pixmappaint.d

/+
	== pixmappaint ==
	Copyright Elias Batek (0xEAB) 2024.
	Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+/
/++
	Pixmap image manipulation

	$(WARNING
		$(B Early Technology Preview.)
	)

	$(PITFALL
		This module is $(B work in progress).
		API is subject to changes until further notice.
	)
 +/
module arsd.pixmappaint;

import arsd.color;
import arsd.core;

private float hackyRound(float f) {
	import std.math : round;
	return round(f);
}

float round(float f) pure @nogc nothrow @trusted {
	return (cast(float function(float) pure @nogc nothrow) &hackyRound)(f);
}

/*
	## TODO:

	- Refactoring the template-mess of blendPixel() & co.
	- Scaling
	- Cropping
	- Rotating
	- Skewing
	- HSL
	- Advanced blend modes (maybe)
 */

///
alias Color = arsd.color.Color;

///
alias ColorF = arsd.color.ColorF;

///
alias Pixel = Color;

///
alias Point = arsd.color.Point;

///
alias Rectangle = arsd.color.Rectangle;

///
alias Size = arsd.color.Size;

// verify assumption(s)
static assert(Pixel.sizeof == uint.sizeof);

@safe pure nothrow @nogc {
	///
	Pixel rgba(ubyte r, ubyte g, ubyte b, ubyte a = 0xFF) {
		return Pixel(r, g, b, a);
	}

	///
	Pixel rgba(ubyte r, ubyte g, ubyte b, float aPct)
	in (aPct >= 0 && aPct <= 1) {
		return Pixel(r, g, b, castTo!ubyte(aPct * 255));
	}

	///
	Pixel rgb(ubyte r, ubyte g, ubyte b) {
		return rgba(r, g, b, 0xFF);
	}
}

/++
	Pixel data container
 +/
struct Pixmap {

	/// Pixel data
	Pixel[] data;

	/// Pixel per row
	int width;

@safe pure nothrow:

	///
	this(Size size) {
		this.size = size;
	}

	///
	this(int width, int height)
	in (width > 0)
	in (height > 0) {
		this(Size(width, height));
	}

	///
	this(Pixel[] data, int width) @nogc
	in (data.length % width == 0) {
		this.data = data;
		this.width = width;
	}

	/++
		Creates a $(I deep clone) of the Pixmap
	 +/
	Pixmap clone() const {
		auto c = Pixmap();
		c.width = this.width;
		c.data = this.data.dup;
		return c;
	}

	// undocumented: really shouldn’t be used.
	// carries the risks of `length` and `width` getting out of sync accidentally.
	deprecated("Use `size` instead.")
	void length(int value) {
		data.length = value;
	}

	/++
		Changes the size of the buffer

		Reallocates the underlying pixel array.
	 +/
	void size(Size value) {
		data.length = value.area;
		width = value.width;
	}

	/// ditto
	void size(int totalPixels, int width)
	in (totalPixels % width == 0) {
		data.length = totalPixels;
		this.width = width;
	}

	static {
		/++
			Creates a Pixmap wrapping the pixel data from the provided `TrueColorImage`.

			Interoperability function: `arsd.color`
		 +/
		Pixmap fromTrueColorImage(TrueColorImage source) @nogc {
			return Pixmap(source.imageData.colors, source.width);
		}

		/++
			Creates a Pixmap wrapping the pixel data from the provided `MemoryImage`.

			Interoperability function: `arsd.color`
		 +/
		Pixmap fromMemoryImage(MemoryImage source) {
			return fromTrueColorImage(source.getAsTrueColorImage());
		}
	}

@safe pure nothrow @nogc:

	/// Height of the buffer, i.e. the number of lines
	int height() inout {
		if (width == 0) {
			return 0;
		}

		return castTo!int(data.length / width);
	}

	/// Rectangular size of the buffer
	Size size() inout {
		return Size(width, height);
	}

	/// Length of the buffer, i.e. the number of pixels
	int length() inout {
		return castTo!int(data.length);
	}

	/++
		Number of bytes per line

		Returns:
			width × Pixel.sizeof
	 +/
	int pitch() inout {
		return (width * int(Pixel.sizeof));
	}

	/++
		Retrieves a linear slice of the pixmap.

