index.Rmd

---
title: "Landfill Monitoring Dashboard"
subtitle: "by PoliShe"  
author: "Diana Mathai, Sohyun Park, Rahmadita Listianingrum, Yuet Yung Lung"
date: "2023/03/02 (updated: `r Sys.Date()`)"
output:
  xaringan::moon_reader:
    css: xaringan-themer.css
    lib_dir: libs
    nature:
      slideNumberFormat: "%current%"
      highlightStyle: github
      highlightLines: true
      ratio: 16:9
      countIncrementalSlides: true
---
class: center middle
```{r setup, include=FALSE}
options(htmltools.dir.version = FALSE)
```

```{r xaringan-themer, include=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(xaringanthemer)
style_duo_accent(
  primary_color = "#327CA7",
  secondary_color = "#FFC94A",
  inverse_header_color = "#1C5174",
  inverse_text_color = "#1C5174",
  header_font_google = google_font("Ubuntu", "500"),
  text_font_google   = google_font("Montserrat", "400", "400i"),
   text_font_size = "1rem",
  code_font_google   = google_font("Fira Mono"),
  title_slide_background_image = "img/bantargebang.jpeg"
)
```

```{r xaringan-all, echo=FALSE}
library(countdown)
library(xaringan)
library(xaringanExtra)
library(knitr)
hook_source <- knitr::knit_hooks$get('source')
knitr::knit_hooks$set(source = function(x, options) {
  x <- stringr::str_replace(x, "^[[:blank:]]?([^*].+?)[[:blank:]]*#<<[[:blank:]]*$", "*\\1")
  hook_source(x, options)
})

xaringanExtra::use_tile_view()
xaringanExtra::use_broadcast()
xaringanExtra::use_panelset()
xaringanExtra::use_tachyons()
xaringanExtra::use_search(show_icon = TRUE, auto_search = FALSE)
xaringanExtra::use_progress_bar(color = "#FFC94A", location = "bottom")
```

```{r load_packages, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=FALSE}
library(fontawesome)
```

# Landfill Methane Emission

---
class: inverse center middle

# Problem Identification

---
class: inverse center middle

<img src="img/vice.png" width="80%"/>

Source:<a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7x54jd/the-worlds-largest-dump-is-in-indonesia-and-its-a-ticking-time-bomb">vice</a>

Nope! Not the world's....South East Asia's
---

## Context

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Indonesia]
.pull-left[

<img src="img/overview.png" width="90%"/>
.left[Ref:<a href="https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/7c9b64c34a8833378194a026ebe4e247-0140022022/related/HCI-AM22-IDN.pdf ">worldbank</a>; <a href=" https://www.worlddata.info/asia/indonesia/index.php#:~:text=INDONESIA%2C%20the%20largest%20archipelago%20in,which%20about%206%2C000%20are%20inhabited. ">worlddata</a> <br> 

]
]
.pull-right[
<img src="img/Indo.png" width="70%"/>
.right[Source: <a href="https://www.burningcompass.com/on-world-map/indonesia-on-world-map.html
 ">burningcompass</a> <br> ]

]
]

.panel[.panel-name[Bantargebang Landfill-1]
.pull-left[
<img src="img/Bantar1.png" width="100%"/> 

]
.pull-right[
<img src="img/zone1.1.png" width="100%"/> 

Source: <a href=" https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/4571 ">ijtech</a>


]
.panel[.panel-name[Bantargebang Landfill-2]

<img src="img/issuesofBan.png"/>

Ref: <a href=" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325652/">ncbi</a>; <a href=" https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bantar-gebang-jakarta-landfill-indonesia ">ejatlas</a>; <a href=" https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012028/pdf ">iopscience</a>; <a href=" https://upstdlh.id/tpst/landfill ">ejatlas</a>

]
.panel[.panel-name[Waste Management]
.pull-middle[
<img src="img/wastedisposal.png" width="55%" />
.right[Ref: <a href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XWPP.pdf ">usaid</a> <br> ]
]


.panel[.panel-name[Landfill]

.pull-left[
<img src="img/website.png" width="80%"/>

Source: <a href=" https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/public/data/komposisi">sipsn</a>
]
.pull-right[
- Collection: primarily by Local authorities, Informal sector, Waste Bank and Private collection

- Total Landfills= 380 nos. (area~ 8200 Ha)

- Waste Bank (Success story): Satu Hati Waste Bank in West Jakarta, established in April 2017 ( (US$511,736) in profits)

- MSW managed by Seksi Kebersihan (Cleansing Dept. in each district)

