chemicals that can contribute to learning, behavioral, or intellectual impairment, as well as specific neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder] or autism.","_input_hash":97447027,"_task_hash":-1008366745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specifically, it noted \u201cemerging evidence\u201d of causal associations from air pollution exposure to fine particulate matter and decreased cognitive function, attention-deficit or hyperactivity and autism in children, as well as dementia in adults.7\r\n","_input_hash":-9406987,"_task_hash":-48747822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Prenatal and early childhood exposures to air pollution and toxic chemicals in general can be especially damaging, as these are critical periods of development.\r\n","_input_hash":318525726,"_task_hash":-1269479329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Neurological damage that occurs during childhood may continue to cause harm over the course of a person\u2019s lifetime.10\r\n","_input_hash":712094725,"_task_hash":1172099222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"BY EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION.\r\n","_input_hash":683989928,"_task_hash":1764220577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the United States, people in low-income communities and communities of color experience disproportionately high exposure to particulate air pollution and air pollution from coal- fired power plants.11 Poor children living in developing countries are also disproportionately exposed to air pollution.12","_input_hash":-329033792,"_task_hash":1481310579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effects of toxic exposure may be further magnified by poor nutrition, lack of social support, and psychosocial stress due to poverty or racism.13\r\n","_input_hash":-382766108,"_task_hash":-1805245147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While children are especially vulnerable to toxic exposures from air pollution because they are still developing, the elderly may also be at increased risk from environmental exposures due to deterioration associated with the aging process.14\r\n","_input_hash":-886031120,"_task_hash":-19543685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"CURRENTLY CONSIDERED \u201cSAFE\u201d LEVELS OF RESIDENTIAL AIR POLLUTION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE HARM.\r\n","_input_hash":-406085108,"_task_hash":-972195875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A 2018 Dutch study published in Biological Psychiatry found that prenatal exposure to outdoor air pollution \u2013 even at levels currently considered safe in European Union policies \u2013 was associated with brain abnormalities later in childhood.","_input_hash":-1620004367,"_task_hash":-1857706862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"These abnormalites were associated with impaired impulse control.15\r\n","_input_hash":-546993253,"_task_hash":-1284022509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"MANY RIGOROUS STUDIES HAVE DOCUMENTED THAT AIR POLLUTION HARMS PEOPLE\u2019S","_input_hash":483264323,"_task_hash":-1818473543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":", they performed lower on IQ tests than children with lower exposure rates.17\r\n\u25a0 As these children grew older, they continued to exhibit adverse neurological impacts \u2013 including anxiety, depression and hyperactivity \u2013 compared to children less exposed before birth to PAHs.18\r\n\u25a0 A review of 31 studies published between 2006 and 2015 found that traffic-related air pollution has been associated with cognitive impairment.","_input_hash":194451042,"_task_hash":-1663698615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Pollution exposure in utero was associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay.","_input_hash":185433542,"_task_hash":1086654252,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Exposure during childhood was associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in younger children and decreased academic achievement and neurocognitive performance in older children.","_input_hash":1201030350,"_task_hash":167285011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In older adults, exposure to traffic pollution was associated with cognitive decline.19\r\n\u25a0 In a study of 263 children ages 8 to 12, higher exposure to urban traffic pollution was linked to slower brain maturation.20\r\n\u25a0 Four studies investigating prenatal exposure to PAHs found links to delayed verbal, psychomotor and/or general development in children.21\r\n\u25a0 A 2014 cross-sectional study in the U.S. found an association between postnatal exposure to PAHs and special education needs in boys.22\r\n\u25a0 Three studies that investigated prenatal exposure to air pollutants found increased exposure was associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder.23\r\n","_input_hash":-1654798137,"_task_hash":1973675875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u25a0 The 2013 Nurses Health Study II found an increased risk for autism disorder related to perinatal (late pregnancy and newborn) exposure to diesel exhaust, particulates, lead, manganese and nickel.24\r\n","_input_hash":853225266,"_task_hash":-335980864,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u25a0 Four studies investigating pre- and postnatal exposure to nitrogen dioxide and fine particulates showed an association with autism spectrum disorder.25\r\n\u25a0 A study of 524 children enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study in California found exposure to traffic-related air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter) during pregnancy and the first year of life was associated with autism.26\r\n","_input_hash":1038461011,"_task_hash":1951988697,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u25a0 While fewer studies have investigated the potential harms of outdoor air pollution on the brains of older adults, the evidence is growing stronger that air pollution experienced by many older adults is one cause of neurodegenerative problems.\r\n","_input_hash":-826446414,"_task_hash":-1088146150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u25a0 A 2017 study from the University of Southern California found living in areas where fine particle levels exceed EPA standards increased the risks for global cognitive decline by 81 percent and all-cause dementia by 92 percent in people with a genetic risk for Alzheimer","_input_hash":-76791758,"_task_hash":-2001083526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u25a0 A 2017 meta-predictive analysis found increased air pollution levels may impact susceptibility to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.29\r\n","_input_hash":1965476413,"_task_hash":-234783746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Scientists and health professionals have long known that exposure to air pollution causes respiratory damage, such as asthma.","_input_hash":-129229762,"_task_hash":995898629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A growing body of science now indicates that air pollution from burning fossil fuels is contributing to serious neurodevelopmental problems in the very young that may be life-altering, as well as to neurological decline in aging adults.","_input_hash":1967532686,"_task_hash":-1506354554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These health consequences of fossil fuel use inflict major economic and societal costs that will continue to increase until we shift course toward clean energy sources.\r\n","_input_hash":-1539650318,"_task_hash":1923000235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change-induced severe weather and other natural disasters have the most immediate effects on mental health in the form of the trauma and shock due to personal injuries, loss of a loved one, damage to or loss of personal property or even the loss of livelihood, according to the report.","_input_hash":-556051099,"_task_hash":-805521247,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Terror, anger, shock and other intense negative emotions that can dominate people\u2019s initial response may eventually subside, only to be replaced by post-traumatic stress disorder.\r\n","_input_hash":-1820621134,"_task_hash":-1059419536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As an example of the impacts natural disasters can have, among a sample of people living in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, suicide and suicidal ideation more than doubled, 1 in 6 people met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 49 percent developed an anxiety or mood disorder such as depression, said the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-924303189,"_task_hash":-740964024,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There are also significant mental health impacts from longer-term climate change.","_input_hash":-1720536145,"_task_hash":-693117086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in climate affect agriculture, infrastructure and livability, which in turn affect occupations and quality of life and can force people to migrate.","_input_hash":-2115936772,"_task_hash":-389287140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These effects may lead to loss of personal and professional identity, loss of social support structures, loss of a sense of control and autonomy and other mental health impacts such as feelings of helplessness, fear and fatalism.","_input_hash":-685322305,"_task_hash":-1089879140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High levels of stress and anxiety are also linked to physical health effects, such as a weakened immune system.","_input_hash":176780679,"_task_hash":-198515382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Worry about actual or potential impacts of climate change can lead to stress that can build over time and eventually lead to stress-related problems, such as substance abuse, anxiety disorders and depression, according to research reviewed in the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-990778153,"_task_hash":-932866633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is likewise having mental health impacts at the community level.","_input_hash":321720229,"_task_hash":-1896230993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Both acute and long-term changes have been shown to elevate hostility and interpersonal and intergroup aggression, and contribute to the loss of social identity and cohesion, said the report.","_input_hash":-1365286859,"_task_hash":1857266072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Certain disadvantaged communities, such as indigenous communities, children and communities dependent on the natural environment can experience disproportionate mental health impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":-230336008,"_task_hash":2071112224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The key to combating the potential negative psychological effects of climate change, according to the report, is building resilience.","_input_hash":-1962867007,"_task_hash":-1294643443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cResearchers have found that higher levels of social support during and in the aftermath of a disaster are associated with lower rates of psychological distress.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":909801316,"_task_hash":1111201362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example, choosing to bike or walk to work has been associated with decreased stress levels.","_input_hash":-511760001,"_task_hash":1139432951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"If walking or biking to work is impractical or unsafe, use of public transportation has been associated with an increase in community cohesion and a reduction in symptoms of depression and stress, according to the report.","_input_hash":1552592440,"_task_hash":140663838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Also, increased accessibility to parks and other green spaces could benefit mental health as spending more time in nature has been shown to lower stress levels and reduce stress-related illness, regardless of socioeconomic status, age or gender.\r\n","_input_hash":1310382025,"_task_hash":126098654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The number of individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 reporting symptoms of major depression increased 52% from 2005 to 2017, while older adults did not experience any increase in psychological stress at this time, and some age groups even saw decreases.","_input_hash":558922453,"_task_hash":-1420171643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Study author Jean Twenge says this may be attributed to the increased use of digital media, which has changed modes of interaction enough to impact social lives and communication.","_input_hash":14539430,"_task_hash":-239158779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Millennials are also said to suffer from \u201ceco-anxiety,\u201d according to a 2018 report from the American Psychological Association, with 72% saying their emotional well-being is affected by the inevitability of climate change, compared with just 57% of people over the age of 45.\r\n","_input_hash":-254855050,"_task_hash":1729905004,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A perennial problem\r\nFrom the chaos of World War II to the draft for the Vietnam War and the looming threat of nuclear conflict during the Cold War, every generation has its own source of doubt about the future, but millennials are uniquely poised to distrust systems propping up the concept of retirement, says Brad Klontz, 48, associate professor of practice at the Financial Psychology Institute.","_input_hash":-1931616191,"_task_hash":-1697185665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The current generation of young people witnessed the dot-com bubble burst after the turn of the millennium, the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11 and the wars that followed, and the stock-market crash in 2008 and the associated housing crisis.\r\n","_input_hash":954310275,"_task_hash":-1658895189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That brings out catastrophic thinking, because they\u2019ve already seen a catastrophe.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1028346308,"_task_hash":-980523578,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI was in college when the financial collapse happened, and I remember the intense dread and panic around me as people who played by the rules of the system and did everything right lost all of their savings,\u201d she says.","_input_hash":-1837045750,"_task_hash":1892910744,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If urgent and unprecedented changes are not made while that 12-year window remains open, the planet will be engulfed by extreme heat, drought, floods and poverty by 2050, the nonpartisan report predicted.\r\n","_input_hash":-1784084101,"_task_hash":-1352954397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On average, one person dies every five minutes from the bite of a venomous snake.","_input_hash":-1708839291,"_task_hash":973351813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This oversight reflects a bigger problem: the widespread failure of public health systems from Kenya to India to the United States to prepare for the threats posed by snakes on the move.","_input_hash":279269725,"_task_hash":-759236553,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"To stem this rising tide of death and disability, health systems must begin preparing now.\r\n","_input_hash":-1744151842,"_task_hash":-1247538453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Human-driven climate change \u2014 including rising temperatures and an increase in severe events like drought, heat waves, floods, cold spells, and wildfires \u2014 are making snakes\u2019 traditional territories uninhabitable.","_input_hash":-278367987,"_task_hash":463416452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is also driving snake evolution.","_input_hash":-869873031,"_task_hash":-460160341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A record cold spell in Florida in 2010 induced genetic adaptation in the surviving Burmese pythons that made them more cold tolerant.","_input_hash":1137734836,"_task_hash":1161578463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The decline of rattlesnakes, for example, has been associated with a rise in tick-borne diseases like Lyme disease.\r\n","_input_hash":1204315338,"_task_hash":561031857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Countries need to update their maps of snake habitats and educate communities about new threats they may face from venomous snakes.","_input_hash":-1333047351,"_task_hash":864564711,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To be sure, these actions should not distract from the root cause of the problem.","_input_hash":1715916954,"_task_hash":-1538046543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Global efforts to mitigate and reverse climate change must accelerate.","_input_hash":-581726826,"_task_hash":-1408844963,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most lawmakers agree that spending money to help communities recover from disasters has long been a central job of the federal government, and it\u2019s becoming more important as climate change exacerbates extreme weather.\r\n","_input_hash":1490189761,"_task_hash":-1189369994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But a combination of a less-effective Congress, a Republican focus on austerity and general political polarization have contributed to a disaster aid package stumbling through Congress right now to help clean up from Midwest flooding, California wildfires and hurricanes that ravaged Puerto Rico.","_input_hash":-754404657,"_task_hash":400133691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Which means as climate change gets worse,","_input_hash":-1043595893,"_task_hash":1569396666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There are a few reasons for the politicization of disaster aid, says Molly Reynolds, a congressional expert at the Brookings Institution who carefully follows spending debates.","_input_hash":-1764929572,"_task_hash":-1712794116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2011, in the wake of Hurricane Irene racking the East Coast, Republicans started insisting that disaster spending get offset by other federal budget cuts.\r\n","_input_hash":-1968214086,"_task_hash":-1149998764,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the worst of the violent winds has passed, the region is now bracing for massive flooding, following record amounts of rain brought by the severe weather system and with more expected over the weekend.","_input_hash":986097007,"_task_hash":46237338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s coming on the heels of the wettest 12 months the US has seen since record-keeping began in 1895.\r\n","_input_hash":1652334555,"_task_hash":1993242737,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which earlier this year predicted that two-thirds of the states in the lower 48 would risk major or moderate flooding between March and","_input_hash":169474234,"_task_hash":521342253,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage to homes, businesses, and farms is likely to rise into the hundreds of millions of dollars.\r\n","_input_hash":-1361105461,"_task_hash":-296304110,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists say it\u2019s too early to tell to what degree this particularly relentless spring storm season is the result of human-induced climate change.","_input_hash":628173190,"_task_hash":109167541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But they agree that rising temperatures allow the atmosphere to hold more moisture\u2014about 7 percent more for every 1 degree rise in Celsius\u2014which produces more precipitation and has been fueling a pattern of more extreme weather events across the US.","_input_hash":35626465,"_task_hash":-1018432282,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or how they\u2019ll get swamped first by sea-level rise.","_input_hash":1949428326,"_task_hash":-769915393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But climate change will bring more moisture to the middle parts of the country too, and after decades of draining wetlands and clearing forests for agricultural use, those changes to the timing, type, and amount of precipitation will fall on a system already profoundly altered in ways that make flooding much more likely.\r\n","_input_hash":-824005958,"_task_hash":-397659586,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Using a statistical method to blend data from global climate models with local information, the researchers predicted that the severity of extreme hydrologic events, so-called 100-year floods, hitting 20 watersheds in the Midwest and","_input_hash":630180501,"_task_hash":-1979937100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In South Bend, Indiana, where Notre Dame is located, the city is still recovering from back-to-back biblical deluges\u2014a 500-year flood last spring preceded by a 1,000-year flood in 2016 that broke all historical records.","_input_hash":-418022982,"_task_hash":241941057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Besides all the damage to homes, businesses, and municipal infrastructure, increasingly frequent flooding events in the Midwest would have a huge impact on the nation\u2019s ability to produce food.","_input_hash":149386836,"_task_hash":1223656142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But in a world that is both warming and graying, older adults suffer disproportionately from climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":215191998,"_task_hash":1963418988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The risk of heat stroke, which is potentially fatal, increases because older adults may be less mobile, and thus less able to reach cooler locations in a heat wave.","_input_hash":692613041,"_task_hash":-1865957515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With impaired cognitive function, \u201cyou might be less able to judge what to do,\u201d Dr. Kinney said.","_input_hash":-1446460976,"_task_hash":1663005409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The air pollution often associated with heat waves intensifies the problems.","_input_hash":1366473121,"_task_hash":-1649033960,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Chicago heat wave of July 1995, for instance, caused 514 heat-related deaths; people older than 65 accounted for 72 percent of the fatalities.\r\n","_input_hash":62862805,"_task_hash":2050802236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Kinney and his colleagues found that the risk of dying from heat in New York City declined 65 percent from the early 1970s to 2006 as the proportion of households with air-conditioning surged.","_input_hash":550554407,"_task_hash":1609907931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But air-conditioners also contribute to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":456996063,"_task_hash":-1236484204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But the overall relationship is clear: Aside from heat waves, climate change will bring other kinds of extreme weather and disasters.","_input_hash":-1924165235,"_task_hash":1259132541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nearly half of the individuals who died during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 were 75 or older.","_input_hash":-1203492636,"_task_hash":-481292329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, almost half of those who died were over age 65.\r\n","_input_hash":68140593,"_task_hash":-1270645865,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Older volunteers would benefit by working to halt climate change, Dr. Pillemer said: \u201cParticipants gain fulfillment from activities that have results they will not be here to enjoy.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-658827084,"_task_hash":-1707734042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Why is Google to Blame for the Nonsense Epidemic?\r\n","_input_hash":-1084361566,"_task_hash":731236597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Moreover, personalization is not the only feature that might lead to bias.","_input_hash":1243656741,"_task_hash":1119475276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The threat of the increasing popularity of the anti-vaccine movement is quite obvious: as more people refuse to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates will drop until an epidemic breaks out.\r\n","_input_hash":-1401504838,"_task_hash":1139019472,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Personalization and the bias it causes is a threat to the very values our society relies on.","_input_hash":859272305,"_task_hash":-1828649752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Isn\u2019t securing a child\u2019s freedom not to die from an easily preventable disease a good enough reason?\r\n","_input_hash":420490151,"_task_hash":2124500941,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And if it seems like your allergies are getting worse year after year,","_input_hash":-1764185122,"_task_hash":-2022540708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And that\u2019s becoming a problem, whether you suffer from seasonal allergies \u2014 or not.","_input_hash":-228539572,"_task_hash":-1698678976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Boosted by February\u2019s relentless low-elevation rains and blockbuster mountain snows, the United States notched its wettest winter on record, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\r\n","_input_hash":425935698,"_task_hash":1310906895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average precipitation, including rain and melted snow, was 9.01 inches during meteorological winter, which spans December, January and February.","_input_hash":-649906167,"_task_hash":1373765100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both the winters of 1997-1998 and the present featured El Ni\u00f1o events, which tend to increase the flow of Pacific moisture into the Lower 48 states.\r\n","_input_hash":-253004020,"_task_hash":870371391,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greg Carbin, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service, told The Washington Post that a record 5.5 percent of the Lower 48 received more than 10 inches of rain in February.\r\n","_input_hash":-928534861,"_task_hash":-1788956106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While precipitation over a short period cannot be conclusively linked to climate change, a greater frequency of heavy downpours is projected in a warming world, which would increase the likelihood of any given period being abnormally wet.","_input_hash":-1473733823,"_task_hash":1921543914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"At the same time, greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels \u2014 as well as deforestation and intensive agriculture \u2014 have skyrocketed to levels not seen in more than 800,000 years.\r\n","_input_hash":-241643897,"_task_hash":1265277619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The latest: An unusually warm April followed a top 3 hottest March, and indicates that the Earth is headed for yet another top 3 warmest year on record.","_input_hash":633895745,"_task_hash":-462248015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to NOAA, the annual global land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.13\u00b0F (0.07\u00b0C) per decade since 1880.","_input_hash":-1671974991,"_task_hash":292281655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The impacts of long-term global warming are already being felt \u2014 in coastal flooding, heat waves, intense precipitation and ecosystem change,\" Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA GISS, said in a press release.\r\n","_input_hash":-165995040,"_task_hash":-1213123746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since the 1880s, the average global surface temperature has risen about 2\u00b0F (1\u00b0C), which Schmidt \u2014 along with the vast majority of climate scientists \u2014 attributes largely to increased emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities.\r\n","_input_hash":608388827,"_task_hash":1939067517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing average temperatures are most pronounced in the Arctic, where temperatures have jumped at more than twice the rate of the rest of the globe, triggering sea ice and land-based glaciers to melt.\r\n","_input_hash":1161499660,"_task_hash":-939541413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas ticked up in 2018, to the highest levels in recorded history, according to the Global Carbon Project and the International Energy Agency.\r\n","_input_hash":-1978114843,"_task_hash":-1425585060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A separate report showed that U.S. carbon emissions from energy \u2014 which is the overwhelming cause of planet-warming emissions \u2014 jumped by 3.4% last year, ending years of declines.\r\n","_input_hash":-2142740142,"_task_hash":-98229183,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis of winter temperatures indicates that 98% (236) of 242 cities had an increase in average winter temperatures from 1970, with the highest increases around the Great Lakes and Northeast region.","_input_hash":-1920874480,"_task_hash":-263582928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Akin to a warming fall season, a warmer winter can have negative impacts.","_input_hash":222842883,"_task_hash":31351344,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But that\u2019s also the bad news, at least for anyone who suffers from spring allergies.","_input_hash":929605864,"_task_hash":1729187919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now here\u2019s the worse news: rising carbon dioxide levels, mainly due to human-induced emissions, are increasing pollen production.\r\n","_input_hash":1480936348,"_task_hash":1469988759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is adding to the allergy season in another way, too.","_input_hash":1995478894,"_task_hash":1512275402,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Generally higher temperatures over the past few decades, mainly due to rising levels of heat-trapping carbon dioxide, have extended the frost-free season and made spring come earlier on average (although not this year in the East) \u2014 lengthening the pollen season.","_input_hash":-842434311,"_task_hash":-987865169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This trend is consistent with many other observations showing that climate is changing more rapidly at higher latitudes.6\r\n","_input_hash":1686748534,"_task_hash":-155996151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Allergies are a major public health concern, with hay fever (congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes) accounting for more than 13 million visits to physicians\u2019 offices and other medical facilities","_input_hash":318150588,"_task_hash":-199157277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One of the most common environmental allergens is ragweed, which can cause hay fever and trigger asthma attacks, especially in children and the elderly.2","_input_hash":-1233719177,"_task_hash":1327783255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change can affect pollen allergies in several ways.","_input_hash":-1964001812,"_task_hash":1351797273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This means that many locations could experience longer allergy seasons and higher pollen counts as a result of climate change.5\r\nAbout the Indicator\r\n","_input_hash":-704921476,"_task_hash":1958099821,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many factors can influence year-to-year changes in pollen season, including typical local and regional variations in temperature and precipitation, extreme events such as floods and droughts, and changes in plant diversity.","_input_hash":-1332542011,"_task_hash":-1169623722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America.","_input_hash":-869896037,"_task_hash":1269715303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Researchers are probing the health and economic fallout from this year's record allergy season to understand how warming weather and shifting rainfall may lead to more widespread and costlier allergy problems in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":1052033214,"_task_hash":-418767745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Itchy eyes and runny noses are rarely fatal, but the risk of allergen exposure is increasing as insects migrate north to newly hospitable land while oak, birch and ragweed disperse pollen more intensely and for longer stretches of the year.\r\n","_input_hash":-523816980,"_task_hash":2095384380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"I personally didn't know that the impact of allergies and asthma is this large,\" said Kevin Lyons, an assistant professor of supply chain management at Rutgers University.","_input_hash":2070433038,"_task_hash":-1143821787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bielory and Lyons co-authored a paper in Current Allergy and Asthma Reports last month on allergies driven by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1419344410,"_task_hash":-1049755817,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Growing productivity losses\r\n","_input_hash":1733294119,"_task_hash":43167439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The allergy expenses don't just come from treating them; a large chunk of the economic footprint comes from lost productivity as people stay home or work less to deal with puffy faces, labored breathing and rashes, according to Lyons.","_input_hash":-1802904366,"_task_hash":1007726840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Lyons observed that temperature changes and erratic weather drive a cycle that could further worsen allergy risks.","_input_hash":-801106659,"_task_hash":-34836609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This increased consumption further drives energy demands and production of goods, which can increase greenhouse gas output.\r\n","_input_hash":1058304128,"_task_hash":1166554035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the sound of sneezing grows louder, the health care system will likely become more streamlined and efficient to deal with more patients.","_input_hash":1407048678,"_task_hash":-1849442033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, Lyons expects that the rate of new allergy sufferers seeking help will likely outpace any improvements from scaling up treatments.\r\n","_input_hash":-1958184396,"_task_hash":1607048111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The list of coronavirus symptoms continues to get longer \u2014 fever, coughing, loss of smell, chills \u2014 and as it does, it overlaps with other health problems even more, making it harder to know what\u2019s what.","_input_hash":1421672989,"_task_hash":1379248909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And with a shortage of Covid-19 tests, many people can\u2019t be sure whether the pollen or the virus is behind their malaise.\r\n","_input_hash":-1432134876,"_task_hash":-98465310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The main symptoms common to Covid-19 but not to allergies are fever, cough, and shortness of breath.","_input_hash":-1402649194,"_task_hash":-1794222938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, many people with the coronavirus don\u2019t experience any symptoms at all, and there is nothing precluding someone from having both allergies and the virus at the same time.","_input_hash":-353926359,"_task_hash":-2047545184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The AAAAI says it\u2019s important to continue managing allergies during the pandemic, and that it\u2019s safe to use allergy control medicines like inhaled corticosteroids.\r\n","_input_hash":700689271,"_task_hash":-2026552711,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Allergy season has become so predictably terrible that late-night comedians have taken to venting about warnings of the \u201cpollen tsunami\u201d or the \u201cpollen vortex\u201d or the \u201cperfect storm for allergies.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1873116939,"_task_hash":1127024919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And a major driver behind this increase is climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":631658633,"_task_hash":-1953960609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For instance, rising average temperatures are leading to a longer ragweed pollen season, as you can see here:\r\n","_input_hash":-1450912156,"_task_hash":-100420534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The majority of the 17 sites studied showed both an increase in the amount of pollen and longer pollen seasons over 20 years.\r\n","_input_hash":1732779928,"_task_hash":839142972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the faster the climate changes, the worse it gets.","_input_hash":-13538373,"_task_hash":-1583791224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s why residents of Alaska, which is warming twice as fast as the global average, now face especially high allergy risks.\r\n","_input_hash":891611883,"_task_hash":688222387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Allergies, which are already a major health burden, will become an even larger drain on the economy.\r\n","_input_hash":-1263251376,"_task_hash":1598955792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And since so many are afflicted \u2014 some estimates say up to 50 million Americans have nasal allergies \u2014 scientists and health officials are now trying to tease out the climate factors driving these risks in hopes of bringing some relief in the wake of growing pollen avalanches.\r\n","_input_hash":1741744818,"_task_hash":-212780875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This can cause mild annoyances like hives or itchy eyes, or life-threatening issues like anaphylaxis, where blood pressure plummets and airways start swelling shut.\r\n","_input_hash":1958389301,"_task_hash":-215302418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About 8 percent of US adults suffer from hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, brought on by pollen allergies.","_input_hash":-1411597507,"_task_hash":-820941046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most cases can be treated with antihistamines, but they cost the US between $3.4 billion and $11.2 billion each year just in direct medical expenses, with a substantially higher toll from lost productivity.","_input_hash":212959166,"_task_hash":-408187014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Complications like pollen-induced asthma attacks have also proven fatal in some instances and lead to more than 20,000 emergency room visits each year in the US.\r\n","_input_hash":866713818,"_task_hash":-1815423667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High concentrations of pollen in the air trigger allergic reactions and can spread for miles, even indoors if structures are not sealed.\r\n","_input_hash":2037009306,"_task_hash":741076052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Lewis Ziska, a plant physiologist who formerly worked at the USDA\u2019s Agricultural Research Service, told Vox that the change in carbon dioxide concentrations from a preindustrial level of 280 parts per million to today\u2019s concentrations of more than 400 ppm has led to a corresponding doubling in pollen production per plant of ragweed.\r\n","_input_hash":-1386081931,"_task_hash":-371704921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Researchers have found that grasses and ragweed plants increase their pollen production in response to localized surges in carbon dioxide, like from the exhaust of cars along a highway.\r\n","_input_hash":-414196246,"_task_hash":702785137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s having huge consequences for allergy sufferers in the state, and not just from pollen.\r\n","_input_hash":-439423009,"_task_hash":403966325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This dampness then allows mold to grow, causing more people to seek treatment for mold allergies.\r\n","_input_hash":-1025651044,"_task_hash":-1072798119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2006, Anchorage saw a spike in the numbers of these insects and suffered its first two deaths ever due to insect sting allergies.\r\n","_input_hash":1937958204,"_task_hash":-1482939938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Looking at patterns of people seeking medical treatment from insect stings, Demain found that the increases grew starker going northward in Alaska, with the northernmost part of the state experiencing a 626 percent increase in insect bites and stings between 2004 and 2006 compared with the period between 1999 and 2001.\r\n","_input_hash":2075343534,"_task_hash":-391577832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So it\u2019s not just more pollen; the pollen itself is becoming more potent in causing an immune response.\r\n","_input_hash":-880797627,"_task_hash":1262576622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Allergies are going to get way, way worse\r\n","_input_hash":1571096999,"_task_hash":332470127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Here\u2019s how scientists project allergy risks from tree pollen will change in the eastern United States under a \u201chigh\u201d greenhouse gas emissions scenario:\r\n","_input_hash":-601114321,"_task_hash":-2010190942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Oklahoma and Arkansas were collectively holding their breaths and watching the river on Tuesday, as widespread flooding and dam releases threatened riverside cities and put increased pressure on aging levees amid a forecast that called for even more rain.\r\n","_input_hash":676753861,"_task_hash":-2120511417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ark. In Oklahoma, all of the state\u2019s 77 counties remained in a state of emergency, and the Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management reported six fatalities and 107 injuries attributed to the flooding and severe weather.\r\n","_input_hash":1350196506,"_task_hash":18366374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Something that sounded like a gunshot rang out: Locals figured someone had shot a snake, which have been rampant in the floodwaters.\r\n","_input_hash":-1066278898,"_task_hash":-1807354177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"After days of being cut off, frustration and anxiety are quietly spreading.\r\n","_input_hash":-1006126950,"_task_hash":-1618949738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Braggs is one of the communities in Oklahoma affected most by the storm, but the flooding for the most part only encircles it.","_input_hash":-1035036801,"_task_hash":1168137959,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The flood that people in this part of Oklahoma recall was the one in 1986, but Ms. Arney and others said the current one was worse.\r\n","_input_hash":-1389932748,"_task_hash":-1778814152,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Residents were told it could take weeks for the water levels to drop, and the increased releases from Keystone Dam might raise it even higher.\r\n","_input_hash":-223648410,"_task_hash":-987427526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Chlorine is added to the water to eradicate harmful bacteria that cause illnesses like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.","_input_hash":1523921671,"_task_hash":426547875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We would like to understand how the choices to control air pollutants, and thus, reduce air quality-associated risk, affect the changes in risk from the bromide discharges.","_input_hash":-245880082,"_task_hash":1980797284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The number of heatwaves affecting the planet\u2019s oceans has increased sharply, scientists have revealed, killing swathes of sea-life like \u201cwildfires that take out huge areas of forest\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":1936621296,"_task_hash":-1389058066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused in these hotspots is also harmful for humanity, which relies on the oceans for oxygen, food, storm protection and the removal of climate-warming carbon dioxide the atmosphere, they say.\r\n","_input_hash":1652894095,"_task_hash":-1205515205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Global warming is gradually increasing the average temperature of the oceans, but the new research is the first systematic global analysis of ocean heatwaves, when temperatures reach extremes for five days or more.\r\n","_input_hash":-388300008,"_task_hash":2046096585,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The research found heatwaves are becoming more frequent, prolonged and severe, with the number of heatwave days tripling in the last couple of years studied.","_input_hash":1646181928,"_task_hash":1436178788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the longer term, the number of heatwave days jumped by more than 50% in the 30 years to 2016, compared with the period of 1925 to 1954.\r\n","_input_hash":-719779979,"_task_hash":-260229972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As heatwaves have increased, kelp forests, seagrass meadows and coral reefs have been lost.","_input_hash":-2039854915,"_task_hash":2116774598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cYou have heatwave-induced wildfires that take out huge areas of forest, but this is happening underwater as well,\u201d said Dan Smale at the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth, UK, who led the research published in Nature Climate Change.","_input_hash":550569070,"_task_hash":1337938045,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As well as quantifying the increase in heatwaves, the team analysed 116 research papers on eight well-studied marine heatwaves, such as the record-breaking \u201cNingaloo Nin\u0303o\u201d that hit Australia in 2011 and the hot \u201cblob\u201d that persisted in the north-east Pacific from 2013 to 2016.","_input_hash":1392553072,"_task_hash":589122748,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientists compared the areas where heatwaves have increased most with those areas harbouring rich biodiversity or species already near their temperature limit and those where additional stresses, such as pollution or overfishing, already occur.","_input_hash":1075924589,"_task_hash":406121030,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The natural ocean cycle of El Nin\u0303o is a key factor in pushing up temperatures in some parts of the ocean and the effect of global warming on the phenomenon remains uncertain, but the gradual overall heating of the oceans means heatwaves are worse when they strike.\r\n","_input_hash":-2121733712,"_task_hash":395754733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some marine wildlife is mobile and could in theory swim to cooler waters, but ocean heatwaves often strike large areas more rapidly than fish move, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-908413771,"_task_hash":244714504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers said ocean heatwaves can have \u201cmajor socioeconomic and political ramifications\u201d, such as in the north-west Atlantic in 2012, when lobster stocks were dramatically affected, creating tensions across the US-Canada border.\r\n","_input_hash":-124804812,"_task_hash":1592320195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis [research] makes clear that heatwaves are hitting the ocean all over the world \u2026","_input_hash":-1300063068,"_task_hash":-1749930502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThese events are likely to become more extreme and more common in the future unless we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-2115765081,"_task_hash":-49445193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Dr \u00c9va Plag\u00e1nyi at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia also likened ocean heatwaves to wildfires.","_input_hash":1586352966,"_task_hash":-2111308481,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The damage global warming is causing to the oceans has also been shown in a series of other scientific papers published in the last week.","_input_hash":1922174001,"_task_hash":583069326,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists have predicted that the flooding this year could be worse than the historic floods of 1993, which devastated the region.\r\n","_input_hash":774745676,"_task_hash":892154211,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At times, an overwhelming flood on one tributary can be devastating locally, but soon be subsumed into the larger system and forgotten.","_input_hash":53054702,"_task_hash":-752956782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But when so many parts of what feeds the Mississippi River are experiencing record flooding, the effects are felt all the way down.\r\n","_input_hash":1175123492,"_task_hash":1718624062,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The punishing rains are consistent with the effects of climate change, since warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture \u2014 and release it.\r\n","_input_hash":-742449198,"_task_hash":1403537489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Beneath the persistent whoosh of the water, people stood on the banks beneath the dam, watching and sightseeing and taking pictures.\r\n","_input_hash":535095849,"_task_hash":-633391219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Officials are bracing for some of the worst flooding in decades in the Tulsa area this weekend, after the Army Corps of Engineers increased its release flow.\r\n","_input_hash":184061197,"_task_hash":63687601,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hardin has seen catastrophic floods before.","_input_hash":880400125,"_task_hash":-2025065481,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There was 1993, when a 500-year flood swelled the river to more than 42 feet above flood level.","_input_hash":1817013174,"_task_hash":348568014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because of the tornado, most state employees in Jefferson City had been told to stay home the rest of the week.","_input_hash":-805297375,"_task_hash":-1842168433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"You can be drawn to the Missouri but also in awe of its power, said Carrie Tergin, the mayor of Jefferson City, as she coordinated cleanup efforts from the tornado while simultaneously tracking developments on the Missouri.\r\n","_input_hash":1009622672,"_task_hash":1206753139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Three years ago, thousands of area homes flooded after heavy rain \u2013 displacing entire families.\r\n","_input_hash":675182685,"_task_hash":-482934267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And some even showed signs of post-traumatic stress disorder.\r\n","_input_hash":136208005,"_task_hash":-831683366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Study finds one of the clearest climate change signals to date in July 2018\u2019s record high temperatures, in a result that surprised scientists\r\n","_input_hash":-145895144,"_task_hash":-531052816,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Japan\u2019s heatwave in July 2018 could not have happened without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-228623129,"_task_hash":-2134168113,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The July 2018 heatwave, which killed 1,032 people, saw temperatures reach 41.1C, the highest temperature ever recorded in the country.","_input_hash":-1814986274,"_task_hash":-1094862255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Torrential rains also triggered landslides and the worst flooding in decades.\r\n","_input_hash":1655553840,"_task_hash":-1682125051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Penned by the Meteorological Society of Japan, the study is the first to establish that some aspects of the international heatwave could not have occurred in the absence of global warming.","_input_hash":-1373090318,"_task_hash":969883926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The relatively new method, lead author Yukkiko Imada told Climate Home News, sought to pin down the causality of climate change in the heatwave by simulating 18 climate scenarios with and without the current 1C global warming above pre-industrial levels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1744553621,"_task_hash":897681340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"They found a one in five chance of the heatwave occurring in the current climate, but almost no chance of in a climate unchanged by human activity.\r\n","_input_hash":1042893868,"_task_hash":1973019362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBut in most cases, we could express the results like \u2018the likelihood of the event increased by X times due to the human-induced climate change\u2019.","_input_hash":-226593034,"_task_hash":424440698,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Lake Chad not shrinking, but climate is fuelling terror groups\r\n","_input_hash":1751250305,"_task_hash":-1048706416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study shows it was \u201cessentially impossible\u201d for a heatwave that devastating to happen under natural conditions, Nicholas Leach, a researcher in climate attribution at Oxford University, told CHN.\r\n","_input_hash":827679718,"_task_hash":-1573984050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though the field will usually conclude that the likelihood of an event has been multiplied by climate change, papers categorically linking an event to the climate crisis are not unheard of.\r\n","_input_hash":1135902693,"_task_hash":459622733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Back in December 2018, a study of the 2017/18 heatwave in the Tasman Sea concluded the \u201coverall intensity of the 2017/18 Tasman [heatwave] was virtually impossible without anthropogenic forcing\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":90213233,"_task_hash":-1162397696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"and there's a lot of variability in tornado activity year to year.","_input_hash":-93103139,"_task_hash":386273923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But they said some shifts are starting to show: while tornado intensity doesn't appear to have changed, there are more days with multiple tornadoes now, and there may be a shift in which regions are especially prone to tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1276993079,"_task_hash":-1687921924,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There is growing evidence that \"a warming atmosphere, with more moisture and turbulent energy, favors increasingly large outbreaks of tornadoes, like the outbreak we've witnessed in the last few days,\" said Penn State University climate researcher Michael Mann.\r\n","_input_hash":-1183256737,"_task_hash":257170988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the deadly 2011 outbreak, which included the tornado that tore through Joplin, Missouri, spurred a new wave of studies that help explain how global warming affects tornado activity, said Harold Brooks, a senior scientist with the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma.\r\n","_input_hash":-1680294753,"_task_hash":-257169590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But the changes in winds with height (wind shear), is projected to decrease on average.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1916081842,"_task_hash":-1181922773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some statistics suggest changes in certain categories of tornadoes, but that's likely based on changes in tornado reporting since the 1970s, he added.\r\n","_input_hash":1323658668,"_task_hash":1824829652,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Situations that can produce a lot of tornadoes are happening more often, big days have gotten bigger.","_input_hash":1840059910,"_task_hash":1471388880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It's a record, a steady drumbeat of tornado activity day after day.","_input_hash":-119002647,"_task_hash":-981859796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"And we don't have a way, at present, to say that this is due to climate change.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-510201142,"_task_hash":432599276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But, he said, \"you can look at the large-scale features that are associated with tornadoes and check how these change with global warming.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1738535072,"_task_hash":409938140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Prolonged tornado outbreaks also could potentially be linked with global warming through a jet stream pattern that is becoming more frequent and that keeps extreme weather patterns locked in place, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research scientist Stefan Rahmstorf suggested on Twitter.","_input_hash":284648624,"_task_hash":1744513023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is reasonable to expect that climate change has and will have some kind of effect on tornado activity, said Columbia University climate researcher Chiara Lepore.","_input_hash":-2087116487,"_task_hash":2039760007,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I think the biggest challenges are the scale of tornado activity and the large natural variability of the process.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-556120824,"_task_hash":-1965797385,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At best, there are hints as to what might happen with tornadoes in a warmer future.","_input_hash":1240899490,"_task_hash":-1645303705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lepore said recent research, including a 2013 study led by Stanford climate researcher Noah Diffenbaugh, projects that some of the environments conducive to severe weather will occur more often, but it's unclear if that means more tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-509067695,"_task_hash":1347812829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Diffenbaugh and his co-authors wrote that global climate models were zeroing in on \"robust increases in the occurrence of severe thunderstorm environments over the eastern United States in response to further global warming,\" and suggested \"a possible increase in the number of days supportive of tornadic storms.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1914387976,"_task_hash":-1546036199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Meeting the Paris climate agreement goal of capping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius would moderate the increase in severe storm scenarios, Diffenbaugh said.\r\n","_input_hash":-7948511,"_task_hash":-1788654621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Even if the overall number of tornadoes doesn't increase, the shift toward the southeast, toward areas that are more populated than the southern plains, would put more people in harm's way.\r\n","_input_hash":1274612096,"_task_hash":-2141956969,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The damage caused by tornadoes and severe storms is already increasing, according to Munich Re, one of the world's top reinsurance companies.","_input_hash":154251829,"_task_hash":-1268739218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"research meteorologist Mark Bove warned in a 2017 insurance industry newsletter that \"an increase of atmospheric heat and moisture due to our warming climate will likely increase the number of days per year that are favorable for thunderstorms and their associated hazards, including tornadoes.\"\r\n","_input_hash":217699396,"_task_hash":-164836388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Regardless of the effects of global warming, the central U.S. will continue to be a hotbed of severe storms that spawn tornadoes, Lupo said.","_input_hash":1335192006,"_task_hash":670759759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It could be argued that a warmer world, regardless of the cause, will shift where severe weather occurs.","_input_hash":-719614493,"_task_hash":-1804755335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"More tornadoes and severe weather further north or east.","_input_hash":-1147879654,"_task_hash":1381773381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But, it could also be argued that since a warmer world may experience a reduction in the equator to pole temperature contrast, the number of tornadoes and severe weather events would decrease,\" he said.\r\n","_input_hash":731513021,"_task_hash":410327211,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From rain-soaked fields in the Corn Belt to drowned livestock, food shocks\u2014abrupt disruptions to food production\u2014are becoming more common as a result of extreme weather.\r\n","_input_hash":1189886813,"_task_hash":290992588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The rain and floods that have plagued the Midwest since March have agriculture.","_input_hash":428066198,"_task_hash":1435122108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They\u2019re still recovering from the blizzard\u2013flood combination, as well as the sand left behind once the waters subsided\u2014up to .","_input_hash":-2133087235,"_task_hash":-1457804653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Washed-out infrastructure meant that feed wasn\u2019t making it to California farmers, causing an increase in local feed prices.","_input_hash":-506947732,"_task_hash":-1114737277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On the other side of the globe, northern Queensland\u2019s seven-year drought was broken by welcome rain\u2014which quickly turned into epic flooding.","_input_hash":-891935348,"_task_hash":-56469952,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rainfall in the region measured 50 inches in 10 days, and with high winds and low temperatures.","_input_hash":703572150,"_task_hash":1690875250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cI\u2019ve seen big floods before and big stock losses, but not to the extent of this,\u201d he says.\r\n","_input_hash":-464983775,"_task_hash":336900508,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are both recent examples of \u201cfood shocks\u201d\u2014abrupt disruptions to food production.","_input_hash":-1551049420,"_task_hash":-2119740265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Food shocks can occur because of political unrest, policy change, and mismanagement, but the biggest factor is extreme weather.","_input_hash":934355805,"_task_hash":846023467,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the effects of climate change intensify, extreme weather events like these will likely become more common and more intense, threatening food production around the world.","_input_hash":1970833545,"_task_hash":-653154934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If food shocks continue to increase in occurrence and severity, as predicts, then we should expect extended disruption along the entire food supply chain, which will affect everyone from big agricultural interests to subsistence farmers\u2014as well as everyone who eats.\r\n","_input_hash":-587519728,"_task_hash":-1881977676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought is the principal trigger, but flooding is also a concern.\r\n","_input_hash":-634374134,"_task_hash":-1005765634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the 1970s, increased tropical storms in the Caribbean seriously damaged farmland, which pushed local inhabitants to fishing.","_input_hash":901994882,"_task_hash":-16566720,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The following year, there was a significant increase in the amount of fish caught, and three years later there was a local fish stock collapse.","_input_hash":1118532609,"_task_hash":1995285376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In Ecuador, floods in 1998 damaged farmland; by 2000, disease was affecting the country\u2019s aquaculture shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-734325344,"_task_hash":1018005895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although there is no solid connection between the two, the warming ocean has been linked to the virus that hit the shrimp farms.","_input_hash":-458593980,"_task_hash":1801389303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In West Africa, the local fishery collapse led to an increase in bush meat hunting.","_input_hash":1263037988,"_task_hash":-1541150581,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Queensland\u2019s drought\u2013flood combination is a clear example of a food shock, says Cottrell.","_input_hash":679613515,"_task_hash":1927748497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate Change Creating Multiple and Varied Shocks at Once\r\n","_input_hash":-2038225651,"_task_hash":1771975098,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In 2018 alone, extreme weather led to $91 billion in losses.\r\n","_input_hash":872944390,"_task_hash":-1362215347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As our food supply has become more vulnerable, there is also the increased likelihood that multiple food shocks will happen at the same time, a scenario that has the potential to severely disrupt global trade systems, particularly if major food growing regions are hit.\r\n","_input_hash":-1431223244,"_task_hash":-1108201269,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another problem is that different areas are experiencing different effects\u2014one area might flood while, close by, another is in drought\u2014making statewide responses difficult.","_input_hash":413705527,"_task_hash":-1129169870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"California recently experienced a seven-year-long drought, devastating fires, and extreme heat.","_input_hash":693837483,"_task_hash":-134045365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":", a 6,800-acre property in Winters, California, owned by the National Audubon Society, has been burned by wildfire every year for the past five years, says ranch manager Dash Weidhofer, who says 2018\u2019s fire season was \u201cunprecedented.\u201d","_input_hash":1329252192,"_task_hash":1773267073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cA lot of the species here adapt to fire, but in the landscape\u2019s history, it\u2019s unlikely there was a significant wildfire every year,\u201d he says.\r\n","_input_hash":1321023913,"_task_hash":-546985138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Underestimating Food Shocks\r\n","_input_hash":985255462,"_task_hash":-1921769812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The data on global food shocks are enormously underestimated, says Cottrell, for two reasons: A shock in one area might be mitigated by another region that is fairing better, especially in a wealthy economy that is more able to make up for the loss.","_input_hash":-932036650,"_task_hash":-1294316457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The second reason getting an accurate count is a challenge is a lack of good data from fishing and overfishing and especially from developing and underdeveloped economies with many small-scale and backyard farmers, where production information is not captured in bigger food systems.","_input_hash":-1543615966,"_task_hash":-955062712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Regenerative farming, rotational and mob grazing, reducing tillage, agroforestry, and soil improvements are all means to help mitigate the effects of extreme weather, and the resulting food shocks.","_input_hash":-275388102,"_task_hash":-507532294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Healthier soil, for example, recovers quicker from droughts and floods.","_input_hash":154546754,"_task_hash":-1673772996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Charles Alder, CEO of in Sunnybank Hills, Queensland, a nonprofit that supports farmers, has seen firsthand the devastation caused by flooding.","_input_hash":-1259794278,"_task_hash":-2145743197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rural and urban areas have not been spared from devastating spring storms.","_input_hash":610885178,"_task_hash":-371413841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Weather.com writer Jonathan Erdman, \"The United States is experiencing the most active prolonged period of tornadoes since the April 2011 Super Outbreak.\"","_input_hash":-463725683,"_task_hash":-1387248056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This number has likely increased given the widespread tornadic activity in Kansas and the Northeast U.S. yesterday.\r\n","_input_hash":327943026,"_task_hash":-630235611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Was it caused by climate change?","_input_hash":-2124339138,"_task_hash":2029804319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" I always get nervous with that question because as I wrote previously in Forbes, this comes next:\r\nPerson X: \"This event is clearly caused by climate change.....","_input_hash":-1517805099,"_task_hash":-1716812249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"See they say every extreme event is caused by climate change, but the climate changes naturally and there were always extreme events.....","_input_hash":-433157836,"_task_hash":-692851768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"No, climate change did not cause the recent rash of US tornadoes.","_input_hash":828166390,"_task_hash":-1496797267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change does not cause any given extreme weather event.","_input_hash":245984609,"_task_hash":-852878453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, such studies do not predict a specific number of tornadoes or outbreaks as climate warms.","_input_hash":577959969,"_task_hash":1877090053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Gensini also captures several other important points about natural variability and anthropogenic forcing:\r\n@hebrooks87 and I have shown some interesting spatial trends in activity that could lead to increasing risk for more vulnerable populations.","_input_hash":-512498324,"_task_hash":-835983962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is not clear if these trends are natural variability or climate change induced trends.","_input_hash":1052193654,"_task_hash":-952387639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Robinson found that the La Nina phase tends to be most correlated with increased tornado activity.","_input_hash":1288222431,"_task_hash":1220723092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Finally, the recent period of intense severe weather with virtually no break was anticipated.","_input_hash":220869410,"_task_hash":2025032831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The claim that humanity only has just over a decade left due to climate change is based on a misunderstanding.","_input_hash":2055989518,"_task_hash":359124900,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"All these systems are connected to each other, so if one starts crashing, the chaos may cause other systems to crash, and before we know it we\u2019ll have massive shortages and conflicts.\r\n","_input_hash":780156735,"_task_hash":-327008913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It\u2019s hard to calculate the exact risk of this happening, since it has never happened before.","_input_hash":-3331109,"_task_hash":108051666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But if disaster strikes and those operations stop, the effects of climate change can return quickly.\r\n","_input_hash":-1642847825,"_task_hash":941192315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Though natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and hurricanes can be disastrous, they pose a comparatively small threat to the survival of the human race.\r\n","_input_hash":18844097,"_task_hash":-481190803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Hazards big enough to cause entire species to go extinct are relatively rare.","_input_hash":1004037170,"_task_hash":-1586301293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past century, we have become better at medicine (which lowers the risk from disease) but we also travel more (which increases the spread of diseases).","_input_hash":1176188226,"_task_hash":-185221064,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Again, the probability of an AI disaster is fairly undefined, since it changes depending on how well we prepare for it.\r\n","_input_hash":-1036622241,"_task_hash":-556178654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In case we need anymore evidence that the globe is disastrously warmed, a pattern of conditions is impacting the world\u2019s agricultural systems and threatening food supplies in the U.S. and abroad.","_input_hash":1181834166,"_task_hash":1926404469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Not only are homes being damaged as a result of the extreme flooding, but the conditions are making it damn near impossible for farmers to plant their crops.\r\n","_input_hash":-184286266,"_task_hash":-282909307,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Crop shortages will likely result in higher prices for consumers and since corn and soy are basically in every part of the American diet, that could be a real problem.\r\n","_input_hash":-1308220813,"_task_hash":342104843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some farmers may cut their losses and turn to insurance if they\u2019re unable to plant; however, those same people would then also face challenges in qualifying for a federal government aid package designed to ease financial strain from the U.S.-China trade war because it requires that they plant crops.\r\n","_input_hash":1603804722,"_task_hash":-1304673613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The various international agricultural crises paint a dire picture, which is made so much worse by the climate denial by politicians who would rather invent a fake war against burgers than take profound policy action.","_input_hash":1908330438,"_task_hash":258097145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The US East Coast could soon be pounded by more intense and destructive hurricanes than ever before.","_input_hash":-623153836,"_task_hash":465981847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The cause: greenhouse gases, which researchers say are disrupting patterns of air circulation known as wind shear.\r\n","_input_hash":-540784621,"_task_hash":-297078133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wind shear \u2013 a change in the speed or direction of the wind as it travels \u2013 can restrict the impact of a hurricane by diffusing it across a wide area.","_input_hash":-469769156,"_task_hash":-1195903682,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Now a link has been observed between rising levels of atmospheric CO2 \u2013 and other greenhouse gases \u2013 and weakening vertical wind shear along the East Coast of the US.","_input_hash":-2030951561,"_task_hash":990972967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That will make it less likely that recent violent episodes of extreme weather will start to dissipate after making landfall, and may instead grow in strength.\r\n","_input_hash":-1855361006,"_task_hash":-694610904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the most destructive storms to hit the US during its annual hurricane season \u2013 1 June to 30 November \u2013 have occurred in recent years at increasingly intense levels.","_input_hash":-1374225231,"_task_hash":480527785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But last year\u2019s weather unexpectedly unleashed two particularly devastating storms in the Atlantic Basin: Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Michael.","_input_hash":-1786510153,"_task_hash":1201994970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The two storms left nearly 100 people dead and caused damage worth several billions of dollars.","_input_hash":1191745126,"_task_hash":1847169552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The report predicted that by 2045, 300,000 residential and commercial properties will likely face chronic and disruptive flooding, threatening $135 billion in property damage and forcing 280,000 Americans to adapt or relocate.\r\n","_input_hash":65413436,"_task_hash":1984921388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"DiPerna says hotels are extremely vulnerable to the rise in extreme weather, perhaps more than any other client-facing industry.\r\n","_input_hash":-767536473,"_task_hash":-395027105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is increasing the severity of extreme weather events, from droughts to floods to coastal storms and wildfires, and these disasters are creating more problems for real estate,\u201d says Billy Grayson, head of sustainability for the Urban Land Institute and author of the report \u201cClimate Risk and Real Estate Investment Decision-Making.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-229094634,"_task_hash":727345027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The increasing number of natural disasters accelerated by a changing climate\u2014including the record number of billion-dollar disasters that hit the U.S. in 2017\u2014and the cumulative cost of these disasters are outpacing the insurance industry\u2019s ability to help big owners mitigate these risks, says Grayson.","_input_hash":1243295693,"_task_hash":-1578859790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These disasters add unpredictability in an industry with expensive, fixed real estate assets.","_input_hash":-1567010967,"_task_hash":116696376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Rohit Verma, a professor at Cornell University\u2019s SC Johnson College of Business and an expert in hotel sustainability, says the industry is facing a broad challenge of unsustainability, from typhoons and hurricanes to shifting snowfall patterns.\r\n","_input_hash":-1295869643,"_task_hash":-464203501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Many of these real estate-specific reports predict that, before rising waters literally engulf any specific property, the market would place them underwater in a financial sense: The changing number of extreme weather events, rise in seasonal flooding, and increasing damage of storm surge would lead to lower asset value, skyrocketing insurance premiums, and eventually making it challenging, if not impossible, to sell property in the most impacted coastal areas.\r\n","_input_hash":1721131384,"_task_hash":-1354654901,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Grayson\u2019s ULI report found that commercial property values in areas affected by the costliest hurricanes decreased by almost 6 percent one year after the storm, and by 10.5 percent two years after.","_input_hash":-752172207,"_task_hash":-1321926688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While there\u2019s yet to be an exhaustive look at the hotel industry\u2019s overall exposure to rising sea levels, there\u2019s plenty of evidence suggesting that it\u2019s quite extensive.","_input_hash":997991458,"_task_hash":1444540800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Four large chains\u2014Hilton, Host Hotels, Hyatt, and Indian Hotels\u2014cite rising sea levels as one of the significant risks they face due to climate change.","_input_hash":1085249975,"_task_hash":76583037,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An analysis from earlier this year by STR found that 31.3 percent of all U.S. hotels are located in low-lying coastal areas, defined as being threatened by a six-foot storm surge.","_input_hash":638736395,"_task_hash":-1117530862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While in many locations a six-foot storm surge today would require an incredibly strong storm, as sea levels rise, that rare event will become more commonplace.\r\n","_input_hash":-1996421825,"_task_hash":1448754250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 2012 study in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism found that more than 250 properties would be partially or fully inundated by a one-meter sea-level rise.","_input_hash":2030759414,"_task_hash":-156420913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The existential threat of sea-level rise is a challenge that requires an industry that has made great strides in promoting and marketing sustainable practices to find new ways to discuss the environment.\r\n","_input_hash":-1329058924,"_task_hash":-745434627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But what climate trends and impacts are growers seeing as climate shifts?\r\n","_input_hash":-1878885649,"_task_hash":-259101714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"President Obama encouraged natural gas production and proudly took credit for the emission reductions it produced when substituting for coal.","_input_hash":1241641295,"_task_hash":104857560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Methane leakage may make natural gas as bad as coal, but it\u2019s not the reason gas has no future\r\n","_input_hash":-1433635102,"_task_hash":46376248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Some studies have suggested that, yes, methane leakage is bad enough to make natural gas the greenhouse equivalent of coal.","_input_hash":1675101210,"_task_hash":-1795071522,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The same is true regarding the local environmental impacts of natural gas production (air pollution, habitat loss, earthquakes) \u2014 they are dreadful, but even if they were eliminated, the following arguments would still apply.\r\n","_input_hash":-1485791688,"_task_hash":341391983,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coal-to-gas switching is responsible for a big chunk of the emission reductions in the US electricity sector over the past few years.\r\n","_input_hash":-234909955,"_task_hash":-706972908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The relentless decline of solar and wind costs has made these technologies the cheapest sources of new bulk electricity in all major economies, except Japan.","_input_hash":-2032939649,"_task_hash":-648583337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is an admission of failure, an acknowledgment that the US will not do its part to avert 2 degrees of warming and the horrors that will follow in its wake.","_input_hash":-1063523387,"_task_hash":-1678653008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Flooding along the Mississippi River is the worst it\u2019s been since 1927.","_input_hash":1974712794,"_task_hash":-1532204401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate scientists say this is only the beginning of what will be decades of increasingly dangerous and damaging extreme weather \u2013 and there\u2019s no question that much of it\u2019s being driven by global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-641780577,"_task_hash":2146485292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global warming has already increased the odds of record hot and wet events happening in 75% of North America, said Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of climate science at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.\r\n","_input_hash":-504485021,"_task_hash":473285944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The scientific evidence is not strong enough for a definitive link between global warming and the kinds of severe thunderstorms that produce tornadoes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1108206149,"_task_hash":-1266216403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Fourth National Climate Assessment released in November found that as the planet warms because of human-caused climate change, heavy downpours are increasing in the Midwest.","_input_hash":1050545403,"_task_hash":768670754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From the early 1990s to the mid-2010s, very heavy precipitation events in the Midwest increased by 37%.","_input_hash":-548711631,"_task_hash":899774861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report said \"an increase in localized extreme precipitation and storm events can lead to an increase in flooding.","_input_hash":-1466567299,"_task_hash":1594197722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"River flooding in large rivers like the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries","_input_hash":575699419,"_task_hash":-1714867364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"can flood surface streets and low-lying areas, resulting in drinking water contamination, evacuations, damage to buildings, injury, and death.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-153587791,"_task_hash":-1309913427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The United States is seeing clear increases in historical terms of severe heat, heavy rainfalls and storm-surge flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1102746453,"_task_hash":1749645325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are also many different individual extreme events for which we have robust evidence of an influence of historical global warming on the probability and/or severity of that particular event,\u201d said Diffenbaugh.\r\n","_input_hash":-696977734,"_task_hash":1589679722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Those events include the hot, dry summer over the central United States in 2012 that led to severe declines in crop yields, the recent California drought that lasted seven years, the storm-surge flooding during Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and the record rainfall delivered to Houston by Hurricane Harvey in 2017, said Diffenbaugh.\r\n","_input_hash":1229928195,"_task_hash":-1076554387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Midwest, the characteristics of winters are changing, they\u2019re getting warmer and wetter, followed by large amounts of spring rain.\r\n","_input_hash":-1479169393,"_task_hash":-1274497772,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You\u2019re seeing remarkable duration in the flooding on many Midwestern rivers,\u201d said Rood.\r\n","_input_hash":-429696096,"_task_hash":-1266685012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only the beginning\r\nHeat-trapping carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by burning coal, oil and other fossil fuels are the cause of the higher temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-2049345227,"_task_hash":-1774585419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The extra carbon dioxide has caused temperatures to rise to levels that cannot be explained by natural factors, scientists report.","_input_hash":1355914432,"_task_hash":-632819326,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThey well know that if we fail to act to bring down our carbon emissions over the next decade, this will lock in disastrous melting of the ice sheets, sea-level rise, and a rise in devastating weather extremes decades down the road,\u201d said Michael Mann, a professor of atmospheric science at Pennsylvania State University.\r\n","_input_hash":-1616750642,"_task_hash":71302869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They want to inflict a collective societal myopia that benefits their fossil fuel industry friends at the expense of us, our children, grandchildren and future generations,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-159129344,"_task_hash":1026039203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Intense storms are more frequent as climates shift and the mangroves protect the coast from eroding, according to scientists.\r\n","_input_hash":2130864020,"_task_hash":252719510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"At a time when we need to have a barrier to cushion some of the impact of the severity that comes from the oceans \u2014 such as strong waves and storms \u2014 mangroves are essential, they provide a very broad ecosystem service and protect the populations that live in these areas.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1337893588,"_task_hash":-461629827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A large share of marine environments is at risk of extinction due to climate change and human development, according to a UN report published this year.","_input_hash":-1490292895,"_task_hash":223445363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors cite incidents like the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire that forced 80,000 residents to evacuate and caused $3.5 billion Canadian in insured losses, with a total expected financial toll to be much higher.","_input_hash":-1497490618,"_task_hash":1784417251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They note also that wildfires affect residents far from the flames as plumes of smoke cause health impacts in communities hundreds of miles away.","_input_hash":-520418600,"_task_hash":914563819,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The report also mentions the 2013 flooding in southern Alberta and its heavy impacts in Calgary, causing $6 billion Canadian in damage.","_input_hash":617748020,"_task_hash":1388804800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coastal cities, like Vancouver and Halifax, are also facing the threat of sea-level rise.\r\n","_input_hash":1464226654,"_task_hash":1211596912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scenarios with limited warming will only occur if Canada and the rest of the world reduce carbon emissions to near zero early in the second half of the century and reduce emissions of other greenhouse gases substantially.\r\n","_input_hash":-1971075386,"_task_hash":852346588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s certainly urgent, and all action is needed to try and limit the amount of global warming, and that will, of course, limit the amount of warming that Canada and the U.S. and other countries experience.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1945201463,"_task_hash":-1973288341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"He points to wildfire smoke from Canadian fires drifting into the U.S., and says U.S. communities rely on Canadian hydropower, agriculture, and other resources.