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🦀 30 Days of Rust: Day 24 - Integrating with C/C++ 🔗

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Author: Het Patel

October, 2024

<< Day 23 | Day 25 >>

30DaysOfRust

📘 Day 24 - Integrating with C/C++

👋 Welcome

Welcome to Day 24 of the 30 Days of Rust Challenge! 🎉

Today’s focus is on integrating Rust with C and C++. By leveraging Rust’s Foreign Function Interface (FFI), you can combine the safety and performance of Rust with existing C/C++ libraries or expose Rust’s functionality to C/C++ projects.

By the end of today’s lesson, you will:

  • Learn the basics of Rust’s FFI.
  • Use tools like bindgen to create Rust bindings for C libraries.
  • Expose Rust functions to C++ code.
  • Build hybrid applications using Rust and C++.

Let’s dive into this exciting and practical aspect of Rust development! 🚀

🔍 Overview

Rust’s FFI allows seamless interaction between Rust and other languages like C and C++. This interoperability is critical for:

  • Using legacy libraries written in C/C++.
  • Incrementally rewriting existing C/C++ projects in Rust.
  • Exposing Rust’s safe abstractions to other ecosystems.

Rust’s FFI primarily revolves around:

  • extern keyword: Declares functions from other languages.
  • #[no_mangle] attribute: Ensures predictable function names for external linkage.
  • Unsafe code blocks: Required for calling foreign functions.

🛠 Environment Setup

Let’s ensure you’re ready to code! Follow these steps to set up a complete environment for web development with Rust:

1. Install Rust

Ensure Rust is installed on your system:

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

Verify installation:

rustc --version

2. Install Cargo Tools

Cargo is Rust's package manager and build system. It's essential for managing dependencies and projects.
Update Cargo for the latest features:

cargo install-update -a

3. Set Up a Web Framework

We’ll use axum for this day. Add it to your project dependencies:

cargo new rust_web_project
cd rust_web_project
cargo add axum tokio serde serde_json

This command includes:

  • axum: For building web servers.
  • tokio: For async runtime.
  • serde & serde_json: For JSON serialization and deserialization.

4. Add a Database Library (Optional)

To include database support, install a library like sqlx for PostgreSQL:

cargo add sqlx --features postgres

5. Set Up Development Tools

  • IDE: Use VS Code or IntelliJ IDEA with the Rust plugin for syntax highlighting and autocompletion.
  • Linting: Install clippy to catch common mistakes: 
    rustup component add clippy
  • Formatting: Ensure consistent code style with rustfmt: 
    rustup component add rustfmt

6. Run Your First Server

Test your setup with a simple Hello, World! server:

use axum::{handler::get, Router};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let app = Router::new().route("/", get(|| async { "Hello, World!" }));
    axum::Server::bind(&([127, 0, 0, 1], 3000).into())
        .serve(app.into_make_service())
        .await
        .unwrap();
}

Start the server:

cargo run

Visit http://127.0.0.1:3000 in your browser, and you’re ready to go! 🎉

🔗 Why Integrate Rust with C/C++?

Rust provides a safe systems programming language, but many performance-critical tasks and widely-used libraries are still written in C/C++. Integrating Rust with these languages allows developers to:

  • Reuse existing C/C++ libraries: There’s a vast number of libraries written in C/C++, and Rust makes it easy to call and integrate them.
  • Leverage Rust’s safety: Rust provides strict safety guarantees for memory management, which helps when calling unsafe code written in C/C++.
  • Boost performance: Critical sections of code that require low-level access or speed can be written in C/C++ and invoked from Rust, ensuring maximum performance.
Reason Details
Performance Combine Rust’s speed with C/C++ optimization.
Reusability Leverage existing C/C++ libraries.
Interoperability Incrementally migrate to Rust.
Ecosystem Integration Use Rust as a safer front-end for C/C++.

📊 Language Comparison Table

Feature Rust C/C++
Memory Safety Enforced by compiler Manual management
Concurrency Fearless concurrency Prone to race conditions
Ecosystem Growing Mature and extensive
Performance Comparable to C/C++ Industry standard
Interoperability Easy via FFI Native

📦 The Foreign Function Interface (FFI)

The Foreign Function Interface (FFI) is a powerful mechanism that allows one programming language to call and interact with functions written in another language. In this case, we will be exploring how to integrate Rust with C/C++ using FFI. This enables Rust to call functions written in C/C++ and vice versa, allowing you to leverage existing C/C++ libraries while benefiting from Rust’s memory safety and performance features.

