diff --git a/app/helpers/panel_helper.rb b/app/helpers/panel_helper.rb
index 878eb85be5..1279184a6f 100644
--- a/app/helpers/panel_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/panel_helper.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ def panel_block(**args, &block)
       concat(heading)
       if args[:panel_bodies].present?
         concat(panel_bodies(args))
-      elsif args[:content].present?
-        concat(args[:content])
+      elsif args[:formatted_content].present?
+        concat(content)
       elsif args[:collapse].present?
         concat(panel_collapse_body(args, content))
       else
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/_form.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/_form.html.erb
index 0c4667eef6..ff938ab77e 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/_form.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/_form.html.erb
@@ -3,9 +3,19 @@
 create = (action == :create)
 method = create ? :post : :patch
 button_name = create ? :CREATE.l : :SAVE_EDITS.l
-include_naming = create ? true : false
 has_specimen = create ? false : @observation.herbarium_records.length > 0
 logging_optional = create ? false : true
+naming_locals = {
+  create:,
+  button_name:,
+  show_reasons: false,
+  unfocused:    true,
+  name_help:    :form_naming_name_help_leave_blank.t
+}
+naming_locals = {} unless create
+show_projects = @projects.any? || @error_checked_projects.any? ||
+                @suspect_checked_projects.any?
+show_lists = @lists.any?
 
 # Data for the form-images Stimulus controller.
 # Controller element is the form, so image dropzone can cover the whole form.
@@ -20,7 +30,7 @@ image_upload_localization = {
   something_went_wrong: :form_observations_upload_error.t
 }.to_json
 # Outlets are how the stimulus controllers call each others' methods.
-data = {
+form_element_data = {
   controller: "form-images form-exif map",
   map_autocompleter_outlet: "#observation_location_autocompleter",
   map_open: false,
@@ -32,9 +42,6 @@ data = {
   form_images_target: "form",
   exif_used: create ? false : true
 }
-show_projects = @projects.any? || @error_checked_projects.any? ||
-                @suspect_checked_projects.any?
-show_lists = @lists.any?
 %>
 
 <%= form_with(
@@ -45,7 +52,7 @@ show_lists = @lists.any?
   method:,
   multipart: true,
   id: "observation_form",
-  data:
+  data: form_element_data
 ) do |f| %>
 
   <% if @field_code %>
@@ -53,19 +60,34 @@ show_lists = @lists.any?
     <%= hidden_field_tag(:field_code, @field_code) %>
   <% end %>
 
-  <% content = [
-    render(partial: "observations/form/images", locals: { f: }),
-    render(partial: "observations/form/details",
-           locals: { f:, button_name:, location: @location, logging_optional:,
-                     action:, include_naming: }),
-  ].safe_join %>
   <%= panel_block(
     heading: "#{:IMAGES.l} + #{:show_observation_details.l}",
-    id: "observation_images_details", content:
-  ) %>
+    id: "observation_images_details", formatted_content: true
+  ) do
+    concat(render(partial: "observations/form/images", locals: { f: }))
+    concat(render(partial: "observations/form/details",
+                  locals: { f:, action:, button_name:, location: @location,
+                            logging_optional: }))
+  end %>
+
+  <%= panel_block(
+    id: "observation_identification",
+    heading: "#{:IDENTIFICATION.l} + #{:SPECIMEN.l}",
+    collapse: "observation_specimen_inner",
+    open: true # @given_name.present?
+  ) do
+    tag.div(class: "row mt-3") do
+      concat(tag.div(class: "col-xs-12 col-md-6") do
+        render(partial: "observations/namings/fields", locals: naming_locals)
+      end)
+      concat(tag.div(class: "col-xs-12 col-md-6") do
+        render(partial: "observations/form/specimen_section",
+               locals: { f:, action: })
+      end)
+    end
+  end %>
 
-  <%= render(partial: "observations/form/identify_specimen",
-             locals: { f:, action:, button_name:, include_naming: }) %>
+  <%= submit_button(form: f, button: button_name, center: true) %>
 