\r\n","_input_hash":386202114,"_task_hash":493051401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"doesn\u2019t just impact emissions for the short term: It can have a lasting impact for decades.","_input_hash":-208259757,"_task_hash":690434746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But when a representative of the Army Corps of Engineers stood at the microphone to address residents of this waterlogged neighborhood outside of Tulsa, there was a sudden burst of anger.\r\n","_input_hash":-939963259,"_task_hash":-1101068381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Some of the heaviest flood damage, residents said, was a result of the Corps\u2019s own actions: Heavy rainfall had forced the federal agency to open nearby Keystone Dam and release a large amount of water into the Arkansas River, flooding parts of Sand Springs and other towns.\r\n","_input_hash":713654292,"_task_hash":1320738686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most of the evening he was on the defensive, as the Corps has been throughout the extraordinary spring deluge that has flooded rivers from Oklahoma to Louisiana, overtopping levees and forcing the federal agency into the position of choosing which communities will be inundated with water its dams can no longer hold.\r\n","_input_hash":982517976,"_task_hash":377226504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The record-setting floods this spring have thrown into sharp relief the difficulty of managing all those priorities when so many of them \u2014 particularly the unusual weather patterns that have sent an unprecedented amount of water churning down the Arkansas River \u2014 are unpredictable.\r\n","_input_hash":-1739191535,"_task_hash":325353629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists have suggested that while flooding is a complex phenomenon, climate change could be making such floods worse and more frequent.\r\n","_input_hash":1350788966,"_task_hash":52226092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe make tough choices that can allow some flooding to avoid a catastrophic, uncontrollable release of water that would threaten massive property damage and loss of life,\u201d the agency said in a statement.","_input_hash":1157388346,"_task_hash":-1054344925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The judge found that a series of changes the Corps had made in the management of the Missouri River worsened flooding during more than 100 flood events from 2007 to 2014.","_input_hash":1455107076,"_task_hash":1653695026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The agency\u2019s changes were made to benefit endangered birds and fish \u2014 including a small black-crowned bird known as the interior least tern \u2014 and \u201cled to greater flooding\u201d for many of the property owners, the judge concluded.","_input_hash":-1708173969,"_task_hash":-341355386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cThere\u2019s no question that there\u2019s extraordinary weather, extraordinary rain this year.","_input_hash":826335965,"_task_hash":1444852622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But to simply say that all the flooding that\u2019s taking place is solely attributable to weather is an exaggeration.","_input_hash":-1776114604,"_task_hash":381520227,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And it wreaked havoc on local wildlife, killing an estimated 1,600 whitetail deer and displacing the Louisiana black bear, a federally listed threatened species.\r\n","_input_hash":-433321742,"_task_hash":-1994455463,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Four of the national parks most impacted by air pollution are in California.\r\n","_input_hash":-1736292436,"_task_hash":-755691899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The authors blame the poor air quality on car emissions, the burning of fossil fuels and the impacts of climate change, such as wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-751086222,"_task_hash":2075344896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s pretty clear, the number of wildfires we\u2019re seeing is connected to climate change,\u201d Amy Roberts with the Outdoor Industry Association said in the report.","_input_hash":1612964894,"_task_hash":2058940923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The authors suggest all this pollution is increasing the cases of visitors who experience allergy and asthma issues.\r\n","_input_hash":-452941187,"_task_hash":-1970767000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much of that pollution comes from California\u2019s Central Valley.","_input_hash":-2038573214,"_task_hash":-752092692,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution is having adverse effects on plants, and some research suggests it could even impact tree mortality.","_input_hash":-352429796,"_task_hash":-1261167743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Pollution builds in soil and water and \u201csensitive plants and animals","_input_hash":1461851806,"_task_hash":-1103961389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cNearly every single one of our more than 400 national parks is plagued by air pollution.","_input_hash":-1849303839,"_task_hash":256285529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If we don\u2019t take immediate action to combat this, the results will be devastating and irreversible.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":247640527,"_task_hash":1992130087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"People died from the scorching heat.","_input_hash":1249184934,"_task_hash":-252049497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Switzerland, climate researcher Martha Vogel found relief by swimming in Lake Zurich.","_input_hash":-1251972716,"_task_hash":43957063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She and her colleagues at ETH, a science, technology, engineering and mathematics university in Zurich, found the size and number of simultaneous heat waves in the summer of 2018 is the result of human-caused climate change.","_input_hash":892207886,"_task_hash":1583202721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe occurrence of such extraordinary global-scale heat waves did not occur in the past, and cannot [otherwise] be explained,\u201d Vogel said.","_input_hash":-263036435,"_task_hash":1292033187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found reports of heat strokes in Japan, as well as wildfires in Canada, the United States, Scandinavia, Greece, Russia and South Korea.","_input_hash":-1230253130,"_task_hash":1959248466,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Between May and July of 2018, Vogel said, heat waves simultaneously afflicted one-fifth of the area studied.","_input_hash":-735742794,"_task_hash":-1152039609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Simultaneous heat waves of the size and ferocity seen in 2018 did not materialize in the historical simulation.","_input_hash":2102353702,"_task_hash":-1523780773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHence, we can conclude that a 2018-like event could have not have occurred without human-induced climate change,\u201d Vogel said.\r\n","_input_hash":1173257586,"_task_hash":-188538222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"She said the trends are alarming, noting that more frequent, simultaneous heat waves will almost certainly have serious consequences for public health and the ability of nations to protect roads and railways and to fight wildfires.","_input_hash":-988979933,"_task_hash":-2106203260,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Scandinavia last summer, for example, some countries asked for emergency assistance to cope with the wildfires, a situation Vogel said could become dire if several countries are fighting wildfires at the same time and can\u2019t help each other.\r\n","_input_hash":-651491556,"_task_hash":355699879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Moreover, if simultaneous heat waves take a heavy toll on agriculture, the results could provoke instability in global food markets, Vogel said.","_input_hash":-478727723,"_task_hash":-2030794441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2010, for example, Russia imposed a ban on all wheat exports as a result of a record heat wave \u2014 the highest temperatures seen in 130 years \u2014 that impaired the country\u2019s grain crop and caused grain prices to skyrocket.\r\n","_input_hash":650763380,"_task_hash":-1932914873,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Finally, the study models found as temperatures rise, heat waves like those seen in 2018 will become regular summer features.","_input_hash":-1085458626,"_task_hash":1868830389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With that amount of warming, humans can expect such heat waves roughly once every six years.","_input_hash":-1564590387,"_task_hash":1600815306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If temperatures warm by 1.5 degrees C, an improbably optimistic scenario, 2018-like heat waves will strike once every two or three years.","_input_hash":1867893129,"_task_hash":-636075687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Record rainfall in California.","_input_hash":-656144583,"_task_hash":1159148315,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record flooding in the mid-West.","_input_hash":1377690310,"_task_hash":533279965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record tornado activity in the central and southeastern U.S.","_input_hash":-155177812,"_task_hash":-1153952132,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That persistence, and what Francis calls the waviness of the jet stream, are fingerprints of human-caused climate change, particularly the disproportionate warming of the Arctic.","_input_hash":-2121242238,"_task_hash":-1714821416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And Francis says that persistent, wavy jet stream pattern is linked to much of this spring\u2019s unusual weather, from late spring snow in the Sierra Nevada to a heat wave in the southeast.\r\n","_input_hash":-156905509,"_task_hash":-637175094,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that moisture is fuel for all sorts of storms, even tornadoes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1370122437,"_task_hash":-318316336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Francis says that doesn\u2019t mean an increase in the total number of hurricanes (that hasn\u2019t been observed and isn\u2019t expected), but an increase in the strongest storms.\r\n","_input_hash":267891906,"_task_hash":-1417960524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Another change in hurricanes that\u2019s clearly linked to climate change is a tendency to intensify more rapidly.","_input_hash":1340962934,"_task_hash":1908503273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And then, there\u2019s rainfall.","_input_hash":-1572248632,"_task_hash":-1847758280,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With seven percent more water vapor in the atmosphere as a result of human-caused warming, Francis says it\u2019s only logical that hurricanes and other storms would produce more rainfall.\r\n","_input_hash":-535655071,"_task_hash":-1343131272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That tendency can exacerbate the potential for higher rainfall.\r\n","_input_hash":414808553,"_task_hash":-927591718,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And that doesn\u2019t reflect the many ways in which climate change is making hurricane season anything but normal.","_input_hash":75397623,"_task_hash":-1561377681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The researchers found that:\r\nobserved climate change causes a significant yield variation in the world's top 10 crops, ranging from a decrease of 13.4 percent for oil palm to an increase of 3.5 percent for soybean, and resulting in an average reduction of approximately one percent (-3.5 X 10e13 kcal/year) of consumable food calories from these top 10 crops;\r\nimpacts of climate change on global food production are mostly negative in Europe, Southern Africa, and Australia, generally positive in Latin America, and mixed in Asia and Northern and Central America;\r\nhalf of all food-insecure countries are experiencing decreases in crop production\u2014and so are some affluent industrialized countries in Western Europe;\r\ncontrastingly, recent climate change has increased the yields of certain crops in some areas of the upper Midwest United States.\r\n","_input_hash":204882926,"_task_hash":484058863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same existential dread I felt around the end of the world due to global warming reared its head again, except this time it wasn\u2019t about the whole world, just mine.\r\n","_input_hash":-1562301615,"_task_hash":57400564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The existential dread was akin to the overarching fear I felt about the destruction of the world.","_input_hash":-152337927,"_task_hash":1432800005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the shrinking of this fear came the expansion of my hope, which allowed me to turn my gaze outward and see a future for the world.\r\n","_input_hash":1331329351,"_task_hash":-544676186,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, homelessness is a problem that plagues LGBTQ people and is especially felt by queer youth.","_input_hash":1185762622,"_task_hash":-139450532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It might be felt differently by everyone, it might hit some people more slowly than other people, but everyone will notice a change in the way we live our lives due to the overexertion of our resources.","_input_hash":1112533757,"_task_hash":-1626887021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same with heat waves that feel as though they\u2019ll never end.","_input_hash":1118505052,"_task_hash":-2123858723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Every year since 2015 has become the hottest year on record, and the duration of heat waves keeps increasing.","_input_hash":471310446,"_task_hash":990231136,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As I write this, an extreme heat wave has been hitting North America, causing at least eight (recorded) deaths in the United States and Canada.\r\n","_input_hash":-1776027204,"_task_hash":1198074019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In order to protect our community from the disastrous effects of climate change, we need to do more.","_input_hash":1318440070,"_task_hash":-1902403904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"When just 90 corporations are responsible for 66% of carbon emissions, we need to demand more from our governments and from ourselves.\r\n","_input_hash":860893018,"_task_hash":1654873164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Is it an LGBT rights issue when a Filipino gay couple loses their home in a hurricane intensified by the emissions-heavy lifestyle of queer and straight Canadians and Americans?","_input_hash":1638990815,"_task_hash":1669390181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When a trans* teenager in Harlem, who has suffered from severe asthma since she was a toddler and faces daily persecution at school, continues to miss class because of hazardous localized air pollutants in addition to the hostile learning climate, is not her need for environmental justice and a safe space to be herself, a challenge to the rest of us to get off our asses and work together with her and her community to make sure It Gets Better?","_input_hash":-1657401630,"_task_hash":1519431175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That destruction affects us all and desperately requires our full attention.\r\n","_input_hash":-960300880,"_task_hash":1482138279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The places where our queer siblings suffer persecution and a dearth of civil rights will also be hardest hit by climate change and will likely suffer even greater losses of rights and security.","_input_hash":-1582281551,"_task_hash":-620833479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In our own recent history, gay men, queer culture, and the fledgling queer rights movement faced possible extinction through the early HIV/AIDS crisis.","_input_hash":692628866,"_task_hash":-89846526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They have again stirred up doubt and controversy, promoted public inaction, and imperiled all of us.\r\n","_input_hash":-1869014386,"_task_hash":-1192878638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We still have hope that action can be taken to slow the effects of climate change while we make necessary lifestyle and social adaptations to cope with the changes ahead.\r\n","_input_hash":-751419974,"_task_hash":-702101785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This move might have translated into negative health impacts for same-sex couples, according to a recent study.","_input_hash":-1260938826,"_task_hash":-1059002015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Published in the Social Science & Medicine journal this month, the study found that mean cancer and respiratory risks from hazardous air pollutants for same-sex partners in the U.S. are 12.3 percent and 23.8 percent greater, respectively, than for straight couples.","_input_hash":-1814509723,"_task_hash":943644942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is notable that the effect of the same-sex partner enclave variable on health risks from [hazardous air pollutants] is substantially stronger than the effect of either the proportion black or Hispanic variables, which have received primary focus in environmental justice research.\r\n","_input_hash":7042607,"_task_hash":-1724616435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These researchers from the University of Texas at El Paso aren\u2019t entirely sure why or how this is the case, but they believe these health risks are linked to the clustering of the LGBTQ community post-World War II \u201cdue to social marginalization and the pursuit of community support and empowerment.\u201d","_input_hash":1668816649,"_task_hash":216633978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies have shown that communities of color\u2014be they Black, Latino, Native American, Asian, or all of the above\u2014are subject to increased health risks due to pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":1638466327,"_task_hash":-556078471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Per the study:\r\nWe believe that there are instructive similarities and important distinctions between the formations of environmental injustice experienced by sexual minorities and by racial minorities in the US.","_input_hash":-1793848893,"_task_hash":404409157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study determined that parts of the city with high concentrations of same-sex partner households also showed greater cancer risk due to air pollution.","_input_hash":-281495212,"_task_hash":-1271552965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other reserarch suggests that LGBTQ people see higher rates of certain illnesses related to the environment\u2014like asthma.","_input_hash":-1384237327,"_task_hash":1664980566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This has largely been attributed to risk behaviors like smoking.\r\n","_input_hash":564044868,"_task_hash":47330904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The AIDS epidemic received more attention in part thanks to the 1987 march to which National Coming Out Day pays homage.","_input_hash":-894350062,"_task_hash":684044733,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First national study of disparate environmental health risks by sexual orientation.\r\n","_input_hash":-172720464,"_task_hash":-1987769076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Same-sex partners experience inequitable health risks from air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":2058635478,"_task_hash":-364451522,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Male partnering is associated with greater health risks than female partnering.\r\n","_input_hash":-1907239032,"_task_hash":1181847615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"LGBT health disparities may be compounded by environmental exposures.\r\n","_input_hash":-1087069544,"_task_hash":110017055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nAir pollution is deleterious to human health, and numerous studies have documented racial and socioeconomic inequities in air pollution exposures.","_input_hash":-1434200817,"_task_hash":-1385328262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Despite the marginalized status of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations, no national studies have examined if they experience inequitable exposures to air pollution.","_input_hash":-999672166,"_task_hash":-2040031297,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We examined cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs across 71,207 census tracts using National Air Toxics Assessment and US Census data.","_input_hash":552882302,"_task_hash":603408269,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We calculated population-weighted mean cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs for same-sex male, same-sex female and heterosexual partner households.","_input_hash":-546717284,"_task_hash":1974738682,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to examine multivariate associations between sociodemographics and health risks from HAPs, while focusing on inequities based on the tract composition of same-sex, same-sex male and same-sex female partners.","_input_hash":-692668717,"_task_hash":46456197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We found that mean cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs for same-sex partners are 12.3% and 23.8% greater, respectively, than for heterosexual partners.","_input_hash":523499023,"_task_hash":-865300457,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"GEEs adjusting for racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status, population density, urban location, and geographic clustering show that living in census tracts with high (vs. low) proportions of same-sex partners is associated with significantly greater cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs, and that living in same-sex male partner enclaves is associated with greater risks than living in same-sex female partner enclaves.","_input_hash":699997951,"_task_hash":1144366313,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Results suggest that some health disparities experienced by LGBT populations (e.g. cancer, asthma) may be compounded by environmental exposures.","_input_hash":494683711,"_task_hash":-1583136612,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because psycho-behavioral and environmental factors may together exacerbate health disparities, we call for a shift toward interdisciplinary research on LGBT health that takes into account cumulative risks, including the role of environmental exposures.","_input_hash":1465035672,"_task_hash":1728958459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"CyanoHABs can threaten human and aquatic ecosystem health; they can cause major economic damage.\r\n","_input_hash":280152254,"_task_hash":1441887174,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The toxins produced by some species of cyanobacteria (called cyanotoxins) cause acute and chronic illnesses in humans.","_input_hash":540563296,"_task_hash":-1798993249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Harmful algal booms can adversely affect aquatic ecosystem health, both directly through the presence of these toxins and indirectly through the low dissolved oxygen concentrations and changes in aquatic food webs caused by an overabundance of cyanobacteria.","_input_hash":-2104838173,"_task_hash":198822249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Economic damages related to cyanoHABs include the loss of recreational revenue, decreased property values, and increased drinking-water treatment costs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1591696089,"_task_hash":118118643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nationwide, toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms have been implicated in human and animal illness and death in at least 43 states.","_input_hash":1743220229,"_task_hash":1163704920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cyanobacteria are notorious for producing a variety of compounds that cause water-quality concerns.","_input_hash":-1326289495,"_task_hash":1298606187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human ingestion, inhalation, or contact with water containing elevated concentrations of cyanotoxins can cause allergic reactions, dermatitis, gastroenteritis, and seizures.\r\n","_input_hash":184213638,"_task_hash":1877369302,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, despite advances in scientific understanding of cyanobacteria and associated compounds, many questions remain unanswered about the occurrence, the environmental triggers for toxicity, and the ability to predict the timing and toxicity of cyanoHABs.\r\n","_input_hash":848274526,"_task_hash":2065885068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The ability for cyanobacteria to produce cyanotoxins as well as taste-and-odor compounds is caused by genetic distinctions at the subspecies level of the bacteria.","_input_hash":479744520,"_task_hash":-1470744065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One of the key causes of cyanoHABs is nutrient enrichment.","_input_hash":-702274751,"_task_hash":1731814426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When nutrients from agricultural and urban areas are transported downstream, they can cause cyanoHABs in reservoirs, which can impair drinking-water quality and result in closures of recreational areas.\r\n","_input_hash":-35974640,"_task_hash":1825692279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Press release\r\nRecognizing that Native Americans and Alaska Natives who depend on subsistence fishing have an increased risk of exposure to cyanotoxins","_input_hash":-558224640,"_task_hash":1628218384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ground-level ozone or smog can form when chemicals from emissions combine with heat and sunlight.","_input_hash":-1624991664,"_task_hash":1511482754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Smog can exacerbate respiratory illnesses like asthma, especially in children and older adults.\r\n","_input_hash":1405620654,"_task_hash":2080902878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 2000 and 2010, parishes that were hit hardest by storms saw massive decreases in population\u2014","_input_hash":-396490491,"_task_hash":-808891244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\" Such a version of retreat doesn't just leave low-income populations vulnerable to storms, it leaves them vulnerable to the loss of jobs, services, and infrastructure that comes with population decline\u2014especially when the part of the population in decline is in the highest tax bracket.\r\n","_input_hash":1559911793,"_task_hash":-955685201,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the backlash from the Isle de Jean Charles relocation continues to unfold, the LA SAFE project is explicit in its rejection of a top-down approach to retreat.","_input_hash":-520019340,"_task_hash":1021026723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They are uniquely vulnerable: their developing bodies suffer disproportionately from climate change\u2019s most serious and deadly harms.\r\n","_input_hash":1583070666,"_task_hash":-1610764892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, children\u2019s lungs are more susceptible to damage from ground-level ozone, caused by pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, refineries and chemical plants, and because they generally spend more time outdoors, their increased exposure can lead to more asthma attacks and emergency room visits.\r\n","_input_hash":1201816360,"_task_hash":-781245456,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And childhood development is crucial for subsequent physical and mental health, so the harm they suffer today will leave lifelong wounds, both physical and emotional.","_input_hash":132517867,"_task_hash":339216131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Examples include lasting cognitive impairments from malnutrition (studies suggest climate change will cause declines in the production and nutritional values of some crops)","_input_hash":1943103099,"_task_hash":-1854501591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"the negative consequences of lost school days (from storms, wildfires and worsening heat waves) and the persistence of severe childhood anxiety and PTSD symptoms in the wake of superstorms and severe floods.\r\n","_input_hash":1265277342,"_task_hash":1529747479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It asserts that our nation\u2019s youth were \u201cborn into a world made hazardous to their health and well-being by greenhouse gas emitted by human activities.\u201d","_input_hash":289250294,"_task_hash":-1444460887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It draws our attention to the \u201cbroad scientific consensus\u201d that greenhouse gas emissions are causing major changes to the planet, \u201cmanifesting as extreme weather conditions, heat waves, droughts and intense storms.\u201d","_input_hash":1447243342,"_task_hash":822487435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The physician-historian Robert Jay Lifton has suggested the hopeful possibility of a \u201cclimate swerve,\u201d a major societal change that will lead to rapid, substantive action to address the threat to the climate.","_input_hash":1219974379,"_task_hash":-519723329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Farms, small towns and large cities throughout the Midwest are suffering under the impact of massive floods.","_input_hash":262536524,"_task_hash":-1778956057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Massive damage has resulted from our development patterns, aging and no longer adequate flood control infrastructure and extreme weather exacerbated by climate change.","_input_hash":-379571607,"_task_hash":-684947368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While many state and local leaders in the region know they are in trouble and need to respond, they refuse to acknowledge the root cause of their problem.","_input_hash":-246983561,"_task_hash":47464550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The disasters have renewed national attention on how climate change can exacerbate flooding and how cities can prepare for a future with more extreme weather.","_input_hash":610339344,"_task_hash":-1954943880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is some evidence that the relentless pounding that the Midwest is enduring has resulted in greater receptivity to the findings of climate science.","_input_hash":1167744836,"_task_hash":1983157737,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many said that witnessing extreme weather events\u2014like the tornadoes, storms and floods battering the Midwest \u2014did most to form their views.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1102526063,"_task_hash":221276303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Reducing the pace of climate change would help ensure that extreme weather does not become even more extreme, but floods, droughts, fires and other climate impacts would continue.","_input_hash":-1866757342,"_task_hash":-1815677790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The resistance to climate science by the Trump administration and some of his ideological supporters must give way to a deeper understanding of the reality of climate change and the centrality of climate science.\r\n","_input_hash":-1945010116,"_task_hash":593651243,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Pearl Harbor was bombed, Nazis exterminated Jews, the World Trade Center was destroyed, and farmers in America are facing unprecedented challenges from tariffs to floods.","_input_hash":-1860379654,"_task_hash":274047923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On our current trajectory, the report warns, \u201cplanetary and human systems [are] reaching a \u2018point of no return\u2019 by mid-century, in which the prospect of a largely uninhabitable Earth leads to the breakdown of nations and the international order.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":494119241,"_task_hash":931318215,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The scenario warns that our current trajectory will likely lock in at least 3 degrees Celsius (C) of global heating, which in turn could trigger further amplifying feedbacks unleashing further warming.","_input_hash":-1150349546,"_task_hash":1063400524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This would drive the accelerating collapse of key ecosystems \u201cincluding coral reef systems, the Amazon rainforest and in the Arctic.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1906955294,"_task_hash":-386226104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The effects of climate change are inconceivably enormous and awful \u2014 and for the most part still unrealized.","_input_hash":-1253586464,"_task_hash":-518065756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cNo storms or floods or droughts or heat waves can be traced to my individual act of driving,\u201d he wrote.","_input_hash":365545170,"_task_hash":1610462920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Professor John Nolt of the University of Tennessee took a stab at measuring the damage done by one average American\u2019s lifetime emissions.","_input_hash":-1188326226,"_task_hash":-974040710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Noting that carbon stays in the atmosphere for centuries, at least, and that a United Nations panel found in 2007 that climate change is \u201clikely to adversely affect hundreds of millions of people through increased coastal flooding, reductions in water supplies, increased malnutrition and increased health impacts\u201d in the next 100 years, Professor Nolt did a lot of division and multiplication and arrived at a stark conclusion:\r\n","_input_hash":-884122990,"_task_hash":586628651,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe average American causes through his/her greenhouse gas emissions the serious suffering and/or deaths of two future people.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-667089779,"_task_hash":-1331889264,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAt a ratio of one life\u2019s causal activities per one life\u2019s detrimental effects, it causes the equivalent of a quarter of a day\u2019s severe harm,\u201d he wrote.\r\n","_input_hash":-1209279430,"_task_hash":-1853328531,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Bryan Comer, a researcher at the International Council on Clean Transportation, a nonprofit research group, told me that even the most efficient cruise ships emit 3 to 4 times more carbon dioxide per passenger-mile than a jet.\r\n","_input_hash":-262971719,"_task_hash":1994875622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The spokeswoman, Megan King, added that it was not fair to compare emissions from ships and jets because a jet is just a transportation vehicle while a cruise ship is a floating resort and amusement park.\r\n","_input_hash":-849740949,"_task_hash":824743437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Personal decisions alone won\u2019t stop global warming \u2014 that will take policy changes by governments on a worldwide scale.","_input_hash":-1255488743,"_task_hash":-1005708648,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She said that while governments do need to take tough action, they derive their courage to do so from the conduct of citizens.","_input_hash":-605378125,"_task_hash":1870647911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Before we go, we will buy enough offsets to capture the annual methane emanations of a dozen cows \u2014","_input_hash":-1683437989,"_task_hash":-1785263258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps this is an act of desperation in an era of political division, but it could prove suicidal.\r\n","_input_hash":136010037,"_task_hash":1259177483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We could have many fewer deaths from mercury, particulates and ozone produced by burning dirty fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-1474739809,"_task_hash":1698964458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is still time to avert the worst impacts of climate change, but not without immediate, collective action.\r\n","_input_hash":703661582,"_task_hash":402805101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A report by experts from 27 national science academies has set out the widespread damage global heating is already causing to people\u2019s health and the increasingly serious impacts expected in future.\r\n","_input_hash":906698963,"_task_hash":-1800142158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scorching heatwaves and floods will claim more victims as extreme weather increases but there are serious indirect effects too, from spreading mosquito-borne diseases to worsening mental health.\r\n","_input_hash":203637501,"_task_hash":961308776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"'So much land under so much water': extreme flooding is drowning parts of the midwest\r\n","_input_hash":-911364185,"_task_hash":-1318794638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, there were also great benefits from action to cut carbon emissions, the report found, most notably cutting the 350,000 early deaths from air pollution every year in Europe caused by burning fossil fuels.","_input_hash":132452795,"_task_hash":411023171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe economic benefits of action to address the current and prospective health effects of climate change are likely to be substantial,\u201d the report concluded.\r\n","_input_hash":-1446709413,"_task_hash":-201799685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather such as heatwaves, floods and droughts have direct short-term impacts but also affect people in the longer term.","_input_hash":-1271974889,"_task_hash":-296787249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMental health effects include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse and depression,\u201d the report said.\r\n","_input_hash":2101416496,"_task_hash":-497412424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientists were also concerned by the effect of extreme weather on food production, with studies showing a 5-25% cut in staple crop yields across the Mediterranean region in coming decades.","_input_hash":590449912,"_task_hash":954459650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the report said even small cuts in meat eating could lead to significant cuts in carbon emissions, as well as benefits to health.\r\n","_input_hash":-1818603281,"_task_hash":40701813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The report anticipates the spread of infectious diseases in Europe as temperatures rise and increase the range of mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever and ticks that cause Lyme disease.","_input_hash":-7903708,"_task_hash":1333458870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Food poisoning could also rise, as salmonella bacteria thrived in warmer conditions, the report said.","_input_hash":-283859309,"_task_hash":-2071562892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global carbon emissions are still rising but scientists say rapid and deep cuts are needed to limit temperature rises to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels and avoid the worst impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":887632283,"_task_hash":-1430682175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This year's constant deluge of rain has led some to wonder if farmers are finally feeling the predicted impacts of a warming world.\r\n","_input_hash":-527944595,"_task_hash":-2018395830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And though it\u2019s difficult to link one single weather event to climate change, climate scientists say the devasting rains falling over the Midwest are exactly in line with what they\u2019ve been predicting.\r\n","_input_hash":2078401855,"_task_hash":-2052947360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe expect an increase in total precipitation in the Midwest, especially in winter and spring, with more coming as larger events.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":36999743,"_task_hash":835062618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After that, temperatures climb too high and rain falls too little for the crop to be successful.\r\n","_input_hash":-1612754340,"_task_hash":-2121268560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warming air leads to more water\r\n","_input_hash":-1573516280,"_task_hash":-1680039442,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He explains that much of the rain falling over midwestern states originated in the skies over the Gulf of Mexico, where waters have warmed.","_input_hash":-1823917065,"_task_hash":1700970012,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last year, major flooding left behind by hurricanes was attributed to climate change-induced warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1987906036,"_task_hash":1757241958,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One recently published study found that extreme rainfall can be just as bad for crops as drought or intense heat.\r\n","_input_hash":498178158,"_task_hash":1406554902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under pressure from shareholders and regulators, companies are increasingly disclosing the specific financial impacts they could face as the planet warms, such as extreme weather that could disrupt their supply chains or stricter climate regulations that could hurt the value of coal, oil and gas investments.","_input_hash":-1265167591,"_task_hash":1258845376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even so, analysts warn that many companies are still lagging in accounting for all of the plausible financial risks from global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":205984887,"_task_hash":-907465097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hitachi Ltd., a Japanese manufacturer, said that increased rainfall and flooding in Southeast Asia had the potential to knock out suppliers and that it was taking defensive measures as a result.","_input_hash":1512755841,"_task_hash":1940726683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, Mr. Sarda said, it\u2019s relatively straightforward for businesses to calculate the potential costs from an increase in taxes designed to curb emissions of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.","_input_hash":-586103243,"_task_hash":814400610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In its report to CDP last year, PG&E said that the rise in wildfire risk in the American West, partly driven by global warming, could create significant financial costs if the utility were held liable for the fires.","_input_hash":-447231854,"_task_hash":1065899741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"PG&E estimated the \u201cpotential financial impact\u201d from wildfires at around $2.5 billion, based on claims that the utility had paid out in 2017.\r\n","_input_hash":978427365,"_task_hash":1340510778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This past January, PG&E filed for bankruptcy protection and said it now faced up to $30 billion in fire liabilities shortly after its power lines sparked what became California\u2019s deadliest wildfire yet last fall.\r\n","_input_hash":-1703264446,"_task_hash":1818142546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Eli Lilly, a drug maker in the United States, cited research suggesting that rising temperatures could drive the spread of infectious diseases \u2014 a problem the company was well-positioned to help address.","_input_hash":-884629849,"_task_hash":-650131014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(At the same time, the company also warned that climate change could hurt financially if flooding and fiercer storms disrupted its manufacturing facilities in places like Puerto Rico, as happened after Hurricane Maria in 2017.)\r\n","_input_hash":1993833737,"_task_hash":1859292356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last month, the European Central Bank warned that a spate of severe weather that caused major losses for insurers, or an unexpectedly rapid shift by investors away from fossil fuels could hit the balance sheets of unprepared banks and potentially destabilize the financial system.\r\n","_input_hash":-1986157817,"_task_hash":-399389686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(CNN)Climate change poses a major threat to human health and is already having global impact by spreading infectious diseases and exacerbating mental health problems, experts warned Tuesday.\r\n","_input_hash":1848287188,"_task_hash":-2041100715,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is well known that rising temperatures are triggering more extreme weather events around the world.\r\n","_input_hash":183624927,"_task_hash":1127547546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But extreme heat and more frequent floods also increase the risk of diseases and injuries, according to 29 experts who form the European Academies' Science Advisory Council (EASAC).\r\n","_input_hash":-435050839,"_task_hash":-621721754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Climate change is already contributing to the burden of disease and premature mortality.","_input_hash":1205053698,"_task_hash":1591825614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Worsening mental health: Warmer temperatures, wildfires and air pollution are triggering post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse and depression.\r\n","_input_hash":-1431900497,"_task_hash":1149315804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing physical diseases: Even a small rise in temperature can cause health problems such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.\r\n","_input_hash":-409690720,"_task_hash":595254563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"UN climate scientists have warned that the world only has until 2030 to stem catastrophic levels of global warming, when temperatures are projected to reach the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.\r\n","_input_hash":1265484162,"_task_hash":-799396673,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If global temperatures reach this threshold, an estimated 350 million people worldwide would be exposed to extreme heat stress sufficient to greatly reduce their labor productivity during the hottest months of the year, according to EASAC.\r\n","_input_hash":1716440027,"_task_hash":-1606552223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In November, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared climate change a \"health emergency\" after a report by The Lancet warned that \"a rapidly changing climate has dire implications for every aspect of human life.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-832127684,"_task_hash":-1866055002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Several hundred thousand premature deaths annually in the EU could be averted by a zero-carbon economy through reduced air pollution,\" according to Dr Robin Fears, program director of EASAC Biosciences.\r\n","_input_hash":-1518217556,"_task_hash":379172249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"claim that even if the executive branch of the government is doing harm through inaction on climate change, a lawsuit can\u2019t correct the problem.","_input_hash":-1151234874,"_task_hash":77641951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet, she said, \u201cas the delays continue, the government-created public health disaster gets worse.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-552448326,"_task_hash":1235868975,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the years since the case was filed, the sense of urgency about the need to address climate change has only grown, with reports like the one last year from the United Nations climate panel that projected dire consequences without vigorous action, including worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040.\r\n","_input_hash":-1490999821,"_task_hash":1742044032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Airline travel is now considered responsible for almost 3% of global carbon emissions today.","_input_hash":217279204,"_task_hash":1986373704,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The goal of CORSA is to cap net CO2 emissions from international aviation at 2020 levels, even as passenger and flight growth continues.","_input_hash":-94304711,"_task_hash":1005770092,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It called for stronger international cooperation to help fragile regions cope with weather disasters, food shortages and migration driven by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-638832261,"_task_hash":-1337932177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasingly severe impacts of climate change are \u201cspurring social upheaval\u2026 and even contributing to new violent conflicts\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-1279191481,"_task_hash":1433278379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Displacement and forced migration could increase to barely manageable levels.","_input_hash":1887675402,"_task_hash":2059475180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing severe deforestation, which is a problem in itself, but also conflict between the refugee and host populations.\u201d","_input_hash":1482362618,"_task_hash":402953396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In May, new high water level records were set on Lakes Erie and Superior, and there has been widespread flooding across Lake Ontario for the second time in three years.","_input_hash":2017604117,"_task_hash":-1293068835,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These events coincide with persistent precipitation and severe flooding across much of central North America.\r\n","_input_hash":918408013,"_task_hash":932984851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At that time some experts proposed that climate change, along with other human actions such as channel dredging and water diversions, would cause water levels to continue to decline.","_input_hash":-246099740,"_task_hash":2073131000,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High water poses just as many challenges for the region, including shoreline erosion, property damage, displacement of families and delays in planting spring crops.","_input_hash":-1770971571,"_task_hash":756737380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo recently declared a state of emergency in response to the flooding around Lake Ontario while calling for better planning decisions in light of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1497353763,"_task_hash":-1079512179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing precipitation, the threat of recurring periods of high evaporation, and a combination of both routine and unusual climate events \u2013 such as extreme cold air outbursts \u2013 are putting the region in uncharted territory.\r\n","_input_hash":621487101,"_task_hash":-1728432699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These extremes result from changes in the Great Lakes\u2019 water budget \u2013 the movement of water into and out of the lakes.","_input_hash":-713540228,"_task_hash":-2044612760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Runoff is directly affected by precipitation over land, snow cover and soil moisture.\r\n","_input_hash":-784085803,"_task_hash":1194893748,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Interactions between these factors drive changes in the amount of water stored in each of the Great Lakes.","_input_hash":1387614457,"_task_hash":728052613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then in 2014 the Midwest experienced an extraordinary cold air outbreak, widely dubbed the \u201cpolar vortex.\u201d","_input_hash":1751950764,"_task_hash":1699645886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 2017 Lake Ontario flood followed a spring of extreme overland precipitation in the Lake Ontario and Saint Lawrence River basins.","_input_hash":602116352,"_task_hash":-713612699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 2019 flood follows the wettest U.S. winter in history.\r\n","_input_hash":1236334429,"_task_hash":-128238699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The net effect of this combination of hydrological events is that Lake Erie\u2019s current water levels are much higher than usual for this time of year.\r\n","_input_hash":-974346047,"_task_hash":-280215850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Great Lakes water levels have varied in the past, so how do we know whether climate change is a factor in the changes taking place now?\r\n","_input_hash":778449183,"_task_hash":-1577481719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Precipitation increases in winter and spring are consistent with the fact that a warming atmosphere can transport more water vapor.","_input_hash":-293956744,"_task_hash":1494239328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result, increased atmospheric moisture contributes to more precipitation during extreme events.","_input_hash":-467106644,"_task_hash":-784792909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in seasonal cycles of snowmelt and runoff align with the fact that spring is coming earlier in a changing climate.","_input_hash":634951935,"_task_hash":578350220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Similarly, rising lake temperatures contribute to increased evaporation.","_input_hash":-1918409163,"_task_hash":704646235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wet and dry periods are influenced by storm tracks, which are related to global-scale processes such as El Ni\u00f1o.","_input_hash":-1076014472,"_task_hash":635225373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, cold air outbreaks are related to the Arctic Oscillation and associated shifts in the polar jet stream.","_input_hash":993497635,"_task_hash":-520231878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We are undoubtedly observing the effects of a warming climate in the Great Lakes, but many questions remain to be answered.\r\n","_input_hash":820381548,"_task_hash":-1026508487,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the wake of another week of devastating storms, CNN host Don Lemon ran a seven-minute segment on Wednesday night about how climate change disproportionately impacts people of color.\r\n","_input_hash":935894438,"_task_hash":-181478713,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Put simply, climate change is racist \u2014 not in the bigoted, call-you-mean-names-and-tell-you-to-go-back-to-your-country kind of way, but in the sense that it exacerbates existing inequities, making many people of color more vulnerable to climate catastrophe.","_input_hash":1225623758,"_task_hash":1912303020,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Weir pointed out that while the Trump administration quickly provided $4 billion to fund storm barriers protecting oil and gas facilities after Hurricane Harvey, predominantly black neighborhoods in the area still haven\u2019t received funding to refit storm drains.\r\n","_input_hash":-1724164953,"_task_hash":743259466,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Mainstream media fans might not realize it because it doesn\u2019t necessarily make for good television, but extreme heat (one of the symptoms of climate change with the most evidence backing it up) kills more people in the U.S. every year than any other weather event.","_input_hash":2034529080,"_task_hash":-1925239208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves also lead to a disproportionate number of deaths in black and immigrant communities.","_input_hash":962599271,"_task_hash":303713164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThere\u2019s research showing that heat waves increase your chances of dying considerably,\u201d Barreca said.","_input_hash":-1710410697,"_task_hash":-1885788967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThat\u2019s concerning because hot weather is bad for our health, and it looks like it could be bad for our reproductive capabilities,\u201d Barreca said.\r\n","_input_hash":1897702463,"_task_hash":-1714686807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Sadikah Behbehani, an obstetrician with the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, cautioned against conclusions solely based on epidemiological studies, but she said direct heat to male genitals is proven to decrease fertility, and hot weather poses an increased risk of heatstroke and dehydration for pregnant women.\r\n","_input_hash":1348342218,"_task_hash":1996313542,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf you don\u2019t care about an increase of risk of death for the elderly or decrease of economic productivity, because the heat makes it harder to work outside, you might care about this, which suggests that it might be harder to have children in the future.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-237535929,"_task_hash":-291882707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Barreca said he hopes this research will help public officials as they warn people about the dangers related to heat waves.\r\n","_input_hash":181350621,"_task_hash":395001099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change is expected to have a striking impact on vulnerable communities, especially in coastal regions where sea-level rise and increased climatic events will make it impossible for some people to remain on their land.\r\n","_input_hash":-451786164,"_task_hash":-894634590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Carteret Islands are facing intense environmental degradation, coastal erosion and food and water insecurity due to anthropogenic climate change and tectonic activity.\r\n","_input_hash":1962375051,"_task_hash":-668183493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The communities also face severe water shortages due to prolonged droughts and sea-level rises that affect their freshwater supply.\r\n","_input_hash":1169201728,"_task_hash":448850755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The political and social structures are sources of conflict among civil servants in Papua New Guinea, generating friction and \u201cmalfeasance\u201d in the administrations and ultimately hindering the relocation process because of poor governance.\r\n","_input_hash":-246910406,"_task_hash":-1718918574,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As this case illustrates, the difficulties arising from political struggles and state weakness have a real impact on the unfolding of planned relocation.\r\n","_input_hash":1270502222,"_task_hash":895513258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The 21 children and young adults suing the federal government over climate change argue that they and their generation are already suffering the consequences of climate change, from worsening allergies and asthma to the health risks and stress that come with hurricanes, wildfires and sea level rise threatening their homes.\r\n","_input_hash":1882051858,"_task_hash":-1709353377,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"More frequent and longer heat waves, increasing intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and wildfires, worsening infectious-disease exposures, food and water insecurity, and air pollution from fossil-fuel burning all threaten to destabilize our public health and health care infrastructure,\" the authors wrote.\r\n","_input_hash":661788827,"_task_hash":-790216743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children and infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, as their bodies are still developing, they said.","_input_hash":395028917,"_task_hash":-1596699201,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Their respiratory rates are also higher, so particles from fossil fuel burning and ozone take a greater toll.","_input_hash":941265936,"_task_hash":260648058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Increasing temperatures contribute to heat stroke risk for children, and can harm babies in utero.","_input_hash":-894045956,"_task_hash":-189394926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers are only beginning to understand the magnitude of health issues caused by climate change, said Renee Salas, another co-author of the letter and an emergency medicine physician at Massachusetts General Hospital.","_input_hash":1427558715,"_task_hash":1456460506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"The Juliana generation is going to feel and suffer from those impacts in a way that's really different and more extreme than what any previous generation has felt,\" Goho said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1593797968,"_task_hash":1828383957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Richard Carmona and David Satcher warned about several effects of climate change on health, from cognitive impairments due to malnutrition to lost school days and mental health concerns.\r\n","_input_hash":453183632,"_task_hash":-697595027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"They are uniquely vulnerable: their developing bodies suffer disproportionately from climate change's most serious and deadly harms.\"","_input_hash":-1506184198,"_task_hash":1902835178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The World Health Organization estimates that an alarming 7 million people die prematurely each year as a result of air pollution.","_input_hash":1831627389,"_task_hash":996148505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To help tackle this issue, this year\u2019s World Environment Day (June 5) is shining a spotlight on this environmental threat and the multiple benefits derived from tackling it.","_input_hash":651980686,"_task_hash":-1559419193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This includes things like black carbon (for example, the sooty matter produced by diesel engines and wood stoves), methane (a gas emitted due to human activities like livestock production and landfills as well as from natural sources; methane also leads to the formation of ground-level ozone, another important climate and air pollutant), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, commonly used for refrigeration and air conditioning).\r\n","_input_hash":1553998690,"_task_hash":412815714,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution and human health\r\n","_input_hash":-1985015792,"_task_hash":-441628534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to the adverse effects of climate change, short-lived climate pollutants also contribute to immediate health-risks to people around the world.","_input_hash":478328796,"_task_hash":-1752335031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, Sandra explained how black carbon is a component of a type of air pollution known as PM2.5, or, fine particulate matter that enhances haze.","_input_hash":698225081,"_task_hash":-732533835,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"PM2.5 is the most problematic air pollutant for human health, causing a myriad of issues from contributing to premature deaths among people with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease to aggravating asthma.","_input_hash":-998372604,"_task_hash":380209621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sandra also pointed out the particularly damaging effects of air pollution on children\u2019s health.","_input_hash":-1782502358,"_task_hash":-276576099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Here in the United States, air pollution is surprisingly getting worse in many locations.","_input_hash":-1429091431,"_task_hash":783131992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You can get take their Mask Challenge and take an action to reduce your contribution to air pollution (#BeatAirPollution) \u2013 whether it be by turning off a car instead of letting it idle, avoiding driving altogether and getting around by using public transit, biking, or walking, or reducing your consumption of meat, and in turn, the release of methane associated with livestock production.\r\n","_input_hash":-984412752,"_task_hash":-1024364974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The loss of coastal cities ancient and modern, the impact on biodiversity (the coral reef ecosystems are going now), the geopolitical disruption and human suffering, these will all be tragic in the everyday sense.","_input_hash":1367889579,"_task_hash":2133391629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not only was global warming discovered in the 19th century, the majority of greenhouse gas emissions have taken place since 1980 during a period of intense focus on solutions.","_input_hash":2082257224,"_task_hash":-750746008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe high degree of uncertainty, a potential for global consequences, the probability of having \u2018winners\u2019 and \u2018losers,\u2019 an inability of any nation to \u2018solve\u2019 the problem alone, the need for new levels of international cooperation not only to identify the problem but also to act upon it, the complexity of the problem, and the feeling of helplessness in avoiding the potential consequences of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 place it among the set of the tragedy of the commons problems that seem to be emerging with increasing frequency.\r\n","_input_hash":833398224,"_task_hash":1640828824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Despite a good discussion of the present and future rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, it doesn\u2019t mention the greenhouse effect or global warming at all.","_input_hash":1013032500,"_task_hash":-695595292,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Out of a simple realization of this necessity may come a new industrial revolution.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-488153461,"_task_hash":-1779166921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the curtailing the burning of fossil fuels] could be effected is much in doubt; the social problems that would result would clearly be profound.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1682262482,"_task_hash":135678633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The commons picture did not spread to popular consciousness until the late 1980s, perhaps triggered by James Hansen\u2019s 1988 testimony to Congress.\r\n","_input_hash":-1233000213,"_task_hash":-906689706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"increasing returns (action now makes future action and future collectivity easier).","_input_hash":-2090011120,"_task_hash":833761897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I could hear the shame in his voice.","_input_hash":-564701974,"_task_hash":1443900512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sadly, I get this reaction a lot.","_input_hash":1417725549,"_task_hash":-1134170120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists have been warning us for decades that humans are causing severe and potentially irreversible changes to the climate, essentially baking our planet and ourselves with carbon dioxide.","_input_hash":-825014761,"_task_hash":-787524286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"From the Camp Fire, a devastating California wildfire that was exacerbated by dry, hot weather, to Hurricane Michael, a storm that rapidly intensified due to increased sea temperatures, climate change is here.\r\n","_input_hash":-932401617,"_task_hash":-853093057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When you consider that the same IPCC report outlined that the vast majority of global greenhouse gas emissions come from just a handful of corporations \u2014 aided and abetted by the world\u2019s most powerful governments, including the US \u2014 it\u2019s victim blaming, plain and simple.\r\n","_input_hash":212859458,"_task_hash":796960153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And that that blame paves the road to apathy, which can really seal our doom.\r\n","_input_hash":2029722302,"_task_hash":-409603181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"rising sea levels, melting ice caps, acidifying oceans.","_input_hash":-1320963956,"_task_hash":-1689488722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Renowned shame researcher Bren\u00e9 Brown describes shame as the \u201cintensely painful feeling or experience of believing that we are flawed and therefore unworthy of love or belonging.\u201d","_input_hash":-1951035756,"_task_hash":-2000154473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is not to be confused with guilt, which can actually be useful because it holds our behavior against our values and forces us to feel psychological discomfort.","_input_hash":1266394889,"_task_hash":727486802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The United States is responsible for more than a third of the carbon pollution that has warmed our planet today \u2014 more than any other single nation.\r\n","_input_hash":658951303,"_task_hash":-396497339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So for us as Americans to say that our personal actions are too frivolous to matter when people died in Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, a country whose carbon footprint is barely visible next to ours, is moral bankruptcy of the highest order.\r\n","_input_hash":2023603438,"_task_hash":1155838065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So understanding the effect of warming temperatures on urban rat populations is exceedingly difficult.","_input_hash":1064019878,"_task_hash":-1297462860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Another is whether they believe calling will lead to a response from the city.","_input_hash":-239854687,"_task_hash":1627332809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If a city floods more often as a result of climate change, for instance, waste management systems are more likely to falter, and more garbage winds up in the streets.","_input_hash":-1971461095,"_task_hash":2139308176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cRats are going to capitalize on chaos [and] climate change guarantees unpredictable events,\u201d she said.\r\n","_input_hash":2131109161,"_task_hash":-1519119255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The results show that while 80% of the largest companies expect climate change to result in major changes including extreme weather patterns, some firms have not yet studied the issue closely.\r\n","_input_hash":-812997923,"_task_hash":-687767474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial services companies reported the largest costs (including to their clients) and opportunities, a trend that Bartlett attributed to increased awareness caused by scrutiny from regulators and stakeholders.\r\n","_input_hash":-1991708923,"_task_hash":-1620546349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rising rivers continue to flood fields, inundate homes and threaten aging levees from Iowa to Mississippi.\r\n","_input_hash":1222692058,"_task_hash":1299369848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while none of these events can be directly attributed to climate change, extreme rains are happening more frequently in many parts of the U.S. and that trend is expected to continue as the Earth continues to warm.\r\n","_input_hash":-422307338,"_task_hash":299608117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All of them said they believed that the climate was changing, even if they didn't directly associate the raining and floods with it or agree on the cause.","_input_hash":783045119,"_task_hash":-438470110,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That aligns with recent polling by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and George Mason University, which shows that more Americans are becoming concerned about global warming and believe in its existence, while a smaller majority understand that it's mostly human-caused.\r\n","_input_hash":2104697290,"_task_hash":-1226418216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate scientists and communicators in the largely conservative central Plains still see the ongoing flooding as an opportunity, though.\r\n","_input_hash":-636340502,"_task_hash":-503154598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That doesn't necessarily mean you need to convince people about the causes of climate change, he says.","_input_hash":1548863204,"_task_hash":-292444011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme rains and flooding events are expected to be more common and more severe in America's heartland, according to the most recent National Climate Assessment.\r\n","_input_hash":-408943175,"_task_hash":-1901320893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"I don't know what causes it,\" he says.","_input_hash":-722110673,"_task_hash":-638120180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"But all I know is that we're dealing with a historic flood, and now, in my mind, I'm going to be prepared for this unprecedented event to happen now more often.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1121654598,"_task_hash":327291900,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But a possible combination of climate change, pollution from fertilizers, and ocean flows and currents carrying the algae mats to the Caribbean has caused the problem to explode.\r\n","_input_hash":-522130711,"_task_hash":-425524038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"This is one of the biggest challenges that climate change has caused for the world,\" said the government of Mexico's resort-studded coastal state of Quintana Roo.","_input_hash":-1624545799,"_task_hash":1114031584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Chuanmin Hu, a professor of oceanography at South Florida University's College of Marine Science, says the sargassum mats appear to be the result of increased nutrient flows and ocean water upwelling that brings nutrients up from the bottom.","_input_hash":484792433,"_task_hash":1942622827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Because of global climate change we may have increased upwelling, increased air deposition, or increased nutrient source from rivers, so all three may have increased the recent large amounts of sargassum,\" said Dr. Hu.\r\n","_input_hash":1110348267,"_task_hash":-1146336408,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While he says additional research is needed before definitively linking it all to human activity, he pointed to evidence of \"increased use of fertilizer and increased deforestation\" as possible culprits, at least as far as the Amazon is concerned.\r\n","_input_hash":-1317929740,"_task_hash":-1128400494,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fletcher maintains there are lots of opportunities for a little courage that will make solving the climate change problem possible.","_input_hash":-1135737927,"_task_hash":-880478229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When faced with extreme weather incidents, whether its flooding, hurricanes, wildfires or severe thunderstorms, it can be challenging to pinpoint the human toll as a result of global climate change.","_input_hash":346947791,"_task_hash":-552610078,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A new study in the journal Science Advances, however, attempts to put some hard numbers on the crisis by extrapolating out how many residents in U.S. cities would die from heat-related causes should temperatures continue to increase.\r\n","_input_hash":1542975631,"_task_hash":1608047473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If average temperatures rise by 3 degrees Celsius, or 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial temperatures, during any one particularly hot year, New York City can expect 5,800 people to die from heat.","_input_hash":880619949,"_task_hash":587364100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even San Francisco, of where it's been said \"The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco,\" could see 328 heat-related deaths.","_input_hash":-131246175,"_task_hash":2839834,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But according to the models, if warming was limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius, the goal set forth in the Paris Climate Agreement, it would save upwards of 2,720 lives during years experiencing extreme heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-455191962,"_task_hash":1999265814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cReducing emissions would lead to a smaller increase in heat-related deaths, assuming no additional actions to adapt to higher temperatures,\u201d co-author Kristie Ebi of the University of Washington tells Oliver Milman at The Guardian.","_input_hash":835938380,"_task_hash":-101182250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, is affecting our health, our economy and our ecosystems.","_input_hash":802037428,"_task_hash":1135877859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This study adds to the body of evidence of the harms that could come without rapid and significant reductions in our greenhouse gas emissions.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1626880781,"_task_hash":1793417889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Berwyn reports that calculating potential heat-related mortality for other cities around the world is difficult since reliable health data is unavailable.","_input_hash":532255259,"_task_hash":-630660223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While thousands of heat-related deaths in American cities is attention grabbing, they pale in comparison to the impacts that may already be occurring due to climate change.","_input_hash":528675757,"_task_hash":-162747551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A report from the Lancet released late last year found that in 2017 alone 153 billion work hours were lost due to extreme heat and hundreds of millions of vulnerable people experienced heat waves.","_input_hash":34077478,"_task_hash":330590187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in heat and rainfall have caused diseases transmitted by mosquitoes or water to become 10 percent more infectious than they were in 1950.","_input_hash":-1818039442,"_task_hash":-521059368,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same factors are damaging crops and reducing their overall nutrition, leading to the three straight years of rising global hunger after decades of improvements.","_input_hash":-1546021532,"_task_hash":-1436269618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impacts on health aren\u2019t all caused by heat and weather disruption either.","_input_hash":1736013931,"_task_hash":1248391500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The World Health Organziation released a report last year showing fossil fuel pollution currently causes more than a million preventable deaths annually and contributes to countless cases of asthma, lung disease, heart disease and stroke.","_input_hash":1595559313,"_task_hash":-1098989084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the study, the improved health benefits of moving to cleaner energy would double the costs of cutting those emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1186786163,"_task_hash":365799634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Berwyn reports that deaths from extreme heat, especially in the United States, are preventable, since heat waves can be forecast and mitigated.","_input_hash":-796683977,"_task_hash":31676297,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And in the Global South, which will bear the brunt of the heat, urgent action is needed to help city dwellers prepare for a future full of record breaking temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-111961538,"_task_hash":-1901227796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms Warren was concerned about the repercussions for middle-class Americans, especially women, who would have a harder time filing for bankruptcy as a result of the bill.","_input_hash":-987917610,"_task_hash":1287592807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Breakthrough says the IPCC is not paying enough attention to processes that can lead \u201cto system feedbacks, compound extreme events, and abrupt and/or irreversible changes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-774827160,"_task_hash":32382739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Investor concerns over climate risk have risen sharply in parallel with an upsurge in climate activism in many countries as the heat waves, droughts, wildfires and super-storms fueled by climate change have become harder to ignore.\r\n","_input_hash":-765525364,"_task_hash":-2030336527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In April, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney and Francois Villeroy de Galhau, head of the French central bank, warned of the risk of a climate-driven \u201cMinsky moment\u201d \u2013 a sudden collapse in asset prices - unless business embraced greater disclosure.\r\n","_input_hash":-603206514,"_task_hash":412173908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"GDP does not account for so-called \"external\" economic effects such as the health costs of air pollution from burning fossil fuels, so the savings from mitigating global warming could be even higher.\r\n","_input_hash":464693165,"_task_hash":207847878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among the new assumptions in the study are that adverse weather effects from global warming, such as flooding, don't just affect the economy in a given year.","_input_hash":16424767,"_task_hash":-2127533874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Storms such as Hurricanes Andrew, Irma, and Katrina exemplify how major weather events magnified by global warming can have long-lasting effects on the economy.\r\n","_input_hash":-548410862,"_task_hash":-604092357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a counterpoint to the article other researchers note that savings from increasing energy efficiency and expansion of renewables is also not baked into the GDP numbers.","_input_hash":-172121516,"_task_hash":-1908106610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An increasing body of research finds people's beliefs about climate change can be changed by big disasters, like the current flooding across America's heartland.\r\n","_input_hash":-1774839785,"_task_hash":1793744518,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heavy rains, record floods and extreme weather in the Central U.S. this spring are the kinds of events expected to become more common with climate change.","_input_hash":-150139027,"_task_hash":641220100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And what our broader research question is - how communities rebuild after a climate-related disaster.\r\n","_input_hash":-2007960349,"_task_hash":-267106160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There seems to be indications of some changes in the climate, and I don't know what causes it.","_input_hash":-1991279388,"_task_hash":1732356832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increase is being fuelled by the continued burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests, and will be particularly high in 2019 due to an expected return towards El Ni\u00f1o-like conditions.","_input_hash":1639365712,"_task_hash":-275251925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This natural climate variation causes warm and dry conditions in the tropics, meaning the plant growth that removes CO2 from the air is restricted.\r\n","_input_hash":1156070058,"_task_hash":-2059068674,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the past four years have been the hottest on record and global emissions are rising again after a brief pause.\r\n","_input_hash":753505775,"_task_hash":-398194155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He said cuts in fossil fuel use, deforestation and emissions from livestock were needed: \u201c","_input_hash":-1563654290,"_task_hash":-325635008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That would put it among the highest annual rises in the 62 years since good records began.\r\n","_input_hash":-899854720,"_task_hash":-264457074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only years with strong El Ni\u00f1o events, 1998 and 2016, are likely to be higher.","_input_hash":1470885250,"_task_hash":-1336076327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An El Ni\u00f1o event occurs when the tropical Pacific swings into a warm phase, causing many regions to have warmer and drier weather.","_input_hash":-906267338,"_task_hash":-145252653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The level of CO2 in the atmosphere before the industrial revolution sparked the large-scale burning of coal, oil and gas was 280ppm.\r\n","_input_hash":-1760329042,"_task_hash":-1551586601,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We can only hope their faltering in 2019 is just a short-term blip, as without their help any chance of a safer climate future will turn to dust.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1112794717,"_task_hash":-802185455,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Prof Jos Barlow, also at Lancaster University, said the rising destruction of forests is serious concern: \u201cThis has been a particularly bad year.","_input_hash":-1490370469,"_task_hash":1605215304,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon increased to around 8,000 square kilometres in 2018, which is equivalent to losing a football pitch of forest every 30 seconds.","_input_hash":-2108764696,"_task_hash":192755191,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There are also worrying signs that deforestation is occurring at a faster rate in other Amazonian countries, such as Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2036359274,"_task_hash":49589732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea level change compared with a 20th-century average, inches\r\n","_input_hash":1422542632,"_task_hash":-1663432172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Higher\r\n2000198019601940192019001880\r\nSea level change compared with a 20th-century average, inches\r\n","_input_hash":-1108981,"_task_hash":-1249215757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cGreenhouse gases like carbon amplify the amount of excess heat left over because they prevent heat energy from releasing from Earth\u2019s system,\u201d says oceanographer Tim Boyer of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.\r\n","_input_hash":-1037880823,"_task_hash":-1379653548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sea surface temperatures over the last several decades reflect such warming, but are also sensitive to weather events like hurricanes and El Nino.","_input_hash":-1422610779,"_task_hash":385924683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Along with the warm air itself, the heat absorbed by the oceans melts ice in the polar regions, releasing fresh water that accounts for more than half of all sea level rise; the rest is attributed to the expansion of seawater as it warms.","_input_hash":1333642744,"_task_hash":145088140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis has obvious effects on coastal area flooding and real estate,\u201d says NOAA oceanographer Andrew Allegra, as well as implications for marine life.\r\n","_input_hash":-178167829,"_task_hash":1696250093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The oceans don't just soak up excess heat from the atmosphere; they also absorb excess carbon dioxide, which is changing the chemistry of seawater, making it more acidic.","_input_hash":1129992869,"_task_hash":-103348941,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cOcean acidification is one simple and inescapable consequence of rising atmospheric CO2 that is both predictable and impossible to attribute to any other cause,\u201d says oceanographer John Dore of Montana State University.\r\n","_input_hash":1759164217,"_task_hash":-701095719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There had been an unusually warm spell that winter.","_input_hash":933189054,"_task_hash":1350466257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These events led to unexpected issues.","_input_hash":1095892887,"_task_hash":-1671268935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat and damp increased the spread of diseases.","_input_hash":1246781551,"_task_hash":682998231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"It was a real warning that you don't need to wait for a big shock like a heat wave or a drought.","_input_hash":369036238,"_task_hash":-339257437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But in a poor country, such a huge drop in crop yields could worsen poverty, or even bring on starvation.\r\n","_input_hash":-691748355,"_task_hash":-210134940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They might even expect more extreme weather, such as hurricanes or wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1624055066,"_task_hash":1026210425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Deadly summer heat will get worse as the globe warms, so putting the brakes on climate change by reducing carbon emissions will literally be a lifesaver for thousands of Americans, a new study suggests.\r\n","_input_hash":231779013,"_task_hash":-537124934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Hundreds to thousands of heat-related deaths could be avoided per U.S. city per year during extremely hot years if the U.S. and other nations increase climate action,\" said study lead author Eunice Lo, a researcher at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom.