topic_data.json

{
    "language_string": "Portuguese",
    "dependencies_name": ["TO-BE:-SER/ESTAR", "Preposition Contractions 3"],
    "practice_recommended": false,
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    "skill_progress": {
        "level": 5
    },
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    "has_explanation": true,
    "url_title": "Demonstratives",
    "icon_color": "red",
    "category": "",
    "num_lessons": 3,
    "strength": 1.0,
    "beginner": false,
    "title": "Demonstratives",
    "level_sessions_finished": 36,
    "coords_y": 21,
    "coords_x": 1,
    "progress_level_session_index": 36,
    "id": "7f3a36f02da2bd6f4a1b57f304f15266",
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    "explanation": "<p>Demonstratives are words that demonstrate something, such as \"this\" and \"that\" in English.</p>\n<p>As it happens with place adverbs, demonstratives in Portuguese also consider three distances: \"near the speaker\", \"near the listener\", \"far from both\". <br />\n</p>\n<p><strong>Distance rules</strong></p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Demonstr.</th>\n<th>Place</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Isto / Este</td>\n<td>Aqui</td>\n<td><strong>This</strong> thing here</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Isso / Esse</td>\n<td>A\u00ed</td>\n<td><strong>That</strong> thing near the listener</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aquilo / Aquele</td>\n<td>Ali / L\u00e1</td>\n<td><strong>That</strong> thing far from us</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>For abstract things or things for which the location is not clear or doesn't atually exist, usually \"isso\" is the best choice. </p>\n<p><code>*</code> - In Brazil, the difference between \"isto\" and \"isso\" is almost unknown/forgotten. Thus Duolingo will accept replacing \"isto\" with \"isso\", and also translating \"isso\" with \"this\". But it won't accept translating \"that\" with \"isto\", nor \"this\" with \"aquilo\".  <br />\n</p>\n<p><strong>Indefinite pronouns</strong></p>\n<p>The indefinite pronouns are used to represent something. They cannot be used as determiners, and they will mainly be used for things yet to be explained.</p>\n<p>They are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Isto = this (thing)  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Isso = that (thing) (also accepting \"this\") <br />\n</li>\n<li>Aquilo = that (thing)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Definite pronouns/determiners</strong></p>\n<p>These are used to \"point to something\" that is already known or defined. Since they refer to a noun, they have inflections such as an adjective pronoun:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Este / Esta / Estes / Estas  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Esse / Essa / Esses / Essas  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Aquele / Aquela / Aqueles / Aquelas</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Often, when the noun is not present, you can translate these as \"this one/these ones\" or \"that one/those ones\". </p>\n<p><strong>Definite or Indefinite?</strong></p>\n<p>Use the indefinite version when you're going to explain something.  <br />\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>This is a dog = Isto \u00e9 um c\u00e3o (notice that \"um c\u00e3o\" is indefinite too)   <br />\n</li>\n<li>What is that? = O qu\u00e9 aquilo?  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Isso n\u00e3o pode ser verdade = That cannot be true  <br />\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Use the definite version when you're choosing one from a list, of introducing things that don't need to be explained:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quero este = I want this one  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Este \u00e9 o Daniel = This (person) is Daniel (notice that Daniel is pretty definite)   <br />\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Comparing:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Isto \u00e9 interessante = This is interesting  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Esta/Este \u00e9 interessante = This one is insteresting  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Isto \u00e9 o meu gato = This (thing here) is my cat   <br />\n</li>\n<li>Este \u00e9 o meu gato = This (one) is my cat  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Quem \u00e9 aquele? = Who is that (man over there)?  <br />\n</li>\n<li>Quem \u00e9 aquela? = Who is that (woman over there)?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>PS: avoid using \"isto/isso/aquilo\" for people and animals, it sounds like treating them like objects.</p>",
    "num_lexemes": 9,
    "num_missing": 0,
    "comment_data": {},
    "dependencies": ["To Be: Ser / Estar", "Preposition Contractions 3"],
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    "words": ["isto", "isso", "aquilo", "estes", "esse", "aquela", "estas"],
    "num_sessions_for_level": 36,
    "path": [],
    "num_levels": 5,
    "learned_ts": 1555706413,
    "short": "Demonstra.",
    "locked": false,
    "name": "Demonstratives",
    "language": "pt",
    "new_index": 45,
    "progress_percent": 100.0,
    "mastered": true,
    "dependency_order": 20
}