diff --git a/quests.py b/quests.py index cf762ee..bbcd7d2 100644 --- a/quests.py +++ b/quests.py @@ -1,468 +1,11 @@ -cards = { -"What is Zeolite?": "Na2OAl2O3.xSiO2.yH2O", -"Common Zeolite is? and known as?": "Na2OAl2O3.3SiO2.2H2O and known as natrolith", -"Artificial Zeolite is called?": "Permutit", -"Natrolite Formulae": "Na2o.Al2O3 4SiO2.2H2O", -"Laumontite Formulae": "CaO.Al2O3 4SiO2.4H2O", -"Harmotome": "(BaO.K2O).Al2O3. 5SiO2.5H2O", -"Softening Process of Zeolite": """ -Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 --> 2 NaHCO3 + CaZe -Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2 --> 2 NaHCO3 + MgZe -Na2Ze + CaSO42 --> Na2SO4 + CaZe -Na2Ze + CaCl22 --> NaCl + CaZe -""", +from operator import itemgetter -"Regeneration process of Zeolite": """ -CaZe (or) MgZe + 2 NaCl --> Na2Ze + CaCl2 or MgCl2 +# Sort the cards by the length of the answer +sorted_cards = sorted(cards.items(), key=lambda x: len(x[1]), reverse=True) -in a Brine solution -""", -"Advantages of Zeolite process": """ -o Residual hardness of water is about 10 ppm only -o Equipment is small and easy to handle -o Time required for softening of water is small -o No sludge formation and the process is clean -o Zeolite can be regenerated easily using brine solution -o Any type of hardness can be removed without any modifications to the process -""", -"Disadvantages of Zeolite": """ -1. Coloured water or water containing suspended impurities -cannot be used without filtration ---- -2. Water containing acidic pH cannot be used for softening since -acid will destroy zeolite. -""", -"What are Ion Exchange Resins": "Ion-exchange resins are cross linked long chain polymers with microporous structure", -"[IER] which functional groups exchange H+": -"""Acidic functional groups (-COOH, -SO3H etc.) exchange H+ for cations -""", -"[IER] which functional groups exchange OH-": """ -Basic functional groups (-NH2, =NH etc.) exchange OH- for -anions. -""", -"[IER] When are Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers capable of H+ exchange?": """ -When sulphonated (R-SO3H functional gorup: Sulphonic acid) [MOD7 Slide 10] -""", -"[IER] NH2+ QN+ QP+ QS+ functional groups exchange which ions? and with which copolymers?": - "OH- exchange for anions present in water and used with Syrene divinyl benzene or amine formaldehyde copolymers", -"Process for Ion Exchange?": """ -2 RH+ + Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) --> R2Ca(2+)/R2Mg(2+) + 2H+ (Cation exchange) -R’OH- + Cl- --> R’ + Cl- + OH- (anion exchange) -2R’OH- + (SO4)(2-) --> (R’2(SO4))(2-) + 2 OH- (anion exchange) -2R’OH- + (CO3)(2-) --> (R’2(CO3))(2-) + 2 OH- (anion exchange) -Finally, -H+ + OH- ==> H2 O -""", -"Regeneration of Exhausted resins": -""" -Cation Exhange Resin Regen. (Sulphonated) -R2Ca(2+)/R2Mg(2+) + 2H+ --> 2 RH+ + Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) (cation) (Strong acid) (washings) - -Anion Exchange Resin Regen. (Alkali Treated) -R’2(SO4)(2-) + 2 OH- --> 2 R’OH- + SO4(2-) (Strong base) (washings) -""", -"Which resin comes first in water softening by IER and Why?": """ -Hard water should be first passed through the cation exchanger and then -Anion exchanger to avoid hydroxides of Ca2+ and Mg2+ getting formed -""", -"Is water directly from a mixed bed deioniser suitable for human consumption?": "No, the water from a mixed bed deioniser comes in contact with resins multiple times resulting in a TDS of 1ppm which is unfit for consumption", -"[IER] Advantages": """ -1. Can be used for highly acidic and highly alkaline water -2. Residual Hardness is as low as 2ppm -3. Very good for treating water for high pressure boilers -""", -"[IER] Disadvantages": """ -1. Expensive equipment and chemicals -2. Turbidity of water should be < 10 ppm. Otherwise output will -reduce; turbidity needs to be coagulated before treatment. -3. Needs skilled labour -""", - -"How is 1 Calorie of energy defined?": """ -1 Calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature -of 1 gram of water through 1 degree centigrade""", -"What is Higher/Gross Calorific Value": """ -the total amount of heat produced when one unit mass/volume of the -fuel has been burnt completely and the products of -combustion have been cooled to room temperature. -""", - -"What is Lower/Net Calorific Value": """ -the net heat produced when unit mass / -volume of the fuel is burnt completely and the products are -permitted to escape -""", - -"How is Net Calorific Value related to Gross Calorific Value in Bomb Calorimeter": -""" -Since most combustion products from fuels only