\r\n","_input_hash":-2001983100,"_task_hash":-156607482,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAs temperatures rise, exposure of major U.S. cities to extreme heat will increase and more heat-related deaths will occur.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1425930377,"_task_hash":-133168219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study said that limiting warming could avoid up to 2,720 annual heat-related deaths during extreme heat-events, depending on the city.","_input_hash":-1788592990,"_task_hash":-1624219426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"New York City and Los Angeles are projected to see the most deaths associated with extreme heat as the planet warms.","_input_hash":1849020600,"_task_hash":-622025209,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"If we look at deaths avoided per 100,000 people,\" Lo added, \"Miami and Detroit would have the highest numbers of heat-related deaths avoided among the 15 cities that we studied.\"\r\n","_input_hash":179196757,"_task_hash":727791759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Limiting global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius avoids between about 70 and 1,980 extreme heat-related deaths per city.","_input_hash":-21380788,"_task_hash":1023799879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even more heat related deaths \u2014 between about 110 and 2,720 \u2014 can be avoided by achieving the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold.\r\n","_input_hash":1141382315,"_task_hash":-75479476,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAll heat-related deaths are potentially preventable,\u201d said study co-author Kristie L. Ebi, a professor and researcher at the University of Washington.\r\n","_input_hash":1890013243,"_task_hash":1394177584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Black and Hispanic people are disproportionately exposed to air pollution caused mainly by the consumer behaviours of white people in the US, according to a new study.","_input_hash":770064469,"_task_hash":-314489334,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Researchers call this \u201cpollution inequity\u201d (inequity is about unfair, avoidable differences and so it\u2019s different to inequality which can simply describe uneven results).\r\n","_input_hash":-1564090242,"_task_hash":-660977242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution exposure matters; it is the largest environmental health risk factor in the US, adding up to about 100,00 deaths each year.","_input_hash":-977262174,"_task_hash":1497786213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many analyses of environmental impact will concentrate on who inhales pollution (poorer communities, often located near coal-fired power plants) or else emitters (the power plants or factories themselves) rather than looking at the individual consumers who demand the products that result in the emissions.","_input_hash":-351577738,"_task_hash":1090345117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The team found that white people and those of other races experience about 17% less air pollution exposure than is caused by their consumption.","_input_hash":392931564,"_task_hash":1974301996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The particles can cause cardiovascular problems, aggravate pre-existing conditions like asthma and increase mortality from things such as cancer, strokes and heart disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-1190865729,"_task_hash":368002403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Carbon emissions from the global energy industry last year rose at the fastest rate in almost a decade after extreme weather and surprise swings in global temperatures stoked extra demand for fossil fuels.\r\n","_input_hash":154744748,"_task_hash":1908961937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The recorded temperature swings \u2013 days which are much hotter or colder than normal \u2013 helped drive the world\u2019s biggest jump in gas consumption for more than 30 years.\r\n","_input_hash":1843307307,"_task_hash":-386170262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They also resulted in a second consecutive annual increase for coal use, reversing three years of decline earlier this decade.\r\n","_input_hash":-2087970832,"_task_hash":-326590806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Carbon emissions climbed by 2% in 2018, faster than any year since 2011, because the demand for energy easily outstripped the rapid rollout of renewable energy.\r\n","_input_hash":-1433531359,"_task_hash":518134367,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dale said the increase in the number of extreme weather events and increasing demand for energy could be a vicious cycle.","_input_hash":1602292300,"_task_hash":-1550269829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf there is a link between the growing levels of carbon in the atmosphere and the types of weather patterns observed in 2018 this would raise the possibility of a worrying vicious cycle: increasing levels of carbon leading to more extreme weather patterns, which in turn trigger stronger growth in energy (and carbon emissions) as households and businesses seek to offset their effects\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1289077196,"_task_hash":-1039925228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Public concern over the global climate breakdown has grown significantly in recent months, driven by factors ranging from the protests led by the teenage activist Greta Thunberg to the Extinction Rebellion action, which brought parts of central London to a standstill.\r\n","_input_hash":-1813875730,"_task_hash":-1467485046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAt a time when society is increasingly concerned about climate change and the need for action, energy demand and emissions are growing at their fastest rate for years,\u201d Dale said.\r\n","_input_hash":2125447058,"_task_hash":2062347214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Two-thirds of the world\u2019s energy demand increase was due to higher demand in China, India and the US which was in part due to industrial demand, as well as the \u201cweather effect\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-1118762753,"_task_hash":465964275,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This was spurred by an \u201coutsized\u201d energy appetite in the US which recorded the highest number of days with hotter or colder than average days since the 1950s.\r\n","_input_hash":-1359631441,"_task_hash":1879545622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combined number of particularly hot and cold days was unusually high in the US, China and Russia where the use of fossil fuels remains high.\r\n","_input_hash":392854175,"_task_hash":-1233188192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The US shale heartlands helped to meet its rising energy demand with the biggest ever annual increase in oil and gas production for any country.\r\n","_input_hash":722405888,"_task_hash":453613432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Simultaneous heat waves scorched land areas all over the Northern Hemisphere last summer, killing hundreds and hospitalizing thousands while intensifying destructive and deadly wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1756979083,"_task_hash":-1392461783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published this week in the journal Earth\u2019s Future concludes that this heat wave epidemic \u201cwould not have occurred without human-induced climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1298549913,"_task_hash":-1291893774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"signs record-setting heat waves are beginning anew this summer \u2014 signaling, perhaps, that these exceptional and widespread heat spells are now the norm.\r\n","_input_hash":-1221267959,"_task_hash":-1952545111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the past few days, blistering, abnormal heat has afflicted several parts of the Northern Hemisphere, including major population centers.\r\n","_input_hash":-323487395,"_task_hash":664258104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A heat wave in Japan at the end of the May set scores of records, including the country\u2019s highest temperature ever recorded in the month (103.1 degrees, or 39.5 Celsius).","_input_hash":-1072410988,"_task_hash":667747919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The oppressive conditions were blamed for five deaths and nearly 600 hospitalizations.\r\n","_input_hash":1167894130,"_task_hash":1180898178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While some scientists hesitate to attribute individual heat spells to climate change, Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at the University of California at Los Angeles, tweeted that his research suggests that we\u2019ve \u201creached the point where a majority (perhaps a vast majority) of unprecedented extreme heat events globally have a detectable human influence.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1558043323,"_task_hash":1294449675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Last summer, exceptional heat affected 22 percent of the populated and agricultural areas of the Northern Hemisphere between the months of May and July, the Earth\u2019s Future study said.","_input_hash":-501610895,"_task_hash":-744406262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It remains to be seen whether heat waves this summer become as pervasive and intense as last summer.","_input_hash":508932294,"_task_hash":518730752,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That said, the Earth\u2019s Future study concluded we\u2019ve entered \u201ca new climate regime,\u201d featuring \u201cextraordinary\u201d heat waves on a scale and ferocity not seen before.\r\n","_input_hash":-1196300340,"_task_hash":-1348852770,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study\u2019s modeling analysis, conducted by researchers in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, found heat events like last summer\u2019s do \u201cnot occur in historical simulations\u201d and \u201cwere unprecedented prior to 2010.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1424696117,"_task_hash":-1803757144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the climate warms, the study projects that the area affected by heat waves like last summer\u2019s will increase 16 percent for every 1.8 degrees (1 Celsius) of warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-1603089704,"_task_hash":-506408136,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat events like those last summer are predicted to occur two every three years for global warming of 2.7 degrees (1.5 Celsius) and every year for warming of 3.6 degrees (2 Celsius).\r\n","_input_hash":-1460083213,"_task_hash":2091879080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last week, a study in the journal Science Advances found that keeping warming to 2.7 degrees (1.5 Celsius), compared with 5.4 degrees (3 Celsius), could avoid between 110 and 2,720 heat-related deaths annually in 15 different U.S. cities.\r\n","_input_hash":-696916707,"_task_hash":1911384458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cA strong reduction in fossil fuel emissions is paramount to reduce the risks of unprecedented global-scale heat-wave impacts,\u201d the Earth\u2019s Future study concluded.","_input_hash":-959024088,"_task_hash":1339310234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the political process has a long history of misinformation and popular misperceptions, misinformation on social media has caused widespread alarm in recent years (Flynn et al.","_input_hash":42390403,"_task_hash":1473143044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many argue that false stories played a major role in the 2016 election (for example, Parkinson 2016; Gunther et al. 2018), and in the ongoing political divisions and crises that have followed it (for example, Spohr 2017; Azzimonti and Fernandes 2018).","_input_hash":-1484534476,"_task_hash":-32960544,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On March 11, 2011, there was a large nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan.","_input_hash":875709949,"_task_hash":-605762182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects\r\n","_input_hash":-1127788127,"_task_hash":1018893684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Alternatively, students may point out that the post provides\r\nno proof that the picture was taken near the power plant or that nuclear radiation caused the\r\ndaisies\u2019 unusual growth.\r\n","_input_hash":-1631803913,"_task_hash":-1577983101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Although this student argues that the post does not provide strong evidence, she still accepts the photo as evidence and simply wants more evidence about other damage caused by the radiation.\r\n","_input_hash":239974048,"_task_hash":-1165040749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"No, this photo does not provide strong evidence because it only shows a small portion of the damage and effects caused by the nuclear disaster.\r\n","_input_hash":892075505,"_task_hash":-1849774249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Camp Lejeune, the largest Marine Corp base on the East Coast, and Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida were each devastated by hurricanes.","_input_hash":1913494350,"_task_hash":911745519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Congress awarded both bases nearly $3 billion in disaster aid last week, but another hurricane season looms without a serious reckoning from the Pentagon as to how to cope with the menace from the storms.\r\n","_input_hash":1412385540,"_task_hash":-1567144393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unless the Pentagon gains some urgency, the drumbeat of criticism from independent watchdogs like GAO will keep coming.","_input_hash":-1554517563,"_task_hash":-2005413947,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s well-known that one of the consequences of climate change will be a greater prevalence of extreme weather events around the planet,\u201d he allowed, before quickly adding, \u201cPointing at any one incident and saying, \u2018This is because of that\u2019 is neither helpful nor entirely accurate.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1647539937,"_task_hash":1788407830,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even Green Party Leader Elizabeth May said \u201cno credible climate scientist\u201d would draw a neat cause-and-effect link between climate change and the Fort Mac fire.","_input_hash":-191562643,"_task_hash":2043804439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During severe flooding in Eastern Canada this spring, for instance, Trudeau didn\u2019t hesitate to raise the alarm about climate change.","_input_hash":-1958961995,"_task_hash":1313384228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cYes, climate change is real,\u201d said MP Will Amos, whose Quebec riding, on the Ottawa River, was hit badly by the floods.","_input_hash":145546186,"_task_hash":1805048757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale, the senior voice from Western Canada in Trudeau\u2019s cabinet, linked global warming to the floods, as well as fires on Prairie grasslands and in boreal forests.","_input_hash":-2103675562,"_task_hash":1160243272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The shift from pussyfooting around how climate change leads to more extreme weather events to talking about it so forcefully hasn\u2019t happened by chance.","_input_hash":-1271451883,"_task_hash":-1454002603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The challenge they faced was that climate is so complicated that teasing out a single cause for, say, a flood or a fire is impossible.","_input_hash":1142135969,"_task_hash":685668773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The watershed report was published by researchers from the University of Oxford in 2004, explaining how global warming caused by humans had at least doubled the risk of the heat wave that baked Europe the previous year.\r\n","_input_hash":-971819746,"_task_hash":-2101418823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They concluded that the extreme summer temperatures behind those fires were made more than 20 times more likely by human-caused climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":687375733,"_task_hash":-970458860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to a poll released early this year by the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research and the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago, fully 74 per cent of Americans say their opinion of climate change has been influenced over the past five years by extreme weather.","_input_hash":1865376980,"_task_hash":-926548600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re likely to experience more extreme weather in Canada before the [fall 2019 federal] election, and that may prime the issue in the minds of voters.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1661127590,"_task_hash":1869093701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But maybe successive years of fire and flood and weird weather will turn out to matter where solid science and innovative policy proposals failed.","_input_hash":764118380,"_task_hash":-440073054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But there\u2019s something lurking beneath Greenland\u2019s icy surface that Trump may want to know about: toxic nuclear waste, left over from the Cold War, that may be exposed by climate change that is melting ice at a rapid rate.\r\n","_input_hash":-1788753745,"_task_hash":902224785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More specifically, Carper asked the GAO to \u201cidentify and address any risks these sites face from climate change.\u201d","_input_hash":-942412008,"_task_hash":-1147486060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Camp Century is a case study for understanding the political fallout of the additional effects of climate change.","_input_hash":-864315553,"_task_hash":594922847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are secondary environmental problems \u2014 such as damage to infrastructure or the release of chemicals or waste housed on site \u2014 that can manifest when temperatures and sea levels rise.","_input_hash":-1741578869,"_task_hash":-1412662149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Chemical releases after Hurricane Harvey in 2017 were a good example of such knock-on effects.\r\n","_input_hash":622116813,"_task_hash":1485882664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The environmental effects of climate change will affect the politics of various military sites around the world \u2014 not just those in the Arctic.","_input_hash":-221847792,"_task_hash":-853698839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 2017 GAO report noted the U.S. military is not doing enough to address the problems that climate change is expected to cause at military bases.\r\n","_input_hash":-2132371050,"_task_hash":-993971262,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last summer\u2019s unprecedented northern-hemisphere heatwave \u201ccould not have occurred without human-induced climate change\u201d, a new study concludes.\r\n","_input_hash":1200312608,"_task_hash":-1323539312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists are \u201cvirtually certain\u201d that the three-month event \u2013 which saw temperature records broken from Belfast to Montreal and wildfires in places such as the Arctic circle, Greece and California \u2013 could not have happened in a world without human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":-2104506674,"_task_hash":191565591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study also finds that summer heatwaves on the scale of that seen in 2018 could occur every year if global temperatures reach 2C above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":855218933,"_task_hash":1419645133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If global warming is limited to 1.5C \u2013 the international aspirational limit \u2013 such heatwaves could occur in two of every three years.\r\n","_input_hash":981077836,"_task_hash":910498923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The findings mirror recent research suggesting that the extreme heat seen in Japan in 2018, in which more than 1,000 people died, could not have occurred without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1529685805,"_task_hash":-1922764885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Last summer\u2019s unprecedented northern-hemisphere heatwave dominated frontpages.","_input_hash":-35466445,"_task_hash":1672830096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The extreme heat lasted for months and broke temperature records simultaneously across North America, Europe and Asia.\r\n","_input_hash":-1400285852,"_task_hash":-52104737,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among its impacts, the heatwave caused crop failures across Europe, fanned wildfires from Manchester in the UK to Yosemite National Park in the US and exposed more than 34,000 people to power outages in Los Angeles as the grid experienced an unprecedented demand for air conditioning.\r\n","_input_hash":-2093592894,"_task_hash":906502819,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the heat continued to wreak havoc at the end of July, scientists released a rapid assessment finding that climate change made the hot conditions seen in Europe up to five times more likely to occur.\r\n","_input_hash":628602400,"_task_hash":39044851,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This was followed later by preliminary analysis from the UK\u2019s Met Office in December which found that the heat experienced by the UK was made up to 30 times more likely by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":2075897195,"_task_hash":-1200635793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And, in May, a study found that the heatwave in Japan \u2013 one of the worst affected countries \u2013 could not have happened at all without human-caused global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1764536273,"_task_hash":-391756610,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The new paper, published in the journal Earth\u2019s Future, is the first to assess the extent to which climate change could have boosted the odds of a heatwave on the same scale of that seen in 2018 across the entire northern hemisphere.\r\n","_input_hash":-1854823245,"_task_hash":-511223694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The results reveal that last summer\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave was \u201cextraordinary\u201d, says study lead author Dr Martha Vogel, a climate extremes researcher from ETH Zurich.","_input_hash":-1039553380,"_task_hash":-2066409887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe find these 2018 northern-hemispheric concurrent heat events could not have occurred without human-induced climate change.","_input_hash":2101431123,"_task_hash":809355265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"heatwave.\r\n","_input_hash":225481567,"_task_hash":-1776908464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers then used climate models to study how often heatwaves on this scale are expected to happen in today\u2019s world and in a hypothetical world without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-2057760282,"_task_hash":630217008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers then studied the simulations to see how often heatwaves on the same scale to that seen in 2018 occur under the various climate conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":227061188,"_task_hash":67591929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The findings show that heatwaves on the same scale as that seen in 2018 have around a one-in-six chance of occurring in today\u2019s climate.","_input_hash":1772761212,"_task_hash":643448806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In contrast, in the simulations from 1955-88, such heatwaves had no chance of occuring.\r\n","_input_hash":1245678596,"_task_hash":-1971267501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This led the researchers to conclude that it is \u201cvirtually certain\u201d that the 2018 northern-hemisphere heatwave could not have happened without climate change.","_input_hash":242794852,"_task_hash":-206505813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Vogel explains:\r\n\u201c\u2018Virtually certain\u2019 means that the probability that the event could have only occurred due to climate change is more than 99%.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1216580405,"_task_hash":1841571231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The researchers also used climate models to make projections about the likelihood of heatwaves on the same scale as 2018 or larger occurring under a range of temperature scenarios.\r\n","_input_hash":752364986,"_task_hash":981813451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that, if global temperatures are limited to 1.5C, such heatwaves could occur in around two of every three years \u2013 or a 65% probability of occurring in any one year.","_input_hash":1845579074,"_task_hash":-356552500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If temperatures reach 2C, such heatwaves could occur every year (97% probability).\r\n","_input_hash":2089735332,"_task_hash":1352849321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is demonstrated on the charts below, which show the probability of heatwaves on the same spatial scale to that seen in 2018 or larger occurring in the northern hemisphere under 1.5C (top) and 2C (bottom).","_input_hash":2117862095,"_task_hash":-23945517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The probability, in a given year, of heatwaves on the same spatial scale to that seen in 2018 or larger occurring in the northern hemisphere under 1.5C (top) and 2C (bottom) of global warming.","_input_hash":-98262022,"_task_hash":-601864116,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIf heatwaves occur in densely populated regions, this will have strong impacts on human health \u2013 particularly in regions where the expanding concurrent hot-days area is compounded by population increases.","_input_hash":75458650,"_task_hash":1518576190,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hence, strong mitigation efforts are required to avoid future simultaneous heat-related impacts.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1294114807,"_task_hash":-999123023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The research represents \u201can important\u201d step forward in our understanding of how climate change impacted last year\u2019s northern-hemisphere heatwave, says Prof Peter Stott, a leading attribution scientist from the Met Office Hadley Centre, who was not involved in the study.","_input_hash":1031791096,"_task_hash":-1546076945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe authors come to the striking conclusion that we have entered a new climate regime in which the occurrence of extraordinary global-scale heatwaves cannot be explained without human-induced climate change.","_input_hash":-247278149,"_task_hash":2098590787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This finding is consistent with many other studies also reporting a rapidly escalating risk of such hot extremes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2063337157,"_task_hash":1270772361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Concurrent 2018 hot extremes across Northern Hemisphere due to human-induced climate change, Earth\u2019s Future, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001189","_input_hash":579174596,"_task_hash":663919606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHis allergy attack was so bad, he couldn\u2019t breathe.","_input_hash":-2029926739,"_task_hash":-1015559638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Autrey and her family weren\u2019t the only ones inundated by pollen this year.","_input_hash":1894054825,"_task_hash":-865278614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Contributors to YCC partner ISeeChange in Virginia and New York City also complained of a worse-than-usual allergy season.","_input_hash":-743284865,"_task_hash":935766985,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the future, climate change is likely to make allergy season even worse.","_input_hash":-1026146830,"_task_hash":1238368883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma attacks are the most common allergy-related reason a child ends up in the emergency room, said Ari Bernstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and the co-director of Harvard\u2019s Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment.\r\n","_input_hash":-2140717101,"_task_hash":-317361203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some 35,000 to 60,000 U.S. emergency department visits for asthma each year may be linked to oak, birch, and grass pollen, according to a study published in January 2019.","_input_hash":-1330075722,"_task_hash":-54842996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among asthma-related emergency departments visits that could be linked to allergies from oak, birch, and grass, children accounted for two-thirds of the patients, the same study found.\r\n","_input_hash":162383761,"_task_hash":-1176512085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Pine pollen is not typically an allergen, said Robert Bardon, the associate dean of extension at North Carolina State University, but it is an indicator of other pollen that does cause allergies.\r\n","_input_hash":1793241520,"_task_hash":-879363391,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Among hardwood trees, birch, oak, elm, maple, ash, alder, and hazel are common allergy culprits.\r\n","_input_hash":-1193503453,"_task_hash":1243524443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With increased chances for exposure comes increased likelihood for allergies, and Neumann said data shows that pollen-related emergency department visits are already increasing.\r\n","_input_hash":1481826553,"_task_hash":-2052450122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sheffield said that despite the increase in asthma visits, she doesn\u2019t expect worsening allergy seasons to burden health care too much overall.","_input_hash":-205662809,"_task_hash":-62920803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Bernstein said some hospitals could experience crowding issues, particularly if they\u2019re dealing with increases in heat-related illnesses at the same time of the year \u2013 children are also disproportionately impacted by heat stress.\r\n","_input_hash":623276192,"_task_hash":974612549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Asthma already disproportionately impacts low-income and minority communities who traditionally lack access to quality care, and rural hospitals are struggling to stay open.\r\n","_input_hash":293729282,"_task_hash":-1619463026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bernstein said cities can help by reducing urban heat and diesel pollution.","_input_hash":-698715747,"_task_hash":-153783781,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s because urban air quality is poorer on hot days, and diesel exhaust has been shown to make pollen more damaging to peoples\u2019 lungs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1171333022,"_task_hash":-1483502149,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(The latter isn\u2019t a common practice, because female trees produce fruit that can cause a mess.)\r\n","_input_hash":-1819662606,"_task_hash":-1129967135,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And perhaps the biggest way to lessen the growing impact of pollen on health is to reduce the burning of fossil fuels to limit climate change.","_input_hash":-1582719541,"_task_hash":442854232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The sweltering heat in the Bay Area on Monday shattered multiple decades-old records, caused a meltdown of the BART system and left thousands of people without electricity.\r\n","_input_hash":169471927,"_task_hash":782963422,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It got so hot, BART trains experienced major delays systemwide during the evening commute when the heat caused trackway equipment problems.\r\n","_input_hash":91915866,"_task_hash":-282056216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt hasn\u2019t been this hot since the big heat wave of 2017,\u201d said Steve Anderson, a National Weather Service meteorologist.\r\n","_input_hash":-1366765440,"_task_hash":730955119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even coastal locations typically kept cool by the Pacific Ocean breeze were no strangers to heat.","_input_hash":-1029632634,"_task_hash":889924836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than 26,000 residents and businesses throughout the Bay Area lost their power as the heat intensified.\r\n","_input_hash":-1437366207,"_task_hash":1635694048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to numbers released by Pacific Gas & Electric company, 14,642 customers in the East Bay suffered outages, while South Bay cutomers reported 5,067.","_input_hash":2024867368,"_task_hash":-370863396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Blackouts hit 4,281 people in San Francisco, 1,824 on the Peninsula and 634 in the North Bay.\r\n","_input_hash":-330741028,"_task_hash":2101843122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat also warped tracks on BART Monday afternoon, and crews worked to cool down equipment as delays reverberated throughout the system, according to the transit agency.\r\n","_input_hash":1796087682,"_task_hash":1270016250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Bay Area Air Quality Management District issued a spare-the-air alert for Tuesday, with air quality in the region measuring as unhealthy for sensitive groups in the eastern part of the region.\r\n","_input_hash":989341241,"_task_hash":965733808,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Smoke from the Sand Fire in Yolo County, along with other small brush fires burning in Marin and Contra Costa counties could continue to impact air quality.","_input_hash":1118013047,"_task_hash":-1015755831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These experts agree that climate has affected organized armed conflict within countries.","_input_hash":1879984134,"_task_hash":2047085705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Intensifying climate change is estimated to increase future risks of conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":-555044845,"_task_hash":-1658892550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This shift illustrates the overall judgment that, with intensifying climate change, climate is expected to increasingly affect conflict risk (illustrated by greater sensitivity\u2014that is, the upward shift).","_input_hash":1140136682,"_task_hash":411892579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, this effect will increasingly serve to intensify rather than diminish conflict risk (illustrated by the greater increase/decrease ratio\u2014that is, the shift to the right).","_input_hash":228961332,"_task_hash":-1843555638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Two measures are used to characterize elicited judgments about the relationship between factors that drive conflict risk and climate in experiences to date: climate sensitivity and increase/decrease ratio.","_input_hash":-629446192,"_task_hash":-1349603843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For three scenarios (experiences to date and the 2 \u00b0C and 4 \u00b0C warming scenarios), each expert estimated the reduction in climate-related conflict risk that could occur with substantial investments in conflict risk reduction.","_input_hash":2025279478,"_task_hash":75072493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Probability estimates are indicated for substantial decrease in conflict risk, moderate decrease in conflict risk or negligible change.","_input_hash":-436654968,"_task_hash":1153251372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Intensifying climate change will increase the future risk of violent armed conflict within countries, according to a study published today in the journal Nature.","_input_hash":-1833847499,"_task_hash":454315286,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a scenario with 4 degrees Celsius of warming (approximately the path we're on if societies do not substantially reduce emissions of heat-trapping gases), the influence of climate on conflicts would increase more than five times, leaping to a 26% chance of a substantial increase in conflict risk, according to the study.","_input_hash":-1725695547,"_task_hash":1391148473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even in a scenario of 2 degrees Celsius of warming beyond preindustrial levels -- the stated goal of the Paris Climate Agreement\u00ac -- the influence of climate on conflicts would more than double, rising to a 13% chance.\r\n","_input_hash":-463677953,"_task_hash":-1711146793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change-driven extreme weather and related disasters can damage economies, lower farming and livestock production and intensify inequality among social groups.","_input_hash":-362716535,"_task_hash":-1617444121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These factors, when combined with other drivers of conflict, may increase risks of violence.\r\n","_input_hash":-1895264905,"_task_hash":-235208550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Knowing whether environmental or climatic changes are important for explaining conflict has implications for what we can do to reduce the likelihood of future conflict, as well as for how to make well-informed decisions about how aggressively we should mitigate future climate change,\" said Marshall Burke, assistant professor of Earth system science and a co-author on the study.\r\n","_input_hash":916129549,"_task_hash":1241299865,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers disagree intensely as to whether climate plays a role in triggering civil wars and other armed conflicts.","_input_hash":99868453,"_task_hash":2098229240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, they make clear that other factors, such as low socioeconomic development, the strength of government, inequalities in societies, and a recent history of violent conflict have a much heavier impact on conflict within countries.\r\n","_input_hash":-801171265,"_task_hash":52629482,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers don't fully understand how climate affects conflict and under what conditions.","_input_hash":-2089150885,"_task_hash":1590739014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The consequences of future climate change will likely be different from historical climate disruptions because societies will be forced to grapple with unprecedented conditions that go beyond known experience and what they may be capable of adapting to.\r\n","_input_hash":-1993220988,"_task_hash":-671864655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"It is quite likely that over this century, unprecedented climate change is going to have significant impacts on both, but it is extremely hard to anticipate whether the political changes related to climate change will have big effects on armed conflict in turn.","_input_hash":1656769986,"_task_hash":1835312852,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Peacekeeping, conflict mediation and post-conflict aid operations could incorporate climate into their risk reduction strategies by looking at ways climatic hazards may exacerbate violent conflict in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-216447921,"_task_hash":-1658820670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, food export bans following crop failures can increase instability elsewhere.\r\n","_input_hash":910969504,"_task_hash":-1063509948,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rostin Behnam, who sits on the federal government\u2019s five-member Commodity Futures Trading Commission, a powerful agency overseeing major financial markets including grain futures, oil trading and complex derivatives, said in an interview on Monday that the financial risks from climate change were comparable to those posed by the mortgage meltdown that triggered the 2008 financial crisis.\r\n","_input_hash":274322810,"_task_hash":991063160,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf climate change causes more volatile frequent and extreme weather events, you\u2019re going to have a scenario where these large providers of financial products \u2014 mortgages, home insurance, pensions \u2014 cannot shift risk away from their portfolios,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":-1177417684,"_task_hash":-529234119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s abundantly clear that climate change poses financial risk to the stability of the financial system.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1286187493,"_task_hash":-489058474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"His interest in the financial effects of climate change, he said, stems from six years working for Debbie Stabenow, a Michigan Democrat, on the Senate Agriculture Committee.","_input_hash":-1489401416,"_task_hash":-86559247,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mr. Behnam is not the first financial regulator to call attention to the market risks posed by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":2136305267,"_task_hash":-1048265232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Coca-Cola, for instance, has noted in its financial disclosures that water shortages driven by climate change pose a risk to its production chains and profitability, and several insurance companies have put out reports noting the risk to the industry from more frequent extreme weather.\r\n","_input_hash":793740473,"_task_hash":469854258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In January, the California electricity provider Pacific Gas and Electric declared bankruptcy while facing billions of dollars in liability costs related to damages from two years of wildfires.","_input_hash":-1894664289,"_task_hash":1383815676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Experts said that could be an early indicator of a wider economic toll from climate change, which is making wildfires more frequent and destructive.","_input_hash":-1110863113,"_task_hash":-1136381580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe understand that climate change causes a big systemic risk,\u201d said Stefano Giglio, a professor of finance at Yale University who has published studies with the National Bureau of Economic Research on the financial consequences of warming.","_input_hash":390726801,"_task_hash":-650188020,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He has announced that he intends to withdraw the United States from the Paris accord, an agreement among the nations to jointly address climate change, and he has set in motion legal efforts to weaken or undo major Obama-era regulations on planet-warming pollution from power plants and vehicle tailpipes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1321213229,"_task_hash":-270016832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emissions of methane from the industrial sector have been vastly underestimated, researchers from Cornell and Environmental Defense Fund have found.\r\n","_input_hash":1109898942,"_task_hash":1382775997,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Using a Google Street View car equipped with a high-precision methane sensor, the researchers discovered that methane emissions from ammonia fertilizer plants were 100 times higher than the fertilizer industry\u2019s self-reported estimate.","_input_hash":236787132,"_task_hash":332742075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers\u2019 findings are reported in \u201cEstimation of Methane Emissions From the U.S. Ammonia Fertilizer Industry Using a Mobile Sensing Approach,\u201d published May 28 in Elementa.","_input_hash":-622940622,"_task_hash":-699870028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To evaluate methane emissions from downstream industrial sources, the researchers focused on the fertilizer industry, which uses natural gas both as the fuel and one of the main ingredients for ammonia and urea products.","_input_hash":-1832453906,"_task_hash":768715311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For this study, the Google Street View vehicle traveled public roads near six representative fertilizer plants in the country\u2019s midsection to quantify \u201cfugitive methane emissions\u201d \u2013 defined as inadvertent losses of methane to the atmosphere, likely due to incomplete chemical reactions during fertilizer production, incomplete fuel combustion or leaks.\r\n","_input_hash":1916316670,"_task_hash":-527175635,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, this figure far exceeds the EPA\u2019s estimate that all industrial processes in the United States produce only 8 gigagrams of methane emissions per year.\r\n","_input_hash":-806307751,"_task_hash":542772500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)Over 40% of Greenland experienced melting Thursday, with total ice loss estimated to be more than 2 gigatons (equal to 2 billion tons) on just that day alone.\r\n","_input_hash":1693314901,"_task_hash":-1666623349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The sudden spike in melting \"is unusual, but not unprecedented,\" according to Thomas Mote, a research scientist at the University of Georgia who studies Greenland's climate.\r\n","_input_hash":-1379029852,"_task_hash":-1341484343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"It is comparable to some spikes we saw in June of 2012,\" Mote told CNN, referring to the record-setting melt year of 2012 that saw almost the entire ice sheet experience melting for the first time in recorded history.\r\n","_input_hash":767664719,"_task_hash":1019511365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This much melting this early in the summer could be a bad sign, indicating 2019 could once again set records for the amount of Greenland ice loss.\r\n","_input_hash":-1592299909,"_task_hash":1370375022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"These melt events result in a changed surface albedo,\" according to Mote, which will allow more of the mid-summer sun's heat to be absorbed into the ice and melt it.\r\n","_input_hash":-2068838989,"_task_hash":1586427831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to the early-season melt, the snow cover is already lower than average in Western Greenland, and combining these factors means \"2019 is likely going to be a very big melt year, and even the potential to exceed the record melt year of 2012.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1621464711,"_task_hash":637756158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A persistent weather pattern has been setting the stage for the current spike in melting, according to Mote.\r\n","_input_hash":-1715993599,"_task_hash":-1347236566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The high pressure also prevents precipitation from forming and leads to clear, sunny skies.\r\n","_input_hash":-289617534,"_task_hash":-371650882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the past week or two, that high pressure ridge got even stronger as another high pressure front moved in from the eastern United States -- the one that caused the prolonged hot and dry period in the Southeast earlier this month.\r\n","_input_hash":-1857859741,"_task_hash":191086811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If these extreme melt seasons are becoming the new normal, it could have significant ramifications around the globe, especially for sea level rise.\r\n","_input_hash":-1009909130,"_task_hash":1461210914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Greenland has been an increasing contributor to global sea level rise over the past two decades,\" Mote said, \"and surface melting and runoff is a large portion of that.\"","_input_hash":-1569686448,"_task_hash":900271974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is poised to increase the spread of dengue fever, which is common in parts of the world with warmer climates like Brazil and India, a new study warns.\r\n","_input_hash":1213065942,"_task_hash":1264327428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Worldwide each year, there are 100 million cases of dengue infections severe enough to cause symptoms, which may include fever, debilitating joint pain and internal bleeding.","_input_hash":-1814986658,"_task_hash":534696294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There are an estimated 10,000 deaths from dengue \u2014 also nicknamed breakbone fever \u2014 which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that also spread Zika and chikungunya.\r\n","_input_hash":-1652066465,"_task_hash":-167708665,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That increase largely comes from population growth in areas already at high risk for the disease, as well as the expansion of dengue\u2019s","_input_hash":-1640176983,"_task_hash":-1419090282,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Under a moderate warming scenario, 2.25 billion more people could be at risk for dengue fever by 2080.\r\n","_input_hash":-1339567462,"_task_hash":2035412594,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But how much the world warms has a significant impact on the spread of the disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-852099811,"_task_hash":304320929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cFor a healthy individual dengue is an awful experience that you never forget,\u201d said Josh Idjadi, an associate professor at Eastern Connecticut University who contracted dengue fever in French Polynesia.","_input_hash":-1008585939,"_task_hash":-1501022277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"- Climate change poses a threat to peace in countries around the world in the coming decade, according to an annual peace index released on Wednesday that factored in the risk from global warming for the first time.\r\n","_input_hash":-1525402040,"_task_hash":-78351182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nearly a billion people live in areas at high risk from global warming and","_input_hash":-1683791667,"_task_hash":1826422786,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change causes conflict due to competition over diminishing resources and may also threaten livelihoods and force mass migration, it said.\r\n","_input_hash":253328064,"_task_hash":-1416705038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe can actually get a much better idea of which countries are most at risk, what are the types of risk and what would be the level of impact before it leads to a break or an implosion within the country.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1156398575,"_task_hash":-1403670194,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, it remains significantly less peaceful than 10 years ago due to factors including conflicts in the Middle East, a rise in terrorism, and increasing numbers of refugees.\r\n","_input_hash":-139891673,"_task_hash":-636399419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effects of climate change can create a \u201ctipping point\u201d, exacerbating tensions until a breaking point is reached, particularly in countries that are already struggling, said Killelea.\r\n","_input_hash":-92055178,"_task_hash":584816102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe know that environmental degradation and water stress can lead to hunger, famine and displacement, and combined with economic and political instability, can lead to migration and conflict,\u201d said Manish Bapna, managing director of the WRI.\r\n","_input_hash":207027494,"_task_hash":-918005336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It predicts that in the absence of significant progress in efforts to curb emissions of temperature-raising greenhouse gases, extreme heat waves could claim thousands of lives in major U.S. cities.\r\n","_input_hash":-1267924560,"_task_hash":-1190260022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels \u2014 which some scientists say is likely if nations honor only their current commitments for curbing emissions \u2014 a major heat wave could kill almost 6,000 people in New York City.","_input_hash":1218547940,"_task_hash":1798574025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the new research also indicates that if the U.S. and other nations take aggressive steps to limit warming, many of those deaths from extreme heat might be avoided.\r\n","_input_hash":1370090622,"_task_hash":-1414138443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For the research, Lo and her collaborators focused on so-called \u201c1-in-30 events,\u201d severe heat waves that strike every few decades and which pose a major threat to children, older adults, outdoor workers and people living in poverty.","_input_hash":-1363988234,"_task_hash":-1586739961,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves are especially dangerous in urban areas, where paved surfaces and densely packed buildings create super-hot \u201curban heat islands.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":435149424,"_task_hash":1821047139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At 3 degrees of warming, the scientists estimated that a once-in-a-generation heat wave could claim more than 20,000 lives across the 15 cities.","_input_hash":-1923870213,"_task_hash":-1015004169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At 1.5 degrees of warming, more than half of some cities\u2019 projected deaths could be prevented.\r\n","_input_hash":71882585,"_task_hash":909019543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stark as the numbers are, Bernstein said the study might have underestimated the toll taken by heat waves by failing to consider non-fatal heat-related injuries, which send patients to American emergency rooms about 65,000 times each summer.","_input_hash":2136478704,"_task_hash":-1477803629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cities, and humans themselves, could also adapt to higher temperatures over time, resulting in fewer deaths than predicted.\r\n","_input_hash":1395682322,"_task_hash":-1775826683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Shubhayu Saha, a health scientist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Climate and Health Program, declined to comment on the new study, but acknowledged the risk posed by rising temperatures.","_input_hash":-1399027702,"_task_hash":-1885039182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe projections are that the number of deaths and illness will increase in the years to come as the summers become longer and the heat becomes more intense,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-567959018,"_task_hash":-1546478725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the Environmental Protection Agency recommends that cities issue warnings ahead of heat waves, create more green spaces to mitigate the heat island effect and raise awareness about who is most vulnerable to heat-related illness and death.\r\n","_input_hash":-1706884076,"_task_hash":-1721396749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"1 million species under threat of extinction because of humans, new report finds\r\nYour clothes are secretly polluting the environment.","_input_hash":193152523,"_task_hash":1113175933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution has improved dramatically over the past four decades because of federal rules.\r\n","_input_hash":1825941796,"_task_hash":-1587953588,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Estimates of fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5\r\n","_input_hash":1850052839,"_task_hash":-1025245272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By one crucial metric, fine particulate pollution, the United States ranks 10th in air quality.","_input_hash":262841079,"_task_hash":1919329954,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"PM2.5 (because the airborne particles are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, or one-thirtieth the size of a human hair) \u2013 is a byproduct of burning and commonly comes from power plants, car exhaust and wildfires.","_input_hash":-748477164,"_task_hash":-1366486712,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is particularly harmful to human health, causing asthma and respiratory inflammation and increasing the risk for lung cancer, heart attack and stroke.\r\n","_input_hash":-1819665661,"_task_hash":-1545910705,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Particulate matter and other pollution have dramatically decreased over the past 40 years, in large part because of regulations put in place under the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its later updates, experts say.\r\n","_input_hash":-2102093431,"_task_hash":-374942290,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That wide-ranging law gave the Environmental Protection Agency power to regulate pollution from stationary sources (like power plants, chemical factories and gas stations) and mobile ones (like cars, trucks and planes).","_input_hash":-604000881,"_task_hash":1299627550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Deaths related to air pollution fell by about 30 percent between 1990 and 2010, according to a recent study, primarily because of reductions in particulate pollution.","_input_hash":-339926149,"_task_hash":-1573009086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An estimated 100,000 Americans die prematurely each year of illnesses caused or exacerbated by polluted air.\r\n","_input_hash":-243932263,"_task_hash":-1091273630,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many parts of the country, particularly Los Angeles and California\u2019s Central Valley, continue to struggle with ground-level ozone, which forms when other pollutants react in the presence of sunlight and heat.","_input_hash":-1066614989,"_task_hash":44273455,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This type of pollution, also known as smog, can damage the lungs and cause other serious health problems and death.\r\n","_input_hash":1142816889,"_task_hash":918303439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But even people living in areas that meet national standards for fine particulate matter and ozone may experience harm from air pollution.","_input_hash":2052649846,"_task_hash":-831218255,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are still health effects at the lower levels of pollution,\u201d said Beate Ritz, a researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, who studies the public health impacts of air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-569545842,"_task_hash":-1654997677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists are only beginning to understand the broad health impacts of breathing polluted air, she added.\r\n","_input_hash":-1411497239,"_task_hash":-1149737653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change could make air pollution worse.\r\n","_input_hash":-1240707132,"_task_hash":-360409903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Wildfires contributed to higher levels of PM2.5 pollution in the West, while the rise in ozone was attributed to warmer temperatures.","_input_hash":1938505472,"_task_hash":-2026083677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cUnder climate change, we expect air pollution to be worse,\u201d said Jason West, a professor of environmental science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.","_input_hash":-1940348733,"_task_hash":1831701878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But he warned against interpreting the recent spikes in pollution as an indication of broader changes to the country\u2019s air quality trajectory.","_input_hash":1007409665,"_task_hash":-345091374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Two major actions include repealing the Obama-era Clean Power Plan, which sought to slash greenhouse gas emissions and lower pollution from power plants, and rolling back national auto emissions standards.\r\n","_input_hash":-320220030,"_task_hash":-787913605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead of continuing the progress of the past decades, he said, \u201cthere\u2019s a fear we will see air pollution get worse.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":179218230,"_task_hash":352066361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Arctic spring thaw has begun with a bang, with extensive melting of the Greenland ice sheet and sea ice loss that is already several weeks ahead of normal, scientists said.\r\n","_input_hash":959558914,"_task_hash":-947121133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That, coupled with cloudless conditions, led to a pulse of melting across much of the ice sheet surface.\r\n","_input_hash":-146143319,"_task_hash":147171496,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But day-to-day conditions in the Arctic can vary, and by Saturday somewhat cooler air led to reduced melting of about 215,000 square miles, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, in Boulder,","_input_hash":-491533987,"_task_hash":864020822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2012 high-pressure air returned in July and August, leading to record ice-sheet melting for the year \u2014 in all, Greenland had a net loss of about 200 billion tons of ice that year.\r\n","_input_hash":-426531450,"_task_hash":43541473,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A contributing factor to the early melting this year was the relatively light snowfall last winter, especially in northern Greenland.","_input_hash":1687127825,"_task_hash":1584492774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting this early in the season generally does not contribute to sea level rise immediately, as most of the water remains near the surface of the ice sheet.","_input_hash":1675692885,"_task_hash":-1340538323,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea ice loss contributes to the amplification of Arctic warming, as the darker water of open ocean absorbs more sunlight than ice.\r\n","_input_hash":516712693,"_task_hash":182775942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Scambos said that Arctic sea ice loss can be linked to temperatures in Siberia.","_input_hash":914815902,"_task_hash":-191103561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As disaster costs keep rising nationwide, a troubling new debate has become urgent: If there\u2019s not enough money to protect every coastal community from the effects of human-caused global warming, how should we decide which ones to save first?\r\n","_input_hash":1824582114,"_task_hash":-184096930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After three years of brutal flooding and hurricanes in the United States, there is growing consensus among policymakers and scientists that coastal areas will require significant spending to ride out future storms and rising sea levels \u2014 not in decades, but now and in the very near future.","_input_hash":-954175579,"_task_hash":1376434031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe increasing frequency, impact and cost of disasters demands that we invest in mitigation and reduce disaster suffering,\u201d Ms. Dennis said by email.","_input_hash":2094022004,"_task_hash":-1220015072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s when the sense of satisfaction from a good deed \u2014 say, installing that energy-efficient light bulb \u2014 diminishes or eliminates the sense of urgency around the greater problem.\r\n","_input_hash":996872568,"_task_hash":-473867813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heat hits early, and hard\r\n","_input_hash":-2009436690,"_task_hash":809454309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s been unusually hot recently in some scorching-hot parts of the world.","_input_hash":1107594438,"_task_hash":1432247222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s been unusually hot in places that aren\u2019t accustomed to being hot at all, especially this time of year.\r\n","_input_hash":94765055,"_task_hash":288158417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"India last week was in the grip of its worst heat wave, based on how much of the country was affected, according to the National Disaster Management Authority.","_input_hash":-1681821690,"_task_hash":1222428590,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s not yet known whether these individual heat waves are directly linked to climate change.","_input_hash":-1565090259,"_task_hash":820945328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the heat waves are consistent with the overall trend of accelerating global warming.","_input_hash":380147101,"_task_hash":-692038825,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As average temperatures rise because of industrial emissions in the atmosphere, heat records are more frequently broken.\r\n","_input_hash":1173201136,"_task_hash":-323762746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves are bound to get more frequent and more intense, we reported last summer.\r\n","_input_hash":1179755863,"_task_hash":637944198,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sweden and Norway had an unseasonable spate of wildfires in April because of an unusually hot and dry spring.","_input_hash":550533064,"_task_hash":-551077627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And firefighters in California are bracing for a bad wildfire season, a year after the state\u2019s most disastrous ever.\r\n","_input_hash":-2092247472,"_task_hash":2100474761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves in the Arctic are having another knock-on effect.","_input_hash":1480980771,"_task_hash":-446531036,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This year, because of the warm conditions, sea ice loss is about three weeks ahead of normal, and on target to reach one of the lowest minimums ever.\r\n","_input_hash":-2072748453,"_task_hash":109858967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study published in the Social Science & Medicine journal\u2019s October 2017 issue found that, nationwide, same-sex partners suffer greater cancer and respiratory risks from hazardous air pollutants, mostly on-road mobile air pollutants like vehicles and roadways.","_input_hash":-525566073,"_task_hash":-958275557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Processes of social marginalization have led to the establishment of gay enclaves that are both empowering, but also in response to stigmatization and marginalization.","_input_hash":1904756760,"_task_hash":-550856443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the presence of these other variables known to predict air pollution at the neighborhood level, you still had this effect come through.\r\n","_input_hash":1912006633,"_task_hash":1976067127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Especially with gentrification occurring in and around some historically gay neighborhoods, which may make neighborhoods cleaner and lead to lower air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":695712157,"_task_hash":620403762,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Things may have been worse before dispersal and gentrification, but there is still this pattern whereby same-sex partner households experience greater exposure to harmful air pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":-718103877,"_task_hash":-1111834074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But I try to think generally about processes that might lead to environmental injustice.","_input_hash":-2020541878,"_task_hash":1591074295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And I tend to think that nearly any axis of social difference\u2014be it gender, race, class, age, sexuality\u2014might be an axis upon which that translates to environmental injustice.\r\n","_input_hash":-1901001440,"_task_hash":-352496416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To address this gap, we use data from the US Census, American Community Survey and the Environmental Protection Agency at the 2010 census tract level to examine the spatial relationships between same-sex partner households and cumulative cancer risk from exposure to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted by all ambient emission sources in Greater Houston (Texas).","_input_hash":-1153697599,"_task_hash":-1389746927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Findings from generalized estimating equation analyses demonstrate that increased cancer risks from HAPs are significantly associated with neighborhoods having relatively high concentrations of resident same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering and variables known to influence risk (i.e., race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, renter status, income inequality, and population density).","_input_hash":1727589408,"_task_hash":802710945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of same-sex male partner households are associated with significantly greater exposure to cancer-causing HAPs while those with high proportions of same-sex female partner households are associated with less exposure.","_input_hash":-357736733,"_task_hash":-503059555,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Practically, results suggest that other documented health risks experienced in gay neighborhoods may be compounded by disparate health risks associated with harmful exposures to air toxics.\r\n","_input_hash":-1960846502,"_task_hash":754777079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Emerging concern for social inequalities in the distribution of hazardous environmental pollutants over the past several decades has spawned a global social movement for environmental justice (EJ) and a large body of research (Walker 2012).","_input_hash":1658042471,"_task_hash":1301369617,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although results vary across analyses, the vast majority of these studies have found that social groups at the disadvantaged poles of those axes of oppression experience disproportionate exposure to toxic pollution","_input_hash":-1072507594,"_task_hash":-600678217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"1) Are cancer risks from outdoor HAP exposures distributed inequitably with respect to the neighborhood composition of same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering and relevant covariates?","_input_hash":-1991587949,"_task_hash":1577185068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(2) Are cancer risks from HAP exposures distributed differently for neighborhoods with high concentrations of same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households?\r\n","_input_hash":1904423586,"_task_hash":80946093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Studies of environmental justice (EJ) are primarily concerned with examining the material effects of inequality\u2014produced through social structures and discourses\u2014and reflected in the uneven distribution of environmental harm and privilege in societies.","_input_hash":-1194759923,"_task_hash":324291863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In terms of the distributive EJ literature, studies have documented the disproportionate exposure of female-headed households to environmental harm in the US and abroad (Downey 2005; Grineski et al. 2015a), which reflects how the intersection of oppressive racial, class and gender constructions may unjustly burden women with acute pollution exposures.\r\n","_input_hash":1667736357,"_task_hash":884327533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We hypothesize that this has led to the concentration of LGBT residents in urban environments that are simultaneously socially marginal and highly polluted, since NIMBYism is predicated on the banishment of all LULUs\u2014including sources of toxic pollution\u2014to marginal urban spaces.\r\n","_input_hash":613288670,"_task_hash":-446067986,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From an EJ perspective, this supports the hypothesis that levels of exposure to urban pollution may vary between neighborhoods composed of relatively high concentrations of same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households, with gay male partnering likely associated with more acute environmental exposures due to increased clustering within polluted inner-city spaces.\r\n","_input_hash":835065918,"_task_hash":-2107418090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Airborne emissions from numerous point and mobile sources have contributed to elevated levels of ambient exposure to HAPs in Greater Houston.","_input_hash":-170399890,"_task_hash":740496404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Four counties in Greater Houston (Harris, Galveston, Montgomery, and Fort Bend) are ranked in the top 10 percent of all US counties and the top 5 percent for counties in Texas, in terms of cumulative cancer risk from HAP exposure (Chakraborty et al. 2014).\r\n","_input_hash":1742529733,"_task_hash":624726732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(2014) found positive and significant associations for the percentages of the population that were non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of housing units that were renter-occupied, and income inequality (Gini index) with cancer risks from HAPs; they also found an quadratic (nonlinear) relationship between median household income and cancer risk from HAPs, indicating that low-income neighborhoods were exposed to the lowest risk, middle-income neighborhoods to the highest risk, and high-income neighborhoods to lower risk.\r\n","_input_hash":-1717945071,"_task_hash":239880058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Cancer Risks from Hazardous Air Pollutants\r\n","_input_hash":966897558,"_task_hash":1481045124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our variable for assessing risks from exposure to chronic pollution is cumulative cancer risk from HAPs emitted by all ambient emission sources.","_input_hash":411593951,"_task_hash":633747505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"HAPs include 187 specific substances identified in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 that are known to or suspected of causing cancer and other serious health problems (EPA 2016).","_input_hash":-1855005684,"_task_hash":-52376753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To measure cancer risks from chronic exposure to HAPs, we use data from the US EPA\u2019s 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), which was released in 2015 (EPA 2016).","_input_hash":651442946,"_task_hash":257964726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The NATA is an important tool for estimating health risks associated with chronic exposure to various sources of HAPs, and a reliable data source for EJ research on air pollution (Collins et al. 2015a, 2015b).\r\n","_input_hash":708087419,"_task_hash":-1578629441,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 2011 NATA estimates potential cumulative risks to public health from HAP exposure following the EPA\u2019s risk characterization guidelines that assume a lifelong exposure to 2011 levels of air emissions.","_input_hash":352268249,"_task_hash":-2116159140,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These risk estimates are considered to be upper-bound estimates of the probability that an individual will contract cancer over a 70-year lifetime as a result of exposure to HAPs.","_input_hash":1362597884,"_task_hash":-320613460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This would be an excess cancer risk in addition to other cancer risks borne by a person not exposed to these HAPs.\r\n","_input_hash":1489462964,"_task_hash":1703812842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Estimates of cumulative lifetime cancer risk (persons per million) include risks associated with inhalation exposure to HAPs released by major stationary sources (e.g., large waste incinerators, factories), smaller stationary sources (e.g., dry cleaners, small manufacturers), on-road mobile sources (e.g., cars, trucks), nonroad mobile sources (e.g., airplanes, trains, lawn mowers, construction vehicles), and background concentrations (i.e., contributions from distant or natural sources).","_input_hash":-995161484,"_task_hash":2123638380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thus, while NATA risk estimates are quantified in terms of cumulative lifetime exposure to HAPs, for the purposes of this EJ analysis, they provide estimates of relative cancer risk attributable to outdoor residential HAP exposures.\r\n","_input_hash":24212211,"_task_hash":-1140054738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Distribution of cancer risks from hazardous air pollutants by census tract, Greater Houston.\r\n","_input_hash":566122410,"_task_hash":-2004666144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficients for the explanatory/control variables with cancer risk from HAPs are presented in Table 2.","_input_hash":533561440,"_task_hash":-717752708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In terms of the explanatory variables, the same-sex, same-sex male, and (to lesser extent) same-sex female partner enclave indicators exhibit positive and significant correlations with cancer risk from HAPs.","_input_hash":-1430662108,"_task_hash":-977616381,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bivariate correlation of hazardous air pollutant cancer risk with census tract level characteristics, Greater Houston (n=1,023).\r\n","_input_hash":-112124960,"_task_hash":-1207289932,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the first GEE (Table 3), the same-sex partner household enclave indicator exhibits a positive and statistically significant relationship with cancer risk from HAPs, and the standardized coefficient (0.105) is the second largest among the independent variables, meaning it is a relatively strong predictor of HAP cancer risk.","_input_hash":-2085504990,"_task_hash":-708548876,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the second GEE (Table 4), the same-sex male partner household enclave variable has a positive and significant association with risk, while the indicator for same-sex female partner household enclaves shows a negative and non-significant (p=0.170) relationship with cancer risk from HAPs.","_input_hash":-2050208917,"_task_hash":1785593362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both race/ethnicity variables show positive and significant relationships with cancer risk from HAPs.","_input_hash":-2144701682,"_task_hash":1582916046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This result suggests a quadratic association between median household income and cumulative cancer risk from HAPs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1387680678,"_task_hash":1700343192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With respect to our research questions, findings from the GEE analysis demonstrate that cancer risks from HAPs in Greater Houston are distributed inequitably with respect to the neighborhood-level composition of same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering as well as a suite of variables known to influence air pollution risk.","_input_hash":-167708421,"_task_hash":1172007091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"First, our understanding of the historical-geography of Greater Houston points toward the post-WWII clustering of LGBT people within highly polluted Inner Loop neighborhoods\u2014due to heteronormative marginalization and the pursuit of community support and empowerment\u2014as the primary factor shaping environmental injustices experienced by same-sex couples circa 2010.","_input_hash":-1110932460,"_task_hash":-288480922,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Second, any shifts toward heteronormative acceptance of alternative sexualities, societal assimilation, and spatial decentralization of LGBT residence over the past fifteen years (Spring 2013) have apparently not ameliorated the sexualized patterning of environmental injustice in Greater Houston.","_input_hash":-1518816606,"_task_hash":1280354974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In any case, environmental injustices based on sexual orientation produced in Greater Houston during the latter half of the 20th century have evidently not been ameliorated over the past fifteen years.","_input_hash":1152901477,"_task_hash":-1107035025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It remains unclear based on our cross-sectional analysis results, however, whether the pattern of disproportionate exposure to cancer-causing HAPs has become less pronounced as a result of LGBT population dispersal.\r\n","_input_hash":-568805539,"_task_hash":-818151896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Third, the sexualities and space literature as well as our understanding of the historical geography of Greater Houston suggest that the clustering of gay male couples within polluted Inner Loop neighborhoods, in comparison to the more dispersed pattern of residence for lesbian couples across metropolitan space, is the primary reason for the gendered distribution of cancer risk from HAPs experienced among same-sex couples today.","_input_hash":-1754838265,"_task_hash":513883298,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It remains an open question as to whether this is attributable to gender-specific push factors, such as the privileging of masculine ideals and the disempowerment of female homosexuality, the greater likelihood for lesbian couples to have children and thus seek more child-friendly neighborhoods away from the inner-city, and/or the economic exclusion of lesbian couples (who tend to be of lower socioeconomic status compared to gay men) via escalating housing costs from gentrifying Inner Loop neighborhoods (e.g., Montrose).","_input_hash":-143307101,"_task_hash":-1547135379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fourth, in terms of the control variables, we found that non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and renter-occupants are significantly more likely to reside in neighborhoods with cancer risk from HAPs, which is consistent with previous studies of HAP cancer risks in Greater Houston (Collins 2015a; Chakraborty et al. 2014).","_input_hash":-1032873368,"_task_hash":-153340649,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the bivariate correlation suggests a significant and negative association between median household income and risk exposure, it ceases to remain linear when we account for the effects of other variables and geographic clustering.","_input_hash":1246510265,"_task_hash":-431289044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(2014), this suggests that lower income tracts include fewer land use activities (e.g., commercial, industrial, or transportation) that emit HAPs, and, conversely, that higher income tracts include residents with capacities to avoid and/or resist land use activities that generate HAPs.","_input_hash":1433516621,"_task_hash":-607322826,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thus, while not the focus of our study, these findings contribute to the mounting evidence regarding environmental injustices in Greater Houston based on race-, ethnicity- and class-based oppression.\r\n","_input_hash":1330628644,"_task_hash":818584187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The NATA includes risks from only direct inhalation of HAPs and excludes exposure from other pathways such as ingestion or skin contact.","_input_hash":-1561446897,"_task_hash":-743097504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, interpretation of the public health implications of the disproportionate cancer risks from HAPs quantified here should be tempered, since the NATA offers a cumulative lifetime exposure measure, yet we know that people do not remain in their 2010 census tracts of residence throughout their lifetimes.","_input_hash":-1227301341,"_task_hash":-373651063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since the NATA data inadequately characterize the range of environmental contexts that influence people\u2019s exposures to HAPs, reliance on this dataset in EJ research is bound to generate inferences regarding disproportionate exposures that are confounded by the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP; Kwan 2012).","_input_hash":-697188457,"_task_hash":1674923033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Additionally, future research should take into account the effects of legalization of civil partnership and gay marriage in some jurisdictions upon the patterning of harmful environmental exposures by sexual orientation.\r\n","_input_hash":-2136962560,"_task_hash":1679613647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our quantitative analysis results cannot be used to deduce the sequence of events that led to increased pollution exposures in specific neighborhoods that contain relatively high concentrations of same-sex partner households.","_input_hash":1688455726,"_task_hash":-663650465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the context of Greater Houston, our findings represent an important starting point for more detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of environmental injustice based on sexual orientation.\r\n","_input_hash":-877499616,"_task_hash":1209671814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our findings suggest that those health risks experienced in gay neighborhoods may be compounded by disparate health risks associated with harmful exposures to air toxics.","_input_hash":1011619811,"_task_hash":1075185388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More studies that test for unjust environmental health risks based on LGBT residence are needed; and where patterns of injustice are found, appropriate public health interventions to address compounding health disparities should be developed and implemented.\r\n","_input_hash":-1264869004,"_task_hash":1475194582,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Collins T, Grineski S, Chakraborty J. Household-level disparities in cancer risks from vehicular air pollution in Miami.","_input_hash":1874754909,"_task_hash":-1155664491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasingly, they found, studies connect fracking operations to air pollution, contaminated or depleted drinking water, and earthquakes.","_input_hash":1604992256,"_task_hash":-137554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other health issues associated with fracking, like reproductive health issues and the health of the fracking workers, are being increasingly documented, too.\r\n","_input_hash":997337066,"_task_hash":2003190236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEach year, the data suggests with increasing certainty that fracking is causing irrevocable damage to public health, local economies, the environment, and to global sustainability,\u201d said Physicians for Social Responsibility\u2019s Kathleen Nolan, one of the study\u2019s authors, in a statement.","_input_hash":1472001742,"_task_hash":-2143290823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For years, locals have spoken about a correlation between fracking sites and deteriorating health, but activists and health experts have had trouble convincing government officials or fossil fuel companies without hard scientific proof linking, for instance, cancer and fracking pollution.","_input_hash":2041505969,"_task_hash":-1572418015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And they are key to ecological resilience in the face of environmental stress.\r\n","_input_hash":1677426987,"_task_hash":490433875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The retreat of glaciers is one of the most glaring consequences of rising global temperatures.","_input_hash":-265926982,"_task_hash":-1786170347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Himalayas, the loss of glaciers poses two profound risks.","_input_hash":-2049671385,"_task_hash":812646459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the long term, the loss of glacier ice means the loss of Asia\u2019s future bank of water \u2014 a safeguard against periods of extreme heat and drought.","_input_hash":418914476,"_task_hash":1778532022,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study also concluded that while soot from fossil fuel burning is likely to have contributed to the ice melt, the bigger factor was rising temperatures.","_input_hash":-1580930181,"_task_hash":101950176,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"First, though, I had to figure out how guilty I was: a way to quantify the global damage caused by one person\u2019s travel.\r\n","_input_hash":-1429200832,"_task_hash":-2092928866,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It turns out that in 2016, two climatologists published an article suggesting a direct, linear relationship between carbon emissions and the melting of the Arctic\u2019s summer ice cover.\r\n","_input_hash":-36734935,"_task_hash":-1165415046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThis number is sufficiently intuitive to allow one to grasp the contribution of personal CO2 emissions to the loss of Arctic sea ice,\u201d the researchers wrote dryly.\r\n","_input_hash":-2034868252,"_task_hash":877682753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cBut there is the rest of your life and your family\u2019s life that is still responsible for helping cause climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1824380647,"_task_hash":84244875,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The panel discusses the \"single action bias\" effect that can occur with individuals who take \"green\" actions, and a counter to that effect, which is the well-known \"foot in the door\" marketing technique.","_input_hash":1967643187,"_task_hash":82639234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The top nine countries facing the highest risk of climate hazards were all Asian nations with the Philippines topping the list, followed by Japan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China.