		Returns:
			`n` pixels starting at the top-left position `pos`.
	 +/
	inout(Pixel)[] sliceAt(Point pos, int n) inout {
		immutable size_t offset = linearOffset(width, pos);
		immutable size_t end = (offset + n);
		return data[offset .. end];
	}

	/// Clears the buffer’s contents (by setting each pixel to the same color)
	void clear(Pixel value) {
		data[] = value;
	}
}

///
struct SpriteSheet {
	private {
		Pixmap _pixmap;
		Size _spriteDimensions;
		Size _layout; // pre-computed upon construction
	}

@safe pure nothrow @nogc:

	///
	public this(Pixmap pixmap, Size spriteSize) {
		_pixmap = pixmap;
		_spriteDimensions = spriteSize;

		_layout = Size(
			_pixmap.width / _spriteDimensions.width,
			_pixmap.height / _spriteDimensions.height,
		);
	}

	///
	inout(Pixmap) pixmap() inout {
		return _pixmap;
	}

	///
	Size spriteSize() inout {
		return _spriteDimensions;
	}

	///
	Size layout() inout {
		return _layout;
	}

	///
	Point getSpriteColumn(int index) inout {
		immutable x = index % layout.width;
		immutable y = (index - x) / layout.height;
		return Point(x, y);
	}

	///
	Point getSpritePixelOffset2D(int index) inout {
		immutable col = this.getSpriteColumn(index);
		return Point(
			col.x * _spriteDimensions.width,
			col.y * _spriteDimensions.height,
		);
	}
}

// Silly micro-optimization
private struct OriginRectangle {
	Size size;

@safe pure nothrow @nogc:

	int left() const => 0;
	int top() const => 0;
	int right() const => size.width;
	int bottom() const => size.height;

	bool intersect(const Rectangle b) const {
		// dfmt off
		return (
			(b.right    > 0          ) &&
			(b.left     < this.right ) &&
			(b.bottom   > 0          ) &&
			(b.top      < this.bottom)
		);
		// dfmt on
	}
}

@safe pure nothrow @nogc:

// misc
private {
	Point pos(Rectangle r) => r.upperLeft;

	T max(T)(T a, T b) => (a >= b) ? a : b;
	T min(T)(T a, T b) => (a <= b) ? a : b;
}

/++
	Calculates the square root
	of an integer number
	as an integer number.
 +/
ubyte intSqrt(const ubyte value) @safe pure nothrow @nogc {
	switch (value) {
	default:
		// unreachable
		assert(false, "ubyte != uint8");
	case 0:
		return 0;
	case 1: .. case 2:
		return 1;
	case 3: .. case 6:
		return 2;
	case 7: .. case 12:
		return 3;
	case 13: .. case 20:
		return 4;
	case 21: .. case 30:
		return 5;
	case 31: .. case 42:
		return 6;
	case 43: .. case 56:
		return 7;
	case 57: .. case 72:
		return 8;
	case 73: .. case 90:
		return 9;
	case 91: .. case 110:
		return 10;
	case 111: .. case 132:
		return 11;
	case 133: .. case 156:
		return 12;
	case 157: .. case 182:
		return 13;
	case 183: .. case 210:
		return 14;
	case 211: .. case 240:
		return 15;
	case 241: .. case 255:
		return 16;
	}
}

///
unittest {
	assert(intSqrt(4) == 2);
	assert(intSqrt(9) == 3);
	assert(intSqrt(10) == 3);
}

unittest {
	import std.math : round, sqrt;

	foreach (n; ubyte.min .. ubyte.max + 1) {
		ubyte fp = sqrt(float(n)).round().castTo!ubyte;
		ubyte i8 = intSqrt(n.castTo!ubyte);
		assert(fp == i8);
	}
}

/++
	Calculates the square root
	of the normalized value
	representated by the input integer number.