FFI is used when you need to:

  • Interact with legacy C/C++ codebases.
  • Use existing C/C++ libraries.
  • Optimize performance-sensitive tasks using C/C++ while still having the safety guarantees of Rust.

Key Concepts:

  1. Calling C from Rust: Rust can invoke C functions through the extern "C" block.
  2. Calling Rust from C: It is possible to expose Rust functions to C, but it requires careful handling of data types and memory management.
  3. FFI Types: The types used across language boundaries must be compatible, requiring special attention to structures, strings, and pointers.
Feature Rust FFI C/C++ FFI
Safety Manual with unsafe block Minimal checks by compiler
Memory Management Rust ownership rules apply Developer-managed
Data Types Use compatible types (c_int, etc.) Native types
Ease of Use Requires binding libraries Built-in support

🔗 Basics of FFI

Rust uses FFI to call functions from C libraries or to expose Rust code for use by other languages like C and C++. Here’s how it works in a basic context:

Declaring External Functions

In Rust, you declare external C functions using the extern "C" keyword. This tells Rust that the function is defined in an external C library and that the calling conventions should follow those used by C.

Example of declaring a C function in Rust:

extern "C" {
    fn my_c_function(x: i32) -> i32;
}

Linkage to C Libraries

To link Rust to C code, you need to declare the C library you're linking to. This can be done by specifying the library in the Cargo.toml file or by using the build.rs file to configure the linkage manually.

For example, if you have a C library libmath.a, you can specify this in your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
cc = "1.0"

Then, in your build.rs:

fn main() {
    println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=static=math");
}

or

The core of FFI lies in defining an extern block in Rust:

extern "C" {
    fn printf(format: *const i8, ...) -> i32;
}

The extern "C" block specifies that the function follows the C ABI (Application Binary Interface). You can call such functions using unsafe:

use std::ffi::CString;

fn main() {
    unsafe {
        let msg = CString::new("Hello from Rust!\n").unwrap();
        printf(msg.as_ptr());
    }
}

⚠️ Safety Considerations

When dealing with FFI, Rust's safety guarantees can be bypassed. The unsafe keyword is used when interacting with foreign functions, as FFI inherently involves the risk of memory corruption, undefined behavior, and other pitfalls.

Common Safety Concerns:

  1. Memory Management: C doesn’t handle memory safety like Rust. Pointers passed between Rust and C must be managed carefully to avoid memory leaks or dereferencing null/invalid pointers.
  2. Undefined Behavior: Calling C functions can potentially cause undefined behavior if the data passed does not match what the C function expects (e.g., wrong types or misaligned structures).
  3. Concurrency: C libraries may not be thread-safe. Ensure that you understand how the C code behaves in multi-threaded environments.

To mitigate these risks, always:

  • Use unsafe blocks carefully.
  • Prefer wrappers or bindings that enforce safety when possible.

Working with FFI involves unsafe code due to:

  • Raw pointers.
  • Memory alignment issues.
  • Differences in type layouts between Rust and C/C++.

Always validate inputs, check for null pointers, and avoid undefined behavior.

🔄 Using C Libraries in Rust

Rust makes it easy to link with C libraries. However, calling C functions requires managing the interface between the two languages. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Using C Libraries:

You can use external C libraries in Rust by linking to shared or static libraries.

Example:

  • If you have a C library libmath.a, you can link to it and call its functions directly from Rust using extern "C".
extern "C" {
    fn sqrt(x: f64) -> f64;
}

fn main() {
    unsafe {
        let result = sqrt(16.0);
        println!("Square root: {}", result);
    }
}

2. Static vs Dynamic Linking:

Rust supports both static and dynamic linking to C libraries:

  • Static Linking: The C library is compiled directly into your Rust binary.
  • Dynamic Linking: The C library is separate, and Rust links to it at runtime.

Static linking might increase binary size but makes the program self-contained, while dynamic linking reduces the binary size but requires the C library to be available on the system.