\r\n","_input_hash":-972296759,"_task_hash":1474517850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Australia, the main risks come from hurricanes and cyclones in the north, rising sea levels in the south and east, as well as drought and desertification which is already affecting thousands of farmers, he said.\r\n","_input_hash":1654869080,"_task_hash":-1568012105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate hazards exacerbate conflict and migration\r\n","_input_hash":1818691051,"_task_hash":-1395635847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It found climate pressures can adversely impact resource availability and affect population dynamics, which can impact socioeconomic and political stability.\r\n","_input_hash":1545562980,"_task_hash":344401131,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mr Killelea listed several countries where climate change has caused or exacerbated violence including Nigeria, where desertification has led to conflict over scarce resources, Haiti in the aftermath of multiple hurricanes and earthquakes, and South Sudan, where the drying of Lake Chad has exasperated tensions.\r\n","_input_hash":1457243198,"_task_hash":-945072155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2017, over 60 per cent of total displacements around the world were due to climate-related disasters, while nearly 40 per cent were caused by armed conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":1352170432,"_task_hash":-1456818259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, more than 265 million people have been internally displaced by natural disasters since 2008, with the Asia-Pacific region the most heavily affected.\r\n","_input_hash":-1026375778,"_task_hash":939272162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate-induced migration is expected to continue to escalate, and in a region facing the highest risk, Australia could be heavily impacted.\r\n","_input_hash":1216359607,"_task_hash":216401726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Military expenditure, violent protests and violent crime all decreased globally this year, particularly in Asia.\r\n","_input_hash":-939974407,"_task_hash":-282494109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Afghanistan replaced Syria as the least peaceful country after the downfall of the Islamic State, and Iraq also improved marginally, while Yemen fell into the bottom five for the first time.\r\n","_input_hash":-1390820324,"_task_hash":-477796535,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Peacefulness in the Asia-Pacific region improved by 3 per cent, but the region also experienced a higher number of refugees, terrorism and higher levels of internal conflict.\r\n","_input_hash":-1824554597,"_task_hash":-1995783320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Greenland Ice Sheet holds 7.2 m of sea level equivalent and in recent decades, rising temperatures have led to accelerated mass loss.","_input_hash":-2066792754,"_task_hash":2110071746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Current ice margin recession is led by the retreat of outlet glaciers, large rivers of ice ending in narrow fjords that drain the interior.","_input_hash":-1999235887,"_task_hash":-1551977640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Our analysis shows that uncertainties in projecting mass loss are dominated by uncertainties in climate scenarios and surface processes, whereas uncertainties in calving and frontal melt play a minor role.","_input_hash":-941921194,"_task_hash":2146128899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ice sheets lose mass through runoff of surface meltwater and ice discharge into the surrounding ocean, and increases in both over the past two decades have resulted in accelerated mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet (1, 2).","_input_hash":1986239983,"_task_hash":-1122145281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 1995 and 1998, subsurface ocean temperatures rose by about 1.5\u00b0C along the west coast of Greenland as a result of increasing subsurface water temperatures in the subpolar gyre (3).","_input_hash":-1429715907,"_task_hash":950396285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These warm waters led to a disintegration of buttressing floating ice tongues (3), which triggered a positive feedback between retreat, thinning, and outlet glacier acceleration (outlet glacier\u2013acceleration feedback) (4).","_input_hash":409539106,"_task_hash":1233966322,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between 1990 and 2008, surface melt nearly doubled in magnitude, most notably in southwest Greenland (8), resulting in additional widespread thinning at lower elevations.","_input_hash":-1001179260,"_task_hash":-1917619044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thinning lowers the ice surface and exposes it to higher air temperatures, thereby leading to enhanced melt (surface mass balance\u2013elevation feedback), establishing a second positive feedback for mass loss.","_input_hash":2085396006,"_task_hash":1497336213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The existence of such positive feedbacks can lead to strongly nonlinear responses of the ice sheet to environmental forcings (9).\r\n","_input_hash":-1535293388,"_task_hash":-1785810905,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At the ice-ocean interface, we prescribe submarine melt (i.e., melt at the ice front and below ice shelves from the water in contact) with parameterizations informed by observations (17, 18, 19), numerical modeling (20), and theoretical considerations (21), and we assume that ocean temperatures rise at the same rate as atmospheric temperatures.","_input_hash":1491121207,"_task_hash":-988746396,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is a deadly, man-made problem, responsible for the early deaths of some seven million people every year, around 600,000 of whom are children.","_input_hash":-269122006,"_task_hash":310515403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the Chinese capital, Beijing, has become synonymous with dirty air over the past few decades, a concerted effort by local and regional authorities has seen an improved situation in recent years, with the concentration of fine particulates \u2013 the tiny, invisible airborne particles that are largely responsible for deaths and illnesses from air pollution \u2013 falling by a third.\r\n","_input_hash":-1799546386,"_task_hash":-238490673,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a video message released ahead of the Day, UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres said that, as well as claiming millions of lives every year, and damaging children\u2019s development, many air pollutants are also causing global warming.","_input_hash":801170429,"_task_hash":1037012659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The world is increasingly at risk of \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich pay to escape heat and hunger caused by the escalating climate crisis while the rest of the world suffers, a report from a UN human rights expert has said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1536300142,"_task_hash":-1325643364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Philip Alston, UN special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, said the impacts of global heating are likely to undermine not only basic rights to life, water, food, and housing for hundreds of millions of people, but also democracy and the rule of law.\r\n","_input_hash":-1970530168,"_task_hash":-153925917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It said the greatest impact of the climate crisis would be on those living in poverty, with many losing access to adequate food and water.\r\n","_input_hash":-861251892,"_task_hash":1202245426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Developing countries will bear an estimated 75% of the costs of the climate crisis, the report said, despite the poorest half of the world\u2019s population causing just 10% of carbon dioxide emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1018409913,"_task_hash":1869031093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe risk of community discontent, of growing inequality, and of even greater levels of deprivation among some groups, will likely stimulate nationalist, xenophobic, racist and other responses.","_input_hash":-1337519694,"_task_hash":-350776018,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impacts of the climate crisis could increase divisions, Alston said.","_input_hash":1646605163,"_task_hash":-1063224289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In October 2018, they said carbon emissions must halve by 2030 to avoid even greater risks of drought, floods, extreme heat and poverty for hundreds of millions of people.","_input_hash":245434315,"_task_hash":902253945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In May 2019, global scientists said human society was in jeopardy from the accelerating annihilation of wildlife and destruction of the ecosystems that support all life on Earth.\r\n","_input_hash":243767034,"_task_hash":-1146538350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"International climate treaties have been ineffective, the report said, with even the 2015 Paris accord still leaving the world on course for a catastrophic 3C (equivalent to an increase of 5.4F) of heating without further action.","_input_hash":-1521678538,"_task_hash":262901376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Experts have said climate change made last week\u2019s record-breaking European heatwave at least five times as likely to happen, according to recent analysis.\r\n","_input_hash":-1674665963,"_task_hash":975505898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a \u201csubstantial\u201d increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.\r\n","_input_hash":428645569,"_task_hash":223706634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The recent heatwave saw France record the hottest temperature in the country\u2019s history (45.9C) and major wildfires across Spain, where temperatures exceeded 40C.\r\n","_input_hash":1887600279,"_task_hash":205751085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"C3S admitted it is difficult to directly link the heatwave to climate change but noted that such extreme weather events are expected to become more common due to global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1245784354,"_task_hash":-565039660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cAlthough this was exceptional, we are likely to see more of these events in the future due to climate change.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1015848761,"_task_hash":-881997558,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Peter Stott, an expert in analysing the role of climate change in extreme weather\u200b at the Met Office, claimed that \u201ca similarly extreme heatwave 100 years ago would have likely been around 4C cooler\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":1936434791,"_task_hash":-1236248288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Spikes in European average temperatures of more than 1C above normal have occurred before, such as in 1917 and 1999, but C3S said the recent heatwave was notable because the sudden increase came on top of a general rise of around 1.5C in European temperature over the past 100 years.\r\n","_input_hash":258059199,"_task_hash":-121327115,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In response to the record-breaking heat, Professor Hannah Cloke, natural hazards researcher at the University of Reading, said: \u201cWe knew June was hot in Europe, but this study shows that temperature records haven\u2019t just been broken.","_input_hash":-1198701026,"_task_hash":707318339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cHeatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","_input_hash":1016735751,"_task_hash":997008886,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The global climate just keeps getting hotter, as greenhouse gases continue to build up, as scientists have predicted for decades.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":822090118,"_task_hash":-1759691873,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We can certainly hope that the more people understand the depth of the danger \u2014 the Earth will be fine, but many species will not make it, and our civilization may not either \u2014 the greater will grow people\u2019s frustration, their anger, and their willingness to contemplate transformations appropriately scaled to the danger.","_input_hash":1235500547,"_task_hash":-1707198769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But we also need sustained and visionary planetary-scale cooperation, and such cooperation will only be possible if our climate mobilization simultaneously mitigates today\u2019s levels of extreme economic inequality.","_input_hash":-1237402402,"_task_hash":694110346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Inequality amounts to more, we need to realize, than just a problem of poverty.","_input_hash":-252729750,"_task_hash":334528124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme economic inequality turns out to be a social poison that makes it almost impossible for us to mobilize to save ourselves and our civilization.\r\n","_input_hash":-543072476,"_task_hash":-1065483032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our globe\u2019s richest 10 percent \u2014 the richest 500 million adults \u2014 bear responsibility for about 50 percent of all global emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1320742912,"_task_hash":41547431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The poisonous consequences of this tension \u2014 think \u201cpopulism\u201d \u2014 have become obvious everywhere.\r\n","_input_hash":1618576610,"_task_hash":-1140058019,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This has become a source of real confusion.\r\n","_input_hash":516248199,"_task_hash":933696327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"but it\u2019s fair to say that the forces now buffeting society rest rooted in extreme income inequality.\r\n","_input_hash":-687391519,"_task_hash":980579086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists have warned for more than a decade that concentrations of more than 450ppm risk triggering extreme weather events and temperature rises as high as 2C, beyond which the effects of global heating are likely to become catastrophic and irreversible.\r\n","_input_hash":-1778273879,"_task_hash":-1607066662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Ralph Keeling of the Scripps Institute, and the son of Charles, said: \u201cThe CO2 growth rate is still very high \u2013 the increase from last May was well above the average for the past decade.\u201d","_input_hash":1045045355,"_task_hash":-1544935738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He pointed to the mild El Ni\u00f1o conditions experienced this year as a possible factor.\r\n","_input_hash":-912479562,"_task_hash":-795630289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change in the Western U.S. means more intense and frequent wildfires churning out waves of smoke that scientists say will sweep across the continent, affecting tens of millions of people and causing a jump in premature deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":629594552,"_task_hash":-1524504666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"the regions widely expected to suffer most from blazes tied to dryer, warmer conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":1069011244,"_task_hash":454330390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We have air purifiers and masks \u2014 otherwise we\u2019re just like \u2018Please don\u2019t burn,\u2019\u201d said Sarah Rochelle Montoya, who fled her San Francisco home with her husband and children last fall to escape thick smoke enveloping the city from a disastrous fire roughly 150 miles away.\r\n","_input_hash":1894118391,"_task_hash":171528134,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other sources of air pollution are in decline in the U.S. as coal-fired power plants close and fewer older cars roll down highways.","_input_hash":-844878700,"_task_hash":490523655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But those air quality gains are being erased in some areas by the ill effects of massive clouds of smoke that can spread hundreds and even thousands of miles on cross-country winds, according to researchers.\r\n","_input_hash":400215709,"_task_hash":1457375922,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With the 2019 fire season already heating up with fires from Southern California to Canada, authorities are scrambling to protect the public before smoke again blankets cities and towns.","_input_hash":-1289418342,"_task_hash":-1185651185,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The scope of the problem is immense: Over the next three decades, more than 300 counties in the West will see more severe smoke waves from wildfires, according to atmospheric researchers led by a team from Yale and Harvard.","_input_hash":2051661132,"_task_hash":-107940695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For almost two weeks last year during the Camp fire, which killed 85 people and destroyed 14,000 homes in Paradise, Calif., smoke from the blaze inundated the San Francisco neighborhood where Montoya lives with her husband, Trevor McNeil, and their three children.\r\n","_input_hash":-1715691762,"_task_hash":-430193919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Montoya\u2019s three children have respiratory problems that their doctor says are likely a precursor to asthma, she said.","_input_hash":-505886668,"_task_hash":222033703,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That would put them among those most at risk from being harmed by wildfire smoke, but the family was unable to find child-sized face masks or an adequate air filter.","_input_hash":2046415454,"_task_hash":359915998,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Smoke from wildfires was once considered a fleeting nuisance except for the most vulnerable populations.","_input_hash":437527685,"_task_hash":-1980326576,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are so many fires, so many places upwind of you that you\u2019re getting increased particle levels and increased ozone from the fires for weeks and weeks,\u201d Crooks said.\r\n","_input_hash":304708730,"_task_hash":1878140977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Last year, that forced cancellation of more than two dozen outdoor performances.\r\n","_input_hash":1885132817,"_task_hash":15335124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dr. Justin Adams, a family physician in Ashland, said the smoke was hardest on his patients with asthma and other breathing problems and he expects some to see long-term health effects.\r\n","_input_hash":-2110226319,"_task_hash":-1791208686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The direct damage from conflagrations that regularly erupt in the West is stark.","_input_hash":1259764402,"_task_hash":1822427120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Harder to grasp are health impacts from microscopic particles in the smoke that can trigger heart attacks, breathing problems and other maladies.","_input_hash":-1676213254,"_task_hash":1955247515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The particles, about 1/30th of the diameter of a human hair, penetrate deeply into the lungs to cause coughing, chest pain and asthma attacks.","_input_hash":-2087607726,"_task_hash":-63815552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children, the elderly and people with lung diseases or heart trouble are most at risk.\r\n","_input_hash":265875,"_task_hash":-1355012125,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Death can occur within days or weeks among the most vulnerable following heavy smoke exposure, said Linda Smith, chief of the California Air Resources Board\u2019s health branch.\r\n","_input_hash":-1859982555,"_task_hash":1695723105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the last decade, as many as 2,500 people annually died prematurely in the U.S. from short-term wildfire smoke exposure, according to Environmental Protection Agency scientists.\r\n","_input_hash":-2064558676,"_task_hash":11589811,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The long-term effects have only recently come into focus, with estimates that chronic smoke exposure causes about 20,000 premature deaths per year, said Jeff Pierce, an associate professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University.\r\n","_input_hash":-937055310,"_task_hash":-1045689207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That figure could double by the end of this century due to hotter, drier conditions and much longer fire seasons, said Pierce.","_input_hash":-803129665,"_task_hash":-816478270,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research team compared known health impacts from air pollution against future climate scenarios to derive its projections.\r\n","_input_hash":-1466121889,"_task_hash":447858440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even among wildfire experts, understanding of health impacts from smoke was elusive until recently.","_input_hash":1268786515,"_task_hash":-1936884084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But attitudes shifted as growing awareness of climate change ushered in research examining the potential consequences of wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1396707989,"_task_hash":-1266834039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Residents of Northern California, western Oregon, Washington state and the Northern Rockies are projected to suffer the worst increases in smoke exposure, according to Loretta Mickley, a senior climate research fellow at Harvard University.\r\n","_input_hash":-921548561,"_task_hash":-1012680640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt\u2019s really incredible how much the U.S. has managed to clean up the air from other [pollution] sources, like power plants and industry and cars,\u201d Mickley said.","_input_hash":938729781,"_task_hash":-1096969346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is kind of an unexpected source of pollution and health hazard.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-959103498,"_task_hash":-222302747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It turns out that anxiety, grief and despair about the state of the environment is nothing new.","_input_hash":-1808862629,"_task_hash":-711924327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\" Eco-anxiety can range from day-to-day worry about the fate of the world, to Amabella's outright panic attack.","_input_hash":-1744111265,"_task_hash":339591584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Depending on whom you ask, it can even include the fear and panic attacks some natural disaster victims experience after the fact, Austern said.","_input_hash":-1670129841,"_task_hash":309669907,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Its symptoms are largely the same as any other kind of anxiety; its only distinguishing factor is its cause, Austern said.\r\n","_input_hash":-730268562,"_task_hash":696239725,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Conveniently, taking action Is also one of the most effective coping mechanisms for eco-anxiety, Ojala said.\r\n","_input_hash":704839406,"_task_hash":1401035803,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But anxiety is only good for sparking action up to a certain point, Doherty said.","_input_hash":-176834743,"_task_hash":-585067338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But overly high levels of anxiety can become paralyzing.","_input_hash":647410258,"_task_hash":-336574592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In these cases, anxiety becomes counterproductive to climate action, Doherty said, And it's important to seek help.","_input_hash":-1572126023,"_task_hash":1305117587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As global temperatures rise, climate change\u2019s impacts on mental health are becoming increasingly evident.","_input_hash":292428301,"_task_hash":-645561685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recent research has linked elevated temperatures to an increase in violence, stress and decreased cognitive function leading to impacts such as reduced test scores, lowered worker productivity and impaired decision-making.\r\n","_input_hash":-900156776,"_task_hash":-1357720643,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Adding to the concern, a Stanford study led by economist Marshall Burke also finds a link between increased temperatures and suicide rates.","_input_hash":-1604708725,"_task_hash":494008487,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Suicide is one of the top 10 causes of death in the United States.","_input_hash":-1684044622,"_task_hash":696187340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unlike other leading causes \u2013 which include heart disease, cancer, homicide and unintentional injury \u2013 suicide rates have increased rather than fallen over time.","_input_hash":319295417,"_task_hash":1961363549,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And, while there has been a noticeable trend of rising suicide rates in warmer months, up to this point it has been difficult to attribute these changes to temperature, as other factors like day length and social patterns also vary.\r\n","_input_hash":1199316597,"_task_hash":-164579146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They found that hotter than average temperatures increase both suicide rates and the use of depressive language on Twitter.","_input_hash":544447320,"_task_hash":-1476364849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The above-average temperatures that result from climate change are worrying for many reasons\u2014and, according to a study published this week in Nature Climate Change, an increase in suicide rates is among them.\r\n","_input_hash":-1494543421,"_task_hash":-1896170663,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Using these rates, the study's authors project that climate change, on its current course, could lead to between 9,000 and 40,000 additional suicides by 2050.","_input_hash":214208798,"_task_hash":-1971689905,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study is not the first to point out a link between suicide rates and natural disasters\u2014the latter of which are growing more frequent and severe due to climate change.","_input_hash":599097210,"_task_hash":1461733458,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Take post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans as an example: In the first 10 months after the 2005 hurricane, New Orleanians committed suicide at close to three times the previous rate.\r\n","_input_hash":1471462828,"_task_hash":41745551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Puerto Rico has also seen higher suicide rates since Hurricane Maria.","_input_hash":2118429209,"_task_hash":-2018465340,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though no comprehensive study has yet been conducted, one report shows suicides increased by 29 percent in 2017 (the year Maria hit) compared to 2016.","_input_hash":217418763,"_task_hash":-89076937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stress and trauma following natural disasters are factors in the increased suicide rates that follow those events.","_input_hash":1059786858,"_task_hash":-1465046690,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When it comes to higher temperatures, according to the new study, the heat may have neurological effects, in turn affecting overall mental health.\r\n","_input_hash":619741145,"_task_hash":2106949809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change also has profound economic consequences\u2014for example, food insecurity\u2014which can in turn further affect individuals' mental health.","_input_hash":352648549,"_task_hash":-1381555544,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The American Psychological Association notes that long-term climate change affects \"agriculture, infrastructure and livability, which in turn affect occupations and quality of life and can force people to migrate.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1544790739,"_task_hash":-583224667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","_input_hash":1677075653,"_task_hash":-15237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It's impossible to say how much climate change has affected or will affect that rate, but the authors of the new study note that the \"large magnitude\" of their results \"adds further impetus to better understand why temperature affects suicide and to implement policies to mitigate future temperature rise.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1973634503,"_task_hash":59017833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A 2017 report from the American Psychological Association offers several recommendations for helping individuals \"prepare for and recover from climate change-related mental trauma.","_input_hash":1296317006,"_task_hash":-780645460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The rainfall overwhelmed the capital\u2019s storm-water system, much of it built almost a century ago to handle a smaller population, far less pavement and not nearly as much water.\r\n","_input_hash":980068893,"_task_hash":-407007991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ms. Bedenbaugh, who has lived in the house since 2004, said she had experienced minor flooding before, but this damage was by far the worst she had seen.\r\n","_input_hash":1364430494,"_task_hash":1165333746,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though the storm that hit the capital on Monday can\u2019t be directly attributed to climate change without further analysis, it fits a general pattern.","_input_hash":-177037306,"_task_hash":73146948,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warm air can hold more moisture, resulting in heavier rainstorms.\r\n","_input_hash":1928151374,"_task_hash":1633635501,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A spokesman for D.C. Water, Washington\u2019s utility, said dealing with the costs of an aging infrastructure while also trying to prepare for more rainstorms like the one that hit Monday was no small task.\r\n","_input_hash":687718788,"_task_hash":-1546748041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"[New Orleans is being pounded by rain and bracing for flooding from a tropical storm that is expected to form in the Gulf of Mexico.]\r\n","_input_hash":244691312,"_task_hash":-1062202504,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nearly all coral reefs would die out, wildfires and heat waves would sweep across the planet annually, and the interplay between drought and flooding and temperature would mean that the world\u2019s food supply would become dramatically less secure.","_input_hash":1027680553,"_task_hash":376629841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What has been called a genocidal level of warming is already our inevitable future.","_input_hash":1136252452,"_task_hash":1350603309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The question is how much worse than that it will get.\r\n","_input_hash":-499242458,"_task_hash":517043804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There have been a few scary developments in climate research over the past year \u2014 more methane from Arctic lakes and permafrost than expected, which could accelerate warming; an unprecedented heat wave, arctic wildfires, and hurricanes rolling through both of the world\u2019s major oceans this past summer.","_input_hash":-2032880682,"_task_hash":592183431,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But by and large the consensus is the same: We are on track for four degrees of warming, more than twice as much as most scientists believe is possible to endure without inflicting climate suffering on hundreds of millions or threatening at least parts of the social and political infrastructure we call, grandly, \u201ccivilization.\u201d","_input_hash":456189540,"_task_hash":1329950796,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At two degrees, the melting of ice sheets will pass a tipping point of collapse, flooding dozens of the world\u2019s major cities this century.","_input_hash":1971913608,"_task_hash":660838406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At that amount of warming, it is estimated, global GDP, per capita, will be cut by 13 percent.","_input_hash":1762391001,"_task_hash":-1795799220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Four hundred million more people will suffer from water scarcity, and even in the northern latitudes heat waves will kill thousands each summer.","_input_hash":1884899119,"_task_hash":490867577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In India, where many cities now numbering in the many millions would become unliveably hot, there would be 32 times as many extreme heat waves, each lasting five times as long and exposing, in total, 93 times more people.","_input_hash":-700120795,"_task_hash":-118687331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average drought in Central America would last 19 months and in the Caribbean 21 months.","_input_hash":1990514859,"_task_hash":1883093293,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The areas burned each year by wildfires would double in the Mediterranean and sextuple in the United States.","_input_hash":565977944,"_task_hash":-713979447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beyond the sea-level rise, which will already be swallowing cities from Miami Beach to Jakarta, damages just from river flooding will grow 30-fold in Bangladesh, 20-fold in India, and as much as 60-fold in the U.K.","_input_hash":-804434043,"_task_hash":-866037362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To avoid warming of the kind the IPCC now calls catastrophic requires a complete rebuilding of the entire energy infrastructure of the world, a thorough reworking of agricultural practices and diet to entirely eliminate carbon emissions from farming, and a battery of cultural changes to the way those of us in the wealthy West, at least, conduct our lives.","_input_hash":-861627825,"_task_hash":1242783380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That is because climate change isn\u2019t binary, and doesn\u2019t just kick in, full force, at any particular temperature level; it\u2019s a function that gets worse over time as long as we produce greenhouse gases.","_input_hash":1950378479,"_task_hash":-2074205734,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is just the threat from sea level, and just one (very rich) metropolitan area.","_input_hash":467270560,"_task_hash":280457002,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So long as we continue to squander what little time we have, the news will only get worse from here.","_input_hash":1065429644,"_task_hash":1008240320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The average rainfall for July in New Orleans, which is in the path of the storm, is just under six inches.\r\n","_input_hash":1397489097,"_task_hash":161676053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On Wednesday, the region was hit by severe thunderstorms, which dropped as much as seven inches of rain according to preliminary National Weather Service data.\r\n","_input_hash":-1810527711,"_task_hash":1780681284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is in general increasing the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall storms,\u201d said Andreas Prein, a project scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research.\r\n","_input_hash":-1105007,"_task_hash":-955227109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This week\u2019s rainfall came after the region experienced an extremely wet spring, causing the region\u2019s rivers to swell, and raising concerns that the upcoming storm may overtop levees in New Orleans.","_input_hash":-342971469,"_task_hash":-1491051882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe ingredients are there for a real catastrophe if the flood control infrastructure simply gets overwhelmed,\u201d he said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1878384132,"_task_hash":1148167622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Researchers have been studying the effects of climate change on tropical cyclones because those sorts of storms are driven by warm water.","_input_hash":1424532816,"_task_hash":1620219122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the oceans are now warmer than ever: They have absorbed more than 90 percent of the heat caused by human-released greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":1606141802,"_task_hash":-2044529234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This study is not the first to find that climate change is causing tropical cyclones to have more rainfall.","_input_hash":-880039832,"_task_hash":-475821792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies on Hurricane Harvey found that climate change contributed as much as 38 percent, or 19 inches, of the more than 50 inches of rain that fell in some places.","_input_hash":1317877664,"_task_hash":-1417623156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the structure of cities may exacerbate the problem even further, said Gabriele Villarini, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Iowa.\r\n","_input_hash":209442645,"_task_hash":-271573861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They looked at both the changes in rainfall patterns that cities cause as well as differences in how water behaves based on ground type.","_input_hash":-1353405812,"_task_hash":-1835912761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Villarini noted that in the case of Hurricane Harvey, even absent the impact of urbanization, there was \u201ca huge amount of rainfall.","_input_hash":402164609,"_task_hash":765934649,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In places along the Texas Gulf Coast, for example, \u201cwe have too much water during the floods and not enough water during the drought,\u201d said Qian Yang, a research associate in geology at the University of Texas at Austin.\r\n","_input_hash":1557253358,"_task_hash":-703373207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But in the case of extreme rain events like Hurricane Harvey and what is expected of a potential Hurricane Barry, \u201cyou would need some sort of interim storage because the aquifers can\u2019t take the water in that fast,\u201d said Bridget R. Scanlon, a senior research scientist in geoscience at the University of Texas at Austin and co-author on the study.\r\n","_input_hash":-1199890332,"_task_hash":-26696958,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What many scientists and experts agree on: As climate change increases extreme precipitation, cities will need to adapt.\r\n","_input_hash":532690282,"_task_hash":-1486253992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Jonna Laidlaw was terrorized by rain.","_input_hash":-130702582,"_task_hash":2139292259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding is a complex phenomenon with many causes, including land development and ground conditions.","_input_hash":766916921,"_task_hash":770119794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change, which is already causing heavier rainfall in many storms, is an important part of the mix.","_input_hash":-239243681,"_task_hash":1770358782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while Nashville hasn\u2019t seen the kind of repeated, extreme flooding that a city like Houston has, the effect is being felt, said G. Dodd Galbreath, the founding director of Lipscomb University\u2019s Institute for Sustainable Practice and a member of the city\u2019s storm water management committee.","_input_hash":-913732188,"_task_hash":1951339982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"FEMA has estimated the town\u2019s program prevented $13 million in damage in 2015 alone.","_input_hash":-1930711200,"_task_hash":-638315413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The city had gained some experience even before the 2010 flood, which caused $2 billion in damage.","_input_hash":-448878213,"_task_hash":1140508145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If people don\u2019t sell after a flood, they are likelier to sell after the next one, said Tom Palko, assistant director of the city\u2019s storm water division.","_input_hash":263669148,"_task_hash":-381469047,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She said she still gets anxious when it rains, but \u201cI can calm down pretty well now.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":223023623,"_task_hash":1848022009,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In contrast, just three months after Hurricane Harvey, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory published a study showing that Harvey dropped 38 percent more rain than it would have without underlying climate change.","_input_hash":1682638084,"_task_hash":-1088895433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"three times more probable VICE News spoke with Myles Allen, a climate scientist at the University of Oxford and one of the researchers behind the first climate attribution study, who explained why scientists are now able to rapidly figure out if an event like Hurricane Harvey was more devastating than it otherwise would have been because of climate change.","_input_hash":-1538898495,"_task_hash":-1796421390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Hurricane Harvey was one of the wettest storms in US history.","_input_hash":-1318753705,"_task_hash":1808242908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Texas saw record-breaking rainfall, but the storm also caused flooding in Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky.","_input_hash":-1068729145,"_task_hash":-1015303509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As Harvey was making landfall in Texas, Kansas City was struggling with widespread flooding for the second time in two weeks.","_input_hash":-1429348706,"_task_hash":-275089611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And in June, 30% of the counties in Missouri were designated federal disaster areas due to flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1302776027,"_task_hash":2138402224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The water is usually from rain, but it could be from rapid snowmelt, a river running high, storm surges, controlled releases from reservoirs, or even a dam break.","_input_hash":1078883220,"_task_hash":-2049683375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Floods kill more people in the United States than any other kind of severe weather and cause billions of dollars in damages every year.","_input_hash":1696281930,"_task_hash":1570066573,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They not only damage property and threaten lives, they can create massive disruptions that affect electrical power, water and sewage systems, transportation, and even emergency services.","_input_hash":1037708847,"_task_hash":1553284425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They can put tremendous strain on infrastructure \u2013 sometimes causing systems to shut down completely.","_input_hash":-179431634,"_task_hash":23748569,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And one system failure will affect others.\r\n","_input_hash":-854060414,"_task_hash":-1088022018,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many communities \u2013 and even entire metropolian areas \u2013 have developed comprehensive plans not only to try to prevent floods from happening, but also limit the damage and disruption to critical systems when they do.","_input_hash":58910021,"_task_hash":288676656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And that is only a fraction of the ways that engineers are working to lessen the impact of floods.\r\n","_input_hash":-1313458777,"_task_hash":-1958957382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How might engineers help prevent or lessen the impact of a flood in your community?","_input_hash":698172805,"_task_hash":402097230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Large areas of heat pressure or heat domes scattered around the hemisphere led to the sweltering temperatures.","_input_hash":319281905,"_task_hash":547019382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reports the heat is to blame for at least 54 deaths in southern Quebec, mostly in and near Montreal, which endured record high temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":1081798028,"_task_hash":233159513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is absolutely incredible and really one of the most intense heat events I\u2019ve ever seen for so far north,\u201d wrote meteorologist Nick Humphrey, who offers more detail on this extraordinary high-latitude hot spell on his blog.\r\n","_input_hash":897011545,"_task_hash":910225100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"No single record, in isolation, can be attributed to global warming.","_input_hash":-834857482,"_task_hash":31402617,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But collectively, these heat records are consistent with the kind of extremes we expect to see increase in a warming world.\r\n","_input_hash":-142088179,"_task_hash":-399600229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A massive and intense heat dome has consumed the eastern two-thirds of the United States and southeast Canada since late last week.","_input_hash":-1425418732,"_task_hash":838506134,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s not only been hot but also exceptionally humid.","_input_hash":1971725009,"_task_hash":1487439347,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The stifling heat caused roads and roofs to buckle, the Weather Channel reported, and resulted in multiple all-time record highs:\r\n","_input_hash":-1532225907,"_task_hash":-442084957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, upon further evaluation, the U.K. Met Office determined the record was invalid due to an artificial heating source near the temperature sensor.\r\n","_input_hash":-1196064011,"_task_hash":1101621906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These various records add to a growing list of heat milestones set over the past 15 months that are part and parcel of a planet that is trending hotter as greenhouse gas concentrations increase because of human activity:\r\n","_input_hash":395519039,"_task_hash":1196972426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This first United States county-by-county look at what climate change will do to temperature and humidity conditions in the coming decades finds few places that won\u2019t be affected by extreme heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-1950113819,"_task_hash":-756107320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increase in number of\r\ndangerous days per year\r\n(2019-2050)\r\n","_input_hash":-866155750,"_task_hash":2006424964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat kills hundreds every year across the U.S. Without any action to stop climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise 7.7\u02daF, meaning more dangerously hot days.","_input_hash":-1568320863,"_task_hash":-717419485,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because of our bodies\u2019 natural cooling process\u2014sweat\u2014humidity plays a crucial role in determining the severity of a hot day.","_input_hash":-2146422341,"_task_hash":21999151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Without any action to reduce global carbon emissions, parts of Florida and Texas would experience the equivalent in days of at least five months per year on average when the heat index\u2014which includes humidity in its calculations\u2014exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":-730054646,"_task_hash":167775797,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That is a conservative estimate for cities because heat added by urban heat island effects isn\u2019t represented in the report, said Dahl.\r\n","_input_hash":762871031,"_task_hash":-1694751508,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increase in the prevalence of heat events by mid-century in this study \u201crepresents a terrifying prospect\u2026.[and]","_input_hash":-1084073547,"_task_hash":1518069560,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The study showed generally that the Southeast and Southern Great Plains would bear the brunt of the extreme heat, experiencing heat that currently only occurs in the Sonoran Desert, in the Southwest\r\nAreas in those regions would experience the equivalent of three months per year on average by mid-century that feel hotter than 105 degrees Fahrenheit, possibly as hot as 115 degrees, 125 degrees, or worse.\r\n","_input_hash":-1385293580,"_task_hash":-450538660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This interactive mapping tool developed for the study shows the rapid, widespread increases in extreme heat projected to occur across the United States due to climate change.","_input_hash":-1717122159,"_task_hash":1909654934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Information is presented by county and includes all 3,109 counties in the contiguous U.S.\r\nEffects of heat on humans\r\n","_input_hash":-2060403442,"_task_hash":-12960722,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fahrenheit (37 to 38 degrees Celsius); any warmer, and it\u2019s a fever.","_input_hash":1871516841,"_task_hash":606281238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the upper Midwest, Northeast, and Northwest are unlikely to experience off-the-charts heat, it will still be hotter, and people and infrastructure have little ability to cope with plus-100 degree Fahrenheit heat over multiple days, said Rachel Licker, senior climate scientist at UCS and report co-author.","_input_hash":-271891046,"_task_hash":930199352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe rise in days with extreme heat will change life as we know it nationwide,\u201d Licker said in a press release.\r\n","_input_hash":-1556102559,"_task_hash":173363995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Much of this extreme heat is still avoidable with steep, rapid carbon emission reductions.","_input_hash":729408312,"_task_hash":843718822,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe scale of heat impacts in this study hint at the enormous changes that climate change will mean for the U.S.,\u201d says Richard Rood, a meteorologist and climate impacts expert at the University of Michigan.\r\n","_input_hash":631766411,"_task_hash":739480499,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat will not occur in isolation.","_input_hash":-213221962,"_task_hash":1137030961,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There will also be droughts, wildfires, floods, and other extreme weather events that will compound the impacts of the heat, Rood said in an interview.","_input_hash":-1044113046,"_task_hash":-1653204857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add in sea level rise and there will be significant internal migration.\r\n","_input_hash":-1271983456,"_task_hash":-2009207584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While it is vital to reduce emissions as quickly as possible, adaptation to the coming heat and extreme events is crucial.\r\n","_input_hash":1560383165,"_task_hash":779453269,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The federal government is ill-prepared to shoulder what could be a trillion-dollar fiscal crisis associated with extreme weather, floods, wildfires and other climate disasters through 2100, federal investigators have found.\r\n","_input_hash":1745147552,"_task_hash":-48510178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2018, Congress approved $91 billion in disaster spending to help communities recover from hurricanes, floods, wildfire and drought.","_input_hash":248009962,"_task_hash":739021882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The growing frequency and intensity of disasters is being felt in every region of the country and across a broad cross-section of the economy, from energy and real estate to farming and fisheries.\r\n","_input_hash":-1108061270,"_task_hash":-2027700338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They include infrastructure damage in coastal zones from sea-level rise and storm surges, increased heat-related mortality in the Southeast and Midwest, changes in water supply and demand in the West, and decreased agricultural yields in the southern Plains and Southwest.\r\n","_input_hash":1077506882,"_task_hash":549897271,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"GAO also identified two types of potential benefits from climate change: fewer deaths from cold weather in the Upper Midwest and improved agricultural yields in the northern Great Plains and parts of the Northwest, mainly associated with longer growing seasons.\r\n","_input_hash":-445026574,"_task_hash":-1082930982,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Financial exposure to climate disasters will be felt hardest in three pots of government spending: disaster response, flood and crop insurance, and operation and management of federally owned property and public lands.\r\n","_input_hash":1005775760,"_task_hash":414601696,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Similarly, the Congressional Budget Office estimated in May 2019 that federal crop insurance would cost the government an average of about $8 billion annually from 2019 through 2029 due to worsening floods, droughts and other climate stressors.\r\n","_input_hash":-33519874,"_task_hash":184314506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Federal properties, like Tyndall Air Force Base on the Florida Panhandle, are also facing increased financial exposure from hurricanes and other extreme weather events, GAO said.","_input_hash":-1813655589,"_task_hash":-1034060521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mortality costs\r\n","_input_hash":-1372891092,"_task_hash":2028271744,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The methodology for estimating the mortality costs of future climate change is described in full in Carleton et al.","_input_hash":1693636447,"_task_hash":-82351772,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is the result of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels for energy and other human activities.","_input_hash":-891515659,"_task_hash":1309726085,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, warm and alter the global climate, which causes environmental changes to occur that can harm people's health and well-being.","_input_hash":1143042464,"_task_hash":1603088831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It can affect people's health and well-being in many ways, some of which are already occurring3, by:\r\n","_input_hash":-2010949245,"_task_hash":433619213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves, leading to more heat-related illnesses and deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":1135370227,"_task_hash":-121873044,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing exposure to pollen, due to increased plant growing seasons; molds, due to severe storms; and air pollution, due to increased temperature and humidity, all of which can worsen allergies and other lung diseases, such as asthma.\r\n","_input_hash":-216020675,"_task_hash":-1850152362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing temperatures and causing poor air quality that can affect the heart and worsen cardiovascular disease.\r\n","_input_hash":1796428813,"_task_hash":700896760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing flooding events and sea level rise that can contaminate water with harmful bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, causing foodborne and waterborne illnesses.\r\n","_input_hash":-1091352267,"_task_hash":-78665384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, in addition to causing injuries, deaths, illnesses, and effects on mental health from damage to property, loss of loved ones, displacement, and chronic stress.\r\n","_input_hash":1988530984,"_task_hash":396098751,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Placing added stress on hospital and public health systems, and limiting people's ability to obtain adequate health care during extreme climate events.\r\n","_input_hash":779026220,"_task_hash":-1691155273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"- In an effort to help decision makers around the country understand and address potential changes in environmental health risks due to a changing climate, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) sponsored the Climate Change and Environmental Exposures Challenge.\r\n","_input_hash":1106498750,"_task_hash":-1816644072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases.\"","_input_hash":-1598048948,"_task_hash":-1721499780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The evidence of climate change includes heat waves, sea-level rise, flooding, melting glaciers, earlier spring arrival, coral reef bleaching, and the spread of disease.\r\n","_input_hash":-1272380535,"_task_hash":-1708522989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.","_input_hash":1095111302,"_task_hash":518170552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201d\u201cIt is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century,\u201d the report concludes.","_input_hash":987344676,"_task_hash":1665346858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cFor the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1948834398,"_task_hash":1274933372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, without major reductions in emissions, the increase in annual average global temperature relative to preindustrial times could reach 9\u00b0F (5\u00b0C) or more by the end of this century.","_input_hash":212145717,"_task_hash":560331512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although emission rates have slowed as economic growth is becoming less carbon intensive, this slowing trend is not yet at a rate that would limit global average temperature change to 3.6\u00b0F (2\u00b0C) above preindustrial levels by century\u2019s end.\r\n","_input_hash":-1721547395,"_task_hash":-812271609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea levels are likely to continue to rise, and many severe weather events are likely to become more intense.","_input_hash":-1492765552,"_task_hash":-105618319,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Brace for more record-breaking high temperatures, including multiday heat waves, and more severe precipitation when it rains or snows.","_input_hash":-2099635264,"_task_hash":-795088622,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes are expected to get even more intense.\r\n","_input_hash":-156362090,"_task_hash":-242486689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, since NCA3, stronger evidence has emerged for the ongoing, rapid, human-caused warming of the global atmosphere and ocean.","_input_hash":-426096837,"_task_hash":1880174325,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, significant advances have been made in understanding extreme weather events in the United States and how they relate to increasing global temperatures and associated climate changes.","_input_hash":1021330681,"_task_hash":1212998258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In an examination of potential risks, the CSSR found that both large-scale state shifts in the climate system (sometimes called \u201ctipping points\u201d) and compound extremes have the potential to generate unanticipated climate surprises.\r\n","_input_hash":1549592879,"_task_hash":1577498637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Continued growth in human-made emissions of CO2 over this century and beyond would lead to an atmospheric concentration not experienced in tens to hundreds of millions of years.\r\n","_input_hash":-1160055650,"_task_hash":-1974372468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human-caused climate change has made a substantial contribution to this rise, contributing to a rate of rise that is greater than during any preceding century in at least 2,800 years.\r\n","_input_hash":-698734130,"_task_hash":-673148953,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Changes in the characteristics of extreme events are particularly important for human safety, infrastructure, agriculture, water quality and quantity, and natural ecosystems.\r\n","_input_hash":-1758428068,"_task_hash":-1922790032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coastal Flooding.","_input_hash":1502961214,"_task_hash":1110028041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Global sea level rise has already affected the United States; the incidence of daily tidal flooding is accelerating in more than 25 Atlantic and Gulf Coast cities.","_input_hash":-683172167,"_task_hash":-1602652597,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is due, in part, to changes in Earth\u2019s gravitational field from melting land ice, changes in ocean circulation, and local subsidence.\r\n","_input_hash":-1437231976,"_task_hash":-1131605066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavy precipitation, as either rainfall or snowfall, is increasing in intensity and frequency across the United States (Figure 2) and the globe.","_input_hash":-1963879087,"_task_hash":-2044700837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest observed changes in extreme precipitation in the United States have occurred in the Northeast and the Midwest.\r\n","_input_hash":1400391663,"_task_hash":1059407571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat Waves.","_input_hash":-200718220,"_task_hash":1224344842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves have become more frequent in the United States since the 1960s, whereas extreme cold temperatures and cold waves have become less frequent.","_input_hash":-1001497779,"_task_hash":762405812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The incidence of large forest fires in the western contiguous United States and Alaska has increased since the early 1980s and is projected to further increase in those regions as the climate warms, with profound changes to regional ecosystems.","_input_hash":-1773257719,"_task_hash":84908877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of large wildfires is influenced by a complex combination of natural and human factors.\r\n","_input_hash":1381932256,"_task_hash":-763182336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Annual trends toward earlier spring snowmelt and reduced snowpack are already affecting water resources in the western United States, with adverse effects for fisheries and electricity generation.","_input_hash":-1917883097,"_task_hash":-1253236829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under the highest emissions scenarios and assuming no change in current water resources management, chronic, long-duration hydrological drought is increasingly possible before the end of this century.\r\n","_input_hash":-220371213,"_task_hash":2003795921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recent droughts and associated heat waves have reached record intensity in some U.S. regions.","_input_hash":952946807,"_task_hash":-789670609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Little evidence is found for a human influence on observed precipitation deficits, but much evidence is found for a human influence on surface soil moisture deficits due to increased evapotranspiration caused by higher temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":-769544812,"_task_hash":-1984466153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Physical processes suggest, and numerical modeling simulations generally confirm, an increase in tropical cyclone intensity in a warmer world, and Earth system models generally show an increase in the number of very intense tropical cyclones.","_input_hash":1613358176,"_task_hash":-774988309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The frequency of the most intense of these storms is projected to increase in the Atlantic and western North Pacific and in the eastern North Pacific.\r\n","_input_hash":82544587,"_task_hash":854891541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They are also associated with severe flooding events when they shed their moisture.","_input_hash":1152372807,"_task_hash":1886542016,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The frequency and severity of landfalling atmospheric rivers will increase because rising temperatures increase evaporation, resulting in higher atmospheric water vapor concentrations.\r\n","_input_hash":603274290,"_task_hash":1328852419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades will depend primarily on the amount of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) emitted globally.","_input_hash":-1974856441,"_task_hash":-1983921558,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With significant reductions in emissions, the increase in annual average global temperature could be limited to 3.6\u00b0F (2\u00b0C) or less.","_input_hash":-1881126559,"_task_hash":-459820093,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The potentially deadly disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus made worse by rising rates of dust storms.","_input_hash":1212733662,"_task_hash":1367668710,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Victor Gutierrez doesn\u2019t know when he contracted valley fever, an illness caused by a soil-borne fungus, but he\u2019s narrowed it down to a few possible jobs he worked during the summer of 2011.\r\n","_input_hash":-444209006,"_task_hash":368905899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Late that summer, Gutierrez started experiencing flu-like symptoms\u2014a cough, night sweats, exhaustion, and a strange feeling that he was burning up on the inside.","_input_hash":-384363182,"_task_hash":-531788163,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Gutierrez still struggles with regular pain in his lungs and when he gets a cold or flu, he\u2019s in bed for weeks.\r\n","_input_hash":1601035403,"_task_hash":1955722029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Years of climate change-fueled drought and a 240 percent appear have led to a swift rise in the number of people diagnosed with the illness across the Southwest.\r\n","_input_hash":1587331224,"_task_hash":-1626659365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On average, there were approximately associated with the illness each year in the U.S. between 1999 and 2016.\r\n","_input_hash":-124283049,"_task_hash":-1369034898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Johnson, who has been working with valley fever patients for more than 40 years, said the remaining 40 percent tend to experience symptoms that are similar to, and often confused with a serious case of pneumonia.","_input_hash":-55044441,"_task_hash":1315978189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cPeople with relatively uncomplicated [respiratory valley fever] will usually think this is the worst illness they\u2019ve ever had,\u201d Johnson said, adding that the symptoms can get quite a lot worse in cases where it spreads.","_input_hash":1342656628,"_task_hash":1745569654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt seems that darker-skinned people are more likely, if they contract valley fever, to get a more severe case of it.","_input_hash":-203822981,"_task_hash":-1191711281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to a study by the California Health and Human Services Agency, African Americans and Hispanics in California are with valley fever than whites.\r\n","_input_hash":1918241570,"_task_hash":1569178918,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cA contributing factor to this finding may be the large populations of Hispanics living and working in the endemic region counties of California,\u201d wrote the study\u2019s authors, who added that the connection between race and risk for the disease \u201cis not well understood and may be attributable to variations in genetic susceptibility.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-791875826,"_task_hash":-2101968784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Valley fever only adds to these challenges.\r\n","_input_hash":654746032,"_task_hash":-1375783977,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then, in 2012, she was told that her kidneys were failing due to the impact of both valley fever and the medication she had relied upon to treat it.","_input_hash":622264408,"_task_hash":1769023120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Arrollo-Toland makes it a point to advise the workers she knows to get tested for the illness at the first sign of a cold or flu.","_input_hash":-1443803914,"_task_hash":1994324681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She also points to the many challenges farmworkers face when it comes to staying healthy\u2014from regular exposure to pesticides and dust clouds, to lack of fresh produce and clean water\u2014 for many residents of unincorporated areas.\r\n","_input_hash":855329620,"_task_hash":45657318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Several studies have shown that farmworkers suffer from \u2014two more factors that have been .\r\n","_input_hash":504716247,"_task_hash":847804642,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While pesticides don\u2019t play a direct role in the spread of valley fever, Antje Lauer, a microbial ecologist at the California State University, Bakersfield who has received funding from NASA, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the Bureau of Land Management to study valley fever in the soil, does see that certain forms of agriculture as a potential part of the problem.\r\n","_input_hash":429689478,"_task_hash":1028839420,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cMost of the agriculture that we have here in the valley contributes to our poor air quality\u2026 Once the agricultural season starts with plowing and planting new orchards, we have an increase in fine particulate matter.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-940643305,"_task_hash":-955344847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Very wet winters, like the one that just passed, followed by dry summers have historically been particularly bad when it comes to the growth of cocci spores, said Lauer.\r\n","_input_hash":-1847576177,"_task_hash":1381842805,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Manuela Ortega, a farmworker who contracted valley fever in 2006\u2014and whose brother died of the illness at age 39\u2014said that the stifling summer heat makes wearing a mask unrealistic.","_input_hash":-610115612,"_task_hash":-974046749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThat applies to valley fever and to any other illness that could affect farmers and farm employees.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":838181329,"_task_hash":25102433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He has seen the rates of valley fever increase in recent years and now treats 3-4 people with the illness every week.","_input_hash":390531059,"_task_hash":47940287,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)If you're looking for a reason to care about tree loss, this summer's record-breaking heat waves might be it.","_input_hash":398178450,"_task_hash":807098999,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the one reason for tree loss that humans can control is sensible development.\r\n","_input_hash":-480531295,"_task_hash":935000562,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding reduction: Trees reduce flooding by absorbing water and reducing runoff into streams.\r\n","_input_hash":-1147866715,"_task_hash":1835152657,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Noise reduction: Trees can deflect sound, one reason you'll see them lining highways, along fences and between roads and neighborhoods.","_input_hash":1438602005,"_task_hash":-555835563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They can also add sound through birds chirping and wind blowing through leaves, noises that have shown psychological benefits.\r\n","_input_hash":2134364257,"_task_hash":-1893664686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Protection from UV radiation: Trees absorb 96% of ultraviolet radiation, Nowak says.\r\n","_input_hash":1441834908,"_task_hash":-1382148670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Improved human health: Many studies have found connections between exposure to nature and better mental and physical health.","_input_hash":423357568,"_task_hash":-1962098479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nowak says there's a downside to trees too, such as pollen allergies or large falling branches in storms, \"and people don't like raking leaves.","_input_hash":-1230554274,"_task_hash":-1186031035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr. Xie also notices more cases of heat exhaustion and dehydration in summer months \u2014 particularly among elderly and low-income individuals who lack adequate housing.","_input_hash":-1351550895,"_task_hash":113297641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Toronto alone, heat already contributes to an estimated 120 deaths each year.","_input_hash":586515414,"_task_hash":-2120958621,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although it takes time to connect individual events to climate change, there is a growing body of evidence linking climate change and wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":2029935126,"_task_hash":365811623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"From Lyme disease and heat stroke to heightened risk of premature death, climate change puts the wellbeing of all Canadians at risk.","_input_hash":-2072777245,"_task_hash":-1173210435,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The symptoms vary, but they share a root cause.\r\n","_input_hash":-183661431,"_task_hash":1539831349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Economists now view charged-up wildfires, floods and storms as a new normal \u2014 disruptive events that threaten homes, jobs, businesses and our continued prosperity.\r\n","_input_hash":220981194,"_task_hash":-118111146,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding, already Canada\u2019s costliest extreme weather event, is getting worse.","_input_hash":-889563688,"_task_hash":-586786824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It encourages innovation, creating demand for non-polluting technologies and the industries that supply them.","_input_hash":1536217981,"_task_hash":1031153443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By returning the revenues through household rebates, tax cuts and low-carbon investments like public transit, governments are using the revenues from carbon pricing to make the transition to a cleaner economy more affordable.","_input_hash":-1391551934,"_task_hash":1397780906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is here, it\u2019s getting worse, and the best time to do something about it is right now.","_input_hash":-750233096,"_task_hash":1869122105,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In fact, they all have the same underlying cause: Climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":903017442,"_task_hash":-559305591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most Americans recognize climate change is real and caused by burning fossil fuels.","_input_hash":-558776771,"_task_hash":1380023014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme heat.","_input_hash":2143068180,"_task_hash":510196853,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves kill more people than all other disasters combined, and they are increasing.","_input_hash":1300138158,"_task_hash":2027577402,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The number of visits to hospitals for heat illness increased 133 percent from 1997 to 2006, and they are expected to double by 2030.","_input_hash":1098403638,"_task_hash":-1621419707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat-related illnesses include heat rash, cramps and heat exhaustion up to fatal heat strokes.","_input_hash":-1852409910,"_task_hash":-2016539848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It was called \"heat exhaustion\" in the field, but it required very aggressive treatment.\r\n","_input_hash":1857230698,"_task_hash":694444864,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The water is warmer, causing increased evaporation.","_input_hash":1889629100,"_task_hash":-1720717756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increased evaporation and warmer air holding more water means more severe storms and heavier rainfall.","_input_hash":-1917301737,"_task_hash":-2084477653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavier rainfalls cause increased runoff of animal waste and fertilizers which, respectively, carry germs and feed toxic algae blooms.\r\n","_input_hash":-1167938283,"_task_hash":500346500,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and the extreme weather events it causes increased aggressive behavior, violence and crime.","_input_hash":1617352963,"_task_hash":-752399229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events increase stress and psychiatric consequences.","_input_hash":-218062355,"_task_hash":228406199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 1,000 year flood in Louisiana in 2016 increased the incidence of anxiety, depression, PTSD, suicidal thoughts and actions in those affected by the storm.","_input_hash":-2019079211,"_task_hash":1401040639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, women in temporary housing attempted suicide 78 times more frequently than women not affected by the storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-365888538,"_task_hash":-3932527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the severity and frequency of downpours, droughts and hurricanes.","_input_hash":-955985235,"_task_hash":-564757603,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in 2017 represent the only time in recorded history that three Category 4 storms struck the United States in the same year.\r\n","_input_hash":1685350953,"_task_hash":793411880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air pollution.","_input_hash":-2108521542,"_task_hash":-2063653359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increased ambient temperature causes smog, increases pollen and leads to wildfires.","_input_hash":-1764683554,"_task_hash":664277530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Smoke from wildfires can trigger asthma events and can also precipitate heart attacks and strokes.\r\n","_input_hash":1205253724,"_task_hash":1490175985,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is affecting public health in multiple and substantial ways.","_input_hash":690285535,"_task_hash":586392518,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lyme disease is the most common illness that ticks carry, which Lindsay says poses the greatest risk to humans.\r\n","_input_hash":-1151735677,"_task_hash":404976944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a result of climate change, temperatures are generally warmer and therefore expand the time period for which ticks are active.\r\n","_input_hash":-426582737,"_task_hash":1499237202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme Heat Events\r\n","_input_hash":-1373529940,"_task_hash":-168903477,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat is deadlier than any other weather-related hazard on earth, on average causing more human deaths annually than tornadoes, floods or hurricanes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1302642733,"_task_hash":-302162017,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More Heat, Means More Time On Heat\r\n","_input_hash":1293254302,"_task_hash":-676553538,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Longer, warmer weather means longer lust cycles for cats, leading to more feral cats, leading to the spread of more disease.\r\n","_input_hash":704928450,"_task_hash":1965574356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The authors of this new report in the Annals of Internal Medicine believe that warming water due to climate change has caused the spate of recent cases in the Delaware Bay, where it was previously a rarity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1698010973,"_task_hash":1734950428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"V. parahaemolyticus causes thousands of food-related infections each year, primarily from eating raw or undercooked seafood.","_input_hash":-47278741,"_task_hash":1552323668,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is currently an outbreak in New Zealand from mussels, with 26 people reportedly ill.","_input_hash":1652333088,"_task_hash":-1012975896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vibrio vulnificus is the scary one of the group in the US, the one that causes flesh eating infections.","_input_hash":-148808437,"_task_hash":2144430859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People often develop shock and may lose limbs or kidneys, resulting in needing dialysis.","_input_hash":1422231457,"_task_hash":446923258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People with hepatitis C and cirrhosis are especially at risk and are are 80 times more likely to develop this infection and 200 times more likely to die from it.","_input_hash":-54380244,"_task_hash":-826692715,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although illness usually follows eating raw oysters, 3.5% of the U. S. population report having done so during the past week prior to illness.","_input_hash":-222387910,"_task_hash":1439411172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other risk factors for more serious illness are alcoholism or cancer, diabetes, problems with immunity, or low concentrations of stomach acid from illness or a class of medicines called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (e.g., Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid, or Protonix.)\r\n","_input_hash":844504145,"_task_hash":204264794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The incidence of Vibrio infections increased by more than 115% in 1998-2010 period.\r\n","_input_hash":1185642311,"_task_hash":1941775510,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The three main species cause different kinds of disease.","_input_hash":214458265,"_task_hash":-1773540475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each year, 100 people die from Vibrio in the US, and an estimated 80,000 become ill.","_input_hash":1086177508,"_task_hash":1816185960,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is likely a grave underestimate because, like Lyme, we are not accurately measuring the disease.","_input_hash":1993482882,"_task_hash":530113462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So unless someone is ill with a bloodstream infection or has the characteristic rash of bloody, fluid-filled blisters, the diagnosis will likely be overlooked.","_input_hash":23513835,"_task_hash":-1925910608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This is leading him to worry that it will be a bad season for Vibrio infections in the Gulf, as well.\r\n","_input_hash":-1138412708,"_task_hash":810901824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Saharan dust also spurs the growth of algal blooms (red tide), which has toxins that can cause respiratory distress, and eye and skin irritation.","_input_hash":-454149192,"_task_hash":1343516972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Toxins from red tide have also killed a lot of aquatic life, birds, and marine animals.","_input_hash":730025672,"_task_hash":335477199,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Saharan dust storms rarely travel far north, Westrich added, and are unlikely to have caused the Delaware Vibrio cases.\r\n","_input_hash":-1677627673,"_task_hash":659836919,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How can you prevent dying from Vibrio?\r\n","_input_hash":1606414420,"_task_hash":-675945414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While the people most at risk have underlying liver disease or are immunocompromised, some people who become deathly ill are perfectly healthy, like my colleague","_input_hash":-1007967276,"_task_hash":-188926633,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate Change has now created a public health emergency, according to the medical and public health community at large in an urgent call to action.","_input_hash":-2137000749,"_task_hash":1120695562,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Health professionals are deeply concerned that scores of people are getting sick and dying \u2013 from heat stroke, cardiovascular disease, asthma, respiratory allergies, malaria, encephalitis, dysentery, dehydration, malnutrition, and other life-threatening maladies \u2013 as the result of human-caused global warming and associated climate change impacts.","_input_hash":431573756,"_task_hash":413462346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cExtreme heat, powerful storms and floods, year-round wildfires, droughts, and other climate-related events have already caused thousands of deaths and displaced tens of thousands of people in the U.S. from their homes, with significant personal loss and mental health impacts especially for first responders and children,\u201d the letter warns.","_input_hash":259330858,"_task_hash":-1891903967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This week alone, heat stroke has taken dozens of lives in the US and Europe as heat waves are breaking temperature records and inflicting extreme heat on vulnerable populations such as young children and the elderly.","_input_hash":-1106942933,"_task_hash":-1339116124,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Death by Heat Stroke\r\n","_input_hash":-464206523,"_task_hash":-1497701046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The warning signs of heat stroke are unpleasant: your head pounds, your muscles cramp, and your heart races.","_input_hash":-1162280924,"_task_hash":-928365097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When dizziness, nausea and vomiting set in,","_input_hash":-1981162226,"_task_hash":-1615813099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"it\u2019s often too late: certain death follows unless rapid cooling brings down the body\u2019s core temperature to a safe level.\r\n","_input_hash":1578480151,"_task_hash":81534702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On Sunday June 23rd, a 29-year-old man serving time in a prison just outside Abilene, Texas died of hyperthermia and heat stroke after running outdoors with rescue dogs in a training exercise.","_input_hash":100270703,"_task_hash":625796177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As summers get hotter and hotter, high school football players are increasingly at risk of succumbing to heat stroke and dying during summer practice \u2013 about three players a year, on average.","_input_hash":-1921735517,"_task_hash":-1931220184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 2003 European heat wave took about 70,000 lives; it is not known how many will suffer and die from the current heat wave.\r\n","_input_hash":-1692171292,"_task_hash":95223360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme temperatures leading to greater morbidity and mortality is no surprise to the climate scientists who have been warning of such climate change impacts for years.","_input_hash":1567021462,"_task_hash":-1735825378,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the most recent National Assessment of climate change impacts issued by the US Global Change Research Program, \u201cA warmer future is projected to lead to increases in future mortality on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of additional premature deaths per year across the United States by the end of this century.\u201d","_input_hash":566750292,"_task_hash":-1504640133,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to another USGCRP study issued in 2016, The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment, heat waves are estimated to cause 670 to 1,300 direct deaths each year in the U.S., and premature deaths from heat waves are expected to rise more than 27,000 per year by 2100.\r\n","_input_hash":-1444594272,"_task_hash":798617636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Prolonged drought and extreme heat also bring about death and destruction from fiercer and more frequent wildfires.","_input_hash":-1171730326,"_task_hash":1829152491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"California fires took a half-dozen lives and were so severe as to cause a national state of emergency; the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire was the largest in California history.","_input_hash":2008069967,"_task_hash":-678477553,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the hell part of \u201chell and high water\u201d \u2013 heavier-than-normal precipitation in many regions leads to dangerous and deadly flooding.","_input_hash":76027841,"_task_hash":-1891387561,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re seeing steady upticks in the numbers of drowning incidents following flash flooding.","_input_hash":1397179679,"_task_hash":-1765541571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Elevated waterborne disease outbreaks are often reported in the weeks following heavy rainfall.","_input_hash":-1251808725,"_task_hash":-1181856627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re also seeing increased mortality from a host of vector-borne and infectious diseases (e.g., Lyme, West Nile virus, and the plague), and painful deaths from severe dehydration and water-borne diarrheal diseases.","_input_hash":585024185,"_task_hash":-720619509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Poor air quality aggravates asthma and causes other respiratory diseases and heart failure.","_input_hash":5004140,"_task_hash":-1987079,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And on top of all that, anxiety, depression, and other serious mental health problems attributed to climate-related hardships are ruining peoples\u2019 lives and leading to more suicides","_input_hash":-2134000077,"_task_hash":-199106192,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What ties all these experiences together, I am sorry to say, to those communities in this country who depend upon fossil fuels, that it is our reliance on fossil fuels, which when extracted from the Earth and burned damage our children\u2019s health through climate change and through the air and water pollution they produce.