	Normalization:
		`[0x00 .. 0xFF]` → `[0.0 .. 1.0]`

	Returns:
		sqrt(value / 255f) * 255
 +/
ubyte intNormalizedSqrt(const ubyte value) {
	switch (value) {
	default:
		// unreachable
		assert(false, "ubyte != uint8");
	case 0x00:
		return 0x00;
	case 0x01:
		return 0x10;
	case 0x02:
		return 0x17;
	case 0x03:
		return 0x1C;
	case 0x04:
		return 0x20;
	case 0x05:
		return 0x24;
	case 0x06:
		return 0x27;
	case 0x07:
		return 0x2A;
	case 0x08:
		return 0x2D;
	case 0x09:
		return 0x30;
	case 0x0A:
		return 0x32;
	case 0x0B:
		return 0x35;
	case 0x0C:
		return 0x37;
	case 0x0D:
		return 0x3A;
	case 0x0E:
		return 0x3C;
	case 0x0F:
		return 0x3E;
	case 0x10:
		return 0x40;
	case 0x11:
		return 0x42;
	case 0x12:
		return 0x44;
	case 0x13:
		return 0x46;
	case 0x14:
		return 0x47;
	case 0x15:
		return 0x49;
	case 0x16:
		return 0x4B;
	case 0x17:
		return 0x4D;
	case 0x18:
		return 0x4E;
	case 0x19:
		return 0x50;
	case 0x1A:
		return 0x51;
	case 0x1B:
		return 0x53;
	case 0x1C:
		return 0x54;
	case 0x1D:
		return 0x56;
	case 0x1E:
		return 0x57;
	case 0x1F:
		return 0x59;
	case 0x20:
		return 0x5A;
	case 0x21:
		return 0x5C;
	case 0x22:
		return 0x5D;
	case 0x23:
		return 0x5E;
	case 0x24:
		return 0x60;
	case 0x25:
		return 0x61;
	case 0x26:
		return 0x62;
	case 0x27:
		return 0x64;
	case 0x28:
		return 0x65;
	case 0x29:
		return 0x66;
	case 0x2A:
		return 0x67;
	case 0x2B:
		return 0x69;
	case 0x2C:
		return 0x6A;
	case 0x2D:
		return 0x6B;
	case 0x2E:
		return 0x6C;
	case 0x2F:
		return 0x6D;
	case 0x30:
		return 0x6F;
	case 0x31:
		return 0x70;
	case 0x32:
		return 0x71;
	case 0x33:
		return 0x72;
	case 0x34:
		return 0x73;
	case 0x35:
		return 0x74;
	case 0x36:
		return 0x75;
	case 0x37:
		return 0x76;
	case 0x38:
		return 0x77;
	case 0x39:
		return 0x79;
	case 0x3A:
		return 0x7A;
	case 0x3B:
		return 0x7B;
	case 0x3C:
		return 0x7C;
	case 0x3D:
		return 0x7D;
	case 0x3E:
		return 0x7E;
	case 0x3F:
		return 0x7F;
	case 0x40:
		return 0x80;
	case 0x41:
		return 0x81;
	case 0x42:
		return 0x82;
	case 0x43:
		return 0x83;
	case 0x44:
		return 0x84;
	case 0x45:
		return 0x85;
	case 0x46:
		return 0x86;
	case 0x47: .. case 0x48:
		return 0x87;
	case 0x49:
		return 0x88;
	case 0x4A:
		return 0x89;
	case 0x4B:
		return 0x8A;
	case 0x4C:
		return 0x8B;
	case 0x4D:
		return 0x8C;
	case 0x4E:
		return 0x8D;
	case 0x4F:
		return 0x8E;
	case 0x50:
		return 0x8F;
	case 0x51:
		return 0x90;
	case 0x52: .. case 0x53:
		return 0x91;
	case 0x54:
		return 0x92;
	case 0x55:
		return 0x93;
	case 0x56:
		return 0x94;
	case 0x57:
		return 0x95;
	case 0x58:
		return 0x96;
	case 0x59: .. case 0x5A:
		return 0x97;
	case 0x5B:
		return 0x98;
	case 0x5C:
		return 0x99;
	case 0x5D:
		return 0x9A;
	case 0x5E:
		return 0x9B;
	case 0x5F: .. case 0x60:
		return 0x9C;
	case 0x61:
		return 0x9D;
	case 0x62:
		return 0x9E;
	case 0x63:
		return 0x9F;
	case 0x64: .. case 0x65:
		return 0xA0;
	case 0x66:
		return 0xA1;
	case 0x67:
		return 0xA2;
	case 0x68:
		return 0xA3;
	case 0x69: .. case 0x6A:
		return 0xA4;
	case 0x6B:
		return 0xA5;
	case 0x6C:
		return 0xA6;
	case 0x6D: .. case 0x6E:
		return 0xA7;
	case 0x6F:
		return 0xA8;
