Template delimiters are {{ and }}. Delimiters can use . to output the execution context, and they can also contain many different literals, expressions, and declarations.
hello {{ . }} <!-- with context of "world", outputs "hello world" -->
Jet can also be configured to use alternative delimiters, such as [[ and ]].
hello [[ . ]] <!-- equivalent to the above -->
By default, all text outside of template delimiters is copied verbatim when the template is parsed and executed, including whitespace.
foo {{ "bar" }} baz <!-- outputs "foo bar baz" -->
To aid in formatting template source code, Jet can be instructed to trim whitepsace preceding and following delimiters using the {{- and -}} syntax. (This could be [[- and -]] with alternate delimiters, for example.) Note the space character adjacent to the dash which must be present.
foo {{- "bar" -}} baz <!-- outputs "foobarbaz" -->
For this trimming, whitespace is defined as: spaces, horizontal tabs, carriage returns, and newlines.
Comments begin with {* and end with *} and will simply be dropped during template parsing.
{* this is a comment *}
Comments can span multiple lines:
{*
none of this will be executed:
{{ asd }}
{{ include "./foo.jet" }}
*}
Variables have to be initialised before they can be used:
{{ foo := "bar" }}
Initialised variables can be assigned a new value:
{{ foo = "asd" }}
Variables initialised inside a template have no fixed type, so this is valid, too:
{{ foo = 4711 }}
Assigning anything to _ tells Jet to evalute the right side, but skip the actual assignment to a new or existing identifier. This is useful to call a function but discard its return value:
{{ _ := stillRuns() }}
{{ _ = stillRuns() }}
Since no actual assigning takes place, both of the above are equivalent: stillRuns is executed, but the return value will neither be stored in a variable, nor will it be rendered (unlike {{ stillRuns() }}, which would render the return value to the output).
Function and variable names are identifiers. Identifiers simply evaluate to the value stored for them in a variable scope, the globals, or the default variables. For example, the following are identifiers that resolve to built-in functions:
lenissetsplit
After {{ foo := "foo" }}, the foo in {{ len(foo) }} is an identifier expression and resolved to the string "foo".
Indexing expressions use [] syntax and evaluate to a byte in a string, an element in a slice or array, a value in a map, or a field of a struct.
{{ s := "helloworld" }}
{{ s[1] }} <!-- renders 101, the ASCII value of e -->
{{ s := slice("foo", "bar", "asd") }}
{{ s[0] }} <!-- renders foo -->
{{ i := 2 }}
{{ s[i] }} <!-- renders asd -->
{{ m := map("foo", 123, "bar", 456) }}
{{ m["foo"] }} <!-- renders 123 -->
{{ bar := "bar" }}
{{ m[bar] }} <!-- renders 456 -->
Assuming user is a Go struct value with a string field "Name":
{{ user["Name"] }}
Field access expressions use dot notation (foo.bar) and can be used with maps or structs. When the identifier in front of the . is omitted, the field is looked up in the current context (which will fail if the context is not a map or struct).
{{ m := map("foo", 123, "bar", 456) }}
{{ m.foo }} <!-- renders 123 -->
{{ s := slice(m, map("foo", 4711)) }}
{{ range s }}
{{ .foo }} <!-- renders 123, then 4711 -->
{{ end }}
Assuming user is a Go struct value with a string field "Name":
{{ user.Name }}
Assuming users is a slice of Go structs, o:
{{ range users }}
{{ .Name }}
{{ end }}
You may re-slice a slice or array using the Go-like [start:end] syntax. The element at the start index will be included, the one at the end index will be excluded.
{{ s := slice(6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) }}
{{ sevenEightNine := s[1:4] }}
Basic arithmetic operators are supported: +, -, *, /, %
{{ 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 }} <!-- will print 3 (1+6-4) -->
{{ (1 + 2) * 3 - 4.1 }} <!-- will print 4.9 -->
{{ "HELLO" + " " + "WORLD!" }} <!-- will print "HELLO WORLD!" -->
The following operators are supported:
&&: and||: or!: not==: equal!=: not equal>: greater than>=: greater than or equal (= not less than)<: less than<=: less than or equal (= not greater than)
Examples:
{{ item == true || !item2 && item3 != "test" }}
{{ item >= 12.5 || item < 6 }}
Logical expressions always evaluate to either true or false.
x ? y : z evaluates to y if x is truthy or z otherwise.
<title>{{ .HasTitle ? .Title : "Title not set" }}</title>
You can call exported methods of Go types:
{{ user.Rename("Peter") }}
{{ range users }}
{{ .FullName() }}
{{ end }}
Function calls can be written using familiar C-like syntax:
{{ len(s) }}
{{ isset(foo, bar) }}
Function calls can also be written using a colon instead of parentheses:
{{ len: s }}
{{ isset: foo, bar }}
Note that function calls using this syntax can't be nested! This is valid: {{ len: slice("asd", "foo") }}, but this isn't: {{ len: slice: "asd", "foo" }}
Pipelining works by "piping" a value into a function as its first argument:
{{ "123" | len}}
{{ "FOO" | lower | len }}
Pipelines are evaluated left-to-right. This chaining syntax may be easier to read than deeply nested calls:
{{ "123" | lower | upper | len }}
is equivalent to
{{ len(upper(lower("123"))) }}
Inside a pipeline, functions can be enriched with additional parameters:
{{ "hello" | repeat: 2 | len }}
{{ "hello" | repeat(2) | len }}
Both of the above are equivalent to this:
{{ len(repeat("hello", 2)) }}
Please note that the raw, unsafe, safeHtml or safeJs built-in escapers (or custom safe writers) need to be the last command evaluated in an action node. This means they have to come last when used in a pipeline.