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":901815724,"_task_hash":1678356986,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is the responsibility of all of us to ensure that they will be able to sound the alarm without becoming the sound of their own professional suicide.\r\n","_input_hash":-1381063922,"_task_hash":173723930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"German physician Alfred Buchwald had no clue that the chronic skin inflammation he described in 1883 was the first recorded case of a serious tick-carrying disease, one that would take hold in a small Connecticut town almost a century later and go on to afflict people across the United States.","_input_hash":-623794712,"_task_hash":533878236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Today we know a lot more than Buchwald did about Lyme disease \u2014 that it is caused by a bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, and it is transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks, and that it can cause untold misery for those infected.","_input_hash":-703660658,"_task_hash":832163772,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The condition starts with fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic bullseye rash.","_input_hash":2085417793,"_task_hash":-456895607,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And it\u2019s about to get much worse, thanks to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1330528226,"_task_hash":1231070812,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Also, as temperature rises, people may engage in more outdoor activities, increasing exposure to ticks.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1291628999,"_task_hash":-801328494,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Finally, we can prevent severe global warming.\"","_input_hash":151002547,"_task_hash":-778990532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The clinical manifestation of the illness was similar to that of tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, but neither TBEV RNA nor antibodies against the virus were detected.\r\n","_input_hash":-2121108640,"_task_hash":-1708228703,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Routine surveillance for tickborne diseases in China led to the identification of a patient from the town of Alongshan who had a febrile illness with an unknown cause.","_input_hash":-1091169556,"_task_hash":-2035527155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An investigation was conducted to identify the pathogen that was causing this patient\u2019s illness.","_input_hash":1631295010,"_task_hash":-2118172386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because it was suspected that the patient\u2019s illness was caused by a tickborne pathogen, a heightened surveillance program was initiated in the same hospital to identify patients with fever, headache, and a history of tick bites.","_input_hash":1860387979,"_task_hash":-1836183277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Gaining an understanding of the range of potential effects that climate change could have on immune function will be of considerable importance, particularly for child health, but has, as yet, received minimal research attention.","_input_hash":1549228928,"_task_hash":1746507035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Key climate change-sensitive pathways include under-nutrition, psychological stress and exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation, with effects on susceptibility to infection, allergy and autoimmune diseases.","_input_hash":-1542583504,"_task_hash":1229724265,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Conducting directed research in this area is imperative as the potential public health implications of climate change-induced weakening of the immune system at both individual and population levels are profound.","_input_hash":-150218988,"_task_hash":-1408261159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is now unequivocal evidence that Earth\u2019s climate is warming, greenhouse gas concentrations have increased, snow and ice cover have decreased and the sea level has risen.","_input_hash":87607409,"_task_hash":313264271,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is very likely that these changes are human induced [1].","_input_hash":821807844,"_task_hash":-883841097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the fundamental determinants of human health including \u201cwater, air, food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructure\u201d [2] (p. 393).","_input_hash":844802610,"_task_hash":822521359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The full range of potential consequences of climate change for human health is unknown, but there is agreement that the overall impact will be negative [3].","_input_hash":1930318022,"_task_hash":-637990550,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Global Burden of Disease assessment of 2000, 150,000 deaths worldwide were attributed to climate change [5] with 88% of the disease burden caused by loss of life or well-being in childhood.","_input_hash":671434442,"_task_hash":1853852182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most research into the human health effects of climate change has focussed on specific exposures (e.g., vector-borne diseases, extreme weather events), or occasionally on specific outcomes (e.g., asthma [6], pre-term birth [7]).","_input_hash":-2023561491,"_task_hash":-1731080471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Yet indirect effects, such as on food security and quality and on mental health, may also be important, but more difficult to predict or quantify.","_input_hash":99282488,"_task_hash":1588836894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An alternative to consideration of specific direct and indirect exposures, or disease outcomes, is to examine potential risks from climate change to the fundamental systems underlying the human interaction with the environment.","_input_hash":1587944810,"_task_hash":-1932771073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just as the adverse physical effects of climate change are predicted to weigh most heavily on developing nations, children are likely to also be the most vulnerable to systemic adverse effects on immune function.","_input_hash":1898263894,"_task_hash":1869660374,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The evidence to support this contention is compelling, with infection responsible for over two-thirds of deaths amongst children younger than 5 years [10,11]\r\n","_input_hash":-1681596337,"_task_hash":170511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Neonatal innate immune responses are not robust, giving rise to potentially serious infections with pathogens such as Group B Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) [12].","_input_hash":-767071419,"_task_hash":-604331118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"do not develop until late infancy (~24 months) leading to susceptibility to infection by encapsulated bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza), that is responsible for most of the infection-related mortality amongst neonates and infants [16].","_input_hash":1298120499,"_task_hash":-2117015847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This period is associated with an increased incidence of auto-immune diseases [15].\r\n","_input_hash":-349498675,"_task_hash":-321758354,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Disease can occur from both overactivity (up-regulation) of the immune system and immune suppression (down-regulation).","_input_hash":1087877578,"_task_hash":-546202497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Allergy is thought to result from up-regulation of Th2 cell mediated pathways, whereas some autoimmune diseases appear to be the result of up-regulated Th1 responses, resulting in diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, scleroderma and multiple sclerosis.","_input_hash":2053608350,"_task_hash":-1966304533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Impairment of specific immune components predisposes to specific types of infection and disease.","_input_hash":195172345,"_task_hash":2111600321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Primary antibody deficiency states, manifest by low or absent levels of circulating immunoglobulins (i.e., IgG subclass deficiency, IgA deficiency or common variable immunodeficiency), are associated with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections of varying severity [14].","_input_hash":-1559384342,"_task_hash":-1430372898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, studies of cancer patients [19] and acutely ill surgical patients [20] have shown that impaired cell mediated immunity is associated with poorer prognosis and higher mortality.\r\n","_input_hash":-66222134,"_task_hash":-1618430774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At an individual level, it is these profound impairments of immune function that are associated with significant (i.e., clinically manifest) health consequences.","_input_hash":-1311760925,"_task_hash":-2058075240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, at a population level, less profound impairment of specific immune processes occurring with high prevalence may manifest as an increased incidence of infection (e.g., influenza, otitis media or the common cold) [21] and reduced vaccine effectiveness [22] (Figure 1).","_input_hash":1836016863,"_task_hash":-236491798,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The developing immune system can be influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic exposures and physiological states that can lead to adverse health outcomes.\r\n","_input_hash":-271630201,"_task_hash":-1025922027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under-nutrition that is wholly or partly due to climate change can arise not only from adverse effects on food yields and storage, especially cereal grains, but from the chronic diarrhoeal disease that characterizes childhood experience in many of the world\u2019s poor, crowded and unhygienic \u201cinformal housing\u201d settlements where food and water is often faecally contaminated and domestic hygiene is deficient.","_input_hash":1425228435,"_task_hash":-1498395605,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Human-driven climate change is projected to impair crop yields in many regions of the world, especially South Asia and much of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as a consequence of changes in temperature, rainfall and soil moisture [23] and is expected to also occur because of damage from increases in extremes of weather and changes in patterns of infestations and infections\u2014in plants and livestock.\r\n","_input_hash":1000215235,"_task_hash":-1102858324,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Many infectious diseases are sensitive to small shifts in climatic conditions, including vector-borne infections spread by mosquitoes and ticks.","_input_hash":-1105842824,"_task_hash":-1831497434,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In poor and vulnerable populations, cholera outbreaks are more likely to occur during both extreme flooding and droughts [24]; so too are various other types of gastroenteritis.","_input_hash":511756199,"_task_hash":258729352,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will affect the geographic range and seasonality of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis, reducing the incidence in some populations, increasing it in others and introducing it to other immunologically na\u00efve populations [25].","_input_hash":-565894488,"_task_hash":924552118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Children that are displaced by enforced relocation or by refugee flows in response to increasing climatic adversity\u2014food shortages, physical hazards, loss of arable or habitable coastal land, etc.\u2014are very often exposed to both chronic food deprivation and to a range of infectious agents encountered during crowd movement and in congested and unhygienic refugee camps [28].\r\n","_input_hash":166275929,"_task_hash":-297992929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and its impacts will influence physiological and psychological stress on many young human bodies and minds.","_input_hash":-2040239729,"_task_hash":-1754153732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Psychological depression is a well-recognised modulator of immune function [30].","_input_hash":1222068863,"_task_hash":266982559,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Clearly evident in many studies of animal models, though less well demonstrated in humans, chronic heat stress also impairs aspects of the immune response [31,32].\r\n","_input_hash":-1309953294,"_task_hash":-1384594557,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Chronic background stress will impinge on many families and their children, in all regions of the world, as climate change conditions become more disruptive and severe.","_input_hash":-1509766542,"_task_hash":158964662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Strazdins and Skeats [33] remind us that: \u201cchildren\u2019s wellbeing will be affected by expected economic, social and cultural impacts of climate change.","_input_hash":626078621,"_task_hash":-1018099974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If, as forecast, climate change results in food and water scarcity then there will likely be an increase in the number of families living in poverty.","_input_hash":1468845909,"_task_hash":641574548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This in turn may lead to forced internal migration: family separations where one parent moves to earn income or family dislocation where the whole family moves, especially likely for rural families or families caught up in a climate change related natural disaster.\u201d","_input_hash":-1910783322,"_task_hash":2005246317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Those authors also point out, however, that there has been little research specifically on the childhood stress experiences of climate change and their biological, health and behavioural consequences.\r\n","_input_hash":926376123,"_task_hash":1134822460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under-Nutrition and Human Immune Function\r\nUnder-nutrition is the most common cause of secondary immune suppression in children globally and may result from inadequate intake of macro-","_input_hash":-748481334,"_task_hash":253866942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Macro-nutrient deficiency or \u201cprotein-energy malnutrition\u201d","_input_hash":-2087560673,"_task_hash":-1498863854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"(PEM) results in a generalized depression of immune function, particularly in young children [36,37].","_input_hash":-198360562,"_task_hash":-1333913736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Function of the adaptive immune system can be impaired, with reductions in antibody secretion and affinity to antigen.","_input_hash":-697545816,"_task_hash":-2147417272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe PEM can lead to leucopenia (decreased number of white blood cells), decreased Th cell (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cell (CD8+) numbers, as well as a reduced CD4+:CD8+ ratio\u2014considered an important correlate of susceptibility to infection [34,35].\r\n","_input_hash":1238994018,"_task_hash":407558021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Micro-nutrient under-nutrition often accompanies PEM, but can occur as an isolated deficiency (i.e., of iron, vitamin A or zinc).","_input_hash":-1105043529,"_task_hash":-1265347546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The extent and nature of immune dysfunction depends on the specific micro-nutrient involved.","_input_hash":-1080484924,"_task_hash":526561927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A deficit of zinc, for example, is associated with lymphoid atrophy and decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses and has been also associated with increased mortality and morbidity from infection in animal models","_input_hash":-937406483,"_task_hash":-1752247082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the micro-nutrients, deficiencies of vitamins (A, C, E, B6), selenium, zinc, copper, iron and folic acid are associated with impaired immune function and/or increased rates of infection in humans [34,36].\r\n","_input_hash":-1327713625,"_task_hash":1878599785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There are modelled predictions that the temperature and rainfall (hence, soil moisture) changes that are central to climate change may increase food production in some regions of the world [43].","_input_hash":-484757543,"_task_hash":-155548862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"There may also be a positive \u201cfertilizer\u201d effect on agriculture due to increased atmospheric CO2 [44].","_input_hash":-1702559670,"_task_hash":-347998738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, and particularly in areas of current vulnerability to food insecurity such as SSA and Asia, the modelled impacts of climate change on food yields suggest greatly reduced yields.","_input_hash":-1238294652,"_task_hash":517968707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Decreases in crop yields are projected to occur as a result of direct thermal stress on crops, altered timing of seasons, reduced available arable land and water for agriculture, increased soil salinity and diminished biodiversity [42,43].","_input_hash":1369945403,"_task_hash":-1766861681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An altered frequency of extreme weather events will also affect future yields.\r\n","_input_hash":1822054351,"_task_hash":-1612617792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The most recent IPCC assessment report rates as \u201cvery likely\u201d that climate change will have an overall negative effect on major cereal crop yields across Africa, with strong regional variability [23].","_input_hash":1581409714,"_task_hash":1682853372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For south Asia, home to the greatest number of food insecure children, a large systematic review and meta-analysis of original data publications demonstrated a crop yield reduction of \u221216% for maize and \u221211% for sorghum by the 2050s [47].","_input_hash":1522546265,"_task_hash":1518058616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Access to food under climate change scenarios may be adversely affected as a result of market inequities, pricing barriers or employment insecurity (especially for landless agricultural labourers).","_input_hash":810664244,"_task_hash":-1316787596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore population displacement due to climate change, (e.g., sea level rise, extreme weather events or conflict) may limit access to nutritious foods both through affordability and lack of availability of familiar foods.\r\n","_input_hash":1636041170,"_task_hash":1917860563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Appropriate utilization of food can be adversely affected by climate change via conditions leading to decreased absorption of nutrients (e.g., diarrheal illness, parasitic gut infection), increased energy requirements (e.g., concomitant infections, increased physical work load) and/or unsafe food preparation (e.g., disrupted water and sanitary systems) [42].","_input_hash":-1871081020,"_task_hash":-2126675613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Several studies have shown an association between rising ambient temperature and increased rates of infectious diarrhea (with specific pathogens such as Salmonella [48] and Campylobacter [49]) and non-specific diarrheal illness [50].","_input_hash":-2118879757,"_task_hash":-775425223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events can also overwhelm sanitation and water management systems, particularly in developing areas where infrastructure is often inadequate.","_input_hash":954857650,"_task_hash":-1295396461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Large outbreaks of cholera in Asia and SSA, for example, have occurred due to contamination of water supply following flooding episodes [51].\r\n","_input_hash":-1563576471,"_task_hash":1358867425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Under-Nutrition as a Mediator of Climate-Change Induced Immune Suppression\r\n","_input_hash":1252731415,"_task_hash":776952406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An estimated 26% of the world\u2019s children are stunted due to severe chronic under-nutrition [52].","_input_hash":367136354,"_task_hash":-436674907,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Approximately one third of the burden of disease in children is currently attributable to under-nutrition [53].","_input_hash":173895486,"_task_hash":-1910864946,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the overall population at risk is projected to significantly reduce during the 21st century due to socioeconomic development, it is likely that this progress will be uneven amongst regions of the developing world and slowest in the next few decades.","_input_hash":234053254,"_task_hash":-1974262566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They concluded that climate change would lead to an increase of 1%\u201329% in moderate stunting in 2050 compared with a reference scenario (of no climate change).","_input_hash":1885627741,"_task_hash":1183165734,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe stunting was projected to increase by 23% in central SSA and 62% in South Asia compared with the reference scenario.\r\n","_input_hash":-1704594390,"_task_hash":2491923,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We postulate that under-nutrition associated with climate change will impair immune function in a non-uniform manner with already vulnerable populations expected to fare disproportionately poorly.","_input_hash":189800592,"_task_hash":-1962057224,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thus it is likely that the future effects of climate change on immune function, mediated by reduced food security, will contribute to ongoing vulnerability to infection, particularly for children in the developing world.\r\n","_input_hash":-1572139054,"_task_hash":-316957205,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Psychological Stress and Immune Function\r\n","_input_hash":1079321112,"_task_hash":-942580204,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Psychological stress occurs when events or demands overwhelm an individual\u2019s perceived capacity to cope, eliciting a physiological stress response [55].","_input_hash":-1673367423,"_task_hash":1706015896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While acute time-limited stressors, such as mental arithmetic or public speaking can enhance immune parameters, particularly those associated with innate immunity, longer term stressor exposure tends to depress cell-mediated immunity (Th1), upregulate Th2-associated cytokines and antibodies to latent viruses (e.g., EBV), and depress innate immunity (reviewed in [29]).\r\n","_input_hash":714913214,"_task_hash":521729732,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Parent-reported perceived stress and depressive symptoms [56] and a harsh family climate [57] were associated with a pro-inflammatory profile in children and adolescents (respectively), while higher perceived self-efficacy in children aged 7\u201310 years was associated with an anti-inflammatory profile, i.e., lower IL-6 concentrations [58].","_input_hash":-1017261347,"_task_hash":-1885109755,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the latter study, depression was associated with increased risk of febrile illness only in older girls.","_input_hash":83486225,"_task_hash":-110263337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another recent study involving healthy 5 year old children from low and high psychological stress environments, showed evidence of high stress leading to an imbalance in the immune response and a predilection to reactivity to self-antigens [62], possibly leading to autoimmune disorders.","_input_hash":419076937,"_task_hash":-992263903,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Impacts appear to be cumulative across different domains such that those most at risk from environmental stressors are those already under socioeconomic or psychological stress [63,64] with long term effects on health [65].\r\n","_input_hash":859488789,"_task_hash":-9213653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is emerging evidence that stress-related effects on immune function can have clinical consequences.","_input_hash":-934133209,"_task_hash":647243763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a recent study of children aged 0\u201317 years, there was a higher incidence of type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, in regions of Israel that were attacked in the Second Lebanon War compared to other regions and to pre-war incidence, after taking account of family history of disease, age, sex, and season of diagnosis [66].\r\n","_input_hash":186264057,"_task_hash":-20335511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change may have an impact on mental health in several ways, although most research has focused on outcomes in adults [67]:\r\n","_input_hash":-151698552,"_task_hash":1438347659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"I. Acute traumatic stress following an extreme event:\r\n","_input_hash":-566742936,"_task_hash":1354063653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the aftermath of the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina on the US Gulf Coast in 2004, one study showed a marked increase in the rates of psychological illness amongst affected populations [68].","_input_hash":1976211781,"_task_hash":2109661551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, one year after the 1999 \u201csuper-cyclone\u201d which struck the Indian state of Orissa, a significant proportion of children and adolescents were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (31%) and syndromal depression (24%) [69].\r\n","_input_hash":-829865505,"_task_hash":1526430009,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Disruptions to social, economic and environmental determinants that promote mental well-being\r\n","_input_hash":-906289895,"_task_hash":-737429548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Global climate change has the potential to disrupt some or all of these conditions, and thus the potential to undermine the long-term psychosocial well-being of affected populations [72].","_input_hash":-819940205,"_task_hash":-464295425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, it has been estimated that over 200 million persons may be forced to leave their place or country of residence by 2050 due to a combination of climate change-related shoreline erosion, coastal flooding, desertification, agricultural change, natural disasters, government policy or geopolitical conflict [73].","_input_hash":-1158388919,"_task_hash":194534449,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Studies have shown that disaster related relocation is a strong predictor of psychological difficulties [74].","_input_hash":96270461,"_task_hash":514276197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In rural Australia, prolonged drought conditions have affected many historically fertile areas.","_input_hash":1080621663,"_task_hash":-1919555129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, an association between increased suicide rate and step-downs in inter-annual rainfall has been demonstrated [76].\r\n","_input_hash":-879301355,"_task_hash":-1258321240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Anxiety and fear for the future in a Climate Changed World\r\n","_input_hash":-292074496,"_task_hash":-1567775526,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This last category refers to the psychological reaction of individuals to the stream of often dire predictions regarding the consequences of global climate change emanating from peers, teachers and the scientific and popular media.","_input_hash":115602367,"_task_hash":-1907946756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, this barrage of unsettling, overwhelming and threatening information may lead to a state of chronic low-grade anxiety, fear or hopelessness.","_input_hash":-384756378,"_task_hash":-379757074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, schoolchildren\u2019s perceptions at the height of the Cold War were characterized by despair and loss of motivation [77].","_input_hash":-1297306512,"_task_hash":-1207260976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Psychological Stress as a Mediator of Climate Change Induced Immune Dysfunction\r\n","_input_hash":1930354644,"_task_hash":1187694990,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following extreme weather events, where numerous stressors may already be affecting immune function (e.g., overcrowding, exposure to temperature extremes, sleep disturbance), prolonged psychological stress can further modulate the immune response.","_input_hash":781299426,"_task_hash":285391091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, 33% of Florida residents affected by Hurricane Andrew suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the first four months (76% had at least on symptom of PTSD), and this was associated with lower natural killer cell activity, a marker of innate immune function [80].","_input_hash":-577036331,"_task_hash":-634600747,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Indeed, in the overall affected study population, there was a significant decrease in natural killer (NK) cell functional activity and T cell lymphocyte (CD4+ and CD8+) numbers compared with controls.\r\n","_input_hash":-617160024,"_task_hash":-1258710754,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For vulnerable populations, such as children and communities in the developing world with limited adaptive capacity, the impact of climate change associated with psychological stress is of particular concern.\r\n","_input_hash":-313625284,"_task_hash":-1207175139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ultraviolet Radiation, Climate Change and Immune Function\r\n","_input_hash":-125242066,"_task_hash":638335947,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The vast majority of human exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is from sunlight.","_input_hash":-1632089846,"_task_hash":-205209587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, UVB is more biologically effective than UVA and remains the most important contributor to UVR effects on human health [83].","_input_hash":-181610329,"_task_hash":-1728249005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Suppression of the activity of cutaneous antigen presenting cells (APC) (leading to migration away from skin, and impaired interaction with T cells in the lymph node);\r\nPromotion of specialised regulatory T cells (Treg) which produce immune inhibitory cytokines (particularly IL-10);\r\n","_input_hash":-821564899,"_task_hash":-1412366876,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Inhibition of cytotoxic and memory T cell production and function.\r\n","_input_hash":1544877280,"_task_hash":-1336320646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Overall, the effect of exposure to UVR is one of down-regulation of cell mediated (Th1) processes and promotion of a regulatory environment within draining lymph nodes.\r\n","_input_hash":-1812235489,"_task_hash":-96665241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Animal model and human clinical studies have also shown an association between UV irradiation and increased incidence of skin tumours and infection.","_input_hash":-141902721,"_task_hash":206806815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In animal models, UV irradiation has resulted in reduced immune responses following infection with a range of pathogens, including: Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Trichinella spiralis, Leishmania, Borrelia burgdorferi, Plasmodium chabaudi and Candida albicans [89,90].","_input_hash":-1920754741,"_task_hash":424791259,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In humans, reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) infections appear to be related to UVR exposure, through viral-tropism and immunosuppression [91].\r\n","_input_hash":599195320,"_task_hash":1414030335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is evidence, albeit limited, suggesting that increased UVR exposure can cause decreased vaccine effectiveness [92].","_input_hash":2114026848,"_task_hash":-1565974313,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Significant suppression of cell mediated and humoralimmunity occurred following experimental UVB exposure in mice recently vaccinated with hepatitis B [93].","_input_hash":1930461045,"_task_hash":-433053654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Cell mediated immune suppression (as measured by contact hypersensitivity reactions) was suppressed in similar experiments on healthy human subjects, though notably, there was no clinically significant reduction in the measured antibody response [94].","_input_hash":1591787177,"_task_hash":-102905277,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There was however, significant variation in immune response following UVR exposure dependent on specific cytokine gene polymorphisms [95].\r\n","_input_hash":-1529374822,"_task_hash":-722857609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Studies have shown decreasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases (such as Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and connective tissue disorders) associated with higher levels of surrogate markers of solar UVR exposure [100,101].","_input_hash":1296296994,"_task_hash":-594594666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This has been represented as further evidence of the influence of UVR exposure on suppressing cell-mediated responses, directly or indirectly via vitamin D-mediated mechanisms [102].\r\n","_input_hash":1943676343,"_task_hash":1401806175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Global climate change is expected to influence future personal UVR exposure via altered atmospheric conditions and changing behavioural, clothing and outdoor activity patterns.","_input_hash":1671263596,"_task_hash":2134769248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Though heavy cloud cover will likely diminish the amount of UVR reaching Earth\u2019s surface, partly cloudy skies can lead to large enhancements due to the effect of scattering [105].","_input_hash":-2011453704,"_task_hash":-847234913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Taking into account cloud cover changes, recent modelling predicts a decrease in ambient erythemal UV radiation of 10% at northern high latitudes and an increase of 3%\u20136% at low latitudes [106].\r\n","_input_hash":-416604392,"_task_hash":-2045714839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A more significant impact on personal UVR dose may arise through changes in behaviour and clothing patterns.","_input_hash":478032656,"_task_hash":1637058484,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ultraviolet Radiation as a Mediator of Climate Change-Induced Immune Dysfunction\r\n","_input_hash":1657341680,"_task_hash":-612564650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The likely overall effects of climate change on predicted levels of UVR at Earth\u2019s surface are for an increase in current latitudinal gradients\u2014i.e., higher levels at low latitudes where they are already high, and lower levels at high northern latitudes where they are already low [106].","_input_hash":-709296478,"_task_hash":-2059370666,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In many parts of the world, particularly in temperate zones, we postulate that personal UVR exposure will increase due to increased outdoor activity and less clothing coverage due to warmer weather.","_input_hash":-962737499,"_task_hash":-186673962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This may have beneficial effects, for example in decreasing incidence rates of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, if a causal association truly exists with UVR dose.","_input_hash":-931479302,"_task_hash":-1549599238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Improved vitamin D status (consequent upon higher UVR dose) may also benefit bone and muscle health, possibly reducing risk of certain cancers [111], cardiovascular, rheumatic and other disorders [112].\r\n","_input_hash":1343486682,"_task_hash":-300468850,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, there is considerable potential for adverse effects caused by excessive UVR dose, particularly in developing countries.","_input_hash":1509108882,"_task_hash":-1509660329,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Higher levels of ambient UVR and temperature may individually or in combination impair the immune response to vaccination and increase risk of infections.","_input_hash":-1159785899,"_task_hash":1086777003,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, a risk assessment study estimated that exposure to just 90 min of midday, mid-latitude sunshine in the summer months in sensitive, non-adapted individuals, would lead to a 50% reduction in specific cell-mediated immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes, an intra-cellular bacterium [113].","_input_hash":838487672,"_task_hash":-535016724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Outbreaks of measles infection amongst previously vaccinated children in north India has also been tentatively linked to excessive UVR exposure [99].\r\n","_input_hash":1149909772,"_task_hash":515864565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Here we have focused on undernutrition, psychological stress, and ultraviolet radiation as possible mediators of the effect of climate change on immune-related health risks in childhood.","_input_hash":-495869157,"_task_hash":761088964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Though the magnitude of deterioration in immune function for any given climate change-sensitive variable may be small, their combined effects on whole populations may lead to significant protective clinical thresholds being breached.","_input_hash":170614926,"_task_hash":-1804428162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Demonstration of a causal link between climate change and health outcomes is enormously challenging.","_input_hash":335144,"_task_hash":456504076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Health impacts plausibly linked to climate change have been well described [25] but to definitively establish that these effects have been, at least partially, mediated via climate-induced changes in immune function","_input_hash":91979150,"_task_hash":-2104531354,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Animal models exist for the impact of environment on immune function, and many observations link climate and environment to human disease, but there are no studies of important childhood diseases that include measurement of both climate exposures and measurement of immune mediation of these exposures in influencing disease incidence.\r\n","_input_hash":1037784254,"_task_hash":134770376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"McMichael A.J., Campbell-Lendrum D., Kovats S., Edwards S., Wilkinson P., Wilson T., Nichols R., Hales S., Tanser F., Le Sueur D., Schlesinger M., Andronova N. Global and Regional Burden of Disease due to Selected Major Risk Factors.","_input_hash":403145568,"_task_hash":-237353028,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beggs P.J., Bambrick H.J. Is the Global Rise of Asthma an Early Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change?","_input_hash":-337079800,"_task_hash":1760019897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Black R.E., Cousens S., Johnson H.L., Lawn J.E., Rudan I., Bassani D.G., Jha P., Campbell H., Walker C.F., Cibulskis R., Eisele T., Liu L., Mathers C. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis.","_input_hash":-352436338,"_task_hash":1128327405,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The delayed hypersensitivity response and host resistance in surgical patients.","_input_hash":-1032857120,"_task_hash":-1567232514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Norval M. Immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet radiation: relevance to public health.","_input_hash":977782448,"_task_hash":-5161483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Jin Y., Hu Y., Han D., Wang M. Chronic heat stress weakened the innate immunity and increased the virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in mice.","_input_hash":-1095918731,"_task_hash":-853606634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Meng D., Hu Y., Xiao C., Wei T., Zou Q., Wang M. Chronic heat stress inhibits immune responses to H5N1 vaccination through regulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs.","_input_hash":-2091085875,"_task_hash":-437344938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Youinou P.Y. Current concepts in immune derangement due to undernutrition.","_input_hash":1874401299,"_task_hash":-1604390109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The thymus is a common target in malnutrition and infection.","_input_hash":2033260558,"_task_hash":-1756071220,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The reported incidence of campylobacteriosis modelled as a function of earlier temperatures and numbers of cases, Montreal, Canada, 1990-2006.","_input_hash":1944389484,"_task_hash":818152052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Zung A., Blumenfeld O., Shehadeh N., Dally Gottfried O., Tenenbaum Rakover Y., Hershkovitz E., Gillis D., Zangen D., Pinhas-Hamiel O., Hanukoglu A., Rachmiel M., Shalitin S. Increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Israeli children following the Second Lebanon War.","_input_hash":-659076147,"_task_hash":-2031959437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Kar N., Mohapatra P.K., Nayak K.C., Pattanaik P., Swain S.P., Kar H.C. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors.","_input_hash":-950204924,"_task_hash":-1416425684,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health.","_input_hash":-2053429710,"_task_hash":-776190095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ironson G., Wynings C., Schneiderman N., Baum A., Rodriguez M., Greenwood D., Benight C., Antoni M., LaPerriere A., Huang H.S., Klimas N., Fletcher M.A. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, intrusive thoughts, loss, and immune function after Hurricane Andrew.","_input_hash":382223171,"_task_hash":-1482336350,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lucas R.M., McMichael A.J., Smith W., Armstrong B.K. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation.","_input_hash":-1908607515,"_task_hash":-2113974806,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Halliday G.M., Rana S. Waveband and dose dependency of sunlight-induced immunomodulation and cellular changes.","_input_hash":314428999,"_task_hash":-2113194283,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The consequences of UV-induced immunosuppression for human health.","_input_hash":555928238,"_task_hash":873521717,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hart P.H., Gorman S., Finlay-Jones J.J. Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D?","_input_hash":145967549,"_task_hash":1427887529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sleijffers A., Garssen J., de Gruijl F.R., Boland G.J., van Hattum J., van Vloten W.A., van Loveren H. UVB exposure impairs immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination in two different mouse strains.","_input_hash":-1034318960,"_task_hash":-1640329514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sleijffers A., Garssen J., de Gruijl F., Boland G., van Hattum J., van Vloten W., van Loveren H. Influence of ultraviolet B exposure on immune responses following hepatitis B vaccination in human volunteers.","_input_hash":1725799149,"_task_hash":-722416637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sleijffers A., Yucesoy B., Kashon M., Garssen J., De Gruijl F.R., Boland G.J., Van Hattum J., Luster M.I., Van Loveren H. Cytokine polymorphisms play a role in susceptibility to ultraviolet B-induced modulation of immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination.","_input_hash":-446159519,"_task_hash":-788231320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Type 1 Diabetes , Rheumatoid Arthritis.","_input_hash":156116863,"_task_hash":407018874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Staples J., Ponsonby A.-L., Lim L. Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in pregnancy, month of birth, and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring: longitudinal analysis.","_input_hash":-1841131663,"_task_hash":-238596118,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A historic heat wave inflicted life-threatening temperatures on Europe and shattered all-time highs in multiple countries Thursday.\r\n","_input_hash":1727841133,"_task_hash":-915343662,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And London experienced its hottest July day on record, with a temperature of 100.2.\r\n","_input_hash":-1133614265,"_task_hash":-1898103723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat wave has been caused by a massive area of high pressure that extends into the upper atmosphere.","_input_hash":-812717011,"_task_hash":-359657475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The phenomenon, also known as a heat dome, has temporarily rerouted the typical flow of the jet stream and allowed hot air from Africa to surge northward.\r\n","_input_hash":302467686,"_task_hash":593580889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Paris, the heat radiated from the pavement and the city\u2019s iconic stone facades.","_input_hash":-924946998,"_task_hash":-1112233671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But that may change as episodes of punishing heat become the new normal.\r\n","_input_hash":363481127,"_task_hash":576520987,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Still, some Europeans say that air conditioning is precisely the wrong response to crippling heat waves triggered by climate change.","_input_hash":-161491167,"_task_hash":-1306534949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"HVAC systems consume a lot of power and release hot air, which can exacerbate the heat-\r\nisland effect in cities and intensify cooling demands.\r\n","_input_hash":-620960754,"_task_hash":-1410235701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Long-term, human-caused climate change makes extreme-heat events such as the current wave more likely, more severe and longer-lasting, numerous scientific studies say.\r\n","_input_hash":-1038593940,"_task_hash":-1466064428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the wake of Europe\u2019s first heat wave of the summer, in early July, scientists performed an analysis that showed human-caused climate change made the event at least five times more likely to occur.\r\n","_input_hash":-1615533375,"_task_hash":2059129119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cThe combination of increasing average temperature and increasing variability, all due to human activity, could push vulnerable people and systems past the brink,\u201d said Radley Horton, a climate researcher at Columbia University.\r\n","_input_hash":265962578,"_task_hash":-1140764387,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And, in part because of the hot weather in Europe, July may rank as the hottest month on record.","_input_hash":-1164811062,"_task_hash":-1730429576,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Europe\u2019s heat wave coincided with the visit of Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg to France this week.","_input_hash":-1951584249,"_task_hash":-999916541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It has been one of the most aggravating sounds on earth for more than 100 million years \u2014 the humming buzz of a mosquito.\r\n","_input_hash":-266394578,"_task_hash":966524730,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Stinky feet emit a bacterium that woos famished females, as do perfumes.","_input_hash":-1747305571,"_task_hash":-813623804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is the diseases she transmits that cause an endless barrage of death.","_input_hash":-105416,"_task_hash":-348876063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the American Civil War, Confederate forces suffered from shortages of the antimalarial drug quinine, and the mosquito eventually helped hammer the final nail in the coffin of the institution of slavery.","_input_hash":1759489709,"_task_hash":-1473542640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Malaria often produces a synchronized and cyclical pattern of symptoms: a cold stage of chills and shakes, followed by a hot stage marked by fevers, headaches and vomiting, and finally a sweating stage.","_input_hash":1593046347,"_task_hash":311777579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For many, especially children under 5, malaria triggers organ failure, coma and death.\r\n","_input_hash":1389673016,"_task_hash":1340490701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It can produce fever-induced delirium, liver damage bleeding from the mouth, nose and eyes, and coma.","_input_hash":1499240260,"_task_hash":-880747231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Internal corrosion induces vomit of blood, the color of coffee grounds, giving rise to the Spanish name for yellow fever, v\u00f3mito negro (black vomit), which is sometimes followed by death.\r\n","_input_hash":-1756868521,"_task_hash":1962089715,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Today, roughly four billion people are at risk from mosquito-borne diseases.","_input_hash":1185072394,"_task_hash":-2060544203,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His wife, Ms. Rodriguez, said she was devastated and called the deaths a \u201chorrific accident.\u201d","_input_hash":-1804690279,"_task_hash":-898657711,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the recent heat wave, New York City\u2019s Administration for Children\u2019s Services warned parents not to leave their children in cars.","_input_hash":139160759,"_task_hash":2000206766,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An average of 38 children die of heatstroke each year after being left in locked cars, according to kidsandcars.org, a nonprofit focused on preventing death and injury to children and pets from vehicles.\r\n","_input_hash":568132288,"_task_hash":755543053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But as temperatures warmed with fossil fuel emissions, and growing seasons lengthened, the shrubs multiplied and prospered.","_input_hash":1547836631,"_task_hash":777898357,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That's just one of thousands of ways in which human-caused climate change is altering life for plants and animals, and in the process having direct and sometimes profound impacts on humans.","_input_hash":472915577,"_task_hash":-631359628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Germs and Pests on the March\r\n","_input_hash":426914390,"_task_hash":1224684428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The hybrids result from interbreeding of species that have been newly thrown together by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-379865740,"_task_hash":1783019795,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other species are threatened by the unraveling of ecological relationships.","_input_hash":-209476089,"_task_hash":-951973721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thawing permafrost is causing lakes that nomadic Siberians used to fish in, and to water their reindeer in, to vanish into the ground.","_input_hash":1281995538,"_task_hash":1213983729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Sweden, lakes and streams previously used for drinking water are now contaminated with the parasite that causes giardia, the human intestinal illness.","_input_hash":1689917286,"_task_hash":26300127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The incidence of insect-borne tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, has grown 10-fold in northern Sweden in 30 years, Furberg reports.","_input_hash":666881420,"_task_hash":-970596965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"All these changes are sparking unease among Siberians and Scandinavians in particular, Mustonen says.","_input_hash":1357718409,"_task_hash":-1258101639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While these impacts on crop yields are notable in themselves, we had to go a step farther to understand how they could affect global food security.","_input_hash":1409965344,"_task_hash":1187972034,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, we found that decreases in consumable food calories are already occurring in roughly half of the world\u2019s food insecure countries, which have high rates of undernourishment, child stunting and wasting, and mortality among children under age 5 due to lack of sufficient food.","_input_hash":-1894240666,"_task_hash":-1794980654,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The fact that world hunger has started to rise after a decadelong decline is alarming.","_input_hash":1582347607,"_task_hash":-1022198042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As the planet\u2019s average temperature rises, we can feel its effects on food and water, the economy, politics \u2014 and even our mental health.","_input_hash":37842363,"_task_hash":368814509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A growing number of people are feeling alarmed by climate change, according to the New Yorker, and a 2018 study shows that people who think global warming is happening are more likely to feel helpless, afraid, and angry.\r\n","_input_hash":-1069848837,"_task_hash":-1284439575,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As things have gotten worse in terms of the climate, I\u2019ve become so much more aware of how much stress I personally feel, and the people around me, and yet no one was really engaging with it as much as I thought could be helpful.","_input_hash":169249862,"_task_hash":-1036171794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I came to realize that psychology has a lot to offer in terms of helping people to manage these emotions, because I think sometimes our emotional distress around this actually prevents us from taking necessary action.","_input_hash":1989931659,"_task_hash":630919254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I think sometimes that people don\u2019t even identify it as a source of big anxiety, or that it\u2019s one among many things that they\u2019re anxious about.","_input_hash":687763086,"_task_hash":-466737126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What are the symptoms of climate anxiety or distress?\r\n","_input_hash":-237151289,"_task_hash":-156203723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sometimes there\u2019s guilt \u2014 you know, feeling like \u2018I\u2019m part of the problem.\u2019","_input_hash":2052267497,"_task_hash":1885735375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And anger, frustration over why there\u2019s not more being done.\r\n","_input_hash":683188802,"_task_hash":2050544615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How do these feelings of distress lead to lack of action on climate change?\r\n","_input_hash":-1064419465,"_task_hash":955765425,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sometimes people don\u2019t even identify climate change as a source of big anxiety.\r\n","_input_hash":-1578637167,"_task_hash":-2105991156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After that, there are a number of ways to build resilience in the face of this kind of distress.","_input_hash":633276534,"_task_hash":113623337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And then there are more specific strategies, like when you feel distress, engaging in practices that help calm the nervous system can be really helpful.","_input_hash":-57061373,"_task_hash":-1135806987,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because there\u2019s kind of a ripple effect \u2014 when you start opening up about this, it gets other people interested and starting to talk, and that\u2019s how change happens.\r\n","_input_hash":1687474963,"_task_hash":716765075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2018Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth\u2019s natural life.\u2019","_input_hash":1486226732,"_task_hash":1990619074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u2018The planet has seen sudden warming before, it wiped out almost everything.\u2019\r\n","_input_hash":1113582644,"_task_hash":800895497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each day new reports and household names such as David Attenborough warn of \u201cirreversible damage to the natural world and the collapse of our societies\u201d.","_input_hash":-1091428036,"_task_hash":1575887384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are also amidst the world\u2019s sixth mass extinction, the worst since the time of the dinosaurs.\r\n","_input_hash":-1227910608,"_task_hash":-1302174855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This grief summarises feelings of loss, anger, hopelessness, despair and distress caused by climate change and ecological decline.\r\n","_input_hash":1194005253,"_task_hash":-270366742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We are facing a state of continual unfolding loss, compounding impacts on our psyches.","_input_hash":-1708757992,"_task_hash":1597084661,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"At the same time there is anxiety about what is still to come.\r\n","_input_hash":992506970,"_task_hash":575053335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet there is no way to do justice to the threats we face without it being scary and provoking anxiety.","_input_hash":-983877604,"_task_hash":434905514,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"People also need agency to act to avoid feelings of apathy and hopelessness.\r\n","_input_hash":644766118,"_task_hash":937384833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This has largely resulted in a politically passive eco-modern citizen that is more concerned with energy-efficient technologies, light bulbs and recycling than dissent, protest and structural change.","_input_hash":808876210,"_task_hash":-474638955,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Yet they seemed to bring forth sadness or internalised grief that had been buried out of sight.","_input_hash":346266114,"_task_hash":2038108025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But they provoked a different kind of hope, a hope stemming from witnessing the power of activated groups.\r\n","_input_hash":-1384214820,"_task_hash":-600977483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are seeing a dramatic rise of nonviolent protest movements around the world such as the Extinction Rebellion, the New Green Deal in the US and the School Strike movement led by the dynamic Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg.","_input_hash":-1593893200,"_task_hash":1728736380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is the ripple effect in action, the result of several local councils in Australia moving first.\r\n","_input_hash":1933229410,"_task_hash":-892211846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But to truly tackle the climate and extinction crisis we also need to give ourselves permission to grieve, personally and collectively.","_input_hash":-930481534,"_task_hash":738820785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report found that 164 environmental activists around the world were murdered in 2018, and \u201ccountless more were silenced through violent attacks, arrests, death threats or lawsuits.\u201d","_input_hash":445209507,"_task_hash":1894657207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Harrison told HuffPost, \u201cDeaths were down last year, but violence and widespread criminalization of people defending their land and our environment were still rife around the world.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":106497142,"_task_hash":-413753956,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Third on the list was India, with 23 deaths, 13 of which came from a single incident, when police shot into crowds of people protesting a copper mine in the state of Tamil Nadu.","_input_hash":-1878762260,"_task_hash":-406777291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The report identified mining as the industry associated with the most activist deaths: 43 activists around the world were killed for their resistance to the damaging effects of mineral extraction on the environment, as well as native people\u2019s lands and livelihoods.\r\n","_input_hash":-700247551,"_task_hash":392008432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What begins with smear campaigns labeling defenders \u2018anti-development\u2019 leads to legal prosecution and arrests, and then often violence.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":564181997,"_task_hash":1268526800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This month, a former U.K. counterterrorism official called the climate change movement Rebellion Extinction an example of extremism and warned their tactics of civil disobedience would lead to \u201cthe breakdown of democracy and the state.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":255948308,"_task_hash":648912281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"She also noted, \u201cSince the Dakota Pipeline protests took off, we\u2019ve seen a resurgence of references to \u2018eco-terrorism,\u2019\u201d which stokes fear, retaliation and legal repression.\r\n","_input_hash":1997886638,"_task_hash":-938044538,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We\u2019ve seen that with not just what you would expect, like pipeline spills and accidents, but we\u2019re also seeing that Americans are facing daily the consequences of a warming climate.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-228038706,"_task_hash":1350529015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That question is central to understanding how fast ice sheets may lose mass, and thus how fast sea level will rise, in response to global warming, but there are few data about the process.","_input_hash":-1155261374,"_task_hash":755437495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nIce loss from the world\u2019s glaciers and ice sheets contributes to sea level rise, influences ocean circulation, and affects ecosystem productivity.","_input_hash":-330886379,"_task_hash":2030220237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ongoing changes in glaciers and ice sheets are driven by submarine melting and iceberg calving from tidewater glacier margins.","_input_hash":-303653813,"_task_hash":-1814247910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The observed melt rates are up to two orders of magnitude greater than predicted by theory, challenging current simulations of ice loss from tidewater glaciers.\r\n","_input_hash":928494369,"_task_hash":1580221756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Because of strong glacier dynamic feedbacks, tidewater glaciers can undergo advance and retreat cycles independent of climate forcing (7) with associated changes in iceberg calving fluxes, subglacial discharge, and submarine melting (8).","_input_hash":-1230387891,"_task_hash":-298732989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The need for observational constraints on submarine melting of tidewater glaciers is pressing, as ice loss is accelerating from Antarctica (11, 12), Greenland (13, 14), and mountain glaciers around the globe (15).","_input_hash":-618754786,"_task_hash":-2077461653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High-latitude glacier environments continue to experience accelerated warming from both the oceans (16) and the atmosphere (13).","_input_hash":-804973058,"_task_hash":874264168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Submarine melting enhances subaerial iceberg calving; if submarine melt rates vary vertically because of a dependence on ocean density stratification, ocean temperature, and subglacial discharge, then enhanced calving can extend below the waterline at glacier termini, indirectly affecting glacier stability and the dynamic mass loss of ice sheets (18).\r\n","_input_hash":977169172,"_task_hash":-1354921248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Constraints on basal melting from Antarctic ice shelves come from satellite measurements (12) and from sensors deployed directly on top of ice shelves (19) or in the sub\u2013ice shelf ocean through boreholes drilled through the ice (10).","_input_hash":1651649993,"_task_hash":1748775291,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, most recent studies examining ice\u2013ocean interactions have focused on the subglacial discharge plume, which is driven by glacier runoff that penetrates to depth and exits at the grounding line before upwelling buoyantly along the ice face (9, 20).","_input_hash":25789480,"_task_hash":1322181913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, several recent studies suggest that ambient melt rates must be higher than predicted and up to the same order of magnitude as discharge-driven melt (23, 25, 26).","_input_hash":309026182,"_task_hash":432988406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These melt rates imply that, on average, ~22% of the ice flux in August is accounted for by submarine melting (the rest is lost by calving), whereas only 8% of the ice flux in May is attributed to melt.","_input_hash":1560262416,"_task_hash":-1938033840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By contrast, previous flux-gate\u2013derived values may be biased high because they include iceberg melt and the surveys tend to occur during daytime, when discharge and melting are above average.\r\n","_input_hash":-1141638207,"_task_hash":1635780349,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These direct estimates of submarine melt are much higher than ambient melt estimates calculated with existing theory (29), which range from 0.02 to 0.07 m day\u22121 in August and 0.01 to 0.07 m day\u22121 in May (Fig. 3 and fig.","_input_hash":175270645,"_task_hash":1541911221,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Additionally, theory predicts large differences in melt rates (two orders of magnitude) between discharge-driven melt and ambient melting, but the observations show high melt rates of similar magnitude across the entire terminus.","_input_hash":-943219601,"_task_hash":399078993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, parameterizations developed from plume theory would lead to inaccurate subsurface morphology changes (i.e., overcutting or undercutting) and unrealistic differences in melt rates between regions of ambient melting and discharge-driven melting.\r\n","_input_hash":-494861486,"_task_hash":553284380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These melt rates come from dividing the calculated meltwater flux by the total subsurface ice front area and include iceberg melt.","_input_hash":1836747816,"_task_hash":1222932735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Generally, the flux-gate results have closer correspondence with the multibeam-derived measurements compared with plume theory\u2013derived values during periods of strong discharge, suggesting that ocean measurements are a viable way to infer total freshwater influx from the glacier (table S4) when (i)","_input_hash":-1033523023,"_task_hash":-1546630820,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The observed melting patterns show a changing terminus shape over the seasons that does not follow from present-day melt parameterizations (32, 33).","_input_hash":563370707,"_task_hash":1390875784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If submarine melting does indeed influence iceberg calving and the subsequent glacier dynamic response (18), then accurately predicting where in space and time melting occurs is critical.","_input_hash":-445650052,"_task_hash":-255491459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Submarine melting does not appear to be a simple function of temperature and subglacial discharge but may also vary with the vigor of other near-terminus circulation patterns (25).","_input_hash":-2930842,"_task_hash":-907938029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The processes that enhance near-terminus circulation are either directly related to the glacier terminus itself (30) (e.g., iceberg calving, plume discharge) or by other fjord processes (e.g., tidal currents, internal waves), suggesting that complex feedbacks exist that are completely absent from current simulations of submarine glacier mass loss.\r\n","_input_hash":-1767927657,"_task_hash":172460042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The first is that unsustainable use of natural resources can and does cause poverty.","_input_hash":182480083,"_task_hash":-863210951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The second is that poverty can, and does, cause environmental degradation.","_input_hash":1642191164,"_task_hash":-65180112,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasingly it seems that there's a link between a damaged environment and growth in modern-day slavery.\r\n","_input_hash":-733506585,"_task_hash":-613661916,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to Arifur Rahman, the chief executive of YPSA, a non-profit social development organisation based in Chittagong, Bangladesh: \"Without a doubt, each time our country battles through an environmental disaster, we see a subsequent rise in cases of slavery and human trafficking.\r\n","_input_hash":-1304296029,"_task_hash":-670177719,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It can be difficult pinpointing precisely how much of a particular environmental disaster can be blamed on humans, but in the mind of Bales and many others, it's dangerous to ignore the overlap.\r\n","_input_hash":-836125685,"_task_hash":1752682123,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Peer-reviewed research continues to show that climate change underlies poverty and that poverty drives human trafficking.","_input_hash":-460598004,"_task_hash":15153128,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So what do anti-slavery organisations have to gain from recognising the link between climate change and modern-day slavery?\r\n","_input_hash":-210814421,"_task_hash":208235361,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Each sector will need to diversify its current concept of economic development or risk seeing its gains toppled by climate change and/or damaged by modern slavery.","_input_hash":-1348003549,"_task_hash":612459438,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though poverty affects deforestation rates, all too often those living in poverty and under inherited indebtedness try to dig their way out by working agricultural jobs that are often vulnerable to forced labour.","_input_hash":-403618276,"_task_hash":-1250170239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We are not ready for the extreme rainfall coming with climate change.","_input_hash":877881091,"_task_hash":184907701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Staten Island got a taste of that when stormwater infrastructure failed to handle about the inch of rain that fell in 20 minutes.","_input_hash":-73904673,"_task_hash":1043323128,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the West, overwhelming storms are happening 51 percent more often.\r\n","_input_hash":299350882,"_task_hash":-762705216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is shifting precipitation patterns and making rainfall event more extreme as our planet\u2019s rising temperature is increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-845736185,"_task_hash":235375629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019re seeing that play out already, but these events are expected to grow much worse: If we continue with business as usual, today\u2019s most extreme downpours could become five times more likely by the end of the century.\r\n","_input_hash":1733909761,"_task_hash":416882968,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When infrastructure gets backed up, the result is often floods or even flash floods that can be dangerous.","_input_hash":459961064,"_task_hash":-2111758965,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Standing water also poses risks to health and infrastructure.","_input_hash":380789505,"_task_hash":1874471783,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nEvidence for intensifying rainfall extremes has not translated into \u201cactionable\u201d information needed by engineers and risk analysts, who are often concerned with very rare events such as \u201c100\u2010year storms.\u201d","_input_hash":-1172355825,"_task_hash":1732412808,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Low signal\u2010to\u2010noise associated with such events makes trend detection nearly impossible using conventional methods.","_input_hash":-1163960053,"_task_hash":-1310794981,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Most of these increases can be attributed to secular climate change rather than climate variability, and we demonstrate potentially serious implications for the reliability of existing and planned hydrologic infrastructure and analyses.","_input_hash":425505993,"_task_hash":1484486251,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though trends in rainfall extremes have not yet translated into observable increases in flood risks, these results nonetheless point to the need for prompt updating of hydrologic design standards, taking into consideration recent changes in extreme rainfall properties.\r\n","_input_hash":-1846596037,"_task_hash":-1259251151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Numerous studies have shown that heavy rainfall in the United States and elsewhere is becoming more common and more severe in a warming climate.","_input_hash":-1207078117,"_task_hash":-1432923155,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This \u201cpooling\u201d allows us to show that rainfall events that exceed common engineering design criteria, including 100\u2010year storms, have increased in frequency in most parts of the United States since 1950\u2014a period of widespread infrastructure construction.","_input_hash":828996662,"_task_hash":-1606508768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We show that in most locations, these increases are likely due to climate warming.","_input_hash":-1679745730,"_task_hash":1452149422,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also show that much of the existing and planned hydrologic infrastructure in the United States based on published rainfall design standards is and will continue to underperform its intended reliability due to these rainfall changes.","_input_hash":1769940950,"_task_hash":-928773563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"My mom, an anxious traveler, panicked while my husband and I ran around town after the storm getting food and water.","_input_hash":-781648794,"_task_hash":838559285,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the delay put tremendous strain on my mom, who fretted about being stranded and was so distraught over the delays and the news reports about flooding and destruction that she almost wound up in the emergency room.\r\n","_input_hash":2044335184,"_task_hash":1907586181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of certain extreme weather events, said Stephen Vavrus, a weather researcher at the University of Wisconsin.","_input_hash":371075359,"_task_hash":-598380426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the warming climate, we\u2019re likely to see more heavy rainfall, storms and extreme heat, all of which affect travel, said Vavrus.\r\n","_input_hash":884942238,"_task_hash":1478807232,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, an insurance plan can cover prepaid trip costs if weather interrupts your travels or causes delays, baggage loss or missed connections.\r\n","_input_hash":-14146728,"_task_hash":790844664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fire season in the western United States runs from summer to fall, tornado season in the Midwest hits late spring to early summer, hurricanes can pummel the East Coast in the fall, and winter travel in the Great Lakes and East can be delayed by intense snow.\r\n","_input_hash":997739218,"_task_hash":-17843962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Temperatures are heating up globally, said Francis, and heat waves are lasting longer.","_input_hash":2056727080,"_task_hash":949795126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Record heat spread throughout Europe in June, even as wildfires blazed in Catalonia.\r\n","_input_hash":-1268175617,"_task_hash":-1312683513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Research suggests that flight turbulence will increase because of climate change, Francis said.","_input_hash":-723033035,"_task_hash":-1144383127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study from 2017 predicted that climate change could lead to a 149 percent increase in severe turbulence.","_input_hash":-1824067343,"_task_hash":-1241327237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thunderstorms are much more common in the afternoon.\r\n","_input_hash":473828722,"_task_hash":1731426080,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Severe turbulence involves forces stronger than gravity, and is strong enough to throw people and luggage around an aircraft cabin.\r\n","_input_hash":-909407904,"_task_hash":1265337519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"While turbulence does not usually pose a major danger to flights, it is responsible for hundreds of passenger injuries every year,\" said Luke Storer, a researcher at the University of Reading and co-author of the new study.","_input_hash":-1028767940,"_task_hash":350208502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"It is also by far the most common cause of serious injuries to flight attendants.","_input_hash":-209143719,"_task_hash":342602810,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The expected turbulence increases are a consequence of global temperature changes, which are strengthening wind instabilities at high altitudes in the jet streams and making pockets of rough air stronger and more frequent.\r\n","_input_hash":981164064,"_task_hash":-2143646629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"The study is another example of how the impacts of climate change can be felt through the circulation of the atmosphere, not just through increases in surface temperature itself,\" said Manoj Joshi, a Senior Lecturer in Climate Dynamics at the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom and co-author of the new study.","_input_hash":1067602953,"_task_hash":-1841382025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is here, and it\u2019s causing a wide range of impacts that will affect virtually every human on Earth in increasingly severe ways.\r\n","_input_hash":280677663,"_task_hash":-1355570184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The magnitude of each impact depends on our collective choices as well as details\u2014e.g., the particular region and the people that live there\u2014but together, the range of impacts makes climate change one of the most urgent issues facing humanity today.\r\n","_input_hash":402673016,"_task_hash":884548167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This buildup of CO2 leads to one of most obvious impacts of climate change: a hotter world.\r\n","_input_hash":-2119523919,"_task_hash":770559646,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Higher temperatures are linked to almost all of climate change\u2019s most severe impacts, including more frequent and intense heat waves, widespread crop failures, and dramatic shifts in animal and plant ranges.\r\n","_input_hash":1920223606,"_task_hash":429955279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If carbon emissions continue to increase unchecked, by end-of-century the hottest daily temperatures that occur in a given year in the United States are likely to increase by at least 10\u00b0F as compared with the end of the 20th century.","_input_hash":1464493431,"_task_hash":402313076,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other parts of the world may experience even worse increases.\r\n","_input_hash":-517171454,"_task_hash":1374210331,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This produces sea level rise, which can disrupt and damage coastal communities and infrastructure in virtually every sea-bordering country in the world.\r\n","_input_hash":-579056331,"_task_hash":161065842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Estimates vary, but if emissions increase we could experience up to eight feet of sea level rise by the end of the century.","_input_hash":335404616,"_task_hash":1994680547,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Gulf of Mexico and East Coast of the United States are experiencing some of the world's fastest rates of sea level rise.","_input_hash":1202472917,"_task_hash":-1951473681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"climate change is also linked with heavier and more frequent rainfall, leading to destructive inland flooding in regions like the Midwest.\r\n","_input_hash":-1603113783,"_task_hash":892653031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More extreme\r\nClimate change is also making extreme weather more severe and, in some cases, more common.","_input_hash":-2072040896,"_task_hash":-662693132,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example: warmer air and oceans are producing more extreme hurricanes, with record-breaking amounts of rain and wind.\r\n","_input_hash":-954434614,"_task_hash":1251744451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mega-storms like Hurricane Harvey have gone from occurring once every 100 years, to once every 16 years.\r\n","_input_hash":-6994526,"_task_hash":1273824055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In drier areas, global warming is linked with longer, more extreme, and more frequent droughts, and a longer fire season.","_input_hash":-671114376,"_task_hash":734133244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The direct impacts of climate change are devastating by themselves, but they also worsen existing inequalities and conflicts.","_input_hash":367717969,"_task_hash":-1606328921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For example: hotter temperatures and droughts will make corn, wheat, and other staple crop supplies less stable, leading to price spikes and food shortages.","_input_hash":-2145601943,"_task_hash":-1139817641,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These migrations, as well as conflicts over increasingly scarce resources, will exacerbate existing political and social tensions, and significantly increase the risk of conflict and war.\r\n","_input_hash":520236173,"_task_hash":1988307008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Animals, insects, and plants\u2014already threatened by habitat destruction and pollution\u2014will fare even worse.","_input_hash":1177290111,"_task_hash":1430485271,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Only a small amount of warming will kill 70 to 90 percent of the world\u2019s coral reefs; up to half of plant and animal species in the world\u2019s most naturally rich areas could face extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":-1367005878,"_task_hash":1194363847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Continuing in the wrong direction will not only impose mounting costs on taxpayers, but could also jeopardize the health, safety and livelihoods of people around the country.\r\n","_input_hash":-1869624728,"_task_hash":-666968167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Investing in climate resilience would help reduce future costs of climate impacts and cutting global warming emissions would help limit the magnitude of those impacts.","_input_hash":-1217133823,"_task_hash":517140778,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nearly 60 percent of Republicans between the ages of 23 and 38 say that climate change is having an effect on the United States, and 36 percent believe humans are the cause.","_input_hash":-657511317,"_task_hash":1530921664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Attempts to solve the climate crisis by cutting carbon emissions from only cars, factories and power plants are doomed to failure, scientists will warn this week.\r\n","_input_hash":747122230,"_task_hash":-973113129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"At the same time, agriculture, forestry and other land use produces almost a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n","_input_hash":-1114143151,"_task_hash":-1474076439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, about half of all emissions of methane, one of the most potent greenhouse gases, come from cattle and rice fields, while deforestation and the removal of peat lands cause further significant levels of carbon emissions.","_input_hash":1433718196,"_task_hash":-487327452,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impact of intensive agriculture \u2013 which has helped the world\u2019s population soar from 1.9 billion a century ago to 7.7 billion \u2013 has also increased soil erosion and reduced amounts of organic material in the ground.\r\n","_input_hash":-788232208,"_task_hash":1619616771,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change exacerbates land degradation through increases in rainfall intensity, flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, wind, sea-level rise and wave action,\u201d the report states.\r\n","_input_hash":-617755590,"_task_hash":1996903645,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is a bleak analysis of the dangers ahead and comes when rising greenhouse gas emissions have made news after triggering a range of severe meteorological events.","_input_hash":-1213859911,"_task_hash":420450831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The heatwaves that hit Europe last month were between 1.5C and 3C higher because of climate change;\r\n","_input_hash":-300508247,"_task_hash":609874536,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This last figure is particularly alarming, as the IPCC has warned that rises greater than 1.5C risk triggering climatic destabilisation while those higher than 2C make such events even more likely.","_input_hash":1738475355,"_task_hash":870593874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They add that this phenomenon appears to be driven by men's \"discomfort engaging with a woman who is not clearly heterosexual.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1344118923,"_task_hash":-1490285774,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More to the point, these basic supplies offer nothing to solve the real problems that occur during power outages\u2014nothing to prevent heat stroke for vulnerable populations or means for fulfilling your professional functions if your entire county loses power for two full days.\r\n","_input_hash":-600766964,"_task_hash":191137521,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Beyond personal health and employment concerns, the potential for financial losses to local manufacturing businesses and their employees is enormous: up to hundreds of thousands of dollars a day.","_input_hash":2041662725,"_task_hash":420341123,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If you have full-time employees as a business owner, their collective salary costs in a power outage are, well, your loss.","_input_hash":-1713096324,"_task_hash":-1205588137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both result in reduced economic output and significant personal hardship\u2014there are no real winners in a Public Safety Power Shutoff.\r\n","_input_hash":-1572237958,"_task_hash":1199101753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018 the total burn areareached 676,312 hectares (up from 505,294 in 2017), and 85 people lost their lives in unspeakable suffering during the Camp Fire alone.","_input_hash":761723998,"_task_hash":-1390232655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Whatever inconvenience or financial loss preemptively de-energizing power lines may cause, it is far, far better than the risk of igniting ravenous wildfires\u2014a risk that gets worse every year.","_input_hash":977562332,"_task_hash":-265781760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increased devastation of wildfires in California and human-induced warming, which reached one degree Celsius in 2017, according to the IPCC, is not just a coincidence.","_input_hash":708821850,"_task_hash":2366439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Elevated wildfire frequency and intensity have been directly linked to climate trends of reduced snowpack, warmer summer days that lead to dryer fuels, and decreased precipitation during the summer and fall.