contain water as a product which is capable of realeasing -its latent heat by condensation at room temperature, we may relate Net Calorific Value as: -NCV = GCV - (Mass of hydrogen) * 9 * latent heat of steam""", -"What is relation between Observed Temp. and Gross Calorific Value": -""" -m = mass of fuel pellet -W = mass of water (g) -w = water equivalent of calorimeter (in terms of heat capacity) (g) -t1 = initial temp. -t2 = final temp -L = GCV = (W + w) * (t2 - t1) / m cal/gm -""", -"What is Spectroscopy": """ -Spectroscopy is a branch of science that studies the interaction between electromagnetic (EM) radiation and matter.""", -"What is the wavelength range for UV-vis spectroscopy": "UV (1 nm - 400nm) and Visible (400 nm - 750 nm)", -"What are the elctrons involved in electronic transitions in UV-vis spectroscopy": """ -1. Pi, sigma and n electrons -2. Charge-transfer electrons -3. d and f electrons -""", -"What is required for a complex to show charge-transfer behaviour": - "one of the components must be able to donate electrons and other component must be able to accept electrons.", -"What are functional groups which absorb UV-vis called?": "Chromophores", -"Are pi to sigma* and sigma to pi* transitions allowed?": "No", -"What is the wavelength for sigma to sigma* transition": "125nm", -"What is the wavelength for n to sigma* transition": "150-250nm", -"What is the wavelength for n to pi* and pi to pi* transition": "200 - 700nm", -"What is an Auxochrome?": "Group of atoms attached to a chromophore which modifies the ability of that chromophore to absorb light", -"What are the 4 characterestics in which Auxochromes affect Chromophores?": -"""Bathochromic Shift: Absorption maximum shifted to longer wavelength (red shift) -Hypsochromic shift: Absorption maximum shifted to shorter wavelength (blue shift), ---- -Hyperchromism: increase in molar absorptivity -Hypochromism: decrease in molar absorptitvity -""", -"State the scherrer equation": "t = K*lambda / beta cos(theta)", -"What is Wehnelt Cylinder?": "A platinum of tantalu foil cylinder used for focusing and controlling the electron beam", -"Name the components of electron gun": "Filament, Wehnelt cylinder and Anode", -"What type of lenses does the SEM use?": "Magnetic Lenses", -"What happens to the sample due to electron bombardment": """ -1. The specimen itelf emits secondary electrons -2. Some of the primary electrons are reflected (back-scattered electrons) -3. electrons are absorbed by the specimen -4. Specimen emits X-rays and sometimes emits photons (light) -""", -"What is the role of goniometer?": """ -allows movement in X Y and Z directions and permits rotation of the specimen. -""", -"What is a scintillation detector?": -"""Scintillation detectors use a flouroescent screen which then emits light that is -amplified and converted into an electrical signal by photomultiplier tube""", -"What is a Solid State detector?": "it works by amplifying the minute signal produced by incoming electrons using a semiconductor device", -"Purpose of CRT in SEM": - """The amplified signal of the electron beam is also impacted on a -cathode ray tube both the beam in the microscope amd the one in CRT are -scanned at the same rate and the 1-to-1 relationship between each point -on the CRT screen and the correspoinding point on the specimen is used -to build an image""", -"Importance of vaccum in SEM column": """ -If the sample is in a gas filled environment then beam cannot be generated -or maintained because high instability in the beam. Also gases could react -with the filament in the electron source, causing it to burn out, or cause -electron in the beam to ionize, which produces random discharges and leads -to instability in the beam. -""", -"State the Bragg's Equation": "n * lambda = 2*d*sin(theta)", -"What is the name of the thermometer used in Bomb Calorimeter?": - """Beckmann's Thermometer""", -"What is Beta in Scherrer equation": -"""β is the line broadening at half the maximum intensity (FWHM), after -subtracting the instrumental line broadening, given in radians""", -"What is a Composite Material?": """ -a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties -combined to produce a new material which is specific to a definite work, -for instance, to become stronger, lighter, or resistant to electricity -and also improve strength and stiffness -""", -"What are the two constietuents of composites": "Matrix (continuous phase) and Reinforcement (dispersed Phase)", -"What are requirements of Matrix?": """ -1. Keep fibres in place -2. Distribute or