- Predominant waste type: Food waste and Plastic waste



]
]
]
]
]


---
## Why is it Important

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Policies]
<img src="img/policies.png" width="150%"/>
.left[Policy Ref: <a href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XWPP.pdf">Policies</a>;<a href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=84427&p_country=IDN&p_count=611">WasteLaw2008</a>;<a href="https://humanrightspapua.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/images_docs_Indonesian_Law_32-2009_Environment.pdf ">LawEPM2009</a>;<a href="https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/indonesia/7208771/government-regulation-number-81-in-2012.html ">MHHW2012</a>;<a href="http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Indonesia/ID_Regulation_Waste_19_1994.pdf">RHWM</a>;<a href="https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ins137639.pdf ">PRT2013</a>;<a href="https://www.acccrn.net/sites/default/files/publication/attach/ran-api_english_translation.pdf ">RANAPI2015</a>;<a href="https://kkp.go.id/an-component/media/upload-gambar-pendukung/djprl/P4K/Pencemaran%20Laut/Marine%20Debris/03.%20Perpres%20Nomor%2097%20Tahun%202017%20-%20Jakstranas.pdf">NPM</a>;<a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ">NPWR2020</a>;<a href="https://drive.esdm.go.id/wl/?id=NMWtlg7uDxwXTf1bDxgrren7d8x6y5Iu&mode=list&download=1 ">WE</a>;<a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/23.09.2022_Enhanced%20NDC%20Indonesia.pdf ">ENDC2022</a>;<a href="https://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf ">Basel2005</a>;<a href="https://jdih.kemendag.go.id/backendx/image/regulasi/22200711_Permendag_No._31_tahun_2016.pdf">wasteImport</a>;<a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/781051510608417715/Environmental-and-social-management-framework.pdf">SWMS2019</a>;<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/16WhKUeXjd7LnpiVJADhFtye8w-4G9aHj/view">MoEF2019</a>; <a href="https://www.wwf.id/upload/2023/03/WWF-EPR-Guideline-2022-ENG-final.pdf">EPR2015</a> 
]

]
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Summary]
.pull-center[
- Target of 30% waste reduction and 70% waste handling by 2025

- Indonesia aims to reduce marine plastic litter by 70% relative to business as usual by 2025

- Indonesia committed to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 29% (2030) and 41% (conditional target, with international support) 
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/ocean/topics/ocean-pollution/marine-plastics-pollution-Indonesia.pdf">OECD</a> <br>
- Government: enhancement of SWM and Environmental Improvement

- Focus on waste reduction and management Plan, 'reuse and recycle'

- Policies emphasise monitoring waste-associated activities (Generation, collection, reduction, disposal, recycling etc.)

- Based on the monitoring of waste-associated activities evaluation step is to be conducted. 

- _Gerakan Pilah Sampah_: waste sorting at source > Circular Economy

- **ADIPURA Programme**, MoEF (incentive to Municipalities):Environmental Management, Cleanliness and Operation of final disposal site. 

]
.panel[.panel-name[Gap]
.pull-left[
<img src="img/gap1.png" width="100%"/>

]


.pull-right[
<img src="img/gap2.png" width="100%"/>
Source: <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ">unep</a>
]

.panel[.panel-name[GHG-1]

**GHG Emissions from Waste Management, 2015** Source: <a href="file:///C:/Users/diana/Downloads/Waste%20to%20Energy%20Guidebook%20-%20English%20Version%202015%20(9).pdf">WTE</a>

- _Coordinator_ : Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF)—Directorate of Waste Management; MSW: Directorate for Waste Management, MoEF and Directorate for Development of Environmental Sanitation and Housing Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)

- Monitoring waste tipping operations (checking for combustible loads), providing fire-fighting equipment (to quickly extinguish
any fires encountered) and **constantly observing the landfill for any signs of sub-surface fires** are all good management practices to prevent and control landfill fires and thereby minimise their associated negative impacts.

- Identification of credible LFG WtE projects will therefore **require a significant amount of research and effort to find the landfills with the highest WtE potential**. It should be assumed, therefore, that **full and extensive baseline surveys** will be required.

Source: <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ">unep</a>
]

.panel[.panel-name[GHG-2]
**Enhanced Nationally Determines Contribution, Republic of Indonesia, 2022** Source: <a href= "https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/ENDC%20Indonesia.pdf">ENDC</a>

- The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has ratified the Paris Agreement (PA) and has submitted its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with an unconditional target of **29%** and conditional target (with international support) of 41% compared to business as usual (BAU) emission levels by **2030**

- Dashboard AFOLU for land-based sector (4.4)

- First Order Decay-FOD (IPCC-2006) and existing regulation for waste sector Challenges.