	case 0x70:
		return 0xA9;
	case 0x71: .. case 0x72:
		return 0xAA;
	case 0x73:
		return 0xAB;
	case 0x74:
		return 0xAC;
	case 0x75: .. case 0x76:
		return 0xAD;
	case 0x77:
		return 0xAE;
	case 0x78:
		return 0xAF;
	case 0x79: .. case 0x7A:
		return 0xB0;
	case 0x7B:
		return 0xB1;
	case 0x7C:
		return 0xB2;
	case 0x7D: .. case 0x7E:
		return 0xB3;
	case 0x7F:
		return 0xB4;
	case 0x80: .. case 0x81:
		return 0xB5;
	case 0x82:
		return 0xB6;
	case 0x83: .. case 0x84:
		return 0xB7;
	case 0x85:
		return 0xB8;
	case 0x86:
		return 0xB9;
	case 0x87: .. case 0x88:
		return 0xBA;
	case 0x89:
		return 0xBB;
	case 0x8A: .. case 0x8B:
		return 0xBC;
	case 0x8C:
		return 0xBD;
	case 0x8D: .. case 0x8E:
		return 0xBE;
	case 0x8F:
		return 0xBF;
	case 0x90: .. case 0x91:
		return 0xC0;
	case 0x92:
		return 0xC1;
	case 0x93: .. case 0x94:
		return 0xC2;
	case 0x95:
		return 0xC3;
	case 0x96: .. case 0x97:
		return 0xC4;
	case 0x98:
		return 0xC5;
	case 0x99: .. case 0x9A:
		return 0xC6;
	case 0x9B: .. case 0x9C:
		return 0xC7;
	case 0x9D:
		return 0xC8;
	case 0x9E: .. case 0x9F:
		return 0xC9;
	case 0xA0:
		return 0xCA;
	case 0xA1: .. case 0xA2:
		return 0xCB;
	case 0xA3: .. case 0xA4:
		return 0xCC;
	case 0xA5:
		return 0xCD;
	case 0xA6: .. case 0xA7:
		return 0xCE;
	case 0xA8:
		return 0xCF;
	case 0xA9: .. case 0xAA:
		return 0xD0;
	case 0xAB: .. case 0xAC:
		return 0xD1;
	case 0xAD:
		return 0xD2;
	case 0xAE: .. case 0xAF:
		return 0xD3;
	case 0xB0: .. case 0xB1:
		return 0xD4;
	case 0xB2:
		return 0xD5;
	case 0xB3: .. case 0xB4:
		return 0xD6;
	case 0xB5: .. case 0xB6:
		return 0xD7;
	case 0xB7:
		return 0xD8;
	case 0xB8: .. case 0xB9:
		return 0xD9;
	case 0xBA: .. case 0xBB:
		return 0xDA;
	case 0xBC:
		return 0xDB;
	case 0xBD: .. case 0xBE:
		return 0xDC;
	case 0xBF: .. case 0xC0:
		return 0xDD;
	case 0xC1: .. case 0xC2:
		return 0xDE;
	case 0xC3:
		return 0xDF;
	case 0xC4: .. case 0xC5:
		return 0xE0;
	case 0xC6: .. case 0xC7:
		return 0xE1;
	case 0xC8: .. case 0xC9:
		return 0xE2;
	case 0xCA:
		return 0xE3;
	case 0xCB: .. case 0xCC:
		return 0xE4;
	case 0xCD: .. case 0xCE:
		return 0xE5;
	case 0xCF: .. case 0xD0:
		return 0xE6;
	case 0xD1: .. case 0xD2:
		return 0xE7;
	case 0xD3:
		return 0xE8;
	case 0xD4: .. case 0xD5:
		return 0xE9;
	case 0xD6: .. case 0xD7:
		return 0xEA;
	case 0xD8: .. case 0xD9:
		return 0xEB;
	case 0xDA: .. case 0xDB:
		return 0xEC;
	case 0xDC: .. case 0xDD:
		return 0xED;
	case 0xDE: .. case 0xDF:
		return 0xEE;
	case 0xE0:
		return 0xEF;
	case 0xE1: .. case 0xE2:
		return 0xF0;
	case 0xE3: .. case 0xE4:
		return 0xF1;
	case 0xE5: .. case 0xE6:
		return 0xF2;
	case 0xE7: .. case 0xE8:
		return 0xF3;
	case 0xE9: .. case 0xEA:
		return 0xF4;
	case 0xEB: .. case 0xEC:
		return 0xF5;
	case 0xED: .. case 0xEE:
		return 0xF6;
	case 0xEF: .. case 0xF0:
		return 0xF7;
	case 0xF1: .. case 0xF2:
		return 0xF8;
	case 0xF3: .. case 0xF4:
		return 0xF9;
	case 0xF5: .. case 0xF6:
		return 0xFA;
	case 0xF7: .. case 0xF8:
		return 0xFB;
	case 0xF9: .. case 0xFA:
		return 0xFC;
	case 0xFB: .. case 0xFC:
		return 0xFD;
	case 0xFD: .. case 0xFE:
		return 0xFE;
	case 0xFF:
		return 0xFF;
	}
}