transfer loads -3. Control electrical and chemical properties of composite -4. Carry interlaminar shear""", -"What are the two major types of composites?": -"""1. Natural composites, Wood=Cellulose+Lignin and Bone = Hydroxyapatite+Collagen -2.Synthetic Composites, Mud Bricks=Mud+Straw, Fibre Glass -""", -"What are the types of composites based on Materials": -"""Polymer matrix compposite (PMCs) -Metal Matrix composite (MMCs) -Ceramic Matrix composite (CMCs) -Carbon/carbon composites (c/Cs)""", -"What are the types of composites based on geometry of reinforcement?": -"""Particulate reinforces composites -Whisker/Flakes reinforced composies -Fibre reinforced composites -""", -"PMC types":""" -Resin based: -1. Thermoplastic polymer matrix -2. Thermoset polymer matrix -Elastomer based composites -""", -"Properties of Thermoplastic polymer matrix": -""" -Reversible, low creep resistance, low thermal stability -""", -"Properties of elastomer based composites": """ -Flexible, greater extensibility high-energy storing capacity, -Higher elastic strain higher than of metal -""", -"Applications of PMC": """ -1. Glass Fibre PMC -2. Carbon Fibre PMC -3. Polymer fibre PMC -""", -"What are Metal matrix composites?": -""" -Metal Matrix composites are composed of a metal matrix (Al, Mg, Fe, Cu, etc) -and a dispersed cermic (oxides, carbides) or metallic phase (Pb, Mo, W etc) -""", -"What are Ceramic Matrix composites": """ -ceramic matrix can be reinforced with either discontinuous -reinforcements, such as particles, whiskers or chopped fibres, -particulates having compositions of Si3N4, SiC, AlN, titanium diboride, -boron carbide, and boron nitride or with continuous fibres. -""", -"What are the two types of plastics?": """ -1. Thermoplastic -2. Thermosetting resin -""", -"what type of plastic is Acrlonite Butadiene Styrene": "Thermoplastic resin", -"Bakelite properties": "Rigid, hard, scratch-resistant, infusible, water-resistant, insoluble solids, which are resistant to non-oxidizing acids, salts and many other organic solvent, but are attacked by alaklis, because of the presenc of free hydroxyl group in their structures", -"Properties of Poly tetra fuloro ethylene": """ -1. TEFLON is hard, strong, extreme toughness, high chemical -resisitance with a high m.pt. and very low surface friction -2. High softening point (350 C), waxy touch, good mechanical and -electrical properties -3.Softens at 350C, can be moulded by applying high pressure -""", -"What are conducting polymers?": """ -Polymers, particularly those with a conjugated p-bond structure often show higher -conductivity when doped with conductive materials. -""", -"Give any one example of a conducting polymer": """ -trans-polyacetylene -polythiophene -polyaniline -poly(p-phenylene) -polypyrrole -""", -"Types of conducting polymers": """ -1. Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP) -2. Doped Conducting polymers -3. Extrinsically conducting polymers (ECP) -""", -"Factors that affect conductivity of polymers": """ -1. Density of charge carriers -2. Their mobility -3. The direction -4. Presence of doping materials (additives that facilitate the polymer conductivity in a better way) -5. Temperature -""", -"How do ICPs form conduction bands?": """ -Conjugation of sigma and pi-electrons over the entire backbone, -forms valence bands and conduction bands. -""", -"What is p-doping?": """ -It involves treating an ICP with a Lewis acid which leads to -oxidation process and positive charges on the polymer backbone are created. - -some p-dopnats: I2 Br2 AsF5 PF5 -polyacetylene + Iodine -2(C2H2)n + 2I2 --> 2[(C2H2)n(+) I3(-)] -""", -"what is n-doping": -""" -It involves treating an ICP with a Lewis base which leads to -reduction process and negative charges on the polymer backbone are created. - -some n-dopants Li, Na, Ca, FeCl3, naphthylamine - -(C2H2)n + C10H7NH2 --> [(C2H2)n(-) NH(+)] + C10H8 -""", -"What is a soliton?": """ -The soliton is a charged or a neutral defect in the polyacetylene chain that -propagates down the chain, thereby reducing the barrier for interconversion. -""", -"What is Intersoliton hopping": """ -Transfer of charge from one chain to another is called intersoliton hopping. -""", -"What are ECPs?": """ -These are those polymers whose conductivity is due to the -presence of externally added ingredients in them. - -Two types: -1. Conductive element filled polymer - Polymer is a binder for conductive elements such as carbon black, metallic fibres -2. Blended Conducting Polymers - blending a conventional polymer with a conducting polymer