- Greenhouse gas emissions will reach a **peak of 1,240 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030** and then gradually decline to reach 540 million t CO2e in 2050. It is expected that net zero emissions will be achieved by 2060 or earlier

<img src="img/chg.png" width="40%"/>
Source: <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/ENDC%20Indonesia.pdf">unfcc</a>
]
.panel[.panel-name[GHG-3]
**Operational Plan Indonesia’s FOLU, 2030** Source: <a href="https://www.menlhk.go.id/uploads/site/post/1647334063.pdf">FOLU2022</a> ; <a href="https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/cge/application/pdf/waste_sector_2016_lesotho.pdf">unfccc</a>

-	MoEF's Geospatial Information Network (JIG) and integrated with the National JIG. This activity includes institutional monitoring in reporting plans and implementation of emission reduction activities and their achievements on a regular basis.

**Indonesia Third Biennial Update Report- 2022** Source: <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/IndonesiaBUR%203_FINAL%20REPORT_2.pdf">unfccc</a> ; 

- MoEF Regulation(ADIPURA) where Cities and Regencies included in the ADIPURA Program also have to report their waste management...The **ADIPURA database**, especially with respect to the MSW generation and management of stream, has been **used to estimate the GHG emissions since 2003**. After 2014, this database was enhanced by the inclusion of **more cities with higher MSW coverage** with at least 80% of the national MSW generated. 

- 2019, GHG emissions from the SWDS amounted to 38,487 (87.9% of total emissions from MSW treatments), open burning was 5,296 Gg CO2e (12.1%), and composting was 2.16 Gg CO2e (0.005%).

- National Registry System for Climate Change (NRS-CC) (web-based system that manages and provides data and information on national mitigation and adaptation activities). In Appendix- 4 (refers to (JAKSTRANAS and ADIPURA database)

]

.panel[.panel-name[FOCUS]
.pull-center[
**Portrait of 5 (Five) TPA Utilizing Methane Gas (CH4)** Source: <a href="https://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/download/437/337/697">bppt</a> ; 

How is CHG measured under ADIPURA data base? (open dumping > predominently no collection and ventilation system)

landfill without gas recovery infrastructure
- Drilling into the landfill as deep as the thickness of the refuse layer.
- inflow of gas = Perforated pipe with certain diameter is inserted.
- The perforated pipe circulated with gravel is performed in order to protect the blocking by refuse particles
- The gas analyzer used for CH4 , CO2  and O2 measurement (portable)

**Issue with the above approach**
- No gas recovery infrastructure prepared (open dumpsite)
- Gas generation fluctuates from one place to another
- measurement window: 5-10 years
]

.panel[.panel-name[AIM]
.pull-center[


Use Remote sensing as a solution to improve ADIPURA database monitoring system.


]
]
]
]
]
]
]
---
class: inverse center middle

# Approach

---

##Interactive Dashboard
```{r xaringan-panelset, echo=FALSE}
xaringanExtra::use_panelset()

```
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Introduction]
.pull-left[
**Objective<br/>**
- Monthly monitoring on the emission and surface temperature of Bantargebang Landfill
- Monthly land cover change analysis to monitor Bantargebang Landfill extent 
- Monthly environmental impact assessment at and around the landfill site


**Website<br/>**
Official Jakarta Waste Management Portal <br/> 'e-Monitoring for Bantargebang Landfill'

**Parameters**
- Methane Emission
- Surface Temperature
- Environmental Monitoring 
]

.pull-right[
![Official e-Monitoring Portal](img/Jakarta_Portal.png)
]
[Source: Jakarta Waste Management Portal](https://upstdlh.id/tpst/landfill#)
]

.panel[.panel-name[Methods]
![](img/method_flowchart.png)
]

.panel[.panel-name[Dataset]
![](img/data.png)
]

]
---
## Methane Emission
.pull-left[
**Input:<br/>**
1. TROPOMI Methane Product <br/>
2. GHG-D Methane Data<br/>
3. MethaneSAT Data

**Process:<br/>**
1. Emission quantification: <br/>
filtered by methane precision, SWIR cloud fraction, aerosol optical depth & albedo 