unittest {
	import std.math : round, sqrt;

	foreach (n; ubyte.min .. ubyte.max + 1) {
		ubyte fp = (sqrt(n / 255.0f) * 255).round().castTo!ubyte;
		ubyte i8 = intNormalizedSqrt(n.castTo!ubyte);
		assert(fp == i8);
	}
}

/++
	Limits a value to a maximum of 0xFF (= 255).
 +/
ubyte clamp255(Tint)(const Tint value) {
	pragma(inline, true);
	return (value < 0xFF) ? value.castTo!ubyte : 0xFF;
}

/++
	Fast 8-bit “percentage” function

	This function optimizes its runtime performance by substituting
	the division by 255 with an approximation using bitshifts.

	Nonetheless, its result are as accurate as a floating point
	division with 64-bit precision.

	Params:
		nPercentage = percentage as the number of 255ths (“two hundred fifty-fifths”)
		value = base value (“total”)

	Returns:
		`round(value * nPercentage / 255.0)`
 +/
ubyte n255thsOf(const ubyte nPercentage, const ubyte value) {
	immutable factor = (nPercentage | (nPercentage << 8));
	return (((value * factor) + 0x8080) >> 16);
}

@safe unittest {
	// Accuracy verification

	static ubyte n255thsOfFP64(const ubyte nPercentage, const ubyte value) {
		return (double(value) * double(nPercentage) / 255.0).round().castTo!ubyte();
	}

	for (int value = ubyte.min; value <= ubyte.max; ++value) {
		for (int percent = ubyte.min; percent <= ubyte.max; ++percent) {
			immutable v = cast(ubyte) value;
			immutable p = cast(ubyte) percent;

			immutable approximated = n255thsOf(p, v);
			immutable precise = n255thsOfFP64(p, v);
			assert(approximated == precise);
		}
	}
}

/++
	Sets the opacity of a [Pixmap].