   <%= panel_block(
     heading: :NOTES.l,
@@ -77,8 +99,6 @@ show_lists = @lists.any?
            locals: { form: f, fields: @observation.form_notes_parts(@user) })
   end %>
 
-  <%= submit_button(form: f, button: button_name, center: true) %>
-
   <% if show_projects %>
     <%= panel_block(
       heading: :PROJECTS.l,
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_add_to_step.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_add_to_step.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 47f2d195d8..0000000000
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_add_to_step.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-<%# locals: (f:, button_name:) -%>
-<%# Add to Project and List section of create_observation form  %>
-
-<%= tab_panel(id: "add_to") do %>
-  <%= panel_block(id: "observation_projects_and_lists",
-                  heading: "#{:PROJECTS.l} + #{:SPECIES_LISTS.l}") do %>
-
-    <%= tag.div(class: "row mt-3") do %>
-      <% if @projects.any? %>
-        <%= tag.div(class: "col-xs-12 col-sm-6") do
-          render(partial: "observations/form/projects",
-                locals: { button_name: })
-        end %>
-      <% end %>
-      <% if @lists.any? %>
-        <%= tag.div(class: "col-xs-12 col-sm-6") do
-          render(partial: "observations/form/species_lists")
-        end %>
-      <% end %>
-    <% end %>
-
-    <%= tag.div(class: "row mt-5 text-center", id: "step-nav-3") do
-      [
-        tab_link(:BACK.l, id: "identify", button: true),
-        submit_button(form: f, button: button_name)
-      ].safe_join(" ")
-    end %>
-  <% end %>
-<% end %>
-
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_details.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_details.html.erb
index 37d1201fc6..40876c228f 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_details.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_details.html.erb
@@ -8,18 +8,6 @@ t_s = {
   lng: { abbr: :LNG.l, full: :LONGITUDE.l, addon: "º" },
   alt: { abbr: :ALT.l, full: :ALTITUDE.l, addon: "m" }
 }
-naming_locals = if include_naming
-                  {
-                    f:            f,
-                    action:       action,
-                    button_name:  button_name,
-                    show_reasons: false,
-                    unfocused:    true,
-                    name_help:    :form_naming_name_help_leave_blank.t
-                  }
-                else
-                  {}
-                end
 %>
 