2. Identify region of interest by oversampling

3. Pinpoint the methane hotspot with GHGSat-D

4. Emission quantification from integrated mass enhancement (IME) calculation

**Output:<br/>**
1. Emission Map
2. Total Methane Mass Estimation
]

.pull-right[

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='50%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/methane_tropomi.JPG')
```

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='50%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/methane_ghg.JPG')
```
[Source: Maasakkers et al., 2022](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abn9683)
]
---
## Surface Temperature
.pull-left[
**Input:<br/>**
1. Landsat 8 thermal infrared band<br/>
2. Landsat 5 thermal band
3. SRTM DEM data

**Process:<br/>**
1. Land Surface Temperature<br/>
Apply scale factor (Kelvin to Celcius)

2. Supervised pixel-based classification<br/>
  - Google Earth historical images
  - Technical guidelines 
3. Reproject DEM data and create contour

**Output:<br/>**
1. Thermal Map
2. Land Cover Change Analysis
]

.pull-right[

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='60%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/lst.JPG')
```

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='60%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/lc.JPG')
```
[Source: Hanami et al., 2022](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012055/meta)
]

---
## Surface Temperature

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='70%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/st_flowchart.JPG')
```
[Source: Hanami et al., 2022](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012055/meta)
]
---

## Environmental Monitoring
.pull-left[
**Input:<br/>**
1. Landsat 8 NIR & Red bands<br/>
2. Landsat 5 NIR & Red bands

**Process:<br/>**
1. Image clipping

2. Extract indicies with band math
  - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
  - Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
  - Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

**Output:<br/>**
1. Reclassified image for NDVI, SAVI & MSAVI
2. Time series analysis on percentage variation of different category
]

.pull-right[

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='40%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/ndvi.JPG')
```

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='40%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/savi.JPG')
```

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='40%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/msavi.JPG')
```
[Source: Sarker et al., 2022](https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JES/article/view/57485)
]
---
class: inverse center middle

# Project Output

---

## Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

The output of this project includes a map of methane emissions from the Bantargebang landfill and an estimation of the total emissions from the site. This information can be used by stakeholders to better understand the extent of the methane emission problem at the landfill and to develop strategies for reducing those emissions.

**Homepage**

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='50%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/initial-page.png')
```

.small[Source:[Global Methane](https://www.globalmethane.org/methane-emissions-data.aspx)
]

---

## Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

**Methane Emission Map**

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='65%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/emission-map.png')
```

.small[Source: [Global Methane](https://www.globalmethane.org/methane-emissions-data.aspx)]

---

## Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

**Methane Emission Charts**

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='75%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/site-performance.png')
```

.small[Source: [Global Methane](https://www.globalmethane.org/methane-emissions-data.aspx)]

---

## Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

**Surface Temperature Map**

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='65%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/temperature.png')
```

.small[Source::[Ventusky](https://www.ventusky.com/?p=-6.23;106.99;8&l=temperature-2m)
]

---

## Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

**Vegetation Health Index**

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='65%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/vegetation.png')
```

.small[Source::[ESRI](https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/3be2f5f38d494799b3249eb726020d02)
]

---


## Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Usefulness]

1. **Improved public health and environmental outcomes**<br>Reducing methane emissions from landfills can improve air quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and minimize the risk of fires and explosions.

2. **Increased efficiency of methane mitigation strategies**<br>With periodical data on methane emissions, landfill operators can optimize their methane mitigation strategies, which can help to reduce overall emissions.

3. **Reduced costs**<br>By optimizing methane mitigation strategies, landfill operators can reduce the cost of mitigating methane emissions.

]

.panel[.panel-name[Utilisation]

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='80%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/utilisation.png')
```

]

.panel[.panel-name[Limitations]

1. **Temporal resolution**<br>The project relies on satellite imagery with limited temporal resolution. Frequent updates are needed to accurately monitor methane emissions from landfills, and more frequent satellite imagery could provide more accurate and up-to-date estimates.

3. **Additional data for validation**<br>Ground monitoring tools and airborne imagery can help validate the methane emission.

]

.panel[.panel-name[Future Works]

1. **Expanding the analysis to other landfills**<br>This project focused on the Bantargebang landfill in Jakarta, Indonesia. Similar analyses could be conducted for other landfills around Indonesia to better understand the national methane emissions problem from landfills and contribute to national strategic plan to reduce greenhouse gas emission.

2. **Incorporating other data sources**<br>This project used satellite data to estimate methane emissions. Additional data sources, such as ground-based sensors and drone-based imagery, could be incorporated into the analysis to improve the accuracy of methane emission estimates.

3. **Developing predictive models**<br>By analyzing historical data on methane emissions and other relevant factors, predictive models could be developed that could help landfill operators to proactively manage methane emissions and optimize their mitigation strategies.