🔧 Creating Bindings with bindgen

bindgen is a Rust tool that automatically generates Rust FFI bindings to C libraries. It’s a valuable tool to save time and avoid manual binding code.

Steps:

  1. Install bindgen by adding it to your Cargo.toml:

    [build-dependencies]
bindgen = "0.59"

  2. Create a build.rs to trigger bindgen and generate bindings at compile time:

    use bindgen;

fn main() {
    // Link to the C library
    println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=static=mylib");

    // Generate bindings
    let bindings = bindgen::Builder::default()
        .header("wrapper.h")  // Specify your C header file
        .generate()
        .expect("Unable to generate bindings");

    // Write the bindings to a file
    bindings
        .write_to_file("src/bindings.rs")
        .expect("Couldn't write bindings!");
}

  3. Include the generated bindings in your Rust code:

    include!("bindings.rs");

bindgen takes care of most of the tedious work by generating the necessary FFI bindings, allowing you to focus on calling C functions.

🛠 Example: Integrating a C Library

Let’s walk through a simple example of integrating a C math library with Rust using FFI.

Example: Using the C Math Library

  1. C Code (mathlib.c):

    #include <math.h>

double add(double x, double y) {
    return x + y;
}

  2. C Header File (mathlib.h):

    double add(double x, double y);

  3. Rust Code (main.rs):

    extern "C" {
    fn add(x: f64, y: f64) -> f64;
}

fn main() {
    unsafe {
        let result = add(2.0, 3.0);
        println!("The result of addition is: {}", result);
    }
}

  4. Compiling:

    • Compile the C library to a static library: gcc -c mathlib.c -o mathlib.o
    • Archive the object file into a static library: ar rcs libmathlib.a mathlib.o

  5. Linking:

    • In your build.rs, link to libmathlib.a.

📤 Calling C Code from Rust

1. Creating a Shared Library in C

We’ll create a simple C library that provides a function to add two numbers.

C Code (save as math.c):

#include <stdio.h>

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

Compile the Shared Library:

Use the following command to compile the C code into a shared library:

gcc -shared -o libmath.so -fPIC math.c

or

In your C++ code:

#include <iostream>

extern "C" {
    int rust_add(int a, int b);
}

int main() {
    int result = rust_add(5, 7);
    std::cout << "Result from Rust: " << result << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Compile and link with the Rust library:

g++ main.cpp -L./target/release -lrustlib -o main

Run the program:

./main
Result from Rust: 12

2. Binding C Functions in Rust

To call the add function from Rust:

Rust Code:

#[link(name = "math")]
extern "C" {
    fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32;
}

fn main() {
    unsafe {
        let result = add(5, 7);
        println!("5 + 7 = {}", result);
    }
}

Steps:

  1. Link the library using #[link(name = "math")].
  2. Declare the function signature using extern "C".
  3. Call the function within an unsafe block since FFI is inherently unsafe.

Running the Program:

Ensure the shared library is in the library path:

LD_LIBRARY_PATH=. cargo run

🔄 Calling Rust Functions in C++

Step Description
1. Write a C Library Create .c and .h files for functionality.
2. Compile to Shared Library Use gcc or clang to compile.
3. Generate Bindings Use bindgen for Rust bindings to C headers.
4. Integrate in Rust Use extern "C" to call C functions in Rust.

Example Code (For Reference):

extern "C" {
    fn multiply(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32;
}

In addition to calling C functions from Rust, you can expose Rust functions to C++ code. This is a bit trickier, as Rust and C++ have different calling conventions.

Steps:

  1. Declare Rust Functions with C ABI: Use extern "C" to ensure that the Rust functions follow the C ABI and can be called from C++.

    Example in Rust:

    #[no_mangle]  // Ensures the function name is not mangled
pub extern "C" fn rust_add(x: i32, y: i32) -> i32 {
    x + y
}

  2. Link to Rust from C++: In your C++ code, declare the Rust function and link to it by including the appropriate extern "C" block.