\r\n","_input_hash":-2123812676,"_task_hash":-1024758584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Surprisingly, despite all the empirical evidence, a contingent of people continue to believe that observed temperature increases are the result not of anthropogenic industrialization but of naturally occurring cycles.","_input_hash":-510409166,"_task_hash":-1074800386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, whether you believe the causes of climate change are anthropogenic or natural matters less each year.","_input_hash":-281277055,"_task_hash":-369431858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For Californians, the effects of increasingly destructive wildfires and the inconvenient strategies for preventing them are the same irrespective of belief.","_input_hash":-1253529876,"_task_hash":-174520306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over time, the relevance of climate change denial will diminish while the need for mitigation and adaptation intensifies.\r\n","_input_hash":806005377,"_task_hash":30359617,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The tragedy of the Camp Fire illustrates the way two dual crises in the U.S.\u2014economic inequality and climate change\u2014interact.","_input_hash":1029161837,"_task_hash":1455315547,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The shortage exacerbates existing economic stress and homelessness.","_input_hash":-329919699,"_task_hash":962399839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And as extreme weather events like the Camp Fire and Hurricane Maria, which destroyed nearly 200,000 homes in Texas, become both more frequent and more intense, they threaten to worsen inequality and housing instability.\r\n","_input_hash":1545447916,"_task_hash":591107393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cOn the housing side, there\u2019s a lot of thinking about affordable housing and homelessness as separate issues, but the severe shortage of affordable housing is exacerbating the homelessness crisis.\u201d","_input_hash":-1952564508,"_task_hash":1628969548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The CAP research finds that homelessness and housing unaffordability are already overlapping with climate disasters in disturbing ways.","_input_hash":-1534757256,"_task_hash":1065313927,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Policymakers, Schultheis adds, need to understand where issues like homelessness and housing unaffordability are concentrated, and ensure that those people and communities are supported both before a disaster like a hurricane or wildfire could strike, and in the aftermath.","_input_hash":-397148861,"_task_hash":-350810885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This shortage disproportionately affects disabled people and minority communities that also have the fewest resources to recover from natural disasters linked to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1396908540,"_task_hash":-999354885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The center\u2019s report came as the nation this year has experienced six weather events with losses topping $1 billion.","_input_hash":-2014453949,"_task_hash":1566682554,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With hurricane season entering full swing, losses are expected to increase.\r\n","_input_hash":568531382,"_task_hash":1888798117,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"As extreme weather increasingly wreaks havoc, credit rating agencies want more information about how vulnerable each state and local government's economy is to climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":13225805,"_task_hash":-2034801039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The acquisition \"will help us go deeper into and refine how we assess physical risks caused by environmental factors,\u201d Michael Mulvagh, head of communications for Moody's, told Inside Climate News.\r\n","_input_hash":762096461,"_task_hash":1170980303,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After robust growth between the early 1960s and 2000s, total coal production in the U.S. declined by 32 percent between 2007 and 2017, in large part because of the cheaper cost of natural gas.","_input_hash":-1848810004,"_task_hash":-223411087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIn most cases what you see is this fiscal death spiral where public services decline, property values decline, other revenue declines, outmigration produces blight.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1870736369,"_task_hash":-1894169154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Nationwide, coal production is expected to drop by another 15 percent over the next decade -- by even more if governments continue pursuing climate policies to reduce emissions and incentivize renewable energy.\r\n","_input_hash":-510008884,"_task_hash":-428076029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Add another item to the ever-growing list of the dangerous impacts of global climate change: Warming oceans are leading to an increase in the harmful neurotoxicant methylmercury in popular seafood, including cod, Atlantic bluefin tuna, and swordfish, according to research led by the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH).\r\n","_input_hash":362719269,"_task_hash":261365926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the 1970s, the Gulf of Maine was experiencing a dramatic loss in herring population due to overfishing.","_input_hash":-100548090,"_task_hash":-1717435769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another factor that comes into play is water temperature; as waters get warmer, fish use more energy to swim, which requires more calories.\r\n","_input_hash":-1282308303,"_task_hash":-1808846541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Based on their model, the researchers predict that an increase of 1 degree Celsius in seawater temperature relative to the year 2000 would lead to a 32 percent increase in methylmercury levels in cod and a 70 percent increase in spiny dogfish.\r\n","_input_hash":-1842971628,"_task_hash":1320517026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cClimate change is going to exacerbate human exposure to methylmercury through seafood, so to protect ecosystems and human health, we need to regulate both mercury emissions and greenhouse gases.","_input_hash":1319621264,"_task_hash":-1087560218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is not brown-skinned immigrants who are primarily responsible for environmental degradation, though.","_input_hash":81887266,"_task_hash":-619643415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change and other environmental crises are driving migration, not the other way around.","_input_hash":1479444775,"_task_hash":842767420,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Population growth is, of course, contributing to climate change, along with rising affluence and per-capita consumption.","_input_hash":-2135139480,"_task_hash":664257301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Residents of the Pacific Northwest\u2019s lush, rainy forests have had to worry little about the threat of wildfires.","_input_hash":-113572429,"_task_hash":1545416006,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But aside from dangerously high levels of air toxins due to smoke, residents of the Pacific Northwest's lush, rainy forests have had to worry little about the threat of wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":502113903,"_task_hash":1960569964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"And urban developments are popping up closer to large swaths of forests, and create conditions where even small pit fires or sparks can unintentionally ignite large fires.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1125437739,"_task_hash":-196088555,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Do you expect an increase in health issues due to the effects of climate change?","_input_hash":-2031285165,"_task_hash":-1442501345,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the negative health effects of climate change are already upon us, but it\u2019s not all doom and gloom.","_input_hash":-563511827,"_task_hash":1826607256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is a huge opportunity for better health through well designed action to reduce our emissions and by adapting to the changes we are facing.\r\n","_input_hash":850245757,"_task_hash":723407735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In recent years, the New Zealand Psychological Society has reported seeing some cases of anxiety, helplessness and depression about climate change.","_input_hash":855932063,"_task_hash":-146536614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grief and depression that can result from the destruction of places and landscapes people love led Australian environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to create a new word: \u201csolastalgia\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":213112600,"_task_hash":-1886019078,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change will make these health inequalities worse.\r\n","_input_hash":1636921764,"_task_hash":-1115564542,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In New Zealand, warmer winters may reduce the number of people who die (currently about 1600 each year), mostly from heart and lung disease.","_input_hash":1628410271,"_task_hash":1768401121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But unfortunately, the overall impact will be negative on a wide range of other causes of illness and mortality.","_input_hash":-1508517833,"_task_hash":-1929225103,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It is likely that climate change will bring diseases unfamiliar in New Zealand (especially infectious diseases, such as dengue fever), but more importantly, climate change amplifies chronic and infectious diseases we already suffer from, such as the impacts of heat on heart disease, and changing rainfall patterns on waterborne illnesses.\r\n","_input_hash":1143828445,"_task_hash":578724846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One major direct impact on health was made evident by the huge outbreak of campylobacter, a bacterial infection that causes gastroenteritis, in Havelock North during the winter of 2016.","_input_hash":515353855,"_task_hash":-1739730027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A government inquiry attributed the outbreak to a combination of extreme rainfall that washed sheep faeces into a pond near a water bore and poor drinking water management.","_input_hash":-1782299641,"_task_hash":-1836186143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The outbreak may even have contributed to three people\u2019s deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":421180652,"_task_hash":-1374359276,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warming of freshwater and more extreme rainfall events are both part of climate change, increasing the likelihood of outbreaks like the one in Havelock North.\r\n","_input_hash":-1839679644,"_task_hash":-1371220768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Indirect effects on health will be as important, but they are more difficult to measure and predict.","_input_hash":-2114748767,"_task_hash":904121034,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Changing seasonal temperatures and weather extremes are already reducing harvests of important staples like wheat, while warming oceans are reducing our ability to harvest fish and shellfish.","_input_hash":453142366,"_task_hash":1207054351,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When this worsens, the result is, perversely, an increase in obesity and diabetes, accompanied by nutrient deficiencies, as families rely on cheap, highly processed foods to get by.\r\n","_input_hash":-673832865,"_task_hash":648884529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Overall, many New Zealanders are experiencing better health than in the past, but we have persistent health inequalities as a result of multiple structural injustices, including poverty.","_input_hash":-1268757886,"_task_hash":-1154433869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People on low incomes, M\u0101ori and Pasifika, the elderly and children will be worst affected by climate change, but wealth and white privilege do not confer immunity.\r\n","_input_hash":78468367,"_task_hash":482131060,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The overwhelmingly negative effects of climate change on health are a strong argument for urgent action to reduce our climate pollution.\r\n","_input_hash":2093616019,"_task_hash":370593638,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But well designed action also offers opportunities to address New Zealand\u2019s biggest causes of death and disease: cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity.","_input_hash":55894297,"_task_hash":-291124394,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Our health system will need significant strengthening if we are to be in a good position to weather the coming climate disruptions.","_input_hash":51051698,"_task_hash":743095929,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We also know from our experiences of past major calamities such as earthquakes, that the resilience that comes from strong communities is a huge advantage.","_input_hash":1613197602,"_task_hash":867721027,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2016, Australia\u2019s Defence White Paper identified the risk that climate change would drive natural disasters and political instability in the Pacific.","_input_hash":-1441589886,"_task_hash":971401724,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, we sent 1,000 troops to support Operation Fiji Assist, about 1,600 to help after Cyclone Debbie hit Queensland, and close to 3,000 to help North Queensland clean up after floods earlier this year.\r\n","_input_hash":2066872065,"_task_hash":710194041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Through loss of land, undermined economies, and threatened sustainability, an influx of climate refugees from affected islands would be a humanitarian disaster that could destabilise the region.\r\n","_input_hash":253595741,"_task_hash":-269454421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"How PNG was experiencing more malaria and dengue fever.","_input_hash":787023478,"_task_hash":1783715413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And how rising sea temperatures and winds were expected to push major tuna stocks westwards, causing economic problems.","_input_hash":1097016051,"_task_hash":824671942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He said:\r\nthe impact of climate change on small islands was no less threatening than the dangers guns and bombs posed to large nations.\r\n","_input_hash":-1352767190,"_task_hash":747515306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that\r\nclimate change\r\nitself causes\r\nconflict, but it\r\nputs pressure\r\non natural\r\nresources, on\r\nthe security of\r\nland, water,\r\nhealth and food\r\nwhich are critical\r\nto human survival.\r\n","_input_hash":-1314658175,"_task_hash":-342771299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They are doing this because the Pentagon understands that climate change will \u201caggravate problems such as poverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership and weak political institutions that threaten stability in a number of countries\u201d.\r\n","_input_hash":-1375183826,"_task_hash":-1874286836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cMost don\u2019t remember what caused the Syria conflict to start,\u201d he told a Senate Armed Forces Committee.","_input_hash":1541166742,"_task_hash":-1630706790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt started because of a 10-year drought.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2114250393,"_task_hash":-321174476,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is not that climate change itself causes conflict, but it puts pressure on natural resources, on the security of land, water, health and food which are critical to human survival.\r\n","_input_hash":1200201780,"_task_hash":1375104317,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Government must act to mitigate climate change \u2013 making sure the Paris Treaty is implemented properly so that we limit global warming, the effects of climate change in the Pacific and the potential destabilisation of our region.","_input_hash":2069820923,"_task_hash":2099939299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Climate change will make those threats even worse, as floods, drought, storms and other types of extreme weather threaten to disrupt, and over time shrink, the global food supply.","_input_hash":-515143028,"_task_hash":-1577827166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, more than 10 percent of the world\u2019s population remains undernourished, and some authors of the report warned in interviews that food shortages could lead to an increase in cross-border migration.\r\n","_input_hash":1574766636,"_task_hash":687118145,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThe potential risk of multi-breadbasket failure is increasing,\u201d she said.","_input_hash":-1394718022,"_task_hash":-1050298658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Barring action on a sweeping scale, the report said, climate change will accelerate the danger of severe food shortages.","_input_hash":1525397937,"_task_hash":-650907800,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a warming atmosphere intensifies the world\u2019s droughts, flooding, heat waves, wildfires and other weather patterns, it is speeding up the rate of soil loss and land degradation, the report concludes.\r\n","_input_hash":-2000611157,"_task_hash":-1622051570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere \u2014 a greenhouse gas put there mainly by the burning of fossil fuels \u2014 will also reduce food\u2019s nutritional quality, even as rising temperatures cut crop yields and harm livestock.\r\n","_input_hash":-55436858,"_task_hash":1740021828,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But on the whole, the report finds that climate change is already hurting the availability of food because of decreased yields and lost land from erosion, desertification and rising seas, among other things.\r\n","_input_hash":-588442673,"_task_hash":-1320561996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, the researchers said, even as climate change makes agriculture more difficult, agriculture itself is also exacerbating climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":588941659,"_task_hash":593381801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Of the five gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions that are released each year from deforestation and other land-use changes, \u201cOne gigaton comes from the ongoing degradation of peatlands that are already drained,\u201d said Tim Searchinger, a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute, an environmental think tank, who is familiar with the report.","_input_hash":622866168,"_task_hash":-292213773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, cattle are significant producers of methane, another powerful greenhouse gas, and an increase in global demand for beef and other meats has fueled their numbers and increased deforestation in critical forest systems like the Amazon.\r\n","_input_hash":-32595358,"_task_hash":-203137202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For instance, the widespread use of strategies such as bioenergy \u2014 like growing corn to produce ethanol \u2014 could lead to the creation of new deserts or other land degradation, the authors said.","_input_hash":-1795151052,"_task_hash":1159357596,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And if temperatures increase more than that, the pressure on food production will increase as well, creating a vicious circle.\r\n","_input_hash":-1311449310,"_task_hash":821172837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is set to cause major changes across the world: sea levels will rise, food production could fall and species may be driven to extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":-804602328,"_task_hash":827553419,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One degree may not sound like much, but, according to the IPCC, if countries fail to act, the world will face catastrophic change - sea levels will rise, ocean temperatures and acidity will increase and our ability to grow crops, such as rice, maize and wheat, would be in danger.\r\n","_input_hash":876106409,"_task_hash":-161648086,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These European records were set amid heatwaves across the continent that sent temperatures soaring in June and July.\r\n","_input_hash":2022559484,"_task_hash":252095410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Japan, where 11 people died as a result of the summer heatwave, 10 all-time temperature highs were set.\r\n","_input_hash":1971298936,"_task_hash":-307107614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The countries emitting the most greenhouse gases by quite a long way are China and the US.","_input_hash":1521559037,"_task_hash":871651498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some 84 of the world's 100 fastest-growing cities face \"extreme\" risks from rising temperatures and extreme weather brought on by climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-540978375,"_task_hash":-1164358683,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Scientists say we ought to eat less meat because of the carbon emissions the meat industry produces, as well as other negative environmental impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":-2141391232,"_task_hash":-1478308070,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cBut right now the warming is happening so quickly \u2013 and it\u2019s getting hotter than any of those previous periods.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1179336946,"_task_hash":-1647329039,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt makes me angry, and I do get tired and burned out,\u201d said Rand Abbot, a Joshua Tree resident and park volunteer.","_input_hash":-98135264,"_task_hash":-123141720,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even if the trees manage to ride out warming temperatures, they face additional threats from smog and wildfires.","_input_hash":-1989178454,"_task_hash":2052126081,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Nitrogen dioxide from polluted air has acted as a fertilizer, encouraging the growth of non-native grasses across the desert, which have fueled unprecedented wildfires.\r\n","_input_hash":200153457,"_task_hash":-450832909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"staff have been able to handle in recent months, especially during the most recent government shutdown when wayward visitors caused irreparable damage.\r\n","_input_hash":1644669903,"_task_hash":-1603328011,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"July 2019 now stands as Alaska\u2019s hottest month on record, the latest benchmark in a long-term warming trend with ominous repercussions ranging from rapidly vanishing summer sea ice and melting glaciers to raging wildfires and deadly chaos for marine life.\r\n","_input_hash":-1823298001,"_task_hash":1718468637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Runoff from accelerated melting of glaciers and high-altitude snowfields sent some rivers to near or above flood stage in early July, despite a drought gripping much of the state, including the world\u2019s largest temperate rain forest in southeastern Alaska.\r\n","_input_hash":-2110816030,"_task_hash":-1486998360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fueled in part by the heat, wildfires across the state have burned more than 2.4 million acres (970,000 hectares) as of early August, spewing smoke and soot that has fouled the air quality of several cities and regions.","_input_hash":1407761807,"_task_hash":-846185320,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The smoke pollution poses an unusual quandary for sweltering Alaskans, most of whom live without air conditioning.\r\n","_input_hash":484189518,"_task_hash":-1725250882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen it\u2019s hot and smoky, Alaska doesn\u2019t have a good way to cope with that,\u201d said Thoman, the ACCP climate scientist whose hometown of Fairbanks was particularly hard hit by wildfire smoke.","_input_hash":187787344,"_task_hash":387513404,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the fall of 1997, after I graduated from college, I began experiencing what I called \u201celectric shocks\u201d\u2014tiny stabbing sensations that flickered over my legs and arms every morning.","_input_hash":1870196544,"_task_hash":170388658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over the years, the shocks and other strange symptoms\u2014vertigo, fatigue, joint pain, memory problems, tremors\u2014came and went.","_input_hash":-1351244275,"_task_hash":1212844270,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I read posts by people who experienced debilitating exhaustion and memory impairment.","_input_hash":-1185944678,"_task_hash":290136893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I didn\u2019t yet know that simply by exploring whether untreated Lyme disease could be the cause of my illness, I risked being labeled one of the \u201cLyme loonies\u201d\u2014patients who believed that a long-ago bite from a tick was the cause of their years of suffering.","_input_hash":1007479720,"_task_hash":1815211178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Step into parks in coastal Maine or Paris, and you\u2019ll see ominous signs in black and red type warning of the presence of ticks causing Lyme disease.","_input_hash":-1567468350,"_task_hash":-1099688008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The degree of alarm and confusion about such a long-standing public-health issue is extraordinary.","_input_hash":-621336499,"_task_hash":818517780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Even as changes in the climate and in land use are causing a dramatic rise in Lyme and other tick-borne diseases, the American medical establishment remains entrenched in a struggle over who can be said to have Lyme disease and whether it can become chronic\u2014and if so, why.","_input_hash":-555160110,"_task_hash":86635993,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The standoff has impeded research that could help break the logjam and clarify how a wily bacterium, and the co-infections that can come with it, can affect human bodies.","_input_hash":14150165,"_task_hash":1285435233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"After 40 years in the public-health spotlight, Lyme disease still can\u2019t be prevented by a vaccine; eludes reliable testing; and continues to pit patients against doctors, and researchers against one another.","_input_hash":1819759244,"_task_hash":-202400379,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lyme Disease came into public view when an epidemic of what appeared to be rheumatoid arthritis began afflicting children in Lyme, Connecticut.","_input_hash":-1151814430,"_task_hash":1933842681,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 1976 he named the mysterious illness after its locale and described its main symptoms more fully: a bull\u2019s-eye rash; fevers and aches; Bell\u2019s palsy, or partial paralysis of the face, and other neurological issues; and rheumatological manifestations such as swelling of the knees.","_input_hash":584062888,"_task_hash":-794223976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 1981, the medical entomologist Willy Burgdorfer finally identified the bacterium that causes Lyme, and it was named after him:","_input_hash":-274598387,"_task_hash":173966739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If it goes untreated, B. burgdorferi can make its way into fluid in the joints, into the spinal cord, and even into the brain and the heart, where it can cause the sometimes deadly Lyme carditis.\r\n","_input_hash":-214509857,"_task_hash":2107436244,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A significant percentage of people who had Lyme symptoms and later tested positive for the disease had never gotten the rash.","_input_hash":119929309,"_task_hash":1981383399,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(It didn\u2019t help when a Lyme patient in her 30s died from an IV-related infection.)\r\n","_input_hash":213898312,"_task_hash":-1820202279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To make its case, the IDSA cited a handful of studies indicating that long-term antibiotic treatment of patients with ongoing symptoms was no more effective than a placebo\u2014proof, in its view, that the bacterium wasn\u2019t causing the symptoms.","_input_hash":-1941169971,"_task_hash":910418363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The IDSA also highlighted statistics suggesting that the commonly cited chronic Lyme symptoms\u2014ongoing fatigue, brain fog, joint pain\u2014occurred no more frequently in Lyme patients than in the general population.","_input_hash":300341004,"_task_hash":-1597702304,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2006, the IDSA guidelines for patients and physicians argued that \u201cin many patients, posttreatment symptoms appear to be more related to the aches and pains of daily living rather than to either Lyme disease or a tick-borne co-infection.\u201d","_input_hash":-1312187361,"_task_hash":-1539432944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You have chronic fatigue syndrome, or fibromyalgia, or depression,\u2019 \u201d","_input_hash":-1387878259,"_task_hash":-726171054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I was so dizzy that I began fainting.","_input_hash":-2133996897,"_task_hash":-604033294,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When I began the antibiotic, I might at first feel worse: As the bacteria die, they release toxins that create what\u2019s known as a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction\u2014a flulike response that Lyme patients commonly refer to as \u201cherxing.\u201d","_input_hash":211930392,"_task_hash":1320552885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"He was concerned about my continued night sweats and air hunger.\r\n","_input_hash":-523014462,"_task_hash":-1817113067,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Violent electric shocks lacerated my skin, and patches of burning pain and numbness spread up my neck.","_input_hash":-1645845769,"_task_hash":2069286942,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I shook and shivered.","_input_hash":-841894062,"_task_hash":-1149155042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The reaction lasted five days, during which panic mixed with the pain.","_input_hash":-463942498,"_task_hash":1773263023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How was I to know whether this was herxing and a positive reaction to the drugs as they killed bacteria and parasites, or a manifestation of the disease itself?","_input_hash":765165656,"_task_hash":-2092769250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Or were weeks of antibiotics themselves causing problems for me?\r\n","_input_hash":277562768,"_task_hash":-2010667289,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The air hunger was gone.","_input_hash":825290191,"_task_hash":1086851299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By the time I started treatment, the fact that Lyme disease causes ongoing symptoms in some patients could no longer be viewed as the product of their imaginations.","_input_hash":1246089869,"_task_hash":1966248762,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A well-designed longitudinal study by John Aucott at Johns Hopkins showed the presence of persistent brain fog, joint pain, and related issues in approximately 10 percent of even an ideally treated population\u2014patients who got the Lyme rash and took the recommended antibiotics.","_input_hash":52827020,"_task_hash":-1102863156,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Perhaps most important, crucial questions about the cause of ongoing symptoms remain unanswered, due in part to the decades-long standoff over whether and how the disease can become chronic.","_input_hash":-481470151,"_task_hash":-943193967,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A patient with ongoing symptoms may actually still have a Lyme infection, and/or a lingering infection from some other tick-borne disease.","_input_hash":-1296154013,"_task_hash":197650402,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Or the original infection might have caused systemic damage, leaving a patient with recurring symptoms such as nerve pain and chronic inflammation.","_input_hash":563889640,"_task_hash":1794031281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or the Lyme infection might have triggered an autoimmune response, in which the immune system starts attacking the body\u2019s own tissues and organs.","_input_hash":1011198243,"_task_hash":695155801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Or a patient might be suffering from some combination of all three, complicated by triggers that researchers have not yet identified.\r\n","_input_hash":1460986130,"_task_hash":-1870108231,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The immune response to the Lyme infection, it turns out, is \u201chighly variable,\u201d John Aucott told me.","_input_hash":1153410240,"_task_hash":-327522972,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, some research has suggested that ongoing symptoms are a result of an overactive immune response triggered by Lyme disease.","_input_hash":209232148,"_task_hash":-684570337,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These persister bacteria, Zhang\u2019s team found, caused severe symptoms in mice, and the current single-antibiotic Lyme protocols didn\u2019t eradicate them\u2014which makes sense: Doxycycline functions not by directly killing bacteria, but by inhibiting their replication.","_input_hash":-1657861138,"_task_hash":-1460486787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe now have not only a plausible explanation but also a potential solution for patients who suffer from persistent Lyme-disease symptoms despite standard single-antibiotic treatment,\u201d Zhang said.","_input_hash":-566756045,"_task_hash":-1256790534,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Of course, even if active bacteria do remain in some Lyme patients, they may well not be the cause of the symptoms, as many in the IDSA have long contended.","_input_hash":1743530271,"_task_hash":-535381670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"My brain got foggy.","_input_hash":490467219,"_task_hash":517342648,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I wasn\u2019t sure whether to believe that the Lyme infection could persist, and I attributed my ill health to an autoimmune flare or postviral fatigue.","_input_hash":749455164,"_task_hash":1423502742,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Could this recovery be attributed to the placebo effect?","_input_hash":1107784743,"_task_hash":-690319109,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Meanwhile, my father, who lived in Connecticut, had begun to suffer drenching night sweats, fatigue, and aches and pains.","_input_hash":-694504515,"_task_hash":1190543464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He was suffering from Stage 4 Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma.\r\n","_input_hash":-1951764484,"_task_hash":1311301925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018, my father died of complications from pneumonia, after recovering from the cancer.","_input_hash":-94846467,"_task_hash":-1192245849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emphasizing that in many people Lyme disease can resolve on its own without antibiotics, he carefully described a disease that in the United States frequently follows a specific progression of stages if untreated, beginning with an early rash and fever, then neurological symptoms, and culminating later in inflammatory arthritis.","_input_hash":-1236152382,"_task_hash":1501548144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The joint inflammation can continue for months or even years after antibiotic treatment, but not, he believes, because the bacteria persist.","_input_hash":337605306,"_task_hash":-1180163650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"His research on patients who have these continuing arthritis symptoms has revealed one cause to be a genetic susceptibility to an ongoing inflammatory response.","_input_hash":-1791191627,"_task_hash":-884864877,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This discovery has led to effective treatment for the longer-term challenges of Lyme arthritis, using what are called disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents.\r\n","_input_hash":-1622552271,"_task_hash":1396719495,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He told me that in his view, late-stage Lyme (which is what I had been diagnosed with) usually does not cause a lot of \u201csystemic symptoms,\u201d such as the fatigue and brain fog","_input_hash":-786991900,"_task_hash":15732809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"that bacteria couldn\u2019t be the cause, because this microorganism wasn\u2019t acting like a bacterium:\r\n","_input_hash":-1408823864,"_task_hash":-1069481392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The bacterial infections that are known to cause arthritis leave permanent joint damage, and bacteria are easy to see in body fluids and easy to grow in test tubes.","_input_hash":-103533245,"_task_hash":-187028491,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We don\u2019t know enough yet about diseases that are characterized by abnormal activity of the immune system, he emphasized.","_input_hash":375779119,"_task_hash":825531341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, autoimmune diseases can be triggered by stressors that include trauma or infection.","_input_hash":1339378884,"_task_hash":-2043222999,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, ulcers are caused by bacteria\u2014though when a researcher proposed as much in 1983, he was almost literally laughed out of a room of experts, who swore by the medical tenet that the stomach was a sterile environment.","_input_hash":-820488903,"_task_hash":-283129054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Doctors now also know that not everyone with the bacteria gets an ulcer","_input_hash":1362866862,"_task_hash":-1298022627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u2014it\u2019s caused by a complex interplay of pathogen and host, of soil and seed, perhaps like post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.\r\n","_input_hash":-1958298134,"_task_hash":-840080948,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.\r\n","_input_hash":-1871709039,"_task_hash":160180120,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By contrast, today I have aches and pains, and I\u2019m tired, but I am more or less \u201cme.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1585329102,"_task_hash":-480720868,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You had all the symptoms that led to a clinical diagnosis.","_input_hash":2069419669,"_task_hash":-1781914691,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I live in uncertainties, as the poet John Keats put it while he was dying of an infection then thought to be a disease of sensitive souls, which we now know is tuberculosis.","_input_hash":-85078380,"_task_hash":-800134179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When I wake in the morning, I will have a severe headache.","_input_hash":-1382410822,"_task_hash":-1807560770,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sharp electric shocks will start running along my legs and arms, for minutes, then hours, then days.","_input_hash":1922883841,"_task_hash":-2140596197,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"I felt worse, and then I felt dramatically better.","_input_hash":-1015893960,"_task_hash":-1480235045,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One of the bitterest aspects of my illness has been this: Not only did I suffer from a disease, but I suffered at the hands of a medical establishment that discredited my testimony and\u2014simply because of my search for answers, and my own lived experiences\u2014wrote me off as a loon.","_input_hash":1384343946,"_task_hash":2121908583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just look at Alaska, which experienced all-time record heat in July, topping out at 90 degrees Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":-325830274,"_task_hash":1126668167,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dozens of other cities are in the throes of a heat wave this week, which forecasters have warned will be \u201cprolonged, dangerous, and potentially deadly.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1952033983,"_task_hash":1442147376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"By then, scientists say average global warming since preindustrial levels could be about twice what it is in 2018 \u2014 and much more obvious and disruptive.","_input_hash":52475206,"_task_hash":-915620689,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves around the country could last up to a month.\r\n","_input_hash":-1645801915,"_task_hash":689352236,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rain and snowstorms will be more intense and frequent in some places and less predictable and lighter in others.\r\n","_input_hash":-604269595,"_task_hash":1292697829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When will the threat of devastating hurricanes make it too risky to live on the Gulf Coast?\r\n","_input_hash":-1636436246,"_task_hash":1832240182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For those who can\u2019t afford to move to cool off from the heat, or find work when local agriculture dries up and fisheries die, these changes will be devastating.\r\n","_input_hash":-134895475,"_task_hash":1457815833,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But buried in these averages are extreme weather events \u2014 heat waves, severe rainstorms, and droughts \u2014 that will be much more damaging and dangerous than the smaller shifts in averages.\r\n","_input_hash":1463636463,"_task_hash":21723258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But new climate models show there will be more frequent swings from periods of intense rain to extreme drought, a phenomenon known as weather whiplash.","_input_hash":-458228342,"_task_hash":246376667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That will put extra stresses on dams and farmers and is likely to lead to more severe mudslides.\r\n","_input_hash":-614251709,"_task_hash":482547667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"the faster it\u2019s warming.","_input_hash":878344010,"_task_hash":801488214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And many scientists believe we\u2019ve already made irreversible changes, that we are already on course for at least 2\u00b0C, or 3.6\u00b0F, of warming by midcentury.","_input_hash":-700658473,"_task_hash":1747171443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It will take years, probably decades, for the climate system to fully register the greenhouse gases we\u2019ve already emitted, are still emitting, and will emit in the coming years.\r\n","_input_hash":-1778791577,"_task_hash":777526248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Continued high emissions portend even more alarming changes to the planet by 2100 \u2014 with warming upward of 4\u00b0C, or 7.2\u00b0F.","_input_hash":-269121283,"_task_hash":981987237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A problem like climate change was wrought by humanity, and its solutions must come from us too.\r\n","_input_hash":1987464966,"_task_hash":-217640565,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This average helps eliminate year-to-year variations in the climate like El Ni\u00f1o cycles, isolating the changes wrought by human activity.","_input_hash":482704942,"_task_hash":-1862271857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat matters for city dwellers is the increase in precipitation extremes.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":668818127,"_task_hash":-1889915279,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The current depends on the saltiness of the North Atlantic to create the sinking motion of water,","_input_hash":654137472,"_task_hash":1714558015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Melting ice from Greenland largely explains the freshening North Atlantic, Box agrees.\r\n","_input_hash":1181910800,"_task_hash":-1557121847,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are 50 to a hundred years ahead of schedule with the slowdown of this ocean circulation pattern, relative to the models,\u201d according to Mann.","_input_hash":1175701080,"_task_hash":1764832988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Despite the study\u2019s relatively narrow scope, the authors argue that the results likely apply to other creatures, including those rare and vulnerable species already imperiled by habitat fragmentation, pollution, and other human-caused disruptions.","_input_hash":379012516,"_task_hash":1242484957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s well understood that human-driven climate change has taken its toll on biodiversity.","_input_hash":460388794,"_task_hash":1890813480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Adaptation is, by definition, a response to an environmental change\u2014and life needs time to take notice and adjust, whether it\u2019s by tweaking an outward behavior, crystallizing a shift in a population\u2019s gene pool, or both.","_input_hash":-1874415877,"_task_hash":644299478,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Species attempting to weather the impending storm may find their options more limited than before, as available habitats around the world continue to disappear.","_input_hash":809541044,"_task_hash":-1927545979,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What\u2019s more, the effects felt by individual species will inevitably ripple through the ecosystems they occupy, leaving other organisms who may not feel the direct repercussions of climate change reeling by proxy.\r\n","_input_hash":648271194,"_task_hash":1711644427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And while the data in this study can\u2019t be extrapolated directly or definitively to other creatures, \u201cif we\u2019re seeing negative impacts with common species, then these issues will probably be even further exacerbated in rare and threatened animals.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-539631049,"_task_hash":-1758576545,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe need to take action now to prevent further aggravation of the climate,\u201d she says.","_input_hash":-645443672,"_task_hash":-735835695,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cYou definitely feel the heat, but the nights are better,\u201d Mr. Plautz said.","_input_hash":-1227914482,"_task_hash":-1173497895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many may have summers with heat waves and triple-digit days \u2014 summers that resemble Phoenix today.\r\n","_input_hash":991542461,"_task_hash":-1238850223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Neighborhoods thrum with activity at dawn and dusk when residents hike, jog and paddleboard.","_input_hash":-1666745436,"_task_hash":2008835054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Last year, heat caused or contributed to the deaths of 182 people in Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix.","_input_hash":-2097665989,"_task_hash":1008687718,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2012 and 2014, nearly half the indoor heat deaths occurred in mobile homes, said Patricia Sol\u00eds, a geographer at Arizona State University.\r\n","_input_hash":-2050729026,"_task_hash":669544129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other cities with temperate climates may start to experience heat like Phoenix\u2019s in the coming decades, said Dr. Middel.","_input_hash":-1217383100,"_task_hash":-289047102,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Night is not a respite from heat in the way it once was.","_input_hash":-692424418,"_task_hash":-43520688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The increase is due to global climate change and to the urban heat island effect: Sunbaked structures release the day\u2019s heat and air conditioners pump heat outside.\r\n","_input_hash":-1397844426,"_task_hash":421177933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heat comes on fast once the sun is up.\r\n","_input_hash":1003244481,"_task_hash":776332509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mr. Maitland noted that heat impacts are cumulative, long-term, and of growing concern to many people in the construction industry.","_input_hash":-720989572,"_task_hash":-718543063,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe next time you have a heat stress, it is amplified,\u201d he said.","_input_hash":1752072355,"_task_hash":1525918782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cPeople think that as the heat goes up, production goes down.","_input_hash":-1116779284,"_task_hash":1332484721,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But even with the altered schedule, some workers \u2014 often those new to the region or to the intense labor \u2014 experience heat exhaustion every summer and need to sit in air conditioning and rehydrate, Mr. Macias said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1254489346,"_task_hash":1350145375,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"They are overheated and exhausted and unprepared,\u201d Mr. Thomason said, adding that many don\u2019t know about the physiological dangers of heat.","_input_hash":-1343187673,"_task_hash":-1183925111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(CNN)Alaska has been in the throes of an unprecedented heat wave this summer, and the heat stress is killing salmon in large numbers.\r\n","_input_hash":-1823042601,"_task_hash":-1156794312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Because the die-off coincided with the heat wave, they concluded that heat stress was the cause of the mass deaths.\r\n","_input_hash":1168569806,"_task_hash":976166841,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The heat wave is higher than climate change models predicted\r\nThe water temperatures have breaking records at the same time as the air temperatures, according to Sue Mauger, the science director for the Cook Inletkeeper.\r\n","_input_hash":492888933,"_task_hash":-1021381902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Mauger said that the warm temperatures are affecting salmon in various ways, depending on the stream.\r\n","_input_hash":-1682333591,"_task_hash":963417708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sometimes, those winds have weakened or reversed, which in turn causes changes in the ocean water that laps up against the ice in a way that caused the glaciers to melt.\r\n","_input_hash":-1413871680,"_task_hash":-1614610005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe now have evidence to support that human activities have influenced the sea level rise we\u2019ve seen from West Antarctica,\u201d says lead author Paul Holland, a polar scientist at the British Antarctic Survey.\r\n","_input_hash":363773802,"_task_hash":-576658687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The ultimate cause of the wind patterns, they found, is human-caused climate change.","_input_hash":-2082016521,"_task_hash":1282275780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But Antarctica is a complicated place that changes a lot because of natural variability, so it has been challenging to pinpoint the extent of human influence on the changes.\r\n","_input_hash":420744955,"_task_hash":699890380,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt was very hard to imagine that the ice sat around happily for millennia and then decided to retreat naturally just as humans started perturbing the system, but the evidence for forcing by natural variability was strong,\u201d writes Richard Alley, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University, in an email.\r\n","_input_hash":-317300587,"_task_hash":-1248707768,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As these plants and animals died, the cold slowed their decomposition.","_input_hash":1182143254,"_task_hash":-76525701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From the unexpected speed of Arctic warming and the troubling ways that meltwater moves through polar landscapes, researchers now suspect that for every one degree Celsius rise in Earth\u2019s average temperature, permafrost may release the equivalent of four to six years\u2019 worth of coal, oil, and natural gas emissions\u2014double to triple what scientists thought a few years ago.","_input_hash":-1425452188,"_task_hash":-2065589731,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Within a few decades, if we don\u2019t curb fossil fuel use, permafrost could be as big a source of greenhouse gases as China, the world\u2019s largest emitter, is today.\r\n","_input_hash":905525853,"_task_hash":-1769924021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That was unheard of: January in Siberia is so brutally cold that human breath can freeze with a tinkling sound that the indigenous Yakuts call \u201cthe whisper of stars.\u201d","_input_hash":532852912,"_task_hash":325410974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2017 tundra in Greenland faced its worst known wildfire.","_input_hash":635210818,"_task_hash":901749885,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The added warmth lets microbes chomp organic material in the soil\u2014and emit carbon dioxide or methane\u2014year-round, instead of for just a few short months each summer.","_input_hash":-1348526389,"_task_hash":-1376075895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cI\u2019ve largely imagined permafrost thaw as a slow and steady process, and maybe this is an odd five-year period.","_input_hash":-1233341849,"_task_hash":1742197040,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As water drains, it transports heat that spreads the thawing, and it leaves behind tunnels and air pockets.","_input_hash":-718409023,"_task_hash":1291545895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That causes more ground to warm and more ice to melt.\r\n","_input_hash":1973036015,"_task_hash":318181629,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAbrupt thaw,\u201d as scientists call this process, changes the whole landscape.","_input_hash":-1781890482,"_task_hash":-1912045753,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It triggers landslides; on Banks Island in Canada, scientists documented a 60-fold increase in massive ground slumps from 1984 to 2013.","_input_hash":2081760216,"_task_hash":1794396909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"All permafrost thaw leads to greenhouse gas emissions.","_input_hash":-1644850380,"_task_hash":-470373973,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Her latest calculations, published in 2018, suggest that new lakes created by abrupt thaw could nearly triple the greenhouse gas emissions expected from permafrost.\r\n","_input_hash":-1950916115,"_task_hash":-1946728743,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 1.5-degree report was the first time the IPCC had taken permafrost emissions into account\u2014but it didn\u2019t include emissions from abrupt thaw.","_input_hash":-2096708272,"_task_hash":-1369767702,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But at National Geographic\u2019s request, Katey Walter Anthony and Charles Koven, a modeler at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, made rough calculations that do add in emissions from abrupt thaw.","_input_hash":749769082,"_task_hash":1321492926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(While vegetation growth will take up more carbon, a 2016 survey of experts concluded that Arctic greening won\u2019t be nearly enough to offset permafrost thaw.)","_input_hash":-1375366057,"_task_hash":1051396256,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He can\u2019t prove that climate change is driving it; the beaver population also has been rebounding since the end of the fur trade, a century and a half ago.","_input_hash":1597738658,"_task_hash":469317739,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Maybe we need a little craziness.\r\n","_input_hash":-2011877093,"_task_hash":-1576107533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels are by far the biggest contributors to climate change.","_input_hash":-1325858664,"_task_hash":-256921706,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So, he and his collaborators decided to take a look at data collected by the U.S. Forest Service in 93,000 woodland parcels across the nation, focusing on damage done by the emerald ash borer and 14 other invasive species considered to be especially harmful to ash, elm, chestnut and other forest trees.\r\n","_input_hash":1739879240,"_task_hash":827234182,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For areas infested with other pests, like the laurel wilt fungus that infects laurel trees, more than 11 percent of trees died over the course of a year.\r\n","_input_hash":47185733,"_task_hash":-944000001,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The consequences of such widespread devastation would extend far beyond the loss of valuable woodland habitat, according to Fei.","_input_hash":-1198961106,"_task_hash":-2082355659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drought and extreme weather can weaken trees\u2019 immune systems, she said, making them more vulnerable to infection.","_input_hash":-325919892,"_task_hash":1438862640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And warmer weather encourages the spread of diseases that thrive in high temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":365461821,"_task_hash":-2104874158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From rising sea levels to melting Arctic ice, the evidence is undeniable.\r\n","_input_hash":-1365146340,"_task_hash":601639645,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One bad snow year can wreak havoc on water systems across the western U.S.","_input_hash":-1248545150,"_task_hash":-57725892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But within a few decades, if climate change continues apace, those bookending \u201csnow droughts\u201d could occur about 40 percent of the time.\r\n","_input_hash":-1013453074,"_task_hash":-720278736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"(Read about what happens when the snows fail).\r\n","_input_hash":-435099681,"_task_hash":287245884,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cIt helps to massage that lack of precipitation you get from peak winter to early summer,\u201d a crucial time for many water managers, farmers, animals, and more.\r\n","_input_hash":560068252,"_task_hash":1654750023,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, by the second extra-dry winter of that 2012 to 2016 drought, water resources in the state had been whittled down so much that the governor declared a state-wide drought emergency, which lasted until the state got drenched in 2017.\r\n","_input_hash":-1150877597,"_task_hash":96144551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The likelihood of those two-year-long snow droughts increased by a factor of six, from about 7 percent of years to 42 percent.","_input_hash":-244546311,"_task_hash":-1573654148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The frequency of a four-year-long drought, one like the California drought that parched the state a few years ago, increased from under about 0.25 percent of years in the past to about 25 percent in the future.","_input_hash":-789612324,"_task_hash":-1423482438,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"During the California drought, the state enacted mandatory water use reductions; agricultural producers across the state suffered greatly, and in many parts of the state, access to clean, safe drinking water became tenuous.","_input_hash":587675851,"_task_hash":-60495328,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That could wreak havoc on the winter sports industry.","_input_hash":1579115018,"_task_hash":813420126,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers, environmentalists and former government officials have been alarmed by the destruction of the Amazon rain forest, which is one of the world\u2019s most important natural resources and plays a vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide as global warming advances.\r\n","_input_hash":-1014914171,"_task_hash":-135431668,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Henrique Barbosa, a professor at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo and part of the Physics Institute\u2019s Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, said that the number of fires in the Amazon had been rising for the last two presidential administrations, but that they got worse this year.\r\n","_input_hash":-73412374,"_task_hash":-795329287,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ane Alencar, the science director at the Amazon Environmental Research Institute in Brazil, said she was shocked by the numbers, especially because the Amazon is not going through an extreme drought period, as happened from 2014 to 2016 because of El Ni\u00f1o.\r\n","_input_hash":-1700972818,"_task_hash":-388661225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat I can say with absolute certainty is that there is a very strong relationship between deforestation and fires,\u201d she said.","_input_hash":1270856203,"_task_hash":-1975112043,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dr. Barbosa and other researchers are now trying to understand if the smoke rising from the fires in the Amazon \u2014 or in surrounding areas \u2014 had wafted over S\u00e3o Paulo, where residents were concerned that the unusual darkness that fell over the city this week was caused by the fires.\r\n","_input_hash":-658358861,"_task_hash":-186117121,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns that if Earth heats up by an average of 2 degrees Celsius, virtually all the world\u2019s coral reefs will die; retreating ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica could unleash massive sea level rise; and summertime Arctic sea ice, a shield against further warming, would begin to disappear.\r\n","_input_hash":287388183,"_task_hash":79521161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While many people associate global warming with summer\u2019s melting glaciers, forest fires and disastrous flooding, it is higher winter temperatures that have made New Jersey and nearby Rhode Island the fastest warming of the Lower 48 states.\r\n","_input_hash":-1936630841,"_task_hash":-143544169,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"But fading winters and very warm water offshore are the most likely culprits, experts say.","_input_hash":621644545,"_task_hash":353338493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Warmer winters mean less ice and snow cover.","_input_hash":-675715509,"_task_hash":1922072342,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the ripple effects of a warmer planet shake entire ecosystems.","_input_hash":1277923098,"_task_hash":703959794,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Now, it doesn't freeze until January, and its warmer water has resulted in an algae bloom that's made swimming in the lake impossible.","_input_hash":2122584273,"_task_hash":-627653892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This year is set to break a record for ice melting in Greenland and NASA has sent one of its largest missions to find out how hotter ocean temperatures are contributing to the attrition of glaciers in the arctic.","_input_hash":-1138120220,"_task_hash":-1931968188,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It technically began last fall when Hurricane Florence swelled the Ohio River, but really it was all the unnamed storms that came after it \u2014 one after another after another, bringing rain on rain on rain across the central U.S. until the Mississippi River hit flood stage this winter.\r\n","_input_hash":-1814814987,"_task_hash":816164937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That meant more than 140 days of cascading disasters for hundreds of small towns from Minnesota to Louisiana and catastrophic damage to ranch and farm communities that dot the Mississippi's swollen branches.\r\n","_input_hash":223469710,"_task_hash":-2039491154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It was the most prolonged, widespread flood fight in U.S. history.","_input_hash":-1615263107,"_task_hash":251495168,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Downtown Davenport, Iowa, was underwater this spring after a temporary sand-filled flood barrier broke, and neighborhoods in Greenville, Miss.; Sioux Falls, S.D.; Pike County, Mo.; Fort Smith, Ark.; and the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota were inundated.","_input_hash":1302620492,"_task_hash":1003511529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the future, more extreme precipitation will likely mean higher rivers for longer periods.\r\n","_input_hash":593113585,"_task_hash":-466825311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We have had the longest record period of flooding ever \u2014 over 141 days,\" Simmons says.","_input_hash":-1723486715,"_task_hash":-320122465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"That long-standing water has resulted in major damage,\" he says, including dozens of collapsed streets, about 100 buildings damaged or destroyed by water and thousands of residents affected by sewer pump failures.\r\n","_input_hash":-1895220046,"_task_hash":483721006,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Poorer residents are affected most seriously by the flooding and sewer failures.","_input_hash":127091989,"_task_hash":-1452686650,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This year's flooding might be the most prolonged, but it's just the latest in a string of floods that have exacerbated existing infrastructure problems in Greenville.","_input_hash":-1946984215,"_task_hash":1500890693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The area was badly damaged by flooding in 2016, and it was threatened again this year.\r\n","_input_hash":932958652,"_task_hash":1226400854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Curtailing development in flood-prone areas has helped other communities mitigate the damage from high water.\r\n","_input_hash":314991851,"_task_hash":690525912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Parts of the city flooded this year as the Arkansas River rose, but years of restrictions on building in the floodplain likely prevented more damage.\r\n","_input_hash":785408713,"_task_hash":-893710906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But even in places lauded for their relatively strong flood-control policies, local leaders are worried that they are still under-equipped to handle the kinds of prolonged, record-breaking floods that battered them this year and are more likely in the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-986398119,"_task_hash":832935341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is contributing to a litany of conditions that can make swimming, snorkeling and surfing more dangerous in Hawaii waters \u2014 and it\u2019s only expected to get worse in the years ahead, according to scientists, health experts and ocean safety officials.\r\n","_input_hash":1714914043,"_task_hash":-1195653969,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of that is natural, but some of it is from rising seas, stronger surf and more frequent severe storms.\r\n","_input_hash":1557119020,"_task_hash":-1169418625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Emergency responders have started tracking heat-related health problems as trade winds blow less frequently and temperatures continue to break records.\r\n","_input_hash":-1743466627,"_task_hash":1904788005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"County and state officials are also bracing for bigger populations of jellyfish from warmer waters, more powerful rip currents from higher sea levels, and increased exposure to water-borne diseases from flooding and runoff.\r\n","_input_hash":-80641566,"_task_hash":1719005601,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Kawaena tower, also on the North Shore, had an 8-foot drop from the bottom of the stairs to the beach after severe erosion, Howe said.","_input_hash":1199897468,"_task_hash":1035719855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in weather patterns in recent years, from higher tides to heavier rains, have led to faster-eroding beaches.","_input_hash":-20012892,"_task_hash":326747553,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the Kee tower on the north shore was relocated in April after unprecedented rainfall flooded and eroded the beach.\r\n","_input_hash":851937933,"_task_hash":-1889438563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The equipment needs to remain easily accessible, but also safe from heavy rains, flooding and whipping winds that the islands are expected to experience more often in the coming years.","_input_hash":990225276,"_task_hash":567871447,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe expect more hurricanes and tropical storm events as impacts of global warming.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1543564496,"_task_hash":-447312658,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A warmer and more acidic ocean will do more than just cause corals to bleach, Fletcher said.","_input_hash":-916256579,"_task_hash":-1318768632,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Reefs may collapse as a result of the unhealthy corals, which could translate to deeper waters and impacts similar to those caused by rising sea levels.\r\n","_input_hash":-1125825997,"_task_hash":-846025037,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While a small body of literature says overall wave height in the Pacific will decline because overall wind speed will decrease, there is also science that suggests Hawaii will see extremely large wave seasons on the islands\u2019 north shores due to more frequent and stronger El Ni\u00f1os, Fletcher said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1483668092,"_task_hash":-1335248242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the ocean temperature increases from the effects of global warming, jellyfish populations are expected to expand.\r\n","_input_hash":-996165296,"_task_hash":-917486309,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fletcher also has concerns about more hot, windless days leading to serious health issues or even death, as other parts of the world have experienced.\r\n","_input_hash":-1133332532,"_task_hash":190666519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cThere are increased health risks with rising temperatures,\u201d he said, adding that people with cardiovascular disease are especially at risk when it\u2019s hot outside.\r\n","_input_hash":1576167577,"_task_hash":1337173653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen we have storm events, whether it\u2019s a hurricane or tropical storm, we see heavy rains that causes streams to overflow and we see flooding in low-lying areas,\u201d Anderson said.","_input_hash":184305672,"_task_hash":-1417619336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWhen that happens, expect to see increased exposure to bacteria that causes infectious diseases like leptospirosis.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":810384780,"_task_hash":-372644647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWe\u2019ve already seen record rainfalls and more storms coming our way, and we\u2019re posting more beaches as a result of that,\u201d Anderson said.","_input_hash":-507930614,"_task_hash":1406565486,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increased flooding also ups the risk of cesspools leaching into streams and the ocean.","_input_hash":-2120679100,"_task_hash":1506810472,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The Department of Health is still working on defining what health risks associated with climate change will be of most concern and is working with other agencies to try to anticipate what will happen.\r\n","_input_hash":-1790826101,"_task_hash":-2020643566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"He anticipates changing dynamics when it comes to ocean safety as Hawaii loses some of its beaches to rising seas and erosion.","_input_hash":1382814549,"_task_hash":1058929010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"SAVAGE\r\n08/22/2019 05:03 AM EDT\r\nRepublicans are beginning to feel the heat on climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1642267100,"_task_hash":-1458209030,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cSince I first got here in 2010, virtually all the Republicans with whom I serve in the Senate have moved from denying that there is any change in our climate occurring, to questioning whether it\u2019s caused by humanity, and then continuing to question whether we have any responsibility to do something about it, and whether we can do something about it without harming our own economy,\u201d said Coons, a moderate who\u2019s seen as one of the Senate\u2019s top dealmakers.\r\n","_input_hash":-63577480,"_task_hash":-1828716636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The tonal shift among some Republicans comes as a federal government report last fall warned of hundreds of billions of dollars in annual costs related to climate change by mid-century across every region of the country.","_input_hash":-670174187,"_task_hash":-1261083240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"And the United Nations last year warned the world must achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century to stave off the worst impacts from climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":502996840,"_task_hash":1580462991,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Amid the overwhelming scientific consensus and growing public demands for actions, some senior Republicans, like Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, have acknowledged that human activity is driving climate change.","_input_hash":-24360395,"_task_hash":-2045889926,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Between record heat and rain, this summer\u2019s weather patterns have indicated, once again, that the climate is changing.\r\n","_input_hash":554022,"_task_hash":-1896047938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"US cities, where more than 80% of the nation\u2019s population lives, are disproportionately hit by these changes, not only because of their huge populations but because of their existing \u2013 often inadequate \u2013 infrastructure.\r\n","_input_hash":-870949597,"_task_hash":1580541318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In urban areas, heatwaves are exacerbated by vehicles, industrial processes and the presence of heat-retaining concrete and asphalt.","_input_hash":-2072808057,"_task_hash":-2015595057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While the impacts of climate change are fundamentally local, experts say heat is one of the most concerning, especially in cities.\r\n","_input_hash":1891905230,"_task_hash":893928898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cFrom a disaster perspective, [heat] is invisible,\u201d says Kurt Shickman, executive director of the Global Cool Cities Alliance.","_input_hash":-1669862189,"_task_hash":836087467,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This year saw the hottest July on record and many US cities have endured heatwaves - including those as far north as Alaska, where thermometers hit 90F (32C) for the first time.\r\n","_input_hash":-626181734,"_task_hash":-1172029209,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Experience an average temperature increase of 8.2F (4.5C)\r\n","_input_hash":1643429055,"_task_hash":-1394447195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since that time, there\u2019s been a huge increase in awareness of heat and urban heat islands, he says.","_input_hash":1799444987,"_task_hash":568292451,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How the climate crisis will impact US cities\r\nWith a string of subsequent record hot years and increasing flooding, cities are already dealing with the impacts of a changing climate:\r\nDeaths.","_input_hash":-1210765646,"_task_hash":700964655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of 658 people die every year from heat-related causes.","_input_hash":-227334663,"_task_hash":-325332069,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From 1999 to 2010, 8,081 heat-related deaths were reported in the United States and occurred more commonly among older, younger and poorer populations.","_input_hash":-972813158,"_task_hash":661844479,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Urban heat islands retain heat overnight, preventing people from sleeping well and leading to even more health problems, says Lucy Hutyra, an associate professor of earth and environment at Boston University.","_input_hash":-197229249,"_task_hash":848332198,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution is often worst on hot days, and when people leave windows open for air flow, the quality of the air can cause respiratory problems.","_input_hash":-2067336207,"_task_hash":-510700065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warmer, moister conditions also mean that heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding is on the rise; so far this year 78 people have died as a result, according to the National Weather Service.\r\n","_input_hash":529896674,"_task_hash":1552834680,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Power outages.","_input_hash":-1890871426,"_task_hash":-112414639,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As experienced by New Yorkers this year, excessive heat in conjunction with excess demand for electricity for air conditioning can cause the grid \u2013 or portions of it \u2013 to fail.","_input_hash":-2088745827,"_task_hash":1255077161,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Excess heat can also evaporate water needed to cool power plants, forcing some out of commission.\r\n","_input_hash":-724826537,"_task_hash":54278571,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to electricity grid problems, asphalt can melt in excess temperatures; rail tracks expand; and can even affect airports \u2013 currently some airplanes can\u2019t take off from Phoenix airport, for example, when the temperature exceeds 118F because the air is too thin.","_input_hash":1888887054,"_task_hash":-1904843525,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat is a problem for all areas of city governance, said Shickman.","_input_hash":356974323,"_task_hash":-314454460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding, too, can wreak havoc on a city\u2019s infrastructure, from blowing out bridges and roads to inundating water treatment plants.\r\n","_input_hash":-2140092579,"_task_hash":117346437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to a 2018 study by Texas A&M University: \u201cThe growing number of extreme rainfall events that produce intense precipitation are resulting in \u2013and will continue to result in \u2013 increased urban flooding unless steps are taken to mitigate their impacts.\u201d","_input_hash":783976935,"_task_hash":821107884,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The 2017 National Climate Assessment concluded: \u201cHeavy downpours are increasing nationally, especially over the last three to five decades \u2026[and","_input_hash":1448191577,"_task_hash":-65488218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"that] \u2026 increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are projected for all U.S. regions.\u201d","_input_hash":1652022780,"_task_hash":1962637139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Between 2007 and 2011 alone, urban flooding in Cook County, Illinois, resulted in over 176,000 claims or flood losses at a cost of $660m (\u00a3545m).\r\n","_input_hash":-1388206620,"_task_hash":-708299031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Becoming aware of the threat of heat and other climate changes is one thing.","_input_hash":-1514900403,"_task_hash":748150655,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"White or light colored roofs reflect heat and can lower the overall temperature in a city as well as making individual buildings and homes cooler.","_input_hash":445764956,"_task_hash":-19261564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"How US cities are scrambling to protect people from extreme heat\r\n","_input_hash":4411814,"_task_hash":2052763421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Air conditioning can raise the temperatures within cities through its waste heat and, when powered by fossil fuels, can contribute to the problem of climate change.","_input_hash":1093008506,"_task_hash":1985627637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This century, the region has suffered a series of severe droughts.\r\n","_input_hash":1128002911,"_task_hash":-503637843,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Both the reduction in tree coverage and the change in climate were endangering the forest\u2019s","_input_hash":-838434511,"_task_hash":-819794497,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The increase in illnesses comes as climate change and coastal urbanization create a perfect storm for waterborne bacteria, said Geoff Scott, clinical professor and chair of the department of environmental health sciences in the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina.\r\n","_input_hash":1534675956,"_task_hash":647820682,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The CDC estimates that the bacteria cause 80,000 illnesses and 100 deaths each year, with the majority occurring between May and October when water temperatures are warmer.","_input_hash":-1710416080,"_task_hash":73712151,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"About a dozen species of Vibrio can cause human illness, but the most common in the US are Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio alginolyticus.\r\n","_input_hash":335488377,"_task_hash":864008564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vibrio bacteria can cause a range of illnesses from gastroenteritis \u2014 a disease marked by diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills \u2014 to septicemia, a life-threatening bloodstream infection.","_input_hash":-1046315100,"_task_hash":1116992511,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Vibrio vulnificus, the species most commonly associated with wound infections, can also cause necrotizing fasciitis, commonly referred to as flesh-eating disease, and lead to amputations and even death.\r\n","_input_hash":-194537596,"_task_hash":1583986049,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Anyone can get sick from Vibrio, but people with existing health conditions, like diabetes, liver disease, or cancer, are more likely to become ill and develop severe complications.\r\n","_input_hash":-446906150,"_task_hash":707237164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Erin Stokes, an epidemiologist in the CDC\u2019s Enteric Diseases Branch, said the agency\u2019s data shows the number of Vibrio infections have been increasing for many years, and while research is yet to clearly show why the increases are occurring, the warming of coastal waters is likely a factor.","_input_hash":702383319,"_task_hash":795193018,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Historically, Vibrio illnesses from seafood consumption in the US have been linked to shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico, where water temperatures are regularly warm, but in the last 20 years, outbreaks have been connected to shellfish harvested in the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and parts of the Northeast.\r\n","_input_hash":1192316887,"_task_hash":1954059533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while the majority of illnesses \u2014 about 52,000 \u2014 are the result of eating contaminated food, skin infection cases are also occurring in areas where the bacteria were not previously endemic.\r\n","_input_hash":440230459,"_task_hash":2029019766,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In a report published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in June, doctors at Cooper University Hospital in New Jersey linked climate change to a spike in severe skin infections in the Delaware Bay.","_input_hash":-1618980427,"_task_hash":-1766744953,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe were surprised that we were seeing more wound infections caused by Vibrio this far north,\u201d Dr. Katherine Doktor, one of the authors of the report, told BuzzFeed News.\r\n","_input_hash":127357749,"_task_hash":-396332988,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea surface temperatures in the Delaware Bay, they concluded, must have been a factor in the sharp increase in infections.","_input_hash":895190497,"_task_hash":2015587386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Though rare in comparison to other bacterial infections like staph, Vibrio vulnificus infections can progress rapidly and become fatal.","_input_hash":-1914951462,"_task_hash":-1746331532,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe wanted people, health care providers specifically, to be aware that if they were to see a very severe infection that was spreading rapidly, they should consider Vibrio vulnificus as one of the causes,\u201d Doktor said.\r\n","_input_hash":-385742766,"_task_hash":1229156241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Other types of bacteria can also cause flesh-eating disease.","_input_hash":-1195634975,"_task_hash":360575147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Public health officials believe the bacteria that causes strep throat is the most common cause of the infection, according to the CDC.\r\n","_input_hash":-1162043835,"_task_hash":-1580766005,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe key is, if you go swimming and you get an infection, it would probably be wise if it gets very red and inflamed ... to seek medical help early,\u201d Scott said.\r\n","_input_hash":1639156890,"_task_hash":1470500694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For wound infections, early antibiotic treatment and, if needed, surgery are the best way to prevent the disease from spreading.","_input_hash":1586491996,"_task_hash":2103069888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And while not all strains of the disease-causing Vibrio species make people sick, it appears that the variants that cause illnesses have been showing up more frequently in recent years.\r\n","_input_hash":-1195879440,"_task_hash":-1971941731,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to warming ocean temperatures, sea level rise is also contributing to the growth of Vibrio in estuaries by infusing salt water further into coastal rivers.\r\n","_input_hash":-873327557,"_task_hash":-230539584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a study published last year, Scott and other scientists predicted a significant expansion of the deadly bacteria in a South Carolina bay due to increases in salinity, resulting in a more than 200% increase in the risk of exposure to the bacteria.\r\n","_input_hash":349665397,"_task_hash":-1350744284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Urbanization of coastal areas is also contributing to the bacteria\u2019s growth, including in historically warmer waters where Vibrio has long been found.","_input_hash":-1935707159,"_task_hash":2033195453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As communities pour asphalt and concrete over coastal lands that would typically absorb rainfall, stormwater runoff sends more nutrients into streams, estuaries, and the ocean, causing a proliferation of algae that Vibrio thrive off of.\r\n","_input_hash":1666079448,"_task_hash":-1645898859,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The problem is exacerbated in the event of a hurricane, another naturally occurring phenomenon being driven to new extremes by climate change.","_input_hash":2022307448,"_task_hash":1570077189,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Floodwaters from hurricanes often contain a range of harmful chemicals and microbial pathogens, including Vibrio bacteria.\r\n","_input_hash":-1739056298,"_task_hash":131794804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina, the CDC reported two dozen cases of Vibrio wound infections leading to six deaths.","_input_hash":70672930,"_task_hash":1184030814,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cases of flesh-eating disease were also reported in the wake of Hurricane Harvey in 2017, and Noble said she heard anecdotally from emergency room physicians in North Carolina that they saw upticks in infections after hurricanes Matthew and Florence.\r\n","_input_hash":536370806,"_task_hash":-1307253383,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While measures are in place to try to minimize the risk of illness from seafood consumption, there aren\u2019t any beach testing programs or advisories to prevent infections from recreational contact.\r\n","_input_hash":1061876269,"_task_hash":-562748058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unlike with E. coli and blue-green algae toxins, there is no threshold for Vibrio that would indicate risk of illness.\r\n","_input_hash":428298332,"_task_hash":1564642356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The experience cost Owens her job, triggered her anxiety and depression, and left a large, dark scar on her foot and leg.\r\n","_input_hash":-370873113,"_task_hash":-567419931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s the same amount of warming that climate activists are hoping to prevent on a global scale.\r\n","_input_hash":619842185,"_task_hash":592724179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As trees are felled and farms take their place, this human-managed land emits about a quarter of global greenhouse-gas pollution every year, including 13 percent of carbon dioxide and 44 percent of the super-warming but short-lived pollutant methane.