 <%= tag.div(class: "panel-body border-top", id: "observation_details") do %>
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_identify_specimen.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_identify_specimen.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f85f69bb7..0000000000
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_identify_specimen.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-<%# locals: (f:, action:, button_name:, include_naming:) -%>
-
-<%= panel_block(
-  id: "observation_identification",
-  heading: "#{:IDENTIFICATION.l} + #{:SPECIMEN.l}",
-  collapse: "observation_specimen_inner",
-  open: @given_name.present?
-) do %>
-  <%= tag.div(class: "row mt-3") do %>
-    <%= tag.div(class: "col-xs-12 col-md-6") do %>
-      <% if include_naming
-        naming_locals = {
-          f:            f,
-          action:       action,
-          button_name:  button_name,
-          show_reasons: false,
-          unfocused:    true,
-          name_help:    :form_naming_name_help_leave_blank.t
-        } %>
-        <%= render(partial: "observations/namings/fields",
-                   locals: naming_locals) %>
-      <% end %>
-    <% end %>
-    <%= tag.div(class: "col-xs-12 col-md-6") do %>
-      <%= render(partial: "observations/form/specimen_section",
-                 locals: { f:, action: }) %>
-    <% end %>
-  <% end %>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_record_step.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_record_step.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a49bdf2488..0000000000
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_record_step.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<%# locals: (f:, button_name:, location:, logging_optional:) -%>
-<%# NOTE: not using panel_block helper, because it has three panel-body divs %>
-
-<%= tab_panel(id: "record", active: true) do %>
-  <%= tag.div(
-    id: "observation_images_details", class: "panel panel-default"
-  ) do %>
-
-    <%= tag.div(class: "panel-heading") do
-      tag.h4("#{:IMAGES.l} + #{:show_observation_details.l}",
-             class: "panel-title")
-    end %>
-
-    <%= render(partial: "observations/form/images", locals: { f: f }) %>
-
-    <%= render(partial: "observations/form/details",
-               locals: { f:, button_name:, location:, logging_optional: }) %>
-
-    <%= tag.div(class: "panel-body mt-4") do
-      tag.div(class: "text-center", id: "step-nav-1") do
-        tab_link(:NEXT.l, id: "identify", button: true)
-      end
-    end %>
-
-  <% end %>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_specimen_section.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_specimen_section.html.erb
index 4fae2a6b43..4ef974a6e9 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_specimen_section.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_specimen_section.html.erb
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ herbarium_record. Fields hidden unless box checked. %>
     <%= tag.div(id: "specimen_fields",
                 class: ("hidden" if !@observation.specimen),
                 data: { specimen_target: "fields" }) do %>
-      <%= render(partial: "observations/form/collection_number") %>
-      <%= render(partial: "observations/form/herbarium_record") %>
+      <%= render(partial: "observations/form/specimen/collection_number") %>
+      <%= render(partial: "observations/form/specimen/herbarium_record") %>
     <% end %>
     <!-- /specimen_fields -->
   <% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_collection_number.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/specimen/_collection_number.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from app/views/controllers/observations/form/_collection_number.html.erb
rename to app/views/controllers/observations/form/specimen/_collection_number.html.erb
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/form/_herbarium_record.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/form/specimen/_herbarium_record.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from app/views/controllers/observations/form/_herbarium_record.html.erb
rename to app/views/controllers/observations/form/specimen/_herbarium_record.html.erb
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_fields.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_fields.erb
index 86a4aa711b..1bb677d2a5 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_fields.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_fields.erb
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
+<%# locals: (create:, button_name:, show_reasons:, unfocused: false, name_help: :form_naming_name_help.t, context: "blank" ) -%>
+
 <%
 # This is included by obs form, naming new/edit form + lightbox identifier
-
-unfocused ||= false
-focus_on_name = !unfocused && (button_name != :CREATE.l || @given_name.empty?)
-focus_on_vote = !unfocused && (button_name == :CREATE.l && @given_name.present?)
+focus_on_name = !unfocused && (!create || @given_name.empty?)
+focus_on_vote = !unfocused && (create && @given_name.present?)
 
 feedback_locals = {
-  f: f,
   button_name: button_name,
   given_name: @given_name,
+  names: @names,
   valid_names: @valid_names,
   suggest_corrections: @suggest_corrections,
-  parent_deprecated: @parent_deprecated,
-  names: @names
+  parent_deprecated: @parent_deprecated
 }
 menu = unless @vote&.value&.nonzero?
          Vote.opinion_menu
@@ -20,9 +19,7 @@ menu = unless @vote&.value&.nonzero?
          Vote.confidence_menu
        end
 confidences = options_for_select(menu, @vote&.value)
-select_opts = { include_blank: ["new", "create"].include?(action_name) }
-context ||= "blank"
-name_help ||= :form_naming_name_help.t
+select_opts = { include_blank: create }
 feedback = if @given_name.present?
              tag.div do
                render(partial: "shared/form_name_feedback",
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_form.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_form.erb
index 05a89d8eb0..9e4ce63469 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_form.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/_form.erb
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+<%# locals: (local:, show_reasons: true, form_locals: {}) -%>
+
 <%
 # Fields must be separate because they're included in the obs form too.
 # HTML ID's may seem overly precise, but there may be more than one of
 # these forms open on a page if modal. IDs must be unique.
 case action_name
 when "new", "create"
+  create = true
   button_name = :CREATE.l
   method = :post
   id = "obs_#{@observation.id}_naming_form"
@@ -11,6 +14,7 @@ when "new", "create"
                                  approved_name: @given_name,
                                  q: get_query_param)
 when "edit", "update"
+  create = false
   button_name = :SAVE_EDITS.l
   method = :patch
   id = "obs_#{@observation.id}_naming_#{@naming.id}_form"
@@ -20,6 +24,7 @@ when "edit", "update"
                                 q: get_query_param)
 end
 