]

]

---
class: inverse center middle

# Plan

---


## Project Plan
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[**Team**]

- **A Project Manager**
  -  Oversees a project with good communication skills and knowledge of landfill management
  
- **A Senior Analyst**
 - Responsible for collecting data from various sources, including landfill sites, waste management companies, and government agencies.

- **A Software Developer**
  - Designs and develops landfill dashboards and test dashboard and debug it
 
- **Two GIS Analysts**
 - Collect and manage geospatial data and perform spatial analysis to identify patterns and trends related to the landfill sites using GIS software
 
- **Stakeholder Engagement Specialist**
  - Organise capacity building, engage stakeholders and provide project updates
  
]

.panel[.panel-name[**Timeline**]


![](img/timeline_edit.png)

]

.panel[.panel-name[**Budget**]

In this project we will use open source software and free data (except GHGSat-D.  So the total budget for our project is:
```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='50%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/cost.png')
```

]
]

---
class: inverse center middle

# Risk Management

---
## Risk Management

.panelset.sideways[
.panel[.panel-name[**Technical**]

**Risk**<br>
The processing of satellite imagery and the estimation of methane emissions requires advanced technical expertise. 

**Mitigation strategy**<br>
Ensure that the team members responsible for data processing and analysis are highly skilled and trained in the latest techniques and technologies. This is can be ensured in the recruiting process.

]

.panel[.panel-name[**Human resources**]

**Risk**<br>
There may be difficulties in hiring and retaining qualified personnel for the project. The other possibility is human resources terminate the contract before the project ended. The project team might face the risk of losing the resources before the project is completed. This can cause a delay in the project timeline and could lead to additional costs to recruit new resources.

**Mitigation strategy**<br>
Create a competitive compensation package and offer professional development opportunities to retain top talent.The project manager should ensure that the project team members are committed to the project and have signed a contract to complete the project. The project manager should also maintain open communication with the team members and address any issues or concerns that arise during the project. If a team member needs to be replaced, a contingency plan should be in place to minimize the impact on the project timeline. Additionally, the project manager should identify and document the knowledge and skills of each team member to ensure a smooth transition if a team member needs to be replaced.

]

.panel[.panel-name[**Operational**]

**Risk**<br>
There may be issues with the operation of the methane monitoring dashboard such as data transmission failure, software malfunctions or hacking. 

**Mitigation strategy**<br>
Perform regular maintenance and software updates on the dashboard and implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access.

]

.panel[.panel-name[**Financial**]

**Risk**<br>
The project budget may exceed the allocated funds due to unforeseen expenses or cost overruns. 

**Mitigation strategy**<br>
Set aside contingency funds to cover unexpected expenses and regularly monitor project expenses to stay within budget.

]

.panel[.panel-name[**Stakeholders**]

**Risk**<br>
There may be disagreements or conflicts with stakeholders on project objectives or implementation strategies. 

**Mitigation strategy**<br>
Hold regular meetings with stakeholders to ensure transparency and open communication, and be open to feedback and suggestions.

]
]

---
class: inverse center middle

# Implementation

---
## Project Implementation

.panelset.sideways[
.panel[.panel-name[**Workflow**]

```{r echo=FALSE, out.width='100%', fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics('img/implementation.png')
```

]

.panel[.panel-name[**Return on Investment**]

Assumption:<br>
1. Assume a conservative estimate of a 20% reduction in methane emissions due to the implementation of this project<br>
2. According to a study by the Environmental Defense Fund, the global social cost of methane emissions is estimated to be $1,050 per ton of methane in 2020. Let's convert this to GBP using an exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.73 GBP, which gives us a social cost of methane emissions of approximately 768 GBP per ton.<br>
3. Assume that the current methane emissions at the landfill are 20,000 tons per year.<br>
4. Due to the implementation of this project would result in a reduction of 4,000 tons of methane emissions per year.<br>
5. The value of the reduced methane emissions can be calculated by multiplying the reduction in emissions (4,000 tons per year) by the social cost of methane emissions (768 GBP per ton). This gives us a value of 3,072,000 GBP per year.<br>
6. The total investment for this project is 500,000 GBP. Let's assume a project lifespan of 5 years. The total return on investment (ROI) for the project can be calculated as follows:<br>
ROI = (Value of Reduced Methane Emissions * Project Lifespan) - Project Cost ROI 
ROI = (3,072,000 GBP/year * 5 years) - 300,000 GBP ROI = 13,560,000 GBP

]
]

---
class: inverse center middle

# Thank you