    Example in C++:

    extern "C" {
    int rust_add(int x, int y);
}

int main() {
    int result = rust_add(2, 3);
    std::cout << "Rust add result: " << result << std::endl;
}

  3. Building the Rust Library: Compile the Rust code as a static library using cargo build --release --lib.

  4. Linking in C++: Link to the compiled Rust library in your C++ project using the appropriate compiler flags.

🖋️ Exposing Rust Code as C-Compatible

To make Rust code compatible with C, follow these steps:

  1. Use extern "C" to expose Rust functions.
  2. Avoid Rust-specific types that C cannot understand (e.g., String, Vec).
  3. Use basic types such as i32, f64, etc.
  4. Use #[no_mangle] to prevent Rust from renaming functions (name mangling).

💻 Example: Using Rust Functions in C++

Complete Example:

  1. Rust Code:

    #[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn add(x: i32, y: i32) -> i32 {
    x + y
}

  2. C++ Code:

    extern "C" {
    int add(int x, int y);
}

int main() {
    int result = add(10, 20);
    std::cout << "The result is: " << result << std::endl;
}

  3. Building:

    • Compile the Rust code to a static library.
    • Link the static library with your C++ code.

📥 Calling Rust Code from C/C++

Step Description
1. Define Rust Functions Use #[no_mangle] and extern "C".
2. Compile Rust to Shared Library Use cargo build with cdylib.
3. Link with C/C++ Link the Rust library using gcc or similar.

1. Exposing Rust Functions to C

In Rust, you can expose functions to C using #[no_mangle] and extern "C".

Rust Code (save as lib.rs):

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn multiply(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a * b
}

Build the Shared Library:

Use cargo to build the library:

cargo build --release
cp target/release/lib<your_project>.so .

2. Writing C/C++ Code to Use Rust Functions

C Code (save as main.c):

#include <stdio.h>

extern int multiply(int a, int b);

int main() {
    int result = multiply(6, 9);
    printf("6 * 9 = %d\n", result);
    return 0;
}

Compile and Link:

gcc -o main main.c -L. -l<your_project>
./main

🛡️ Handling Safety and Error Boundaries

When integrating Rust with C/C++, safety and error handling are critical:

  1. FFI Safety:

    • Use unsafe blocks sparingly.
    • Validate inputs to avoid undefined behavior.

  2. Error Handling:

    • Convert Rust errors to C-compatible types like integers.
    • Use idioms like Result or custom error codes.

Example:

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn safe_divide(a: i32, b: i32, result: &mut i32) -> i32 {
    if b == 0 {
        return -1; // Indicate error
    }
    *result = a / b;
    0 // Indicate success
}

In C:

int main() {
    int result;
    if (safe_divide(10, 0, &result) == -1) {
        printf("Error: Division by zero!\n");
    }
}

⚡ Tools and Crates for Integration

Tool/Crate Purpose
bindgen Generate Rust bindings for C headers.
cc crate Build and link C code with Rust projects.
cbindgen Generate C headers for Rust code.
ffi-support Simplify FFI interactions between Rust & C.

  1. bindgen: Automatically generates Rust bindings for C headers.

    cargo install bindgen
bindgen math.h -o bindings.rs

  2. cc Crate: Simplifies compiling C code with Cargo.

    [build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0"

    Build script (build.rs):

    fn main() {
    cc::Build::new().file("src/math.c").compile("math");
}

  3. cbindgen: Generates C headers for Rust code.

    cargo install cbindgen
cbindgen --config cbindgen.toml --crate my_crate --output my_crate.h

🌟 Building a Rust CLI That Uses C Functions

Once you have your FFI set up, you can build more sophisticated applications that interact with C or C++ libraries. Let’s build a simple CLI application that integrates both Rust and C/C++ code.

Steps:

  1. Create a basic CLI with structopt or clap crate.
  2. Use the C function to process input or generate output.

🔧 Handling Data Types

Data Type C/C++ Equivalent Rust Equivalent
int i32 c_int (from libc)
float f32 c_float
char* const char* CString/CStr
void* void* *mut c_void

⚙ Handling C Data Types in Rust

Aspect Rust Approach C/C++ Approach
Null Pointers Use Option<T> or Result<T> Manual checks
Undefined Behavior Prevented by compiler checks Can occur if unchecked
Error Handling Result with ? operator errno or manual handling

When working with C and Rust together, it’s essential to understand how data types are represented and passed between the two languages. The challenge here is that Rust and C use different conventions for managing memory and data. Here’s how we handle these differences:

1. Strings

  • In C, strings are typically represented as char*, which are null-terminated arrays of characters.
  • In Rust, strings are represented using the String type, which is more sophisticated and includes ownership and memory safety features.