\r\n","_input_hash":918252503,"_task_hash":213202840,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But unlike other sources of pollution\u2014such as the burning of fossil fuels, which must be quickly reduced globally\u2014land can\u2019t just be shut down.","_input_hash":178215345,"_task_hash":-12446025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAnd as we increase evaporation, ecosystems dry out and burn when they normally wouldn\u2019t do that.","_input_hash":-604401540,"_task_hash":-1704463416,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And when soils get dry due to increased evaporation, we get longer heat waves.\u201d","_input_hash":730821099,"_task_hash":-2094305799,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And longer heat waves, of course, make the biosphere warmer still, starting the cycle again.\r\n","_input_hash":-952569465,"_task_hash":-1942644593,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat waves worldwide have gotten longer, hotter, and more common, according to the IPCC.","_input_hash":2032970529,"_task_hash":-116488171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Dust storms are kicking up more often.","_input_hash":273657026,"_task_hash":1230970944,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recall from high-school biology that primary production is the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy via photosynthesis.","_input_hash":768370057,"_task_hash":17363184,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Besides the tiny creatures that live in deep-sea heat vents and other extreme environments, all life on Earth derives its energy from the sun.","_input_hash":-801527513,"_task_hash":1988220537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"You and I don\u2019t get our energy directly from photosynthesis, but we eat plants\u2014or things that ate plants\u2014that do.","_input_hash":-2049595124,"_task_hash":1615591175,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Otherwise it will start to induce food shortages in poor countries.\r\n","_input_hash":1438937013,"_task_hash":-944224127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The planet\u2019s land absorbs carbon pollution today only because of a great \u201cnatural subsidy,\u201d said Louis Verchot, the report co-author.","_input_hash":-473721935,"_task_hash":-224871618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Under 1.5 degrees Celsius of planetary warming, Earth will face a high risk of food shortages, mass thirst, and rampant wildfires.","_input_hash":89222539,"_task_hash":744544358,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cynthia Rosenzweig, a senior research scientist at NASA and an author of the report, warned this week of \u201cmultiple bread-basket failure,\u201d in which crops die across several major agricultural regions at the same time.","_input_hash":843724833,"_task_hash":1663914421,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She noted that crops in Europe had already suffered this summer under successive heat waves.","_input_hash":-1346119280,"_task_hash":1750455848,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The IPCC warns that people who live on such a planet will face a \u201cvery high risk\u201d of famine, water scarcity, and mass vegetation die-offs.","_input_hash":-1212600698,"_task_hash":-95845912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It could be harder to prep for some droughts, floods and other extreme weather in the future","_input_hash":2047754646,"_task_hash":1571568202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But Princeton researchers have developed new maps that predict coastal flooding for every county on the Eastern and Gulf Coasts and find 100-year floods could become annual occurrences in New England; and happen every one to 30 years along the southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico shorelines\r\n","_input_hash":-504071207,"_task_hash":407983765,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThe historical 100-year floods may change to one-year floods in Northern coastal towns in the U.S.,\u201d said Ning Lin, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Princeton University.\r\n","_input_hash":1087754828,"_task_hash":-165112401,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coastlines at northern latitudes, like those in New England, will face higher flood levels primarily because of sea level rise.","_input_hash":-1381338169,"_task_hash":-1221365894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Those in more southern latitudes, especially along the Gulf of Mexico, will face higher flood levels because of both sea level rise and increasing storms into the late 21st century.\r\n","_input_hash":165867554,"_task_hash":30514335,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cFor the Gulf of Mexico, we found the effect of storm change is compatible with or more significant than the effect of sea level rise for 40% of counties.","_input_hash":1939313199,"_task_hash":-1530707216,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So, if we neglect the effects of storm climatology change, we would significantly underestimate the impact of climate change for these regions,\u201d said Lin.\r\n","_input_hash":-1604750742,"_task_hash":-1121319081,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"(CNN)Even when air pollution is at levels below air quality guidelines and regulatory limits, it can still pose a hazard to public health, a new study finds.\r\n","_input_hash":284562998,"_task_hash":1194960707,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In a 30-year analysis of 652 cities in 24 countries and regions on six continents, researchers found that increases in air pollution were linked to increases in related deaths.","_input_hash":1350802919,"_task_hash":1022914831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The study, published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine, was one of the largest international studies to look at the short-term impact of pollution as a cause of death, the researchers said.\r\n","_input_hash":1700529124,"_task_hash":-2012131222,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The analysis of air pollution data from 1986 through 2015 found there were increases in total deaths linked to exposure to inhalable particles and fine particles.","_input_hash":-1467941036,"_task_hash":-1860133455,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The deaths were from cardiovascular and respiratory problems.\r\n","_input_hash":1340869812,"_task_hash":-174552583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"With higher levels of pollution, the faster people are dying, said Chris Griffiths, a professor of primary care at Queen Mary University of London.\r\n","_input_hash":1216926199,"_task_hash":-186220338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Most concerning is that deaths relating to pollution occur at levels below international recommended pollution limits,\" Griffiths told Science Media Centre.","_input_hash":37435067,"_task_hash":-630941551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A study in July found that long-term exposure to air pollution, especially ground-level ozone, is like smoking about a pack of cigarettes a day for many years and can cause problems such as emphysema.","_input_hash":982339693,"_task_hash":-538615480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another study found that it can cause COPD and age lungs faster.","_input_hash":759257403,"_task_hash":1667273925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Air pollution also increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.\r\n","_input_hash":-1537859475,"_task_hash":-1910993904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Earlier studies predicted exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations could lead to millions more acute respiratory problems and would cost the United States billions of dollars.","_input_hash":2087589948,"_task_hash":-460401566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Exposure to air pollution caused more than 107,000 premature deaths in the United States in 2011 alone, research has found.\r\n","_input_hash":-1422754375,"_task_hash":568015258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The administration's recent guidance to states would allow a state to emit 43% more pollution across state lines than before, even though the agency itself said it could result in 1,400 more premature deaths by 2030 than the Obama-era plan it is replacing.","_input_hash":-715539198,"_task_hash":1917036882,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Unhealthy air days\" occur when the level of ozone or particulate matter is high enough to be a danger to kids, the elderly or people with lung problems.\r\n","_input_hash":-1791219384,"_task_hash":1079084254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Carbon emissions are the main driver of climate change.","_input_hash":836284896,"_task_hash":-664162249,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An epidemic of chronic kidney disease that has killed tens of thousands of agricultural workers worldwide, is just one of many ailments poised to strike as a result of climate change, according to researchers at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.\r\n","_input_hash":1614141155,"_task_hash":1004651651,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cChronic kidney disease is a sentinel disease in the era of climate change,\u201d said\r\nCecilia Sorensen, MD, of the Colorado School of Public Health and the University of Colorado School of Medicine.","_input_hash":130289235,"_task_hash":1871181592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lead author Sorensen and her colleague, Ramon Garcia-Trabanino, MD, said chronic kidney disease of unknown origin or CKDu is now the second leading cause of death in Nicaragua and El Salvador.","_input_hash":-1133880910,"_task_hash":1226659546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The death toll from the disease rose 83% in Guatemala over the past decade.\r\n","_input_hash":1473210084,"_task_hash":1195318672,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The exact cause of the disease, which hits agricultural workers in hot climates especially hard, remains unknown.","_input_hash":1106442906,"_task_hash":-973816779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It doesn\u2019t align with typical chronic kidney disease which is usually associated with diabetes and hypertension.\r\n","_input_hash":1125378538,"_task_hash":2071412058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhat we do know for certain is that CKDu is related to heat exposure and dehydration,\u201d Sorensen said, adding that exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, infectious agents and poverty may also play a role.\r\n","_input_hash":1576058868,"_task_hash":1432062879,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sorensen said there is evidence that constant exposure to high temperatures can result in chronic kidney damage.\r\n","_input_hash":-970630992,"_task_hash":-656619659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And the hotter it gets, Sorensen said, the more likely it will increase along with other diseases.\r\n","_input_hash":7777845,"_task_hash":-2127590736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are seeing average global temperatures gradually creep up but one of the biggest risks are heat waves.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":2000121889,"_task_hash":1833008490,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She said U.S. public health officials are not prepared for the kinds of heat waves seen in Europe in 2003 that killed over 70,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-1201636329,"_task_hash":1735549351,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cWe are also seeing Lyme disease in places we never saw it before because the winters are no longer cold enough to kill off the ticks that carry it.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":746009855,"_task_hash":1945184397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Opposition from Homeowners Associations\r\n","_input_hash":-866324292,"_task_hash":1262750429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cAlthough, wind turbines are very low on the list of causes for birds\u2019 mortality.","_input_hash":-666674947,"_task_hash":1480429414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"When it comes to such strong opposition to renewable energy projects, Cottingham observed, \u201cA lot of it comes back to the fact that many people don\u2019t like change.","_input_hash":-1456552576,"_task_hash":1306775373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The President of the World Bank Group, is very clear in its foreword of the report : The explored consequences of an increase of the global earth temperature of 4\u00b0C are indeed devastating.\r\n","_input_hash":1568284176,"_task_hash":102887556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among the foreseen consequences are:\r\nthe inundation of coastal cities;\r\nincreasing risks for food production potentially leading to higher malnutrition rates; many dry regions becoming dryer and wet regions wetter;\r\n","_input_hash":1682693128,"_task_hash":1013617925,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"unprecedented heat waves in many regions, especially in the tropics;\r\nsubstantially exacerbated water scarcity in many regions;\r\nincreased frequency of high-intensity tropical cyclones;\r\nirreversible loss of biodiversity, including coral reef systems.\r\n","_input_hash":696953152,"_task_hash":1237267032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientific evidence, is unequivocal about the fact that humans are the cause of global warming, and that major changes are already being observed: global mean temperature is now 0.8\u00b0","_input_hash":272231797,"_task_hash":853641202,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sea levels rose by about 20 cm since pre-industrial times and are now rising at 3.2 cm per decade; an exceptional number of extreme heat waves occurred in the last decade; major food crop growing areas are increasingly affected by drought.\r\n","_input_hash":-661006043,"_task_hash":-511607043,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is a rigorous attempt to outline a range of risks, focusing on developing countries while recognizing that developed countries are also vulnerable and at serious risk of major impacts from climate change.","_input_hash":-171819261,"_task_hash":690357528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It underlines that a series of recent extreme events worldwide continue to highlight the vulnerability of not only the developing world but also of wealthy industrialized countries.\r\n","_input_hash":-1691928193,"_task_hash":-558704166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Is it still possible to avoid a global temperature increase of 4\u00b0C?\r\n","_input_hash":1093875065,"_task_hash":-921116570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, the level of impact that developing countries and the rest of the world experience will be a result of government, private sector, and civil society decisions and choices about climate change which includes, unfortunately, inaction.","_input_hash":1924109988,"_task_hash":1055891898,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2\u00b0C to prevent \u201cdangerous\u201d climate change (as laid out in the Cancun agreement of the UNFCCC in 2010), but the sum total of current policies\u2014those already in place and those that have been pledged\u2014will very likely lead to warming far in excess of these levels.","_input_hash":-1186800185,"_task_hash":923239026,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A world in which warming reaches 4\u00b0C above preindustrial levels, would be one of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought, and major floods in many regions, with serious impacts on human systems, ecosystems, and associated services.\r\n","_input_hash":2012414159,"_task_hash":-503913656,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A global mean temperature difference of 4\u00b0C is close to that between the temperatures of the present day and those of the last ice age, when much of central Europe and the northern United States were covered with kilometers of ice, and the current change\u2014human induced\u2014is occurring over a century, not millennia.\r\n","_input_hash":-151200413,"_task_hash":1754409388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If the currently planned actions are not fully implemented, a warming of 4\u00b0C could occur as early as the 2060s.","_input_hash":-650237988,"_task_hash":94145038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among the likely impacts are:\r\nEven though absolute warming will be largest in high latitudes, the warming that will occur in the tropics is larger when compared to the historical range of temperature and extremes to which human and natural ecosystems have adapted and coped.","_input_hash":1688678210,"_task_hash":-1916545213,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The projected emergence of unprecedented high-temperature extremes in the tropics will consequently lead to significantly larger impacts on agriculture and ecosystems.\r\n","_input_hash":353942350,"_task_hash":-1291362614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sea-level rise is likely to be 15 to 20 percent larger in the tropics than the global mean.\r\n","_input_hash":486278843,"_task_hash":-989894861,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increases in tropical cyclone intensity are likely to be felt disproportionately in low-latitude regions.\r\n","_input_hash":-1112922367,"_task_hash":-362571257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increasing aridity and drought are likely to increase substantially in many developing country regions located in tropical and subtropical areas.\r\n","_input_hash":-792508912,"_task_hash":1403643444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"How reliable are the scenarios that foresee such an increase of the global temperature and its consequences?\r\n","_input_hash":-1924239382,"_task_hash":-1852849551,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The impacts of the extreme heat waves projected for a 4\u00b0C world have not been evaluated, but they could be expected to vastly exceed the consequences experienced to date (heat-related deaths, forest fires, harvest losses) and potentially exceed the adaptive capacities of many societies and natural systems.","_input_hash":-498164659,"_task_hash":744995008,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One example of such a change would be the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which would lead to much larger sea level rise than projected in the present analysis.","_input_hash":-976411746,"_task_hash":1146065609,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Projections of damage costs for climate change impacts typically assess the costs of local damages, including infrastructure, and do not provide an adequate consideration of cascade effects (for example, value-added chains and supply networks) at national and regional scales.","_input_hash":1852438096,"_task_hash":799315895,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A 4\u00b0C world is likely to be one in which communities, cities and countries would experience severe disruptions, damage, and dislocation, with many of these risks spread unequally.","_input_hash":-1778916548,"_task_hash":-417671888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is likely that the poor will suffer most and the global community could become more fractured, and unequal than today.\r\n","_input_hash":-826568896,"_task_hash":434629390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Seven main unequivocal effects of greenhouse gas emissions already observed have continued to intensify, more or less unabated:\r\n","_input_hash":288275006,"_task_hash":445571677,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the meantime, the rate of loss of ice has more than tripled since the 1993\u20132003 period.","_input_hash":-844425531,"_task_hash":-1489009371,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The accelerating melting of ice from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets could add substantially to sea-level rise in the future, about 15 cm by the end of the 21st century.\r\n","_input_hash":2076860143,"_task_hash":2135044084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"An increased frequency and intensity of heat waves is observed with, in some climatic regions, increased in intensity of extreme precipitation and drought.","_input_hash":-754012129,"_task_hash":-3645173,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Observations indicate a tenfold increase in the surface area of the planet experiencing extreme heat since the 1950s.\r\n","_input_hash":689689380,"_task_hash":475005099,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What changes in climate are expected with a 4\u00b0C global temperature increase?\r\n","_input_hash":-448852171,"_task_hash":-1126059365,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The largest warming will occur over land and range from 4\u00b0C to 10\u00b0C.","_input_hash":1688972761,"_task_hash":1854078464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Almost all summer months are likely to be warmer than the most extreme heat waves presently experienced and, for example, the warmest July in the Mediterranean region could be 9\u00b0C warmer than today\u2019s warmest July.\r\n","_input_hash":-1410275694,"_task_hash":-1000154119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recent extreme heat waves such as in Russia in 2010 are likely to become the new normal summer in a 4\u00b0C world.","_input_hash":1606489759,"_task_hash":1607690369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Tropical South America, central Africa, and all tropical islands in the Pacific are likely to regularly experience heat waves of unprecedented magnitude and duration.","_input_hash":-321908280,"_task_hash":-434000687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For small island states and river delta regions, rising sea levels are likely to have far ranging adverse consequences, especially when combined with the projected increased intensity of tropical cyclones, loss of protective reefs due to temperature increases and ocean acidification.","_input_hash":1251851504,"_task_hash":219457084,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in wind and ocean currents due to global warming and other factors will also affect regional sea-level rise, as will patterns of ocean heat uptake and warming.\r\n","_input_hash":1135643292,"_task_hash":776352978,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warming of 4\u00b0C will likely lead to a sea-level rise of 0.5 to 1 meter, and possibly more, by 2100, with several meters more to be realized in the coming centuries.","_input_hash":-1673456962,"_task_hash":-503130091,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What are the effects on coral reefs that are expected from rising temperatures, and why are these a concern?\r\n","_input_hash":-1385294091,"_task_hash":-1828622049,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One of the most serious consequences of rising carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere occurs when it dissolves in the ocean and results in acidification.","_input_hash":-735082692,"_task_hash":121347492,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A substantial increase in ocean acidity has been observed since preindustrial times.","_input_hash":213478273,"_task_hash":1585898048,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A warming of 4\u00b0C or more by 2100 would correspond to an increase in acidity of the ocean unparalleled in earth\u2019s history.","_input_hash":-1252726590,"_task_hash":-1254859261,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Evidence is already emerging of the adverse consequences of acidification for marine organisms and ecosystems, combined with the effects of warming, overfishing, and habitat destruction.\r\n","_input_hash":719525248,"_task_hash":-1366581087,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The combination of thermally induced bleaching events, ocean acidification, and sea-level rise threatens large fractions of coral reefs even at 1.5\u00b0C global warming.","_input_hash":669663602,"_task_hash":374757600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With extremes of temperature, heat waves, heavy rainfall and drought are projected to increase with warming.","_input_hash":-1985068933,"_task_hash":2062509071,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the most adverse impacts on water availability are likely to occur in association with growing water demand as the world population increases, some estimates indicate that a 4\u00b0C warming would significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions, particularly northern and eastern Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, while additional countries in Africa would be newly confronted with water scarcity on a national scale due to population growth.\r\n","_input_hash":1988114920,"_task_hash":-175727135,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some regions may experience reduced water stress compared to a case without climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":342811911,"_task_hash":-1585769616,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes to the hydrological cycles associated with severe risks of floods and droughts in some regions, which may increase significantly even if annual averages change little.\r\n","_input_hash":490337666,"_task_hash":-187501281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With a 2\u00b0C temperature increase :\r\nRiver basins dominated by a monsoon regime, such as the Ganges and Nile, are particularly vulnerable to changes in the seasonality of runoff, which may have large and adverse effects on water availability.\r\n","_input_hash":1619193151,"_task_hash":318944763,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All these changes would approximately double in magnitude with a 4\u00b0C temperature increase.\r\n","_input_hash":1810771886,"_task_hash":-1272001111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What are the risks to ecosystems that are expected if the global temperature raises by 4\u00b0C ?\r\n","_input_hash":-1794236595,"_task_hash":1575525564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recent research suggests that large-scale loss of biodiversity is likely to occur with a temperature increase of 4\u00b0C.","_input_hash":-126139486,"_task_hash":-29403042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In fact, climate change seems likely to become the dominant driver of ecosystem shifts, surpassing habitat destruction as the greatest threat to biodiversity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1294300911,"_task_hash":852690050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecosystems will be affected by more frequent extreme weather events, such as forest loss due to droughts and wildfire, and the impact of these is likely going to be exacerbated by changes in land use and agricultural expansion; increasing vulnerability to heat and drought stress will likely lead to increased mortality and species extinction.\r\n","_input_hash":-1192586711,"_task_hash":-1096122074,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Amazonia, forest fires could as much as double by 2050 with warming of approximately 1.5\u00b0C to 2","_input_hash":-790509048,"_task_hash":1186204917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecosystem damage would be expected to dramatically reduce the provision of ecosystem services on which society depends (for example, fisheries and the protection of coastline that afforded by coral reefs and mangroves).\r\n","_input_hash":648508033,"_task_hash":1728637493,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected that global food production would increase for local average temperature rise in the range of 1\u00b0C to 3\u00b0C, and may decrease beyond these temperatures but new results suggest instead a rapidly rising risk of crop yield reductions as the world warms and observations indicate a significant risk of high-temperature thresholds being crossed that could substantially undermine food security globally with a 4\u00b0C temperature increase.\r\n","_input_hash":-71952239,"_task_hash":-77805930,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to these risks is the adverse effect of projected sea level rise on agriculture in important low-lying delta areas, such as in Bangladesh, Egypt, Vietnam, and parts of the African coast.","_input_hash":1255321552,"_task_hash":-1045891052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Further risks are posed by the likelihood of increased drought in mid-latitude regions and increased flooding at higher latitudes.\r\n","_input_hash":-906140649,"_task_hash":-52451694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Large-scale extreme events, such as major floods that interfere with food production, could bring about nutritional deficits and an increase in the incidence of epidemic diseases.","_input_hash":1776676091,"_task_hash":-1704097595,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding can introduce contaminants and disease agents into healthy water supplies and increase the spread of diarrheal and of respiratory illnesses.","_input_hash":601450288,"_task_hash":357633736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The effects of climate change on agricultural production may exacerbate under-nutrition and malnutrition in many regions\u2014already major contributors to child mortality in developing countries.\r\n","_input_hash":-98382658,"_task_hash":-1415963608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Whilst economic growth is projected to significantly reduce childhood stunting, climate change is projected to reverse these gains in a number of regions with warming of 2\u00b0C to 2.5\u00b0C, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and this is likely to get worse at 4\u00b0C.","_input_hash":940252558,"_task_hash":1585540366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Changes in temperature, precipitation rates, and humidity influence vector-borne diseases (for example, malaria and dengue fever) as well as hantaviruses, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, and schistosomiasis.\r\n","_input_hash":-1150188616,"_task_hash":1561603515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Further health impacts of climate change could include injuries and deaths due to extreme weather events.","_input_hash":-1801591854,"_task_hash":339150214,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heat-amplified levels of smog could exacerbate respiratory disorders and heart and blood vessel diseases, while in some regions climate change\u2013induced increases in concentrations of aeroallergens (pollens, spores), could amplify rates of allergic respiratory disorders.\r\n","_input_hash":-791969821,"_task_hash":-1996590180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What are the risks of disruptions and displacements expected with a global temperature increase of 4\u00b0C?\r\n","_input_hash":-1023074379,"_task_hash":154012454,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Economic growth and population increases over the 21st century will increase the pressure on a planetary ecosystem that is already approaching critical limits and boundaries.","_input_hash":-1757817974,"_task_hash":-455907208,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The projected impacts on water availability, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health could lead to large-scale displacement of populations and have adverse consequences for human security and economic and trade systems.","_input_hash":-71608195,"_task_hash":149307406,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Projections of damage costs for climate change impacts do not provide an adequate consideration of cascade effects at national and regional scales.","_input_hash":-1850801814,"_task_hash":541131412,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, if a resource is undermined by climate change impact, it could disturb a supply chain for a manufactured product, which in turn leads to a shortage that could impact the exploitation of another resource, etc\u2026","_input_hash":851715257,"_task_hash":-1321818598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, in an increasingly globalized world that experiences further specialization in production systems, and thus higher dependency on infrastructure to deliver produced goods, damages to infrastructure systems can lead to substantial indirect impacts.","_input_hash":571917340,"_task_hash":-1470438860,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Seaports are an example of an initial point where a breakdown in infrastructure could trigger impacts that reach far beyond the particular location of the loss, in addition their cumulative and interacting effects are not still well understood.\r\n","_input_hash":-1568212875,"_task_hash":844733453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With pressures increasing as warming progresses toward 4\u00b0C, and combining with non climate\u2013related social, economic, and population stresses, the risk of crossing critical social system thresholds will grow.","_input_hash":1730881803,"_task_hash":1485346042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"One example is a risk that sea-level rise in atoll countries exceeds the capabilities of controlled, adaptive migration, resulting in the need for complete abandonment of an island or region.","_input_hash":-2041906544,"_task_hash":1825682899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Similarly, stresses on human health, such as heat waves, malnutrition, and decreasing quality of drinking water due to seawater intrusion, have the potential to overburden health-care systems to a point where adaptation is no longer possible, and dislocation is forced.","_input_hash":450006480,"_task_hash":1493237046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In some regions, particularly in the western United States, drought is an important factor affecting communities.","_input_hash":-718705638,"_task_hash":936358443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the Midwest and northeastern states, the frequency of heavy downpours has increased.","_input_hash":1143054226,"_task_hash":-2036124055,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In many regions, floods and water quality problems are likely to be worse because of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-1732915590,"_task_hash":-1285439038,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The changing environment is expected to cause more heat stress, an increase in waterborne diseases, poor air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects and rodents.","_input_hash":1391241695,"_task_hash":680002523,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events can compound many of these health threats.\r\n","_input_hash":-961142322,"_task_hash":-899157804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting land ice sheets and glaciers put coastal areas at greater risk of erosion and storm surge.\r\n","_input_hash":-1852344477,"_task_hash":-1121262636,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ruth Lorenz, ETH Zurich, +41 44 632 82 68 (GMT+1), ruth.lorenz@env.ethz.ch\r\nWASHINGTON\u2014Climate change is increasing the number of days of extreme heat and decreasing the number of days of extreme cold in Europe, posing a risk for residents in the coming decades, according to a new study.\r\n","_input_hash":1685988800,"_task_hash":-1712738434,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"New research in the AGU journal Geophysical Research Letters finds the number of summer days with extreme heat has tripled since 1950 and summers have become hotter overall, while the number of winter days with extreme cold decreased in frequency by at least half and winters have become warmer overall.\r\n","_input_hash":-1990459314,"_task_hash":751137014,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cEven at this regional scale over Europe, we can see that these trends are much larger than what we would expect from natural variability.","_input_hash":1691959121,"_task_hash":-812252685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That\u2019s really a signal from climate change,\u201d said Ruth Lorenz, a climate scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and lead author of the new study.\r\n","_input_hash":1325536938,"_task_hash":1918800584,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Extreme heat is dangerous because it stresses the human body, potentially leading to heat exhaustion or heat stroke.","_input_hash":1207921610,"_task_hash":-1230415388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"More than 90% of the weather stations studied showed the climate was warming, a percentage too high to purely be from natural climate variability, according to the researchers.\r\n","_input_hash":-1932973692,"_task_hash":-986272761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some regions experienced higher extremes than expected and some had lower extremes that expected.\r\n","_input_hash":-1840348828,"_task_hash":-2026433367,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cDetection of a Climate Change Signal in Extreme Heat, Heat Stress, and Cold in Europe From Observations\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":647372488,"_task_hash":-906846592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Trees suck up nearly a quarter of all human-caused carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions \u2014 the dominant greenhouse gas warming the earth \u2014 and use it for their growth, along with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.\r\n","_input_hash":-23146963,"_task_hash":-1532646423,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cExtra growth from carbon dioxide is the interest we gain on our balance.","_input_hash":-1290332064,"_task_hash":-220365148,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are \"important tool to limit global warming\u201d, which are under threat due to deforestation, Terrer said.\r\n","_input_hash":-1357110077,"_task_hash":2101792369,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nReconstructing the evolution of sea level during past warmer epochs such as the Pliocene provides insight into the response of sea level and ice sheets to prolonged warming1.","_input_hash":887996455,"_task_hash":-1355700585,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"eustatic sea-level fluctuations from the New Zealand shallow-marine sediment record.","_input_hash":-1803174863,"_task_hash":518047790,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This GIA contribution is caused by the incomplete present-day adjustment to the late Pleistocene ice and ocean loading cycles.","_input_hash":-436940808,"_task_hash":474742142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Determining the amount of uplift based on the best fit of observed relative sea-level changes across the POS to other GMSL reconstructions over the same time interval.","_input_hash":-1179220262,"_task_hash":1641640583,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Essentially, it dictates how much global temperatures will rise in response to human-caused CO2 emissions, but it is a question that does not yet have a clear answer.\r\n","_input_hash":1592962672,"_task_hash":1924094341,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate sensitivity refers to the amount of global surface warming that will occur in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations compared to pre-industrial levels.\r\n","_input_hash":1113454909,"_task_hash":829877469,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"ECS is the amount of warming that will occur once all these processes have reached equilibrium.\r\n","_input_hash":-1625787819,"_task_hash":-1512010090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is the amount of warming that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.","_input_hash":-1103390211,"_task_hash":-890123314,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Feedbacks drive uncertainty\r\n","_input_hash":1243534345,"_task_hash":-1707688910,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The wide range of estimates of climate sensitivity is driven by uncertainties in climate feedbacks, including how water vapour, clouds, surface reflectivity and other factors will change as the Earth warms.","_input_hash":425007567,"_task_hash":709065801,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"the effect of warming from increased CO2 concentrations or other climate forcings \u2013 factors that initially drive changes in the climate.\r\n","_input_hash":-357581784,"_task_hash":279116041,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, there is extremely strong evidence that feedbacks will amplify this warming, based on the Earth\u2019s past and the physical processes involved.\r\n","_input_hash":-1188896324,"_task_hash":593933415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An increase in low-altitude clouds would tend to offset some warming by reflecting more sunlight back to space, whereas an increase in the height of high-altitude clouds would trap extra heat.","_input_hash":201974611,"_task_hash":553894922,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All this means the global net effect of cloud feedbacks is complex and hard for scientists to model precisely.\r\n","_input_hash":972767443,"_task_hash":1585960442,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With less ice and snow reflecting the sun\u2019s rays, melting will decrease Earth\u2019s albedo and amplify warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-436544202,"_task_hash":-916353527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The combination of these and other feedbacks converts the ~1C warming from doubled CO2 alone into an uncertain range of possible warming, from around 1.5C to 4.5C.\r\n","_input_hash":166515413,"_task_hash":-118035838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sensitivity can also be estimated from instrumental records of surface temperatures and ocean heat content, combined with models of how climate forcings have changed in the past.\r\n","_input_hash":-1100427275,"_task_hash":-1873231475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Substantial uncertainties exist in estimates of forcing from aerosols, as well as estimates of ocean heat content.","_input_hash":-1495648995,"_task_hash":47392672,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Relying on incomplete observations misses some of the temperature rise.","_input_hash":-1594631295,"_task_hash":2131498442,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Surface temperature records also combine sea surface temperatures over the oceans with surface air temperatures over land, while climate sensitivity from models refers to global air temperatures over the land and ocean.\r\n","_input_hash":-552222099,"_task_hash":219950891,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instrumental approaches are complicated by the fact that climate forcing over the past century is not purely from CO2 and, thus, the warming has been partly masked by the cooling effect of aerosols.\r\n","_input_hash":1989666785,"_task_hash":701098346,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A similar paper by Prof Kyle Armour of the University of Washington suggests feedbacks will increase by about 25% from today\u2019s transient warming as the Earth moves towards equilibrium.\r\n","_input_hash":-1515414465,"_task_hash":685517883,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As a result, climate sensitivity estimated from transient warming appears smaller than the true value of ECS\u2026\r\n","_input_hash":1388818059,"_task_hash":1450089388,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As far as we can tell, the physical reason for this effect is that the global feedback depends on the spatial pattern of surface warming, which changes over time\u2026","_input_hash":-1645785310,"_task_hash":1549987218,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This means that even perfect knowledge of global quantities (surface warming, radiative forcing, heat uptake) is insufficient to accurately estimate ECS; you also have to predict how radiative feedbacks will change in the future.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1050285728,"_task_hash":44052541,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Their results suggest that natural climate variability over the past few decades may have lined up, by pure coincidence, in a way that results in low ECS estimates.\r\n","_input_hash":-1056193301,"_task_hash":-1487311417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They point out that this appears to be mostly driven by decadal variations in cloud cover in the tropics.","_input_hash":-385869438,"_task_hash":-991305829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"However, cloud cover in the tropics is not necessarily predictive of future climate change and the patterns resulting in low instrumentally-based ECS estimates may have been driven by natural variability.\r\n","_input_hash":-1732102995,"_task_hash":-1006214360,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"\"Despite concerted efforts and investments, the condition of the Great Barrier Reef has declined since 2014, and this is largely due to the impacts from climate change,\" said David Wachenfeld, the chief scientist of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, the government agency that released the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-1138225696,"_task_hash":1153281857,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The biggest threats to the reef remain the same as in 2014: climate change, runoff from the land, coastal development and some kinds of fishing.\r\n","_input_hash":-1204101119,"_task_hash":-477435570,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since the last report, two major coral bleaching events have hit the reef, causing unprecedented coral loss.","_input_hash":2035838004,"_task_hash":680899424,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sea temperature extremes cause colorful coral to expel tiny algae, causing coral to appear white and putting it at risk of dying if the ocean temperature don't return to normal.\r\n","_input_hash":-647535862,"_task_hash":1121575392,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Seagrass meadows could experience major losses.","_input_hash":1093808258,"_task_hash":-525654444,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And the reef could face major marine heatwaves every year.\r\n","_input_hash":-823147572,"_task_hash":-199065137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thirteen species have seen a greater than 10% rise in population numbers while three have suffered big drops.\r\n","_input_hash":648675930,"_task_hash":1708118674,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The droughts cause a decline in the number of invertebrates - the cuckoos' food - which means they are unable to fully refuel for the rest of their long journey.\r\n","_input_hash":1070160709,"_task_hash":900217996,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Dr Bond said caution should be paid between correlation and causation - the bird populations may correlate with climate changes but that does not mean they are solely caused by them.\r\n","_input_hash":348498086,"_task_hash":835196296,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"It might not all be down to climate change although that is certainly a factor,\" he said, citing changing land use and \"habitat fragmentation\" as other possible causes.\r\n","_input_hash":-247070808,"_task_hash":741172338,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Scientists warned for years about the ramifications of human-caused climate change.","_input_hash":448597763,"_task_hash":529604914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is expected to have a big influence on our health.\r\n","_input_hash":1224675165,"_task_hash":-608868122,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As Earth warms, severe weather is expected to increase injuries and harm mental health.","_input_hash":1160269295,"_task_hash":1171198842,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Vector-borne diseases \u2014 illnesses spread by ticks and insects \u2014 will increase.","_input_hash":-971467981,"_task_hash":-1189762998,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The world\u2019s vast oceans, glacial ice sheets and northern permafrost are poised to unleash disaster, including drought, floods, hunger and destruction, unless dramatic action is taken against human-caused carbon pollution and climate change, warns a leaked draft of a major U.N. report.\r\n","_input_hash":-578784527,"_task_hash":584007242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) sounds alarm bells over declines in fish stocks, plus \u201ca hundred-fold or more increase in the damages caused by superstorms, and hundreds of millions of people displaced by rising seas,\u201d according to news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP), which obtained a copy of the 900-page draft report.\r\n","_input_hash":-666331634,"_task_hash":662530471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Already, human activities have caused an estimated 1.0 degree Celsius increase in global warming above pre-industrial levels.","_input_hash":-330063892,"_task_hash":1840791671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This follows another sobering report released by the IPCC last month that captured global headlines with its warnings of the devastation to land use caused by rising global temperatures.","_input_hash":-927475457,"_task_hash":124590917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The impact of climate change on the stability of individual financial institutions and the financial system in general is growing.","_input_hash":-1336827478,"_task_hash":1598904310,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, the increased frequency and intensity of floods, storms and droughts is complicating the insurance industry\u2019s ability to assess insurable risks.","_input_hash":533709388,"_task_hash":-1269230614,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Banks are facing increased reputational and financial risks from financing activities that contribute to climate change.","_input_hash":1202958419,"_task_hash":-73767461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Globally, financial institutions and their clients are facing an increased risk of litigation for their failure to manage risks associated with climate change.","_input_hash":-704729202,"_task_hash":-1325660372,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This can raise the risk of droughts, floods, and more extreme temperature variability.","_input_hash":-1164975748,"_task_hash":829833064,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These are among the factors that often impact on financial stability and inflation.\r\n","_input_hash":27357968,"_task_hash":-620765899,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Sustainable growth could mean growth that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.","_input_hash":379243628,"_task_hash":-877111029,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"She believes rising temperatures and changes in rain patterns are among the biggest factors for the decrease.\r\n","_input_hash":-1200301039,"_task_hash":-312246054,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The wine industry worldwide has been rocked by the effects of climate change, with grape quality and vineyard production immediately impacted by the slightest change of temperature.\r\n","_input_hash":1553225556,"_task_hash":1080343025,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such biomass burning (BB) can be an environmental calamity.\r\n","_input_hash":-1808946741,"_task_hash":-108389230,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The smoke from BB events produces large amounts of aerosol particles and gases.","_input_hash":2144056633,"_task_hash":-977668238,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These emissions can cause major problems for visibility and health, as well as for local and global climate.","_input_hash":1538934525,"_task_hash":11239426,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"BB emissions are expected to increase in the future as a result of climate change.","_input_hash":-1653449217,"_task_hash":2060488855,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A recent post at this site covered the downturn of the American coal market as a result of cheaper and cleaner alternatives.","_input_hash":1869064868,"_task_hash":-264995505,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Furthermore, a big part of China\u2019s emissions result from its manufacturing of so many of the goods destined for U.S. markets.","_input_hash":104675873,"_task_hash":1533974137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A recent \u2013 and preliminary \u2013 report concludes that the lifetime emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure are already on course to take the world all the way to 1.5 degrees C.","_input_hash":2076820271,"_task_hash":759263059,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"China is part of this trend, with a 60% decline in spending on new coal-fired power plants since 2015.","_input_hash":568249978,"_task_hash":-1816369964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While coal\u2019s flame doggedly burns ever-brighter, signs point toward a global slowdown in coal use, but a big question still remains: Given what the scientific community has found to be the urgent challenges posed by a warming climate, can Earth\u2019s over-reliance on fossil fuels end fast enough?\r\n","_input_hash":1202476843,"_task_hash":-1640650032,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Chiefly, that it's too late to stop climate change from devastating our world\u2014and that \"climate-induced societal collapse is now inevitable in the near term.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1602635665,"_task_hash":-1878215994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The evidence before us suggests that we are set for disruptive and uncontrollable levels of climate change, bringing starvation, destruction, migration, disease, and war,\" he writes in the paper.","_input_hash":-305009603,"_task_hash":-1660017625,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"You only needed to step outside during the record-breaking heatwave last year to acknowledge that 17 of the 18 hottest years on the planet have occurred since 2000.","_input_hash":-1815174568,"_task_hash":-1049800094,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"Starvation is the first one,\" he answers, pointing to lowering harvests of grain in Europe in 2018 due to drought that saw the EU reap 6 million tons less wheat. \"","_input_hash":455441129,"_task_hash":-116224301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"I'm not sure I'd say it alleviated my grief, but it was definitely comforting to be around people who understood what I was feeling.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1034828384,"_task_hash":1831226138,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Whether it's the evidence of heatwaves, or the influence of Swedish school striker Greta Thunberg, or the rise of Extinction Rebellion, there has been a marked change in public interest in stories about climate change and a hunger for solutions that people can put in place in their own lives.\r\n","_input_hash":1133983128,"_task_hash":-2106278917,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But if there's ongoing political turmoil around Brexit then the government may not have the bandwidth to unpick the multiple global challenges that climate change presents.\r\n","_input_hash":-1028452857,"_task_hash":-40920306,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Earlier this year a major study on the losses being felt across the natural world as result of broader human impacts caused a huge stir among governments.\r\n","_input_hash":242702048,"_task_hash":-1154843358,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"We have been convinced by the evidence of environmental degradation which occurs without adequate protection,\" he said in a speech last week.\r\n","_input_hash":-134393537,"_task_hash":-1285582179,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The stalling is driven not only by slower translation, but also by an increase in abrupt changes of direction.","_input_hash":-1057190205,"_task_hash":39776119,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Together, increased stalling and increased rain during stalls imply increased coastal rainfall from TCs, other factors equal.","_input_hash":175775311,"_task_hash":-669288921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Although the data are sparse, we do in fact find a significant positive trend in coastal annual-mean rainfall 1948\u20132017 from TCs that stall, and we verify that this is due to increased stalling frequency.","_input_hash":-1388961095,"_task_hash":1909480097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We make no attribution to anthropogenic climate forcing for the stalling or rainfall; the trends could be due to low frequency natural variability.","_input_hash":-1335888821,"_task_hash":1061623921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Regardless of the cause, the significant increases in TC stalling frequency and high potential for associated increases in rainfall have very likely exacerbated TC hazards for coastal populations.\r\n","_input_hash":550496325,"_task_hash":-1836364502,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A stalling TC inflicts strong winds on the same region for a longer time, potentially driving greater storm surge and depositing more rain.\r\n","_input_hash":934734025,"_task_hash":-1207171970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Recent analysis of observations indicates that the average translation speed of TCs has slowed globally since the mid 20th century, including overland regions of the North Atlantic (NA) domain.1 TC trajectories are largely determined by the steering of large-scale mid-tropospheric circulation patterns and a generally smaller beta effect due to gradients in planetary vorticity that induces a poleward","_input_hash":1951550981,"_task_hash":879243158,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"drift.2 Research is conflicted concerning the evolution of the atmospheric circulation in response to anthropogenic climate forcing.","_input_hash":-1668749704,"_task_hash":-246318083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some modeling and observational analyses suggest a weakening of general atmospheric circulation patterns, including those of the tropics.3,4,5,6 In one study, simulated TCs using climate-model-projected circulation changes indicate reduced westward steering flow in the NA subtropics and a consequential reduction in westward moving tracks compared to recurving tracks,7 though elsewhere in the NA the projected changes in the magnitude of steering flow are negligible.","_input_hash":1206845157,"_task_hash":1561459373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the mid-latitudes, some results suggest that a reduction in meridional temperature gradients due to arctic amplification has reduced the speed and increased the waviness of mid-tropospheric zonal winds11,12,13 in winter as well as summer.14","_input_hash":1653387379,"_task_hash":-1629358839,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"However, there is considerable debate on the robustness of the signal and the physical mechanisms.15,16\r\nTaken together, there is not at present a clear mechanism explaining the observed TC speed reduction.","_input_hash":1091126418,"_task_hash":-626731082,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This trajectory-induced increase in rainfall is exacerbated by the climate-warming impact on the hydrologic cycle.","_input_hash":-9504657,"_task_hash":813231566,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increased atmospheric moisture enhances the likelihood of extreme rainfall events of all types.17,18 Close to the center of a TC, the increases in rain rate can reach 10% per degree C of warming in some model","_input_hash":1269022253,"_task_hash":1299186659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"There is evidence that TC rainfall has increased over the southeastern US in recent decades, both absolutely and as a fraction of extreme rainfall on the Continental United States (CONUS).20 Hurricane Harvey\u2019s catastrophic flooding of 2017 was a tragic example of a stalled TC over extremely warm ocean water that produced record rainfall.21 According to recent studies, a significant fraction (9\u201337%) of Harvey\u2019s rainfall was due to a warming climate,22,23 and the frequency of Harvey-like rainfall events is projected to increase substantially by the late 21st century.24\r\n","_input_hash":422617296,"_task_hash":-2113116644,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We then show that accumulated TC rainfall increases with increased TC residence over a coastal region.","_input_hash":-1963975178,"_task_hash":1802727914,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Together, the observations that the frequency of stalls has increased and that stalling TCs accumulate more rain imply an increase in rainfall from TCs, other factors equal.","_input_hash":-321317770,"_task_hash":647848083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We find a positive trend from 1948\u20132017 in annual rainfall from stalling TCs on CONUS, and we show that increased stalling frequency drives the trend.\r\n","_input_hash":2036885031,"_task_hash":-147615235,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This speed reduction is consistent with previous results,1 which showed a translation speed reduction over North American land.","_input_hash":1592515995,"_task_hash":840889321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It is possible that observational sampling changes affect the time series, but their impacts cannot be distinguished from the 1944\u20132018 trend plus noise.","_input_hash":636455588,"_task_hash":-292485166,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"3c, in part due to poor sampling.","_input_hash":-694515172,"_task_hash":-429229173,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"3e indicates an increase in frequency.","_input_hash":-1661546939,"_task_hash":892853994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Reduced translation speed and increased meandering both play a role in increased TC stalling.","_input_hash":490310310,"_task_hash":-1467879577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It is also possible that the increased fraction is a reporting artifact, resulting from less accurate TC location estimates in the earlier data record (see Discussion).\r\n","_input_hash":211916231,"_task_hash":774110376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Greater accumulated rainfall is one of the primary hazards of TCs stalling over coastal regions.","_input_hash":-765230365,"_task_hash":2140736831,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Figure 5 shows the accumulated rainfall per TC as a function of TC residence time in the regions.","_input_hash":-735615304,"_task_hash":1802852659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is a clear increase in accumulated rain per TC with residence time.","_input_hash":692166976,"_task_hash":-1797027838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The observations that, 1, accumulated rainfall increases with residence time and, 2, TCs are stalling more over coastal regions imply an increase in annual rainfall from stalling TCs.","_input_hash":-1212616832,"_task_hash":-1768656077,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"From 1948 to 2017 this annual-mean coastal rainfall from stalling TCs has a positive trend of 0.026 km3 yr\u22121, and the positivity is significant at the 96.5% level by bootstrap tests (see Methods).","_input_hash":-784491954,"_task_hash":778281564,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This trend corresponds to a factor 3.2 increase in annual-mean rain from stalling TCs from 1948 to 2017, roughly consistent with the factor 2.6 increase in TC coastal stalling frequency (Fig. 3b).\r\n","_input_hash":988310475,"_task_hash":358197488,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"b The total annual-mean rain per TC from both stalling and non-stalling TCs (solid) and its linear trend (dashed)\r\n","_input_hash":996481603,"_task_hash":-1765376537,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This increase could be due to increased rain per stalling TC or increased frequency of stalling TCs.","_input_hash":1292210935,"_task_hash":1474087933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We conclude that increased stalling is causing the increased annual-mean coastal rain from stalling TCs.\r\n","_input_hash":-994913856,"_task_hash":1364270769,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The stalling-TC rain signal is noisy; several factors contribute to annual variability in rainfall, and there are only 50 stalling-TC landfalls on CONUS over the 1948\u20132017 period.","_input_hash":-1750792363,"_task_hash":-633854827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"To test sensitivity of the stalling-TC rain trend to individual events, we remove the single largest event (Tropical Storm Allison, 2001) and find that the trend drops from 0.026 to 0.020 km3 yr\u22121.","_input_hash":1641825195,"_task_hash":-1954338228,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, a null hypothesis that these intense rain events are randomly distributed over the 1948\u20132017 period is violated, corroborating the straightforward expectation that increased TC stalling frequency enhances annual-mean rain from stalling TCs.\r\n","_input_hash":-2100719323,"_task_hash":-736972033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Annual-mean rain from all TCs is a combination of the rain from stalling and non-stalling TCs (Fig.","_input_hash":159143734,"_task_hash":-1278264779,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In contrast to stalling TCs, annual-mean rain from non-stalling TCs has not increased significantly (Fig.","_input_hash":-501508425,"_task_hash":-1130669694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combined effects of an increase in annual rainfall from stalling TCs and no increase from non-stalling TCs is a weaker overall increase: from 1948 to 2017 annual-mean coastal rainfall from all TCs has increased by about 40% with a linear trend of 0.0059 km3 yr\u22121.","_input_hash":775428535,"_task_hash":-417359685,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Knight and Davis20 also found evidence of increases in TC rainfall extremes, as well as increases in the fraction of CONUS rainfall extremes due to TCs.","_input_hash":780069,"_task_hash":1383201281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These researchers attribute the increase to TC intensity and frequency, but as their focus was extreme one-day rain events, they would not have picked up stall-driven rain signals accumulated over several days.\r\n","_input_hash":-649791169,"_task_hash":-1488602104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to sampling uncertainty, there are uncertainties driven by features of the CPC dataset, such as changes in rain-gauge density and technology through time30 and the errors associated with gauge-based rain collection at high wind speeds.31","_input_hash":-1000233109,"_task_hash":1474380592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Discussion\r\nWe have found evidence for an increase in the frequency of NA TCs stalling over coastal regions, as well as throughout the NA basin.","_input_hash":-65123748,"_task_hash":-857850878,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such a reporting bias would underestimate translation speed in the early years, because it would result in smoother tracks (less gross distance traveled) over the same amount of time, thus creating an artificial speed increase through time.","_input_hash":1113305249,"_task_hash":1262600809,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such an increase is in contrast to the decrease we report.","_input_hash":548734492,"_task_hash":-1779663439,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thus, to the extent such a bias exists, its correction would only further enhance the reduction in translation speed.\r\n","_input_hash":-807649207,"_task_hash":1805476257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An early-record bias toward smoother tracks could indeed cause an artificial positive trend in track directional deviations.","_input_hash":-595459959,"_task_hash":-2042064515,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"However, it wouldn\u2019t cause an artificial trend in stalling frequency.","_input_hash":-190514276,"_task_hash":-1000430862,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We make no attribution to anthropogenic forcing of the trends in TC stalling frequency and associated annual-mean coastal TC rainfall, and the trends reported here could be due to low-frequency natural variability.","_input_hash":-602149004,"_task_hash":1649878613,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many factors influence TC rainfall, including sea-surface temperature (SST).","_input_hash":1829522434,"_task_hash":-235343004,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The AMO-associated difference in annual-mean stalling TC rain, however, is a smaller 34%, and is not significant.","_input_hash":-995122015,"_task_hash":-1888754272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"We have also found that annual-mean rainfall from stalling TCs on the U.S. has risen significantly due to the increased stalling frequency.","_input_hash":-1308876656,"_task_hash":1677413934,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The increased stalling is due to both a reduction in TC translation speed and a trend toward large and abrupt deviations in direction.","_input_hash":907366275,"_task_hash":1216076300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricane Harvey in 2017, and now Hurricane Florence in 2018, are archetypical of the hazard that stalling hurricanes pose for coastal populations.","_input_hash":221474254,"_task_hash":1553505353,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A positive trend in stall frequency and the possibility of increased rain may need to be taken into account in planning for future TC flood risk.\r\n","_input_hash":-170368628,"_task_hash":-1764909821,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"References\r\nFrancis, J. A. & Vavrus, S. J. Evidence linking Artic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.","_input_hash":691530598,"_task_hash":1521090663,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Nation\r\nHurricane Dorian dumped more than 36 inches of rain as of Wednesday morning on the Bahamas as it hovered over the islands for more than two days, causing dangerous flooding and trapping some people in their homes.","_input_hash":1905735874,"_task_hash":-1864100096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the basic conditions of the disaster \u2014 a stalled hurricane and its sopping aftermath \u2014 are not one-off events.\r\n","_input_hash":-988722394,"_task_hash":-663664311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over the last seven decades, hurricane stalling, which causes a storm to release massive amounts of rain on small areas, has become more common, research published in June in the journal","_input_hash":939755200,"_task_hash":558568193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But it is currently unclear if the trend is due to climate change or natural variation.\r\n","_input_hash":-327373277,"_task_hash":-138972945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Tim Hall, a senior scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and co-author of the report, said Hurricane Dorian is a \u201cclassic example of an extreme stalling event.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-769186264,"_task_hash":-69116053,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, they are pushed around the ocean by wind streams, which are caused by high and low pressure systems in the atmosphere.\r\n","_input_hash":-69791441,"_task_hash":1033967433,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Other recent examples of stagnant hurricanes include Hurricane Harvey over Houston, Texas, in 2017, Hurricane Florence in 2018 over the Carolinas and Cyclone Idai in Mozambique earlier this year.\r\n","_input_hash":886653267,"_task_hash":1337287849,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What could be causing hurricanes to stall\r\n","_input_hash":-1537724156,"_task_hash":-277459454,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The connection between hurricane stalling and climate change is still being studied, but there is a hypothesis being explored about the increased frequency.\r\n","_input_hash":1456597791,"_task_hash":-1062472738,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Global warming is causing the poles to heat up, reducing the need to exchange so much energy between the poles and the tropics.\r\n","_input_hash":180551919,"_task_hash":241030686,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What this means for hurricane preparedness\r\n","_input_hash":1885763650,"_task_hash":579100177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In general, global warming and climate change are key factors in why hurricanes are becoming more damaging.\r\n","_input_hash":1201482878,"_task_hash":-316003921,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increased sea level rise \u2014 due to melting glaciers and heat-driven ocean expansion \u2014 creates higher storm surges.","_input_hash":273850558,"_task_hash":-174228234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Warmer oceans cause hurricanes to have faster wind speeds and stronger central pressure, making the storms more intense.\r\n","_input_hash":1171164859,"_task_hash":989966010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On top of these patterns, slower and stronger hurricanes make it more difficult for emergency management officials and residents to prepare for, and respond to, a disaster.\r\n","_input_hash":936783187,"_task_hash":-183623528,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":": Climate change has intensified hurricane rainfall, and now we know how much\r\nIn the Bahamas, rescue crews struggled to get into the most affected areas while the storm lingered.","_input_hash":2069827378,"_task_hash":-1828794298,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As the storm moved toward the U.S., aerial photos began to reveal the full scale of the devastation with large swaths of the islands flattened by Dorian\u2019s heavy winds and rain.\r\n","_input_hash":-2100254767,"_task_hash":-295219101,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIf it\u2019s going to sit on top of you, you can\u2019t really plan for all of the complexities and destruction that will come from something like that.","_input_hash":-1167179657,"_task_hash":543513284,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That is, even people who live further inland could be subject to severe flooding as hurricanes become more likely to stall.\r\n","_input_hash":-855051729,"_task_hash":-503326393,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As governments and nonprofits cope with the aftermath of Dorian, and the increased damage of similar hurricanes in the near future, experts warn that they need to be creating plans for decades into the future, when climate change is expected to make storms even more intense and unpredictable than they are today.","_input_hash":-1176819836,"_task_hash":1135958445,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hurricane Dorian edges 'dangerously close' to Florida after battering Bahamas\r\n","_input_hash":1840939496,"_task_hash":-1404603708,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Read more\r\nWhile the science has yet to come in on the specifics of just how much worse climate change made Dorian, we already know enough to say that warming worsened the damage.","_input_hash":1360581785,"_task_hash":1066716893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This comes less than a year after Florida withstood the first landfalling category 5 hurricane in decades, on 5 October \u2013 the latest ever in the season for a storm that strong.\r\n","_input_hash":-216888136,"_task_hash":-2112468673,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"On a basic physics level, we know that warm waters fuel hurricanes, and Dorian was strengthened by waters well above average temperatures.","_input_hash":-1774561895,"_task_hash":171281670,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Empirically, there is a roughly 7% increase in maximum sustained wind speeds of the strongest storms for each 1C of warming.","_input_hash":1160189987,"_task_hash":-235814869,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Since destructive potential is proportional to the third power of the wind speed, that corresponds to a 23% increase in potential wind damage.","_input_hash":-579611043,"_task_hash":-1851503698,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We saw that wind damage in the heartbreaking scenes of total devastation that have come in from the Bahamas.\r\n","_input_hash":325035638,"_task_hash":-499751818,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We know that the warmer air gets, the more moisture it can hold \u2013 and then turn into flooding rains in a storm like this.","_input_hash":-9528235,"_task_hash":62522471,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All that extra water makes hurricanes even more deadly, since it\u2019s generally not the wind but the water that kills people.","_input_hash":714664690,"_task_hash":-203690165,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So although Dorian\u2019s 220mph gusts were incredibly dangerous (and sped up thanks to climate change), it was the 20-plus feet of storm surge and torrential rains that were the most destructive elements.\r\n","_input_hash":172780854,"_task_hash":-108701480,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But there are two other ways that warming has probably worsened","_input_hash":-930896996,"_task_hash":1632394832,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"One is that all that warm water allowed for the storm to ramp up quickly, undergoing what is known as rapid intensification as it exploded from a moderate category 2 to extreme category 5 over just two days.","_input_hash":-878368880,"_task_hash":2049351461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A recent study has shown that this is getting more common because of climate change, and indeed the past few years have seen many similar examples of this effect in action.","_input_hash":206145746,"_task_hash":-198213893,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, that\u2019s exactly what we saw in Houston during Harvey, and in North Carolina during Florence.\r\n","_input_hash":-423612406,"_task_hash":760420741,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Again, Dorian is far from unique in moving slowly, as a study last year found a 10% decrease in speed for storms like this globally, while a similar study found a 17% decrease along the east coast of the US.","_input_hash":-190162855,"_task_hash":1080054889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While neither of these studies directly tie that slowdown to climate change, the theory that climate change is changing the jet stream in ways that would lead to stalling storms (a phenomenon one of us has researched) is growing increasingly convincing.\r\n","_input_hash":1282011208,"_task_hash":356130911,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone.","_input_hash":1707939211,"_task_hash":543889171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.\r\n","_input_hash":-602933401,"_task_hash":1789585058,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"210, 169\u2013204 (2004)\r\n","_input_hash":7942148,"_task_hash":-1362066196,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Orviku, K., Jaagus, J., Kont, A., Ratas, U. & Rivis, R. Increasing activity of coastal processes associated with climate change in Estonia.","_input_hash":-1427600110,"_task_hash":-97478989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Root, T. L., MacMynowski, D. P., Mastrandrea, M. D. & Schneider, S. H. Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: joint attribution.","_input_hash":-563586977,"_task_hash":287856674,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change.","_input_hash":-1693731659,"_task_hash":-528030552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"If you\u2019re younger than sixty, you have a good chance of witnessing the radical destabilization of life on earth\u2014massive crop failures, apocalyptic fires, imploding economies, epic flooding, hundreds of millions of refugees fleeing regions made uninhabitable by extreme heat or permanent drought.","_input_hash":1568622944,"_task_hash":1640952688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"You can keep on hoping that catastrophe is preventable, and feel ever more frustrated or enraged by the world\u2019s inaction.","_input_hash":1698252752,"_task_hash":-158765660,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It will take the form of increasingly severe crises compounding chaotically until civilization begins to fray.","_input_hash":644546042,"_task_hash":-1276120904,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Things will get very bad, but maybe not too soon, and maybe not for everyone.","_input_hash":1525323948,"_task_hash":1075240302,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Our atmosphere and oceans can absorb only so much heat before climate change, intensified by various feedback loops, spins completely out of control.","_input_hash":-1803543183,"_task_hash":-282795952,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"According to a recent paper in Nature, the carbon emissions from existing global infrastructure, if operated through its normal lifetime, will exceed our entire emissions \u201callowance\u201d\u2014the further gigatons of carbon that can be released without crossing the threshold of catastrophe.","_input_hash":-1582440702,"_task_hash":2033766957,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"They have to be permanently terrified by hotter summers and more frequent natural disasters, rather than just getting used to them.","_input_hash":2071684332,"_task_hash":409631913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The most terrifying thing about climate change is the speed at which it\u2019s advancing, the almost monthly shattering of temperature records.","_input_hash":-1351737645,"_task_hash":-439717153,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If collective action resulted in just one fewer devastating hurricane, just a few extra years of relative stability, it would be a goal worth pursuing.\r\n","_input_hash":1522617725,"_task_hash":541396591,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Soil and water depletion, overuse of pesticides, the devastation of world fisheries\u2014collective will is needed for these problems, too, and, unlike the problem of carbon, they\u2019re within our power to solve.","_input_hash":1047135992,"_task_hash":520044090,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But the impending catastrophe heightens the urgency of almost any world-improving action.","_input_hash":-133617583,"_task_hash":2007119513,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In this respect, any movement toward a more just and civil society can now be considered a meaningful climate action.","_input_hash":997622905,"_task_hash":-311862384,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It can\u2019t \u201csolve\u201d the problem of homelessness, but it\u2019s been changing lives, one at a time, for nearly thirty years.","_input_hash":-103201896,"_task_hash":-1332874440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Kindness to neighbors and respect for the land\u2014nurturing healthy soil, wisely managing water, caring for pollinators\u2014will be essential in a crisis and in whatever society survives it.","_input_hash":1200412773,"_task_hash":-488378403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We estimate that, if operated as historically, existing infrastructure will cumulatively emit about 658 gigatonnes of CO2 (with a range of 226 to 1,479 gigatonnes CO2, depending on the lifetimes and utilization rates assumed).","_input_hash":1400155463,"_task_hash":679084896,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"If built, proposed power plants (planned, permitted or under construction) would emit roughly an extra 188 (range 37\u2013427)","_input_hash":1226043620,"_task_hash":1501111181,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Committed emissions from existing and proposed energy infrastructure (about 846 gigatonnes CO2) thus represent more than the entire carbon budget that remains if mean warming is to be limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius (\u00b0C) with a probability of 66 to 50 per cent (420\u2013580 gigatonnes CO2)5, and perhaps two-thirds of the remaining carbon budget","_input_hash":1682236815,"_task_hash":-1762564207,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions.","_input_hash":-235377157,"_task_hash":774955137,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Davis, S. J., Caldeira, K. & Matthews, H. D. Future CO2 emissions and climate change from existing energy infrastructure.","_input_hash":2032426516,"_task_hash":-96037671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Pfeiffer, A., Hepburn, C., Vogt-Schilb, A. & Caldecott, B. Committed emissions from existing and planned power plants and asset stranding required to meet the Paris Agreement.","_input_hash":-1390991140,"_task_hash":-270005050,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Structural decline in China\u2019s CO2 emissions through transitions in industry and energy systems.","_input_hash":-2102876294,"_task_hash":603884395,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"E. The \u20182 \u00b0C capital stock\u2019 for electricity generation: committed cumulative carbon emissions from the electricity generation sector and the transition to a green economy.","_input_hash":-1662518002,"_task_hash":1326383111,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of shale gas, natural gas, coal, and petroleum.","_input_hash":-994719436,"_task_hash":-2129193892,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"An Updated Database of Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Power Plants Worldwide.","_input_hash":-2101201332,"_task_hash":376826429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Path-dependent reductions in CO2 emission budgets caused by permafrost carbon release.","_input_hash":17766717,"_task_hash":1522688096,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Moreover it was reported recently that in the one place where it was carefully measured, the underwater melting that is driving disintegration of ice sheets and glaciers is occurring far faster than predicted by theory\u2014as much as two orders of magnitude faster\u2014throwing current model projections of sea level rise further in doubt.\r\n","_input_hash":426290178,"_task_hash":-212297992,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These recent updates, suggesting that climate change and its impacts are emerging faster than scientists previously thought, are consistent with observations that we and other colleagues have made identifying a pattern in assessments of climate research of underestimation of certain key climate indicators, and therefore underestimation of the threat of climate disruption.","_input_hash":938357639,"_task_hash":932563788,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Consistent underestimation is a form of bias\u2014in the literal meaning of a systematic tendency to lean in one direction or another\u2014which raises the question: what is causing this bias in scientific analyses of the climate system?\r\n","_input_hash":-788800442,"_task_hash":161753234,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We should seek to identify the sources of that bias and correct them if we can.\r\n","_input_hash":829734180,"_task_hash":1333145413,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"We found no evidence of fraud, malfeasance or deliberate deception or manipulation.","_input_hash":-130479961,"_task_hash":1886715640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Among the factors that appear to contribute to underestimation is the perceived need for consensus, or what we label univocality: the felt need to speak in a single voice.","_input_hash":-2032943626,"_task_hash":-119162083,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"How does this lead to underestimation?","_input_hash":1295601971,"_task_hash":204562637,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A second reason for underestimation involves an asymmetry in how scientists think about error and its effects on their reputations.","_input_hash":-1279067155,"_task_hash":-5011687,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In climate science, this anxiety is reinforced by the drumbeat of climate denial, in which scientists are accused of being \u201calarmists\u201d who \u201cexaggerate the threat.\u201d","_input_hash":1422476107,"_task_hash":-230726757,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"(Consider for example, an underestimate of an imminent hurricane, tornado, or earthquake.)","_input_hash":-787804166,"_task_hash":-702647726,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The combination of these three factors\u2014the push for univocality, the belief that conservatism is socially and politically protective, and the reluctance to make estimates at all when the available data are contradictory\u2014can lead to \u201cleast common denominator'' results\u2014minimalist conclusions that are weak or incomplete.