either by physical or chemical change. -""", -"What is OLED?": """ -An organic light-emitting diode (OLED or organic LED), also known as organic -electroluminescent (organic EL) diode, is a light-emitting diode (LED) in -which the emissive electroluminescent (EL) layer is a film of organic -compound that emits light in response to an electric current -""", -"Explain how OLED works?": -""" -In a P-N junction regarding the holes, the free electrons would be at the -higher energy bands. when in forward bias, there is change in energy level -as the voltage drops from conduction band to valence band -In standard diodes, this enery is released as heat, but in LED it is in form -of light. -""", -"Types of nanomaterials based on the constituent?": """ -1. Carbon based -2. Inorganic: Metal Oxides, Metals, Quantum dots -3. Polymeric materials""", -"What is Quantume Confinement?": """ -In nanoparticles with some of its dimensions smaller than 10nm, show new effects -since the laws of classical physics no longer valid, we need quentum physics -due to which there is a drastic effect on the density of electronic states and thus -on the optical response -""", -"What are Quantum dots?":""" -Semiconductor prticles of few nanometers (<10nm) in size -having optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles""", -"Give Top down approach to making nanoparticles": """ -High-energy ball milling/Machining -Chemical Oxidation Process (CNTs to QDs) -Electrochemical Oxidation Process (Graphite rod to QDs) -Lithography (photo- and electrochemical) -Etching/Cutting -Coating -Atomization -""", -"Explain milling process": """ -Powders diameters of about 50 µm with a number of hardened -steel or tungsten carbide (WC) coated balls in a sealed -container which is shaken or violently agitated. The most -effective ratio for the ball to powder mass is 5 : 10. -""", -"Pros and Cons of milling": """ -Cons: -1. Restricted to relatively hard, brittle materials which -fracture and/or deform and cold weld during the milling -2. Difficulty in broken down to required particle size -3. Contamination by the milling tools and atmosphere -4. Sever plastic deformations asscociated with mechanical -attrition due to generation of high temp in the interphase -100 to 200 deg C -Pros: High production rates -""", -"Explain Sol-Gel Process": """ -1. Creation of Solultion of alkoxides -2. Gelatons resulting from formation of an oxde or alchol-brdged network -by polycondentaion or polyesterification reaction -3. Aging the gel, during which the polycondensation reactions continue -until the gel transforms into a solid mass, accompanied by contraction of -the gel network and expulsion of solvent from gel pores -4. Drying of gel, when water and other voltile liquids are removed from -the gel network -5. Dehydration during which surface bound M-OH groups are removed, thereby -stabilizing the gel against rehydration. This is normally achieved by calcining -at temps upt to 800 C (by thermal evaporation xerogel, supercritcal aerogel) -6. Densification and Decomposition of the gels at high temps > 800C -The pores of the gel are collapsed, and remaining organic species are -volatilized. -""", -"Summarise the solgel procedure with flow chart": """ -Sol --> Gelation --> Ageing --> Drying --> Dehydration --> -Densification & Deomposition --> Product -""", -"Pros and Cons of Sol Gel": """ -Pros: -1. Synthesizing nonmetallic inorganic materials like glasses, glass -2. Monosized nanoparticles possibleby this bottom up approach -Cons: -1. Controlling the growth of particles and then stopping the newly -formed particles from agglomerating. -2. Difficult to ensure complete reaction so that no unwanted reactant -is left on the product -3. Complete removal of growth aids -4. Production rate very slow -""", -"Does resistivity of Semiconductors increase with temperature?":"No, it decreases with temperature", -"Why use Lithium in batteries?":""" -Lithium is very light -Li-ion batteries achieve a high gravimetric specific energy density -Li+ has a very large negative standard reduction potential -Li-ion battery produces maximum voltage 3.7 V per cell -3 times more than 1.3V of Ni-Cd -""", -"Construction of Li-ion batteries": -""" -Cathode: Positive Electrode and it is typically -layers of lithium-metal oxide (LiCoO2, LiMn2O4) -Anode: The negative electrode is made from graphite, usually -with composition Li0.5C6 -Electrolyte: Mixture of organic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate -Seprator: Prevents touching two electrodes. This absorbs the electrolyte, and -enables the passage of ions, but prevents the direct contact of the two electrodes -within the lithium in cell. -""", -"Li-Ion reactions": """ -Anode: LiCoO2 --> Li(1-n)CoO2 + nLi(+) + ne(-) -Cathode: C6 + ne(-) + nLi(+) --> LiC6 ---- -LiCoO2 + C6 → Li(1-n)CoO2 + Li(n)C6 -=== -Anode: Li(n)C6 → C6 + n e- + n Li+ -Cathode: Li(1-n)CoO2 + nLi+ + n e- ==> LiCoO2 ---- -Li(1-n)CoO2 + C6Li(n) --> LiCoO2 + C6 -""", -"What is a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell": """ -SOFC is a high-temperature FC that utilizes solid ceramic inorganic -oxide as an electrolyte known as Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) - -Efficiency: over 60% when converting fuel to electricity -It is resistant to small quantities of sulphur in the fuel -and can be used with coal gas - -Anode/Fuel electrode: Nickel mixed with YSZ, porous ceramic and metal layer which allows fuel to flow towards electrolyte -Cathode/Air electrode: mixed ion conducting and electronically conducting ceramic material, this porous, oxygen reduction takes place. Strontium doped lanthunum manganite -Electrolyte: Oxide ion (O(2-)) conducting ceramic, most popular is bilayer composite electrolyte (YSZ layer + gadolinium doped CeO2) (GDC layer) or a mixture ZrO and CaO -""", -"Working of a SOFC": """ -Anode (Oxidation): -H2(g) + CO(g) + 2O(2-) --> H2O(g) + CO2(g) + 4e(-) -Cathode (Reduction): -O2 (g) + 4e- → 2 O2- -Net Reaction: -H2 (g) + CO (g) + O2 (g) → H2O (g) + CO2 (g) -""", -"Pros and Cons of SOFC": """ -Pros: -1. SOFCs have a number of advantages due to their solid materials and high operating temperature. -2. Since all the components are solid, as a result, there is no need for electrolyte loss maintenance and electrode corrosion is eliminated. -3. Also because of high-temperature operation, the SOFC has a better ability to tolerate the presence of impurities as a result of life increasing. -4. High efficiencies: Due to high-quality waste heat for cogeneration applications and low activation losses, the efficiency for electricity production is great. -5. Low emissions. Releasing negligible pollution. It is the cleanest among all fuel cells. ---- -Cons: -1. High Operating temperature (500 - 1000 C) results in longer startup times and mechanical/chemical compatibility issues. -2. The cost and complex fabrication are also significant problems that need to be solved. -""", -"Summarise Alkaline & Acidic Fuel Cell": -""" -+ Similar to galvanic cell, fuel cell also has two half cells. -+ Both half cells have porous graphite electrode with a catalyst (Platinum, silver or a metal oxide) -+ The electrodes are placed in the aqueous solution of NaOH or KOH (alkaline fuel cells-AFC) or H2SO4 (acidic fuel cell) which acts as an electrolyte. -+ Hydrogen and oxygen are supplied at anode and cathode respectively at about 50 atmospheric pressure, the gases diffuse at respective electrodes. -+ The overall chemical reaction in a hydrogen fuel electrochemical cell involves the oxidation of hydrogen by oxygen to produce only water. -2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O -""", -"What is Inductive effect?": "Charge is dispersed to other groups by +I effect in carbocation and -I effect in carbanion", -"What is hyperconjugative effect?": "An alkyl group may reduce the positive charge of a carbocation by hyperconjugative electron-release", -"What is Resonance": "When the positive carbon of a carbocation is next to a double bond, effective charge delocalization with consequent stabilization occurs", -"What is steric effect": "Carbocations dont react with anionic nuclephiles as the new hybridisation state increases steric strain due to geometry, carbocation more stable in the earlier hybridisation, this is steric effect", -"What is an Aromatic system?": "4n+2 pi electrons, Planar, conjugated, increase stability of carbocation", -"Does higher s character stabilise carboanion": "Yes, SP hybridisation is more stabilised SP3", -"what is Carbon Yilde (R3N-CR2) stabilised by?": "-I inductive electron witdrawal effect", -"what is methylene benzene anion mainly stabilised by?": "Conjugation", -"What is cyclopentadienyl anion stabilised by?": "Aromatic system, conjugated, 4n+2 pi electrons, planar", -"is alkyl group an electron withdrawing group": "No, it is donating", -"state rules for aromaticity": """ - -""" -} \ No newline at end of file +# Display the top 5 hardest cards +print("Top 5 Hardest Cards:") +for i, (question, answer) in enumerate(sorted_cards[:5], 1): + print(f"{i}. {question}") + print(" Answer:", answer) + print("-" * 4)