Solution: To pass strings from Rust to C, we convert a Rust String into a CString using CString::new(). This ensures proper null termination for C.

Example:

use std::ffi::CString;

let rust_string = String::from("Hello, C!");
let c_string = CString::new(rust_string).expect("CString::new failed");

unsafe {
    some_c_function(c_string.as_ptr());
}

2. Pointers

  • C functions often rely on raw pointers to access and modify data directly.
  • In Rust, you must use *const T for immutable pointers and *mut T for mutable pointers.

Solution: You should always ensure that raw pointers are dereferenced safely. Use unsafe blocks where necessary and always double-check memory allocation and deallocation to avoid memory leaks or undefined behavior.

3. Structs and Arrays

  • C structs are simple groupings of data fields.
  • Rust has a similar concept using structs, but the memory layout may differ due to padding and alignment rules.

Solution: To pass a C-style struct to Rust, you can define a corresponding struct in Rust using the #[repr(C)] attribute, ensuring the layout is compatible.

Example:

#[repr(C)]
struct CPoint {
    x: i32,
    y: i32,
}

extern "C" {
    fn print_point(p: CPoint);
}

fn main() {
    let point = CPoint { x: 10, y: 20 };
    unsafe {
        print_point(point);
    }
}

4. Memory Allocation

  • In C, you manage memory manually with malloc and free.
  • Rust handles memory safely using ownership and automatic garbage collection via RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization), but when calling C functions, manual memory management may be necessary.

Solution: You must allocate memory manually using unsafe blocks when interacting with C code. Be cautious with deallocation to prevent memory leaks.

Example of manual allocation in C:

int* ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * 10);
// Free the memory after use
free(ptr);

💻 Example Project

Now that we have covered the theory, let’s move on to a hands-on example! The goal here is to build a simple Rust CLI tool that integrates with C. We'll call a C function that processes user input and returns a result.

Project: Rust CLI that Calls a C Function

  1. Objective: Build a CLI that takes a user’s name and passes it to a C function, which prints a greeting message.
  2. Steps:
    • Create a simple example.c file with a function to greet the user.
    • Compile the C code into a library.
    • Create a build.rs to automate the compilation.
    • Define the Rust extern "C" functions to link the C code.
    • Use std::env to read command-line arguments in Rust.

example.c:

#include <stdio.h>

void greet(const char *name) {
    printf("Hello, %s!\n", name);
}

build.rs:

fn main() {
    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=example.c");
    cc::Build::new().file("example.c").compile("libgreet.a");
}

main.rs:

use std::env;
use std::ffi::CString;

extern "C" {
    fn greet(name: *const i8);
}

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
    let name = CString::new(args[1].as_str()).expect("CString::new failed");
    unsafe {
        greet(name.as_ptr());
    }
}

🚀 Looking to dive into a hands-on example of integrating Rust and C? Check out this comprehensive project that showcases seamless interoperability between the two languages! 🌟

  1. Rust-Cpp
    This project allows embedding C++ code directly in Rust using a macro. It simplifies exposing C++ classes to Rust and enables inline C++ code execution.
    🔗 Explore the GitHub Repository

  2. Rust-CMake Example
    This repository demonstrates integrating Rust with CMake for building mixed projects. It includes reusable CMake functions to build Rust libraries and an example application.
    🔗 Explore the GitHub Repository

💡 This project is perfect for:

  • 📖 Understanding how Rust and C can coexist in a single project.
  • 🔧 Learning about building systems like CMake for mixed-language projects.
  • 🛠️ Experimenting with practical, real-world integration scenarios.

🔧 Troubleshooting and Tips

Integrating Rust with C/C++ can be tricky. Here are some tips to make the process smoother:

  1. Memory Safety First: Rust’s unsafe blocks give you the power to interact with raw C code, but be very cautious. Always double-check memory allocations and deallocations to avoid leaks or segmentation faults.

  2. Linking Errors: When linking C/C++ libraries, ensure that:

    • You have the correct lib or dll files.
    • You have set the proper library path in your build.rs file.
    • The C function is properly declared as extern "C".