{{ "hello" | upper | raw }} <!-- valid -->
{{ raw: "hello" }} <!-- valid -->
{{ raw: "hello" | upper }} <!-- invalid (upper would be evaluated after raw) -->
When pipelining, it can be desirable to use the piped value in a different slot in the function call than the first. To tell Jet where to inject the piped value, use _:
{{ 2 | repeat("foo", _) }} <!-- 'foo' two times -->
{{ 2 | repeat("foo", _) | repeat(_, 3) }} <!-- 'foo' six times -->
All of the following produce the same output as the second line in the example above:
{{ 2 | repeat("foo", _) | repeat(3) }}
{{ 2 | repeat: "foo", _ | repeat: 3 }}
{{ 2 | repeat: "foo", _ | repeat: _, 3 }}
This feature is inspired by function capturing in Gleam.
You can branch inside templates depending on a condition using if:
{{ if foo == "asd" }}
foo is 'asd'!
{{ end }}
You may provide an else block when using if:
{{ if foo == "asd" }}
foo is 'asd'!
{{ else }}
foo is something else!
{{ end }}
You can test for another condition using else if:
{{ if foo == "asd" }}
foo is 'asd'!
{{ else if foo == 4711 }}
foo is 4711!
{{ end }}
This is exactly the same as this code:
{{ if foo == "asd" }}
foo is 'asd'!
{{ else }}
{{ if foo == 4711 }}
foo is 4711!
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
if / else if / else works, too, of course:
{{ if foo == "asd" }}
foo is 'asd'!
{{ else if foo == 4711 }}
foo is 4711!
{{ else }}
foo is something else!
{{ end }}
and will do exactly the same as this:
{{ if foo == "asd" }}
foo is 'asd'!
{{ else }}
{{ if foo == 4711 }}
foo is 4711!
{{ else }}
foo is something else!
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
Use range to iterate over data, just like you would in Go, or how you would use a foreach loop in other programming languages. Inside the range, the context (.) is set to the current iteration's value:
{{ s := slice("foo", "bar", "asd") }}
{{ range s }}
{{.}}
{{ end }}
Jet provides built-in rangers for Go slices, arrays, maps, and channels. You can add your own by implementing the Ranger interface.
When iterating over a slice or array, Jet can give you the current iteration index:
{{ range i := s }}
{{i}}: {{.}}
{{ end }}
If you want, you can have Jet assign the iteration value to another value:
{{ range i, v := s }}
{{i}}: {{v}}
{{ end }}
The iteration value will then not be used as context (.); instead, the parent context remains available.
When iterating over a map, Jet can give you the key current iteration index:
{{ m := map("foo", "bar", "asd", 123)}}
{{ range k := m }}
{{k}}: {{.}}
{{ end }}
Just like with slices, you can have Jet assign the iteration value to another value:
{{ range k, v := m }}
{{k}}: {{v}}
{{ end }}
The iteration value will then not be used as context (.); instead, the parent context remains available.
When iterating over a channel, you can have Jet assign the iteration value to another value in order to keep the parent context, similar to the two-variables syntax for slices and maps:
{{ range v := c }}
{{v}}
{{ end }}
It's an error to use channels together with the two-variable syntax.
Any value that implements the Ranger interface can be used for ranging over values. Look in the package docs for an example.
range statements can have an else block which is executed if there are non values to range over (as signalled by the Ranger). For example, it will run when iterating an empty slice, array or map or a closed channel:
{{ range searchResults }}
{{.}}
{{ else }}
No results found :(
{{ end }}
If you want to attempt rendering something, but don't want Jet to crash when something goes wrong, you can use try:
{{ try }}
we're not sure if we already initialised foo,
so the next line might fail...
{{ foo }}
{{ end }}
You can do anything you want inside a try block, even yield blocks or include other templates.
All render output generated inside the try block is buffered and only included in the surrounding output after execution of the entire block completed successfully. Any runtime error means no content from inside try is kept.
In case of an error inside the try block, you can have Jet evaluate a catch block:
{{ try }}
we're not sure if we already initialised foo,
so the next line might fail...
{{ foo }}
{{ catch }}
foo was not initialised, this is fallback content
{{ end }}
Errors occuring inside the catch block are not caught and will cause execution to abort.
You can also have the error that occured assigned to a variable inside the catch block to log it or otherwise handle it. Since it's a Go error value, you have to call .Error() on it to get the error message as a string.
{{ try }}
we're not sure if we already initialised foo,
so the next line might fail...