+# `local` true means do not send via Turbo.
 form_args = { model: @naming, url: url, method: method, id: id }
 if local_assigns[:local] == true
   form_args = form_args.merge({ local: true })
@@ -27,16 +32,15 @@ else
   form_args = form_args.deep_merge({ data: { turbo: true } })
 end
 
-# Note: the form needs local_assigns[:form_locals].
-# I can't find where show_reasons is ever false - AN 20230801
-form_locals = local_assigns[:form_locals] || {}
+# `naming_locals`: modal forms can accept a `form_locals` local. The controller
+# may send `context` (i.e. where the form appears), which defaults to "blank".
+# `show_reasons` is false on the obs form, true on the naming form.
+naming_locals = { create:, button_name:, show_reasons: }.merge(form_locals)
 %>
 
 <%= form_with(**form_args) do |f| %>
 
+  <%= render(partial: "observations/namings/fields", locals: naming_locals) %>
   <%= submit_button(form: f, button: button_name, center: true) %>
 
-  <%= render(partial: "observations/namings/fields",
-             locals: { f: f, button_name: button_name }.merge(form_locals)) %>
-
 <% end # form %>
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/edit.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/edit.html.erb
index 715ab3e8c9..e8a752b14c 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/edit.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/edit.html.erb
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ add_tab_set(naming_form_edit_tabs(obs: @observation))
 
     <div class="mt-3">
       <%= render(partial: "observations/namings/form",
-                 locals: { action: :update, show_reasons: true,
-                           local: true }) %>
+                 locals: { show_reasons: true, local: true }) %>
     </div>
   </div><!--.col-->
 
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/new.html.erb b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/new.html.erb
index c4ff406d8d..161f4aa7cf 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/new.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/observations/namings/new.html.erb
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ add_tab_set(naming_form_new_tabs(obs: @observation))
 
     <div class="mt-3">
       <%= render(partial: "observations/namings/form",
-                 locals: { action: :create, show_reasons: true,
-                           local: true }) %>
+                 locals: { show_reasons: true, local: true }) %>
     </div>
   </div><!--.col-->
 
diff --git a/app/views/controllers/shared/_form_name_feedback.erb b/app/views/controllers/shared/_form_name_feedback.erb
index 5ae008500f..be83f5e852 100644
--- a/app/views/controllers/shared/_form_name_feedback.erb
+++ b/app/views/controllers/shared/_form_name_feedback.erb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+<%# locals: (given_name:, button_name:, names:, valid_names:, suggest_corrections:, parent_deprecated:) -%>
+
 <%#
-Handling deprecated, new & multiple Names
-Used by Name and Naming create and edit pages
+Feedback if the user entered deprecated, new or multiple Names
+Used by Observation, Name and Naming create and edit pages
 Does two things:
   Describes the issue - Deprecated, Parent Deprecated, or Not Recognized
   Adds Help how to proceed - depends on issue and the button
@@ -12,18 +14,11 @@ names - Name(s) corresponding to given_name
 valid_names - Name(s) that are valid synonyms
 suggest_corrections - t/f whether to suggest correction(s)
 parent_deprecated - t/f
-
-TODO:
-Differentiate warning (valid_names) from error (!valid_names)
-A conditional to watch is `if @params[:given_name].present?`.
-Also, views/observations/namings/fields is doing too much work,
-the multiple local_assigns for this partial should be set upstream.
 %>
 
 <%=
+##### Warnings #####
 if valid_names
-  ##### Warnings #####
-
   tag.div(class: "alert alert-warning", id: "name_messages") do
     concat(tag.div do
       if suggest_corrections || names.blank?