\r\n","_input_hash":887120905,"_task_hash":1668727615,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Moreover, if consensus is viewed as a requirement, scientists may avoid discussing tricky issues that engender controversy (but might still be important), or exclude certain experts whose opinions are known to be \u201ccontroversial\u201d (but may nevertheless have pertinent expertise).","_input_hash":821438161,"_task_hash":-1529526427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We are not suggesting that every example of underestimation is necessarily caused by the factors we observed in our work, nor that the demand for consensus always leads to conservatism.","_input_hash":431899753,"_task_hash":1508497183,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But we found that the pattern of underestimation that we observed in the WAIS debate also occurred in assessments of acid rain and the ozone hole.\r\n","_input_hash":-894569702,"_task_hash":-797798776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Depending on the state of scientific knowledge, consensus may or may not emerge from an assessment, but it should not be viewed as something that needs to be achieved and certainly not as something to be enforced.","_input_hash":-971476271,"_task_hash":1642797429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This process of cause and effect works much the same way in society and business: as global forces take hold, their effects are deeply intertwined with the financial markets.\r\n","_input_hash":-1552612463,"_task_hash":-1757897793,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These rising emissions have intensified the effects of climate change, with 2015-2018 being the four hottest years ever recorded.","_input_hash":-311259565,"_task_hash":-685183077,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events have become more frequent.","_input_hash":358766008,"_task_hash":-1080001223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In particular, floods and other hydrological events have quadrupled since 1980.\r\n","_input_hash":-111788889,"_task_hash":-1592519870,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The global insured losses from natural catastrophes was $79 billion in 2018.\r\n","_input_hash":-320258769,"_task_hash":-680894787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather effects, and the health impact of burning fossil fuels, cost the U.S. economy at least $240 billion in 2018.\r\n","_input_hash":-1522516591,"_task_hash":812801301,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It\u2019s clear that climate change is having an immediate, serious impact on the world.\r\n","_input_hash":-2105201787,"_task_hash":-292803962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition to these issues, climate change is contributing to another problem: it\u2019s becoming harder to feed the global population.\r\n","_input_hash":-1937173659,"_task_hash":-783227157,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change and resource scarcity will be a driving force behind the actions of consumers, companies, and governments for years to come.\r\n","_input_hash":976314239,"_task_hash":1462637935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Ban cited Bangladesh\u2019s response to two devastating cyclones as a good example of the way countries can adapt to environmental threats.","_input_hash":1134113360,"_task_hash":570473209,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Following the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people in 1970 and 1991, the South Asian nation reinforced flood defenses, built shelters and trained volunteers, sharply cutting the death toll in subsequent storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-266807039,"_task_hash":-1818868527,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He also pointed to recent environmental devastation in the Bahamas as further proof of the importance of preparing for climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":-230393162,"_task_hash":-801930154,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In just seconds, a spark in hot and dry conditions can set off an inferno consuming thick, dried-out vegetation and almost everything else in its path.","_input_hash":117614989,"_task_hash":909193940,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While every fire needs a spark to ignite and fuel to burn, hot and dry conditions in the atmosphere play a significant role in determining the likelihood of a fire starting, its intensity and the speed at which it spreads.","_input_hash":-1742749675,"_task_hash":-238374698,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"2018 was California's worst wildfire season on record, on the heels of a devasting 2017 fire season.","_input_hash":86893183,"_task_hash":1473594664,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2019, wildfires have already burned 2.5 million acres in Alaska in an extreme fire season driven by high temperatures, which have also led to massive fires in Siberia.\r\n","_input_hash":-783416146,"_task_hash":1877877976,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Whether started naturally or by people, fires worldwide and the resulting smoke emissions and burned areas have been observed by NASA satellites from space for two decades.","_input_hash":-1694008047,"_task_hash":365360530,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"Our ability to track fires in a concerted way over the last 20 years with satellite data has captured large-scale trends, such as increased fire activity, consistent with a warming climate in places like the western U.S., Canada and other parts of Northern Hemisphere forests where fuels are abundant,\" said Doug Morton, chief of the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.","_input_hash":-2025089107,"_task_hash":509549703,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Where warming and drying climate has increased the risk of fires, we've seen an increase in burning.\"\r\n","_input_hash":1993290134,"_task_hash":-498728114,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High temperatures and low humidity are two essential factors behind the rise in fire risk and activity, affecting fire behavior from its ignition to its spread.","_input_hash":27251566,"_task_hash":471974827,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He and his colleagues studied the abundance of lightning strikes in the 2015 Alaskan fire season that burned a record 5.1 million acres.","_input_hash":-1311558842,"_task_hash":-43758219,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Lightning strikes are the main natural cause of fires.","_input_hash":-449846625,"_task_hash":898503373,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The researchers found an unusually high number of lightning strikes occurred, generated by the warmer temperatures that cause the atmosphere to create more convective systems -- thunderstorms -- which ultimately contributed to more burned area that year.\r\n","_input_hash":1872466623,"_task_hash":570861785,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hotter and drier conditions also set the stage for human-ignited fires.","_input_hash":-621538804,"_task_hash":-1405493642,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"In the Western U.S., people are accidentally igniting fires all the time,\" Randerson said.","_input_hash":1506074868,"_task_hash":1460693647,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\"But when we have a period of extreme weather, high temperatures, low humidity, then it's more likely that typical outdoor activity might lead to an accidental fire that quickly gets out of control and becomes a large wildfire.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-1358665118,"_task_hash":744799139,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"For example, in 2018 sparks flying from hammering a concrete stake into the ground in 100-degree Fahrenheit heat and sparks from a car's tire rim scraping against the asphalt after a flat tire were the causes of California's devastatingly destructive Ranch and Carr Fires, respectively.","_input_hash":253327037,"_task_hash":-1031268217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"These sparks quickly ignited the vegetation that was dried out and made extremely flammable by the same extreme heat and low humidity, which research also shows can contribute to a fire's rapid and uncontrollable spread, said Randerson.","_input_hash":432307109,"_task_hash":1719850552,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The same conditions make it more likely for agricultural fires to get out of control.\r\n","_input_hash":1034191640,"_task_hash":-636954363,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A warming world also has another consequence that may be contributing to fire conditions persisting over multiple days where they otherwise might not have in the past: higher nighttime temperatures.\r\n","_input_hash":527513655,"_task_hash":1914708627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Hot and dry conditions that precede fires can be tempered by rain and moisture circulating in the atmosphere.","_input_hash":-570539981,"_task_hash":949519437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"ENSO is a major driver of fire activity across multiple continents,\" Randerson said, who along with Morton and other researchers have studied the relationship between El Ni\u00f1o events and fire seasons in South America, Central America, parts of North America, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and equatorial Asia.","_input_hash":-1826039227,"_task_hash":-488571171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The precipitation both before the fire season and during the fire season can be predicted using sea surface temperatures that are measured by NASA and NOAA satellites.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-741431824,"_task_hash":322007642,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In studying the long-term trends of fires, human land management is as important to consider as any other factor.","_input_hash":-1001861837,"_task_hash":922810863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While fire activity has gotten worse in northern latitude forests, research conducted by Randerson and Morton has shown that despite climate conditions that favor fires, the number of fires in grassland and savanna ecosystems worldwide are declining, contributing to an overall decline in global burned area.","_input_hash":-1017243771,"_task_hash":2129567356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The decline is due to an increased human presence creating new cropland and roads that serve as fire breaks and motivate the local population to fight these smaller fires, said Morton.\r\n","_input_hash":-922653108,"_task_hash":-459869037,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Fire Feedbacks\r\nFires impact humans and climate in return.","_input_hash":1050627688,"_task_hash":1269114989,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"For people, beyond the immediate loss of life and property, smoke is a serious health hazard when small soot particles enter the lungs, Long-term exposure has been linked to higher rates of respiratory and heart problems.","_input_hash":666917831,"_task_hash":-22946178,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fires also pose a threat to local water quality, and the loss of vegetation can lead to erosion and mudslides afterwards, which have been particularly bad in California, Randerson said.\r\n","_input_hash":975320630,"_task_hash":-593974450,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In some areas like Indonesia, Randerson and his colleagues have found that the radiocarbon age of carbon emissions from peat fires is about 800 years, which is then added to the greenhouse gases in that atmosphere that drive global warming.","_input_hash":-1692670056,"_task_hash":-919959854,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Arctic and boreal forest ecosystems, fires burn organic carbon stored in the soils and hasten the melting of permafrost, which release methane, another greenhouse gas, when thawed.\r\n","_input_hash":-1529034962,"_task_hash":1774482906,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Another area of active research is the mixed effect of particulates, or aerosols, in the atmosphere in regional climates due to fires, Randerson said.","_input_hash":-927247649,"_task_hash":-1506635057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Aerosols can be dark like soot, often called black carbon, absorbing heat from sunlight while in the air, and","_input_hash":999872235,"_task_hash":-404006436,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Whether dark or light, according to Randerson, aerosols from fires may also have an effect on clouds that make it harder for water droplets to form in the tropics, and thus reduce rainfall -- and increase drying.\r\n","_input_hash":-430138499,"_task_hash":-1177739592,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"As climate warms, we have an increasing frequency of extreme events.","_input_hash":-1893225534,"_task_hash":-972365546,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This lack of preparedness will result in poverty, water shortages and levels of migration soaring, with an \u201cirrefutable toll on human life\u201d, the report warns.\r\n","_input_hash":-462204916,"_task_hash":-307380619,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Trillion-dollar investment is needed to avert \u201cclimate apartheid\u201d, where the rich escape the effects and the poor do not, but this investment is far smaller than the eventual cost of doing nothing.\r\n","_input_hash":1639996310,"_task_hash":-678932533,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"It says the number of people short of water each year will jump by 1.4 billion to 5 billion, causing unprecedented competition for water, fuelling conflict and migration.","_input_hash":193899678,"_task_hash":302900694,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Bob Ward, the policy director at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics, said: \u201cAs one of the governments that commissioned this important GCA report, the UK must heed its conclusions about the large economic benefits from adapting to those impacts of climate change that cannot now be avoided.\r\n","_input_hash":1478065657,"_task_hash":566045015,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cThis summer has shown that the UK is not adapted to the changing climate of this century, with heavier rainfall and more frequent and intense heatwaves.","_input_hash":-320398808,"_task_hash":354227432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Just 24 hours\u2019 warning of a coming storm or heatwave can cut the ensuing damage by 30%, saving lives and protecting assets worth at least 10 times the cost of the alert system.","_input_hash":1733154761,"_task_hash":777485731,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flood protection is key and Shanghai, and other Chinese \u201csponge cities\u201d are deploying porous pavements, rooftop gardens and trees in parks to soak up water from downpours.","_input_hash":-1210886478,"_task_hash":-1943414356,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But construction, pollution and global heating have destroyed many mangrove forests, from Australia to Mexico.","_input_hash":-1536109348,"_task_hash":-492135100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Droughts, heat waves, and wildfires are growing more intense and dangerous from global warming and rising greenhouse gas emissions.","_input_hash":1839753990,"_task_hash":-1695263556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Phoenix, Arizona, is susceptible to a heat wave that could peak at a staggering 122 degrees Fahrenheit.","_input_hash":2027024688,"_task_hash":1061662745,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Southern California could face a wildfire that burns 1.5 million acres of land.","_input_hash":-939190192,"_task_hash":1210860874,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Tampa, Florida, could see 26 feet of storm surge flooding from a hurricane, just below the record-breaking 28-foot storm surge of Hurricane Katrina.\r\n","_input_hash":-395509350,"_task_hash":-1001741623,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Two degrees is the amount of warming we are likely to experience by midcentury, and it\u2019s double the warming we\u2019ve experienced to date.","_input_hash":381825225,"_task_hash":775702909,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that heat is already the deadliest weather phenomenon in the US, killing hundreds of people a year, more than floods, fires, earthquakes, lightning strikes, tornadoes, or hurricanes.","_input_hash":-382441820,"_task_hash":594554273,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With climate change, the threat is only getting worse, particularly for the elderly and the impoverished.\r\n","_input_hash":927999737,"_task_hash":571777240,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Over the next 24 hours of this heat wave, electricity use will surge higher as millions of air conditioners blast at full force, and the power grid will sputter as power lines strain.","_input_hash":-2070161600,"_task_hash":-1222750353,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The grid will succumb to brownouts and blackouts.","_input_hash":-2030225974,"_task_hash":-84507462,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The Phoenix metropolitan region will already be in a drought and what little water is left will start becoming too hot to use.","_input_hash":-1446847067,"_task_hash":1058636913,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flights will be grounded as the heat makes the air too thin to generate enough lift for aircraft to safely take off and climb.","_input_hash":-1185311846,"_task_hash":-1502428729,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air pollution will reach record levels as dust and ozone build up, leading to another spike in emergency room visits.\r\n","_input_hash":-1965780365,"_task_hash":-1856606474,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This surging heat with temperatures peaking around the 120s will linger for two weeks, as rising average temperatures increase the length, severity, and frequency of extreme heat.","_input_hash":-1367459101,"_task_hash":1675941443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Phoenix is already hot, but the heat will only get worse\r\n","_input_hash":-1912866959,"_task_hash":2102953889,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In 2018, researchers mapped out how extreme heat could lead to a rippling collapse in infrastructure, warning that Phoenix might face \u201ca [Hurricane] Katrina of extreme heat.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1906475477,"_task_hash":1685942634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"And a searing late-June heat wave in 2017 lasted more than a week and melted mailboxes.","_input_hash":871332163,"_task_hash":-1341414364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"High temperatures killed a record 172 people in the Phoenix metropolitan area that summer, up from 150 heat deaths in 2016 and 85 in 2015.\r\n","_input_hash":-692121586,"_task_hash":-119574964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But as the climate changes, heat waves will get worse.","_input_hash":-564748304,"_task_hash":1022179042,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With the city still growing, the number of people suffering from the heat will rise as well.\r\n","_input_hash":935851914,"_task_hash":-317666836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A heat wave is simply a prolonged period of extreme heat.","_input_hash":-2131706969,"_task_hash":1006730880,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s a relative measurement, meaning that what counts as a heat wave is different depending on the local climate.","_input_hash":-1063441410,"_task_hash":-1045621995,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In Phoenix, a heat wave builds on Arizona\u2019s already hot, dry climate.","_input_hash":-74335720,"_task_hash":-126377171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Some of the forces behind the climate begin as cold water currents near Alaska\u2019s Aleutian Islands.","_input_hash":-1080603143,"_task_hash":-83278946,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Then, during a heat wave, a high atmospheric pressure system builds, trapping the ordinary heat in place.","_input_hash":806210118,"_task_hash":1090491359,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Those small changes in averages lead to big changes in extremes as heat-trapping gases increase the thermal energy in the atmosphere, leading to more intense, frequent, and longer","_input_hash":-2117380168,"_task_hash":949495056,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"heat waves.\r\n","_input_hash":-2137421141,"_task_hash":-852942760,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Phoenix\u2019s infrastructure contributes to the heat and suffers from it\r\n","_input_hash":398089208,"_task_hash":-1714470147,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The ever-expanding reaches of concrete, asphalt, glass, and steel soak up the heat and radiate it slowly across the city, even block by block.\r\n","_input_hash":909042543,"_task_hash":-718177010,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"So day after day, the heat builds, and builds, and builds.","_input_hash":-1199352185,"_task_hash":372965266,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This is a phenomenon known as the heat island effect, and the warming it causes can be just as significant as warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, albeit at different times of day.\r\n","_input_hash":1431433642,"_task_hash":-575848033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWarming due to the expanding built environment is similar to warming resulting from greenhouse gases during nighttime hours, while warming during daytime hours is dominated by greenhouse gas-induced climate change,\u201d explained Matei Georgescu, an associate professor of geophysical sciences and urban planning at Arizona State University.\r\n","_input_hash":1883435741,"_task_hash":-1713055498,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The heat in turn threatens the stability of this urban environment.","_input_hash":750548859,"_task_hash":263190990,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Mikhail Chester, an associate professor of civil engineering at Arizona State University, explained that heat can be just as big a threat to health and infrastructure as a hurricane or earthquake, but because it builds up slowly, it\u2019s easy to overlook.\r\n","_input_hash":20437030,"_task_hash":809297461,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the built environment, the impact of heat mounts over time and doesn\u2019t always manifest as a sudden, catastrophic failure.","_input_hash":1447494286,"_task_hash":-1080665776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Instead, rising temperatures weaken roadways, cause metal fatigue in bridges, and make the metal pipes that move water expand, crack, and leak.\r\n","_input_hash":-788039558,"_task_hash":-1822614385,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the biggest threat from a heat wave may be a power failure.","_input_hash":23447773,"_task_hash":628718678,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Amanda Northrup/Vox\r\nChester, who coauthored the study warning that Phoenix could face the Katrina of extreme heat, explained that losing power jeopardizes not just air conditioning, but traffic lights, commuter rail, water sanitation systems, even fuel pumps for gasoline.","_input_hash":-1841324526,"_task_hash":-68492574,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So a blackout or brownout during a time when the city needs energy the most stands to create a propagating series of failure and disruption, halting the economy and potentially taking lives.\r\n","_input_hash":200612933,"_task_hash":-896147606,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u201cWhether it is a hurricane in New Orleans or an [extreme heat event] in the Southwest, critical infrastructure systems are at risk for cascading failure in ways that are unpredictable and surprising due to their complex interdependencies and fragility to extreme conditions,\u201d the authors wrote.\r\n","_input_hash":-1862674199,"_task_hash":-1883146964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Heat waves will be increasingly deadly in the warmer future\r\n","_input_hash":362821807,"_task_hash":1149250068,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Higher temperatures make it harder for the body to shed excess heat.","_input_hash":70068305,"_task_hash":1568576258,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It can cause proteins to malform.","_input_hash":-389632425,"_task_hash":-990515829,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When the body temperature rises up too high, it creates conditions like hyperthermia, which can then lead to heat stroke and death.\r\n","_input_hash":2096533451,"_task_hash":-2122432193,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"One upside to Phoenix\u2019s heat is that it comes with little humidity.","_input_hash":-1434768760,"_task_hash":1087146653,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High levels of humidity impede the body\u2019s ability to cool off by sweating, though once temperatures get high enough, heat risks will rise regardless.","_input_hash":-1492686899,"_task_hash":1992553343,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Maricopa County, which encompasses Phoenix, has reported more 150 heat-related deaths in each of the past few years.","_input_hash":43944332,"_task_hash":-1278698512,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"[Heat] is a huge public health hazard,\u201d Chester said.\r\n","_input_hash":1942699015,"_task_hash":-472614951,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"High temperatures are lethal to people with existing problems like heart disease and emphysema.","_input_hash":-1831542437,"_task_hash":-372724845,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It accelerates the formation of ozone, a major pollutant.","_input_hash":199914622,"_task_hash":-958825834,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That can also contribute to breathing difficulties.","_input_hash":1964960521,"_task_hash":154290894,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The indirect harms from heat may in fact be far larger than maladies caused directly from heat, but they are much more difficult to track.\r\n","_input_hash":953113023,"_task_hash":-304277935,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Time matters when it comes to risk from heat.","_input_hash":-443395623,"_task_hash":-485813066,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"just the peaks that are dangerous; exposure to lower heat for a longer period of time can be harmful as well.\r\n","_input_hash":1741317766,"_task_hash":-2036680701,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"David Sailor, director of the Urban Climate Research Center at Arizona State, examined what would happen under the combined effect of heat on health and infrastructure.","_input_hash":715023383,"_task_hash":798964556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In a study published in May, he reported that the risk of power outages under extreme heat is only growing.","_input_hash":-1106371596,"_task_hash":-2069910529,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Sailor and his colleagues found that even under the current level of warming, a blackout would be devastating for Phoenix.\r\n","_input_hash":1644715081,"_task_hash":1530968031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn the end, using a combination of census data and results from a city-level survey we conducted of elderly residents, we estimate that about 8,000 residents of Maricopa County would be particularly vulnerable to a major heat disaster (power outage coincident with summer heat),\u201d he said in an email.\r\n","_input_hash":-2047417996,"_task_hash":-423247275,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Eventually Phoenix could limit its absorption of heat from the desert sun.","_input_hash":-2100961794,"_task_hash":1103648884,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The world, however, is still warming, and temperatures after the sun sets will likely continue to rise.","_input_hash":-1483785540,"_task_hash":-267305598,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate change is undoubtedly hitting Phoenix hard, and even in a city famous for its heat, it will profoundly change its way of life.\r\n","_input_hash":-44919,"_task_hash":1166747821,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though the heat is already here, the worst is yet to come.\r\n","_input_hash":-829432903,"_task_hash":2076358962,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"An earlier headline said 122 degrees Fahrenheit could last for days when instead it could be a peak during a heat wave.","_input_hash":-591469378,"_task_hash":745110773,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The text has also been corrected to show that cold coastal water, not cold air, is the progenitor of desert conditions.\r\n","_input_hash":-942575872,"_task_hash":1740355675,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events displaced a record seven million people from their homes during the first six months of this year, a figure that put 2019 on pace to be one of the most disastrous years in almost two decades even before Hurricane Dorian battered the Bahamas.\r\n","_input_hash":894832863,"_task_hash":-857066358,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cIn today\u2019s changing climate, mass displacement triggered by extreme weather events is becoming the norm,\u201d the center said in its report, adding that the numbers represent \u201cthe highest midyear figure ever reported for displacements associated with disasters.\u201d","_input_hash":-1177645849,"_task_hash":1545826579,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Extreme weather events are becoming more extreme in the era of climate change, according to scientists, and more people are exposed to them, especially in rapidly growing and storm-prone Asian cities.\r\n","_input_hash":-1941431902,"_task_hash":1961785172,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"By contrast, in southern Africa, where Cyclone Idai struck in March, more than 1,000 people were killed and 617,000 were displaced across Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Madagascar.\r\n","_input_hash":881479457,"_task_hash":-1710106339,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In March and April, half a million Iranians had to leave home and camp out in temporary shelters after a huge swath of the country saw some of the worst flooding in decades.","_input_hash":-1758249508,"_task_hash":306353336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And in Bolivia, heavy rains triggered floods and landslides in the first four months of the year, forcing more than 70,000 people to flee their homes, according to the report.\r\n","_input_hash":-270954198,"_task_hash":661539443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"All told, nearly twice as many people were displaced by extreme weather events, mainly storms, as the numbers displaced by conflict and violence in the first six months of this year, according to the monitoring center.\r\n","_input_hash":1293225013,"_task_hash":-1763453657,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The numbers hold lessons for countries, especially those like the Caribbean island nations, repeatedly pummeled by intensifying storms.\r\n","_input_hash":-1666600745,"_task_hash":-1970723920,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For the most part, disasters like floods and cyclones result in temporary displacement, though that could mean months at a time, and almost always within national borders.\r\n","_input_hash":-1497434972,"_task_hash":-1977055804,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"What the monitoring center\u2019s numbers may not adequately reflect are slow-moving extreme weather events, like rising temperatures or erratic rains that can prompt people to pack up and leave home, for example after multiple seasons of failed crops.","_input_hash":-802573270,"_task_hash":-669553678,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The primary cause of that change is the release of carbon dioxide from burning coal, oil and natural gas.\r\n","_input_hash":-521880265,"_task_hash":-195053398,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Despite the avoidance of millions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions through use of renewable energy, increased efficiency and conservation efforts, the rate of increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere remains high.\r\n","_input_hash":627677648,"_task_hash":-39619144,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If we stop emitting greenhouse gases right now, why would the temperature continue to rise?\r\n","_input_hash":900759480,"_task_hash":796838021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This energy increases the average temperature of the Earth\u2019s surface, heats the oceans and melts polar ice.","_input_hash":1254571716,"_task_hash":-1832681693,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"As consequences, sea level rises and weather changes.\r\n","_input_hash":2137119149,"_task_hash":439930475,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Since 1880, after carbon dioxide emissions took off with the Industrial Revolution, the average global temperature has increased.","_input_hash":1884296981,"_task_hash":-1151306418,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"With the help of internal variations associated with the El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern, we\u2019ve already experienced months more than 1.5\u2103 above the average.","_input_hash":-204325890,"_task_hash":317371127,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In 2017, there\u2019s been a stunning decrease in Antarctic sea ice, reminiscent of the 2007 decrease in the Arctic.\r\n","_input_hash":2008024725,"_task_hash":1757361414,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Test","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The observed changes are coherent and consistent with our theoretical understanding of the Earth\u2019s energy balance and simulations from models that are used to understand past variability and to help us think about the future.\r\n","_input_hash":-119078504,"_task_hash":-682788563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"What would happen to the climate if we were to stop emitting carbon dioxide today, right now?","_input_hash":-1379033211,"_task_hash":-608146075,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In order to stop the accumulation of heat, we would have to eliminate not just carbon dioxide emissions, but all greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide.","_input_hash":-132610799,"_task_hash":-494962410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We\u2019d also need to reverse deforestation and other land uses that affect the Earth\u2019s energy balance (the difference between incoming energy from the sun and","_input_hash":1162937421,"_task_hash":-692828206,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Such a cessation of warming is not possible.\r\n","_input_hash":299262102,"_task_hash":1502502152,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"So if we stop emitting carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels today, it\u2019s not the end of the story for global warming.","_input_hash":-1032109409,"_task_hash":1395107410,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Test","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There\u2019s a delay in air-temperature increase as the atmosphere catches up with all the heat that the Earth has accumulated.","_input_hash":1101775270,"_task_hash":1359928223,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This decades-long lag between cause and effect is due to the long time it takes to heat the ocean\u2019s huge mass.","_input_hash":2067848543,"_task_hash":-1740780311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Ice, also responding to increasing heat in the ocean, will continue to melt.","_input_hash":939460241,"_task_hash":-1142308188,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ecosystems are altered by natural and human-made occurrences.","_input_hash":-716994014,"_task_hash":317333115,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In any event, it\u2019s not possible to stop emitting carbon dioxide right now.","_input_hash":-1589387386,"_task_hash":1740688321,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Despite significant advances in renewable energy sources, total demand for energy accelerates and carbon dioxide emissions increase.","_input_hash":-985524160,"_task_hash":-1062757700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It\u2019s hard to say we\u2019re on a new path until we see a peak and then a downturn in carbon emissions.","_input_hash":-442723778,"_task_hash":-169115736,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"With the approximately 1\u2103 of warming we\u2019ve already seen, the observed changes are already disturbing.\r\n","_input_hash":1546142394,"_task_hash":-1326168936,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The total amount of change, including sea-level rise, can be limited.","_input_hash":-842385483,"_task_hash":1927942013,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"And since the response to warming is more warming through feedbacks associated with melting ice and increased atmospheric water vapor, our job becomes one of limiting the warming.","_input_hash":124272007,"_task_hash":1586938928,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This article was updated on July 7, 2017 to clarify the potential effects from stopping carbon dioxide emissions as well as other factors that affect global warming.\r\n","_input_hash":-82982463,"_task_hash":-879849634,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Abstract\r\nTwo global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been stabilized in the year 2000, we are already committed to further global warming of about another half degree and an additional 320% sea level rise caused by thermal expansion by the end of the 21st century.","_input_hash":-1730741728,"_task_hash":451481749,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Projected weakening of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean does not lead to a net cooling in Europe.","_input_hash":-402493031,"_task_hash":-375577644,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Increases of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere produce a positive radiative forcing of the climate system and a consequent warming of surface temperatures and rising sea level caused by thermal expansion of the warmer seawater, in addition to the contribution from melting glaciers and ice sheets (1, 2).","_input_hash":1310836976,"_task_hash":-1770112150,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We performed multimember ensemble simulations with two global coupled three-dimensional climate models to quantify how much more global warming and sea level rise (from thermal expansion) we could experience under several different scenarios.\r\n","_input_hash":1800324288,"_task_hash":-1154873035,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This model has a relatively low climate sensitivity as compared to other models, with an equilibrium climate sensitivity of 2.1\u00b0C and a transient climate response (TCR) (the globally averaged surface air temperature change at the time of CO2 doubling in a 1% CO2 increase experiment) of 1.3\u00b0C.","_input_hash":939262055,"_task_hash":-1610900453,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The 20th-century simulations for both models include time-evolving changes in forcing from solar, volcanoes, GHGs, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, and the direct effect of sulfate aerosols (14, 17).","_input_hash":-700515132,"_task_hash":-1785333376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"These 20th-century forcing differences between CCSM3 and PCM are not thought to cause large differences in response in the climate change simulations beyond the year 2000.\r\n","_input_hash":-1334784509,"_task_hash":1733678688,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The warming in both the PCM and CCSM3 is close to the observed value of about 0.6\u00b0C for the 20th century (19), with PCM warming 0.6\u00b0C and CCSM3 warming 0.7","_input_hash":479897725,"_task_hash":1646105792,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This lower value from the models is consistent with the part of 20th-century sea level rise thought to be caused by thermal expansion (20, 21), because as the ocean warms, seawater expands and sea level rises.","_input_hash":-1661080550,"_task_hash":-1751474221,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Neither model includes contributions to sea level rise due to ice sheet or glacier melting.","_input_hash":1623292199,"_task_hash":1865261031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Contributions from future ice sheet and glacier melting could perhaps at least double the projected sea level rise produced by thermal expansion (1).\r\n","_input_hash":-703588657,"_task_hash":-1558526282,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Even if we could have stopped any further increases in all atmospheric constituents as of the year 2000, the PCM and CCSM3 indicate that we are already committed to 0.4\u00b0 and 0.6\u00b0C, respectively, more global warming by the year 2100 as compared to the 0.6\u00b0C of warming observed at the end of the 20th century (Table 1 and Fig.","_input_hash":-651736989,"_task_hash":-452778516,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But we are already committed to proportionately much more sea level rise from thermal expansion (Fig. 1C).\r\n","_input_hash":1848875870,"_task_hash":-1882790366,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A medium-range scenario (SRES A1B) produces a warming at the end of the 21st century of 1.9\u00b0 and","_input_hash":-647728384,"_task_hash":1829824162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"If concentrations of all GHGs and other atmospheric constituents in these simulations are held fixed at year 2100 values, we would be committed to an additional warming by the year 2200 for B1 of about 0.1\u00b0 to 0.3\u00b0C for the models (Fig. 1B).","_input_hash":657124515,"_task_hash":-279406097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But even for this small warming commitment in B1, there is almost double the sea level rise seen over the course of the 21st century by 2200, or an additional 12 and 13 cm (Fig. 1C).","_input_hash":-745470117,"_task_hash":104872563,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For A1B, about 0.3\u00b0C of additional warming occurs by 2200, but again there is roughly a doubling of 21st-century sea level rise by the year 2200, or an additional 17 and 21 cm.","_input_hash":2139856207,"_task_hash":2122333272,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u00b0C of warming in either scenario, but yet again about another doubling of the committed sea level rise that occurred during the 22nd century, with additional increases of 10 and 18 cm from thermal expansion for the two models for the stabilized B1 experiment, and 14 and 21 cm for A1B as compared to year 2200 values.","_input_hash":1985401922,"_task_hash":-1243066177,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The mean strength of the meridional overturning and its changes are an indication of ocean ventilation, and they contribute to ocean heat uptake and consequent time scales of temperature response in the climate system (12, 24, 28).\r\n","_input_hash":1430488986,"_task_hash":771627254,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"This is consistent with the idea that a larger percentage decrease in meridional overturning would be associated with greater ocean heat uptake and greater surface temperature warming (12, 24).\r\n","_input_hash":-64817482,"_task_hash":959346836,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is also consistent with the recovery of the meridional overturning in the 21st century after concentrations are stabilized in the PCM (net recovery of 0.2 sverdrups) compared to the CCSM3 (meridional + overturning continues to weaken by \u20130.3 sverdrups before a modest recovery).\r\n","_input_hash":-558727830,"_task_hash":-677290152,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"On the other hand, the CCSM3, with higher sensitivity and weaker mean meridional overturning, has a larger reduction of meridional overturning due to global warming (and particularly a larger percent decrease of meridional overturning) than the PCM and contributes to more warming commitment for GHG concentrations stabilized at year 2000 values.\r\n","_input_hash":1960441030,"_task_hash":-290121370,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The processes that contribute to these different warming commitments involve small radiative flux imbalances at the surface (on the order of several tenths of a watt per square meter) after atmospheric GHG concentrations are stabilized.","_input_hash":1952564022,"_task_hash":1644071460,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The temperature difference between the upper and lower branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is smaller in the PCM than in the CCSM3 because of the stronger rate of mean meridional overturning in the PCM that induces a greater heat exchange or ventilation between the upper and deeper ocean.","_input_hash":1987046098,"_task_hash":1518086787,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Geographic patterns of warming (Fig. 2) show more warming at high northern latitudes and over land, generally larger-amplitude warming in the CCSM3 as compared to the PCM, and geographic temperature increases roughly proportional to the amplitude of the globally averaged temperature increases in the different scenarios (Fig. 1B).","_input_hash":-1162490598,"_task_hash":-1047459699,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Slowdowns in meridional overturning in the respective models (which are greater percentage-wise in the CCSM3 than the PCM) are not characterized by less warming over northern Europe in either model.","_input_hash":767738678,"_task_hash":-1198424709,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The warming produced by increases in GHGs overwhelms any tendency toward decreased high-latitude warming from less northward heat transport by the weakened meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic.","_input_hash":902471496,"_task_hash":1277322838,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The warming commitment from the 20th-century stabilization experiments (Fig. 2, bottom) shows the same type of pattern in the forced experiments, with greater warming over high latitudes and land areas.","_input_hash":-1429098267,"_task_hash":-589025311,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For regions such as much of North America, even after stabilizing GHG concentrations, we are already committed to more than an additional half a degree of warming in the two models.","_input_hash":1980359181,"_task_hash":190639417,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Though temperature increase shows signs of leveling off 100 years after stabilization, sea level continues to rise unabated with proportionately much greater increases compared to temperature, with these committed increases over the 21st century more than a factor of 3 greater, percentage-wise, for sea level rise (32) than for temperature change (Fig. 3).","_input_hash":1311460754,"_task_hash":-2044649428,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Thus, even if we could stabilize concentrations of GHGs, we are already committed to significant warming and sea level rise no matter what scenario we follow.","_input_hash":1216257684,"_task_hash":-319317556,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rutgers-led study shows how increased rainfall can reduce water infiltration in soils\r\nCoasts, oceans, ecosystems, weather and human health","_input_hash":2051478384,"_task_hash":1597429761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"all face impacts from climate change, and now valuable soils may also be affected.\r\n","_input_hash":-1470004920,"_task_hash":809746164,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"a study published in the journal Nature last year showing that regional increases in precipitation due to climate change may lead to less water infiltration, more runoff and erosion, and greater risk of flash flooding.\r\n","_input_hash":1229704497,"_task_hash":-243271723,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"During a 25-year experiment in Kansas that involved irrigation of prairie soil with sprinklers, a Rutgers-led team of scientists found that a 35 percent increase in rainfall led to a 21 percent to 33 percent reduction in water infiltration rates in soil and only a small increase in water retention.\r\n","_input_hash":-1060305286,"_task_hash":-939403195,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The biggest changes were linked to shifts in relatively large pores, or spaces, in the soil.","_input_hash":-716624444,"_task_hash":-299223519,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Large pores capture water that plants and microorganisms can use, and that contributes to enhanced biological activity and nutrient cycling in soil and decreases soil losses through erosion.\r\n","_input_hash":26380368,"_task_hash":1437082295,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The next step is to investigate the mechanisms driving the observed changes, in order to extrapolate the findings to other regions of the world and incorporate them into predictions of how ecosystems will respond to climate change.","_input_hash":1415141747,"_task_hash":-1082015490,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The scientists also want to study a wider array of environmental factors and soil types, and identify other soil changes that may result from shifts in climate.\r\n","_input_hash":-2087024413,"_task_hash":-786091956,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Economic depression, hyperinflation and sovereign default by a major developed economy were the top three risks in a 2011 study.","_input_hash":-85406789,"_task_hash":-1275050949,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The paper notes that over the last six years, despite calls to action from all major governments, the world has continued to emit increasing amounts of greenhouse gasses, exacerbating the risk of rising global temperature.\r\n","_input_hash":-1412667954,"_task_hash":-18423587,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He notes that Munich Re has said that 2017-18 was the worst two-year period for natural catastrophes on record, with insured losses of $225 billion.\r\n","_input_hash":-648108572,"_task_hash":-1128850618,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"When a catastrophe bond experiences a loss event, the capital in the investment is suspended until the full cost of a disaster is pinned down.","_input_hash":-416340150,"_task_hash":46620143,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"A phenomenon of \u201closs creep,\u201d where initial estimates of a loss balloon months or even years after the event, has also spooked some investors.","_input_hash":-1195150608,"_task_hash":-1676955129,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More on \u201closs creep\u201d emerged in a report this week from reinsurance broker Guy Carpenter that shows that extended development from North American hurricane losses and losses from non-peak perils like California wildfires have finally jolted reinsurers out of a soft reinsurance market.\r\n","_input_hash":-1018286799,"_task_hash":-213315700,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cS&P Global Ratings sees an accelerated rise in global temperatures, a frequent occurrence of extreme weather events; the direct and indirect effects on businesses; and the likely direct human consequences, such as migration and water scarcity, as factors that financial systems will need to adjust to,\u201d the report states.\r\n","_input_hash":-563252451,"_task_hash":566470555,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"According to the report, studies show that the value of global financial assets could drop and losses could \u201crise exponentially\u201d with an average increase in temperature between the years 2015 and 2100.\r\n","_input_hash":837589924,"_task_hash":1607544390,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Levels are rising as an unintended consequence of the green energy boom.\r\n","_input_hash":1864320460,"_task_hash":759115239,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"It prevents electrical accidents and fires.\r\n","_input_hash":-1533478359,"_task_hash":10135945,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This has resulted in many more connections to the electricity grid, and a rise in the number of electrical switches and circuit breakers that are needed to prevent serious accidents.\r\n","_input_hash":1625364957,"_task_hash":-1948255640,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"That's the same as the emissions from 1.3 million extra cars on the road for a year.\r\n","_input_hash":-1751112813,"_task_hash":-1458990465,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Previously, an installation like this would have used switchgear supplied with SF6, to prevent the electrical accidents that can lead to fires.\r\n","_input_hash":1398300492,"_task_hash":-1221306897,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is roughly the same as the annual emissions from 25 cars.\r\n","_input_hash":871236073,"_task_hash":-1490531815,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers have warned of other alarming ecological signs that the Lower Darling River \u2013 part of the giant Murray-Darling Basin \u2013 is in a dire state, following last summer\u2019s mass fish kills.\r\n","_input_hash":746096194,"_task_hash":203718608,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Banks will collapse, there will be massive erosion and it will send sediments down the river.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1503051229,"_task_hash":644332924,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The New South Wales government announced a $10m rescue package last week to mitigate the effects of the river crisis on native fish this summer.\r\n","_input_hash":1722669965,"_task_hash":-298842964,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Several scientific reports said the lack of flow in the river due to the drought and exacerbated by irrigation upstream were to blame.","_input_hash":-381759032,"_task_hash":-1642754336,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When temperatures soared to over 40C and were followed by a cool change, the water in the pools stratified, leading to deoxygenation of the deeper water, killing fish.\r\n","_input_hash":-315652311,"_task_hash":-1663225389,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This is just a fraction of the population of the river and will not prevent the likelihood of further mass fish deaths during the coming summer.\r\n","_input_hash":832998553,"_task_hash":-1219439756,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Meanwhile, the NSW government appears to be in denial about possible causes of the ecological catastrophe last summer.","_input_hash":420571221,"_task_hash":1956783318,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The water minister, Melinda Pavey, has criticised her own independent adviser, the NSW Natural Resources Commission, which said extractions by irrigators upstream may have led to the Lower Darling being pushed into hydrological drought three years earlier than it otherwise would have been.\r\n","_input_hash":510789288,"_task_hash":1586809299,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We just raised the question: have [the extraction rules] influenced the conditions that have led to the catastrophic drying of the Barwon-Darling?\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":1475335469,"_task_hash":-989830659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Eco-anxiety is likely to affect more and more people as the climate destabilises.","_input_hash":-765128848,"_task_hash":924615412,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Already, studies have found that 45% of children suffer lasting depression after surviving extreme weather and natural disasters.","_input_hash":1674345295,"_task_hash":1288118142,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Some of that emotional turmoil must stem from confusion \u2013","_input_hash":-452899747,"_task_hash":757416761,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Adults are often guilty of cognitive dissonance when it comes to climate change.","_input_hash":-994376137,"_task_hash":408945180,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Because of sea level rise, people in the low-lying Maldives have more to fear from climate change than most.","_input_hash":491636697,"_task_hash":1239534468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There\u2019s moral clarity in the things young people say about climate change, but even at their age, there\u2019s a weariness.","_input_hash":-2132964898,"_task_hash":-486144507,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Given the severity of climate change and biodiversity loss predicted in their lifetimes, anger seems appropriate.\r\n","_input_hash":530808437,"_task_hash":1130439933,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"The Hit for Six report, released in England, examines how climate change is drying out cricket grounds, making players more vulnerable to heat stress and increasing the likelihood of match disruptions from extreme weather \u2013 and how governing bodies need to do more to address the problem.\r\n","_input_hash":330836546,"_task_hash":-4014427,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate change is already leading to more extreme heatwaves.","_input_hash":2034323534,"_task_hash":164788611,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Unless we act, extreme heat will worsen.","_input_hash":-911757898,"_task_hash":1976255931,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This will result in more games being postponed, poorer performance because of heat influenced cognitive deterioration and increased likelihood of heat exhaustion and heat stroke.\r\n","_input_hash":-1099455852,"_task_hash":-352599735,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"When my club committee of management meets to discuss how we can keep our junior players safe on drying grounds and in more intense heatwaves, we are dealing with a symptom of climate change.\r\n","_input_hash":1963772774,"_task_hash":374127902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"We increasingly have concerns about the impact of extreme heat on our junior players.","_input_hash":-2056805363,"_task_hash":1424261095,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Prolonged drought and competition for water puts intense pressure on cricket grounds and turf pitches in India, South Africa and Australia.","_input_hash":-1222081242,"_task_hash":1553369281,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In England, flooding and changing rainfall patterns are causing havoc.\r\n","_input_hash":588389555,"_task_hash":-734573908,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"There is a danger that cricket\u2019s governing bodies will focus only on symptoms, rather than causes of the threat.","_input_hash":713984150,"_task_hash":151919297,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But players having ice baths addresses the symptom, not the cause of more extreme heat.","_input_hash":1216031036,"_task_hash":-711002489,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Index funds and the investors who own them face an unmanageable risk from climate change, according to the director of Stanford University\u2019s Sustainable Finance Initiative.","_input_hash":1733474900,"_task_hash":1486347902,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Seiger cited the sudden bankruptcy of Pacific Gas & Electric Company as an example of such a failure.","_input_hash":201467999,"_task_hash":-94628872,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"But those assessments failed to anticipate the climate risk that forced the company to seek bankruptcy protection this year: increased heat and drought, shifting land-use patterns, lapses in safety measures.","_input_hash":1627598629,"_task_hash":-494977676,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"PG&E equipment sparked wildfires that killed dozens of Californians, destroyed thousands of structures and scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.","_input_hash":1607762478,"_task_hash":-1356747837,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u201cNot only does this bet increase the risk of financial loss for New York state employee pensioners, but it poses a systemic risk in that a majority of state pensions also rely heavily on passively managed index funds.","_input_hash":-166391273,"_task_hash":-1513833959,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A shock to the public markets from an abrupt or disorderly transition will smash nest eggs across the country.\u201d\r\n","_input_hash":-1203343727,"_task_hash":145901077,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Seven million people were displaced between January and June of this year due to climate and weather crises.\r\n","_input_hash":1726174040,"_task_hash":-543697807,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That's nearly double the number of people (3.8 million) who were displaced by violence in the same period.\r\n","_input_hash":32173949,"_task_hash":-936707397,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"People in India and Bangladesh have been especially affected by climate-related disasters this year.\r\n","_input_hash":-89879119,"_task_hash":-221466242,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"July was the hottest month ever recorded globally, Australia shattered its record for the hottest summer ever, and Angola experienced the world's warmest recorded February temperature.\r\n","_input_hash":-2085921379,"_task_hash":1947157916,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"More than 950 natural disasters plagued 102 different countries and territories in the first six months of 2019, the report says, including monsoons, cyclones, and landslides.\r\n","_input_hash":534274152,"_task_hash":-1258987517,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The authors estimate that 7 million people were displaced by climate disasters between January and June of this year, the highest mid-year total of displacements associated with disasters ever recorded by the group.","_input_hash":1859392836,"_task_hash":-693857443,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"That's nearly double the total number of people (3.8 million) displaced by violence in the same period.\r\n","_input_hash":1528227092,"_task_hash":-1968381784,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"India and Bangladesh were hit especially hard, with over a million people, respectively, forced to evacuate due to a natural disaster or climate event.\r\n","_input_hash":1370195664,"_task_hash":-553746241,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In situations like Cyclone Fani, for example, one of the strongest storms to hit the Indian subcontinent in nearly two decades, governments were able to take early action to protect and evacuate communities.\r\n","_input_hash":1158288569,"_task_hash":-785640863,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Here are the climate-related disasters that caused the most displacement during the first half of 2019.\r\n","_input_hash":-222018501,"_task_hash":647239782,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fani was the strongest tropical storm to hit the region of Odisha since 1999, when the Odisha Cyclone killed over 15,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-1937941758,"_task_hash":2104323429,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"the high number of people who evacuated ahead of the storm lead to a significantly lower death toll of 89.\r\n","_input_hash":999710548,"_task_hash":-1789304577,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cyclone Idai hit Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Madagascar in March and killed more than 1,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-153260819,"_task_hash":-839346858,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Cyclone Idai was the deadliest storm ever to hit the southwest Indian Ocean basin.","_input_hash":-40366343,"_task_hash":1376425246,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"It was also responsible for the second-highest number of displacements in the first half of 2019: 617,000.\r\n","_input_hash":605254820,"_task_hash":1493111968,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding in Iran displaced half a million people in the spring.\r\n","_input_hash":1337958975,"_task_hash":2107113628,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Iran saw some of the worst flooding it has experienced in two decades during the spring.","_input_hash":1767133361,"_task_hash":1819863072,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The floods impacted 90% of the country and caused more than $2.5 billion in damages.\r\n","_input_hash":-343895390,"_task_hash":-83441403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavy and continuous rainfall caused landslides and flooding across various regions in the Philippines, displacing nearly 300,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-2034127674,"_task_hash":-1250434162,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flash flooding between January 22 and February 3, caused by tropical depression Amang, led to an additional 106,000 new displacements in the Davao.\r\n","_input_hash":926100675,"_task_hash":921808409,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The storm wound up shifting west and only caused category 1 level impacts for the region, significantly less than the category 3 results expected.","_input_hash":-1599352325,"_task_hash":1551169543,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"shear prevented new thunderstorms from forming, according to NASA, preventing the most damaging storm impacts from hitting the ground.\r\n","_input_hash":-1204193500,"_task_hash":-1450328097,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Heavy rains and flooding caused over 190,000 displacements across 38 districts of Ethiopia this May and early June.\r\n","_input_hash":163254649,"_task_hash":-126222846,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Ethiopia has extremely variant weather, with some areas prone to drought and others that see frequent flooding.","_input_hash":-475037647,"_task_hash":1902698661,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's, one of the most impacted areas of Ethiopia most impacted by the flooding, also struggles with diaspora due to violence.","_input_hash":-1766001545,"_task_hash":-1773361994,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"On June 17, a 6.0 magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan, China, displacing 80,000 people.\r\n","_input_hash":-1875080459,"_task_hash":-974607229,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This year's earthquake killed 13 people and injured 199.","_input_hash":-472184362,"_task_hash":1567245159,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Floods and landslides in the first four months of the year caused around 75,000 displacements in Bolivia.\r\n","_input_hash":-563994494,"_task_hash":269693225,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The flooding was spurred by heavy rainfall due to El Ni\u00f1o that caused rivers to swell.","_input_hash":1916581926,"_task_hash":1521166600,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Across South America, floods in the Amazon and Rio de la Plata basins displaced hundreds of thousands of people across Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.\r\n","_input_hash":-1410495287,"_task_hash":-1889849477,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In Somalia, another 72,000 people were displaced in the first six months of this year because of a drought that has plagued the country since 2015.\r\n","_input_hash":-1331315358,"_task_hash":278781217,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This isn't the first year that Ethiopia has struggled with drought.","_input_hash":-1953805269,"_task_hash":-438142887,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The East Africa drought started noticeably impacting Ethiopia in 2015, the report states.\r\n","_input_hash":-1570586836,"_task_hash":-1900921312,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Many of the million-plus people who fled in 2016 and 2017 have struggled to find stability after evacuating.\r\n","_input_hash":931853981,"_task_hash":-932314052,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Most believe that human activity, in particular the burning of fossil fuels and the resulting buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, have influenced this warming trend.","_input_hash":1183795109,"_task_hash":1608378174,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"This glacier used to be closer,\" Fagre declares as we crest a steep section, his glasses fogged from exertion.","_input_hash":-146229227,"_task_hash":1559820046,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Thawing permafrost has caused the ground to subside more than 15 feet (4.6 meters) in parts of Alaska.","_input_hash":-964124212,"_task_hash":-1880030021,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"But the recent rate of global sea level rise has departed from the average rate of the past two to three thousand years and is rising more rapidly\u2014about one-tenth of an inch a year.","_input_hash":-2062632915,"_task_hash":-1875956888,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A continuation or acceleration of that trend has the potential to cause striking changes in the world's coastlines.\r\n","_input_hash":-2108567133,"_task_hash":-1710309382,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Vulnerable to sea-level rise, Tuvalu, a small country in the South Pacific, has already begun formulating evacuation plans.","_input_hash":1380704305,"_task_hash":-805906506,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The projected economic and humanitarian impacts on low-lying, densely populated, and desperately poor countries like Bangladesh are potentially catastrophic.","_input_hash":-1906297512,"_task_hash":1187996104,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Rising sea level produces a cascade of effects.","_input_hash":1410989446,"_task_hash":1560014759,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Bruce Douglas, a coastal researcher at Florida International University, calculates that every inch (2.5 centimeters) of sea-level rise could result in eight feet (2.4 meters) of horizontal retreat of sandy beach shorelines due to erosion.","_input_hash":262494803,"_task_hash":1605836468,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the Nile Delta, where many of Egypt's crops are cultivated, widespread erosion and saltwater intrusion would be disastrous since the country contains little other arable land.\r\n","_input_hash":335149040,"_task_hash":-187842171,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In some places marvels of human engineering worsen effects from rising seas in a warming world.","_input_hash":477193399,"_task_hash":723146237,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Rising sea level is not the only change Earth's oceans are undergoing.","_input_hash":-721736511,"_task_hash":102079065,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Propelled mainly by prevailing winds and differences in water density, which changes with the temperature and salinity of the seawater, ocean currents are critical in cooling, warming, and watering the planet's terrestrial surfaces\u2014and in transferring heat from the Equator to the Poles.\r\n","_input_hash":1732015751,"_task_hash":-2103476483,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"He warns that too much change in ocean temperature and salinity could disrupt the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation enough to slow down or possibly halt the conveyor belt\u2014causing drastic climate changes in time spans as short as a decade.\r\n","_input_hash":-287618369,"_task_hash":2091220257,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In the fall and winter, when plants decay, they release greater quantities of CO2 through respiration and decay.","_input_hash":-1626518682,"_task_hash":343029250,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\"It is inconceivable to me that the increase would not have a significant effect on climate.\"\r\n","_input_hash":-461508922,"_task_hash":-2039184464,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Researchers long ago predicted that the most visible impacts from a globally warmer world would occur first at high latitudes: rising air and sea temperatures, earlier snowmelt, later ice freeze-up, reductions in sea ice, thawing permafrost, more erosion, increases in storm intensity.","_input_hash":91552938,"_task_hash":963118248,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specifically, this report provides an assessment of the significant vulnerabilities from climate-related events in order to identify high risks to mission effectiveness on installations and to operations.","_input_hash":472168372,"_task_hash":80727307,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The effects of a changing climate are a national security issue with potential impacts to Department of Defense (DoD or the Department) missions, operational plans, and installations.","_input_hash":1923891492,"_task_hash":705118824,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To achieve these goals, DoD must be able to adapt current and future operations to address the impacts of a variety of threats and conditions, including those from weather and natural events.","_input_hash":-138342531,"_task_hash":-248123031,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2022 Recurrent Flooding","_input_hash":-1328228611,"_task_hash":-1163238823,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Desertification","_input_hash":214782603,"_task_hash":-1923721459,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recurrent Flooding Drought Desertification Wildfires\r\n","_input_hash":-378963812,"_task_hash":706421412,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Recurrent Flooding\r\nVulnerabilities to installations include coastal and riverine flooding.","_input_hash":1708104662,"_task_hash":-1174720970,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Coastal flooding may result from storm surge during severe weather events.","_input_hash":-1552850087,"_task_hash":1905944088,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Over time, gradual sea level changes magnify the impacts of storm surge, and may eventually result in permanent inundation of property.","_input_hash":2014560701,"_task_hash":1069522974,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Increasing coverage of land from nuisance flooding during high tides, also called \u201csunny day\u201d flooding, is already affecting many coastal communities.\r\n","_input_hash":1844471531,"_task_hash":1315527033,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Joint Base Langley-Eustis (JBLE-Langley AFB), Virginia, has experienced 14 inches in sea level rise since 1930 due to localized land subsidence and sea level rise.","_input_hash":-1097168900,"_task_hash":-1151673524,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Flooding at JBLE- Langley, with a mean sea level elevation of three feet, has become more frequent and severe.\r\n","_input_hash":1306245515,"_task_hash":-1330627802,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Navy Base Coronado experiences isolated and flash flooding during tropical storm events, particularly in El Ni\u00f1o years.","_input_hash":2114975163,"_task_hash":-1475395106,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"The main installation reports worsening sea level rise and storm surge impacts that include access limitations and other logistic related impairments.\r\n","_input_hash":111167397,"_task_hash":1654225915,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Sea level rise, land subsidence, and changing ocean currents have resulted in more frequent nuisance flooding and increased vulnerability to coastal storms.","_input_hash":-543467751,"_task_hash":-156852627,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought\r\nDrought can negatively impact U.S. military installations in various ways, particularly in the Southwest.","_input_hash":-870055517,"_task_hash":-760448826,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"For example, dry conditions from drought impact water supply in areas dependent on surface water.","_input_hash":702283907,"_task_hash":1229203937,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, droughts dry out vegetation, increasing wildfire potential/severity.","_input_hash":973443050,"_task_hash":10348051,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specific to military readiness, droughts can have broad implications for base infrastructure, impair testing activities, and along with increased temperature, can increase the number of black flag day prohibitions for testing and training.","_input_hash":1659775908,"_task_hash":-1285950057,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Drought can contribute to heat- related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke, outlined by the U.S. Army Public Health Center.","_input_hash":404590858,"_task_hash":-1884302604,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Several DoD sites in the DC area (including Joint Base Anacostia Bolling, Joint Base Andrews, U.S. Naval Observatory/Naval Support Facility, and Washington Navy Yard) periodically experienced drought conditions \u2013extreme in 2002 and severe from 2002 through 2018.","_input_hash":2013062016,"_task_hash":-679018423,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, Naval Air Station Key West experienced drought in 2015 and 2011, ranging from extreme to severe, respectively.","_input_hash":-985596218,"_task_hash":831555548,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Drought conditions have caused significant reduction in soil moisture at several Air Force bases resulting in deep or wide cracks in the soil, at times leading to ruptured utility lines and cracked road surfaces.","_input_hash":1017545354,"_task_hash":-1367664314,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Desertification\r\nDesertification poses a number of challenges related to training and maneuvers.","_input_hash":1860701778,"_task_hash":519345007,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Desertification results in reductions in vegetation cover leading to increases in the amount of runoff from precipitation events.","_input_hash":1043588268,"_task_hash":-263458671,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Greater runoff contributes to:\r\n\u2022 higher erosion rates \u2022","_input_hash":1212249990,"_task_hash":-1645626990,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Following rain, eroded soil may be less suitable for native vegetation, resulting in bare land or revegetation with non-native, weedy species.","_input_hash":682188953,"_task_hash":356686226,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"In cases where this results in the expansion of shrub-lands, this could affect the suitability of the landscape for military maneuvers and off-road use.","_input_hash":1928664357,"_task_hash":1261980881,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Army installations Camp Roberts in San Miguel, California, and White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico were identified as vulnerable to current and future desertification, which\r\n7\r\naccelerates erosion and increases soil fragility, possibly limiting future training and testing exercises.","_input_hash":1409855668,"_task_hash":510214938,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Air Force bases in western states, including Kirtland, Creech, Nellis, and Hill were also identified as vulnerable to current and future desertification.","_input_hash":1954809246,"_task_hash":1379662432,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Elle","_view_id":"classification","answer":"ignore"} -{"text":"Due to routine training and testing activities that are significant ignition sources, wildfires are a constant concern on many military installations.","_input_hash":1552514833,"_task_hash":561742376,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"As a result, the DoD spends considerable resources on claims, asset loss, and suppression activities due to wildfire.","_input_hash":-115683603,"_task_hash":1706315669,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"While fire is a key ecological process with benefits for both sound land management and military capability development, other climatic factors including increased wind and drought can lead to an increased severity of wildfire activity.","_input_hash":2074721638,"_task_hash":549586386,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"This could result in infrastructure and testing/training impacts.\r\n","_input_hash":2063731360,"_task_hash":1607602288,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Later determined to be due to live fire training, gusty winds and dry conditions allowed the fire to spread, reaching about 3,300 acres in size, destroying three homes, and causing the evacuation of 250 homes.\r\n","_input_hash":-316484142,"_task_hash":1579628398,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"A wildfire in November 2017 burned 380 acres on Vandenberg Air Force Base in southern California.","_input_hash":-74799089,"_task_hash":420453362,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"While no structures were burned, the fire prompted evacuation of some personnel.","_input_hash":957928014,"_task_hash":-491291403,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Kameron","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Soil strength, ground subsidence, and stability are primarily affected by the phase change of ground ice to water at or near 0\u00b0C and when the soil thermal regime changes (by human activity, infrastructure emplacement, or systemic shifts related to weather).","_input_hash":-1621304749,"_task_hash":55956813,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Such subsidence may be rapid and catastrophic (days), very slow and systematic (decades), or somewhere in between.","_input_hash":-537642868,"_task_hash":1391357437,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In addition, thawing permafrost exposes coasts to increased erosion.\r\n","_input_hash":1667582220,"_task_hash":2023577509,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Thermokarst, which is a type of landscape that results from thawing permafrost, increases wetland areas and creates more challenging terrain.","_input_hash":180424955,"_task_hash":-489120791,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Predicting where this phenomenon occurs and how permafrost might change is vital to maintaining training operations and assessing impending environmental management challenges.\r\n","_input_hash":-1436233105,"_task_hash":1590339776,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In the United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR), rainy season flooding and drought/desertification are very important factors in mission execution on the continent.","_input_hash":1404276508,"_task_hash":-1077446233,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Flooding and earthquake-induced tsunamis in Indonesia contribute to instability in the Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM).","_input_hash":-897446900,"_task_hash":1030793912,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"At Naval Base Guam, recurrent flooding limits capacity for a number of operations and activities including Navy Expeditionary Forces Command Pacific, submarine squadrons, telecommunications, and a number of other specific tasks supporting mission execution.\r\n","_input_hash":362965154,"_task_hash":620139580,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Additionally, recurrent flooding impacts operations and activities of contingency response groups at Andersen Air Force Base, as well as mobility response, communications, combat, and security forces squadrons.","_input_hash":-1317231964,"_task_hash":140851245,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Examples include: emergency management training; construction/renovation of emergency operations centers and disaster relief warehouses; assistance with planning for disaster response and recovery; and country baseline assessments for vulnerabilities to disasters, including vulnerabilities from weather and climate impacts.","_input_hash":-709378953,"_task_hash":-3611667,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Climate effects to the Department\u2019s training and testing are manifested in an increased number of suspended/delayed/cancelled outdoor training/testing events and increased operational health surveillance and health and safety risks to the Department\u2019s personnel.","_input_hash":-678371154,"_task_hash":359255348,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Specifically, installations in the Southeast and Southwest lose significant training and testing time due to extreme heat.\r\n","_input_hash":-1922030923,"_task_hash":-372770073,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Climate effects lead to increased maintenance/repair requirements for training/testing lands and associated infrastructure and equipment (e.g., roads, targets, buildings).","_input_hash":2144469925,"_task_hash":613623300,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition to the loss of use of training and test ranges, these impacts result in increased land management requirements due to stressed threatened/endangered species and related ecosystems on and adjacent to DoD installations.","_input_hash":-715067479,"_task_hash":579927572,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Wildfires in the western United States affecting Vandenberg AFB and operations at the Western Range and Point Mugu Sea Range.\r\n","_input_hash":1562679408,"_task_hash":384950100,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2022 Hurricanes resulting in damage to infrastructure and delays in training, testing programs, and space launches at Tyndall Air Force Base, at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Centers, and the Eastern Range.\r\n","_input_hash":-1957769459,"_task_hash":115300659,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"\u2022 Rising seawater wash-over and contamination of freshwater on atoll installations.\r\n","_input_hash":1483838323,"_task_hash":1700025108,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"To continue missions in the event of loss or damage to critical energy and water infrastructure, the Department uses the Mission Assurance process (DoD 3020.40, Mission Assurance Strategy) to plan and conduct mitigation and remediation actions to improve the resilience of critical assets and capabilities to reduce risk to critical missions.","_input_hash":1592587090,"_task_hash":-528436200,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"\u2022 As mentioned earlier in this report, flooding at JBLE-Langley Air Force Base has become more frequent and severe.","_input_hash":920178373,"_task_hash":1180195440,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Eglin and MacDill Air Force Bases in Florida partnered with local groups to address persistent coastal erosion around their installations.","_input_hash":1456859610,"_task_hash":543069651,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"This initiative will improve upon the Navy\u2019s scientific data, facilitate assessment of various sea level rise (SLR) scenario impacts, and help identify sustainable infrastructure strategies to offset stressors from flooding, beach erosion, and loss of wetlands and habitat.\r\n","_input_hash":-1869344355,"_task_hash":-547146415,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"The greater Hampton Roads area is very vulnerable to flooding caused by rising sea levels and land subsidence.","_input_hash":-38330947,"_task_hash":1397478267,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"Fort Hood, Texas, endured severe flash flooding in June 2016.","_input_hash":-1444110936,"_task_hash":-2122901364,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"A training exercise that involved a low river crossing resulted in the death of several soldiers.","_input_hash":-1026972613,"_task_hash":-1522568187,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"In response to drought risk, SERDP initiated a study to understand and assess environmental vulnerabilities on installations in the desert southwest.","_input_hash":-1773415312,"_task_hash":-1490243327,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Permafrost degradation can impact soil, vegetation, buildings, roads, and airfields.","_input_hash":-322080485,"_task_hash":-736247980,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"accept"} -{"text":"In addition, the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, together with the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory and Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, developed solutions for damage caused by thawing permafrost at Thule Air Base in Greenland.","_input_hash":-1959267311,"_task_hash":-1511770576,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"} -{"text":"Planners must consider the impacts of drought and desertification as high potential instability areas and how these two hazards impact bases and missions.","_input_hash":1300243822,"_task_hash":1131592780,"label":"cause_effect_relation","_session_id":"cm_cause_effect_rel-Veni","_view_id":"classification","answer":"reject"}