{{ foo }}
{{ catch err }}
{{ log(err.Error()) }}
uh oh, something went wrong: {{ err.Error() }}
{{ end }}
err will not be available outside the catch block.
Including a template is similar to using partials in other template languages. All local and global variables are available to you in the included template. You can pass a context by specifying it as the last argument in the include statement. If you don't pass a context, the current context will be kept.
<!-- file: "user.jet" -->
<div class="user">
{{ .["name"] }}: {{ .["email"] }}
</div>
<!-- file: "index.jet" -->
{{ range users }}
{{ include "./user.jet" }}
{{ end }}
Executing index.jet with
{{ users := map(
"4243", map("name", "Peter", "email", "[email protected]"),
"4534", map("name", "Bob", "email", "[email protected]")
) }}
gives you:
<div class="user">
Peter: [email protected]
</div>
<div class="user">
Bob: [email protected]
</div>
Templates can set a value as their return value using return. This is only useful when the template was executed using the exec() built-in function, which will make the return value of a template available in another template.
return will not stop execution of the current block or template!
<!-- file: "foo.jet" -->
{{ f := "f" }}
{{ o := "o" }}
{{ return f+o+o }}
<!-- file: "bar.jet" -->
{{ foo := exec("./foo.jet") }}
Hello, {{ foo }}!
The output will simply be:
Hello, foo!
You can think of blocks as partials or pieces of a template that you can invoke by name.
To define a block, use block:
{{block copyright()}}
<div>© ACME, Inc. 2020</div>
{{end}}
Defining a block in a template that's being executed will also invoke it immediately. To avoid this, use import or extends. Blocks can't be named "content", "yield", or other Jet keywords.
A block definition accepts a comma-separated list of argument names, with optional defaults:
{{ block inputField(type="text", label, id, value="", required=false) }}
<div class="form-field">
<label for="{{ id }}">{{ label }}</label>
<input type="{{ type }}" value="{{ value }}" id="{{ id }}" {{ required ? "required" : "" }} />
</div>
{{ end }}
To invoke a previously defined block, use yield:
<footer>
{{yield copyright()}}
</footer>
{{yield inputField(id="firstname", label="First name", required=true)}}
The sequence of parameters is irrelevant, and parameters without a default value must be passed when yielding a block.
You can pass something to be used as context, or the current context will be passed. Given
{{block buff()}}
<strong>{{.}}</strong>
{{end}}
the following invocation
{{yield buff() "Batman"}}
will produce
<strong>Batman</strong>
When defining a block, use the special {{ yield content }} statement to designate where any inner content should be rendered. Then, when you invoke the block with yield, use the keyword content at the end of the yield. For example:
{{ block link(target) }}
<a href="{{ target }}">{{ yield content }}</a>
{{ end }}
[...]
{{ yield link(target="https://www.example.com") content }}
Example Inc.
{{ end }}
The output will be
<a href="https://www.example.com">Example Inc.</a>
The invocating yield ({{ yield link(target="https://www.example.com") content }}) will store the content (together with the current variable scope) and the {{ yield content }} part will restore the variable scope and execute the content. When you pass a context during the yield block invocation, it will be used when executing the content as well.
Since defining a block will also invoke it, you can also define some content immediately as part of the block definition:
{{ name := "Sarah" }}
{{ block header() }}
<div class="header">
{{ yield content }}
</div>
{{ content }}
<h1>Hey {{ name }}!</h1>
{{ end }}
This will render something like the following at the position where the block is defined:
<div class="header">
<h1>Hey Sarah!</h1>
</div>
You can yield a block inside its own definition:
{{ block menu() }}
<ul>
{{ range . }}
<li>{{ .Text }}{{ if len(.Children) }}{{ yield menu() .Children }}{{ end }}</li>
{{ end }}
</ul>
{{ end }}
A template can extend another template using an extends statement followed by a template path at the very top:
<!-- file: "content.jet" -->
{{extends "./layout.jet"}}
In an extending template, content outside of a block definition will be discarded:
<!-- file: "content.jet" -->
{{extends "./layout.jet"}}
{{block body()}}
<main>
This content can be yielded anywhere.
</main>
{{end}}
This content will never be rendered.
The extended template then has to have yield slots to render your blocks into:
<!-- file: "layout.jet" -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
{{yield body()}}
</body>
</html>
The final result will be:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<main>
This content can be yielded anywhere.
</main>
</body>
</html>
Every template can only extend one other template, and the extends statement has to be at the very top of the file (even above import statements).
Since the extending template isn't actually executed (the extended template is), the blocks defined in it don't run until you yield them explicitely.
A template's defined blocks can be imported into another template using the import statement:
<!-- file: "my_blocks.jet" -->
{{ block body() }}
<main>
This content can be yielded anywhere.
</main>
{{ end }}
<!-- file: "index.jet" -->
{{ import "./my_blocks.jet" }}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
{{ yield body() }}
</body>
</html>
Executing index.jet will produce:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<main>
This content can be yielded anywhere.
</main>
</body>
</html>
import makes all the blocks from the imported template available in the importing template. There is no way to only import (a) specific block(s).
Since the imported template isn't actually executed, the blocks defined in it don't run until you yield them explicitely.