  3. Avoid Undefined Behavior: Always ensure your C code and Rust code are compatible in terms of memory layout and calling conventions.

  4. Debugging: Use tools like gdb for C debugging, and rust-gdb for debugging your Rust code that interacts with C.

  5. Compiling Libraries: If you encounter errors during compilation, check the linking paths and ensure the libraries are correctly referenced.

🌟 Building Hybrid Applications

By combining Rust and C/C++:

  • Use Rust for performance-critical or safety-critical components.
  • Gradually migrate legacy C/C++ codebases to Rust.
  • Build modular systems that leverage the strengths of both languages.
    is this ok proper or not

🎯 Hands-On Challenge

Challenge: Build a Rust application that integrates with a C++ library such as OpenGL, Boost, or SQLite.

  1. Build a Hybrid CLI: Create a CLI tool that uses a C library for computations and Rust for error handling.

  2. Shared Libraries: Compile and use shared libraries between Rust and C++.

  3. Create a Rust library that provides:

    • A function for string reversal.
    • A function for factorial calculation.

  4. Write C code to:

    • Call and display the results of the Rust functions.

  5. Use bindgen and cbindgen to generate bindings automatically.

💻 Exercises - Day 24

✅ Exercise: Level 1

  1. Create a C library with basic arithmetic operations.

  2. Write Rust bindings and use them in a Rust program.

  3. Create a simple program where you call a C function to add two integers. Use Rust to pass two integers to the C function and return the result.

  4. Write a program in C to calculate factorials. Use Rust to call the function.

🚀 Exercise: Level 2

  1. Expose a Rust function to C++ and call it.
  2. Implement a program where Rust interacts with a C library for string manipulations.
  3. Link a C library (such as libmath) to your Rust project. Write a Rust function that calls a C function to compute the square root of a number and returns the result.
  4. Expose a Rust function to C++ to perform matrix multiplication.

🏆 Exercise: Level 3 (Advanced)

  1. Build a hybrid Rust/C++ CLI tool that uses Rust for business logic and C++ for I/O operations.

  2. Benchmark and analyze the performance differences.

  3. Create a Rust application that integrates with a C++ library like Boost or OpenGL. Use the C++ functions to render a simple shape or process some data, and interact with this C++ code from Rust.

  4. Create a hybrid application where C processes video frames and Rust handles user input.

🎥 Helpful Video References

  1. How to Call C from Rust - Rust FFI Basics
  2. Rust FFI Tutorial: Interoperability with C Libraries

📚 Further Reading

Topic Resource
Getting Started with FFI FFI with C - Rust Official Guide
The Rust FFI Guide Rust Book: Unsafe and FFI
Advanced FFI Concepts Rust FFI Official Documentation
Creating Rust Bindings Bindgen Guide
FFI Libraries Explore FFI Crates on crates.io
C Interoperability Learn Rust Interfacing

These resources will help deepen your understanding of FFI in Rust and give you tools to integrate Rust with any external language.

📝 Day 24 Summary

Today, we explored integrating Rust with C/C++ through Foreign Function Interface (FFI). You learned how to:

  • Call C functions from Rust.
  • Link C and C++ libraries with Rust.
  • Handle data types between Rust and C/C++ safely.
  • Build real-world applications that combine the strengths of Rust and C/C++.
  • Learned about Rust’s FFI mechanism.
  • Called C functions from Rust and vice versa.
  • Handled safety and error boundaries effectively.
  • Used tools like bindgen and cbindgen for seamless integration.

Integrating Rust with C/C++ allows you to take full advantage of low-level performance while maintaining the safety and memory management features Rust provides. With today's learning, you're ready to start incorporating external libraries into your own Rust projects and build powerful systems applications!

Keep experimenting with different C libraries, and as always, happy coding! 🚀

Stay tuned for Day 25, where we will explore Rust on Embedded Systems in Rust! 🚀

🌟 Great job on completing Day 24! Keep practicing, and get ready for Day 25!

Thank you for joining Day 24 of the 30 Days of Rust challenge! If you found this helpful, don’t forget to Star GIF star this repository, share it with your friends, and stay tuned for more exciting lessons ahead!

Stay Connected
📧 Email: Hunterdii
🐦 Twitter: @HetPate94938685
🌐 Website: Working On It(Temporary)

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