	This lossy operation updates the alpha-channel value of each pixel.
	→ `alpha *= opacity`

	See_Also:
		Use [opacityF] with opacity values in percent (%).
 +/
void opacity(Pixmap pixmap, const ubyte opacity) {
	foreach (ref px; pixmap.data) {
		px.a = opacity.n255thsOf(px.a);
	}
}

/++
	Sets the opacity of a [Pixmap].

	This lossy operation updates the alpha-channel value of each pixel.
	→ `alpha *= opacity`

	See_Also:
		Use [opacity] with 8-bit integer opacity values (in 255ths).
 +/
void opacityF(Pixmap pixmap, const float opacity)
in (opacity >= 0)
in (opacity <= 1.0) {
	immutable opacity255 = round(opacity * 255).castTo!ubyte;
	pixmap.opacity = opacity255;
}

/++
	Inverts a color (to its negative color).
 +/
Pixel invert(const Pixel color) {
	return Pixel(
		0xFF - color.r,
		0xFF - color.g,
		0xFF - color.b,
		color.a,
	);
}

/++
	Inverts all colors to produce a $(B negative image).

	$(TIP
		Develops a positive image when applied to a negative one.
	)
 +/
void invert(Pixmap pixmap) {
	foreach (ref px; pixmap.data) {
		px = invert(px);
	}
}

// ==== Blending functions ====

/++
	Alpha-blending accuracy level

	$(TIP
		This primarily exists for performance reasons.
		In my tests LLVM manages to auto-vectorize the RGB-only codepath significantly better,
		while the codegen for the accurate RGBA path is pretty conservative.

		This provides an optimization opportunity for use-cases
		that don’t require an alpha-channel on the result.
	)
 +/
enum BlendAccuracy {
	/++
		Only RGB channels will have the correct result.

		A(lpha) channel can contain any value.

		Suitable for blending into non-transparent targets (e.g. framebuffer, canvas)
		where the resulting alpha-channel (opacity) value does not matter.
	 +/
	rgb = false,

	/++
		All RGBA channels will have the correct result.

		Suitable for blending into transparent targets (e.g. images)
		where the resulting alpha-channel (opacity) value matters.

		Use this mode for image manipulation.
	 +/
	rgba = true,
}

/++
	Blend modes

	$(NOTE
		As blending operations are implemented as integer calculations,
		results may be slightly less precise than those from image manipulation
		programs using floating-point math.
	)

	See_Also:
		<https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing/#blending>
 +/
enum BlendMode {
	///
	none = 0,
	///
	replace = none,
	///
	normal = 1,
	///
	alpha = normal,

	///
	multiply,
	///
	screen,

	///
	overlay,
	///
	hardLight,
	///
	softLight,

	///
	darken,
	///
	lighten,

	///
	colorDodge,
	///
	colorBurn,

	///
	difference,
	///
	exclusion,
	///
	subtract,
	///
	divide,
}

///
alias Blend = BlendMode;

// undocumented
enum blendNormal = BlendMode.normal;

///
alias BlendFn = ubyte function(const ubyte background, const ubyte foreground) pure nothrow @nogc;

/++
	Blends `source` into `target`
	with respect to the opacity of the source image (as stored in the alpha channel).

	See_Also:
		[alphaBlendRGBA] and [alphaBlendRGB] are shorthand functions
		in cases where no special blending algorithm is needed.
 +/
template alphaBlend(BlendFn blend = null, BlendAccuracy accuracy = BlendAccuracy.rgba) {
	/// ditto
	public void alphaBlend(scope Pixel[] target, scope const Pixel[] source) @trusted
	in (source.length == target.length) {
		foreach (immutable idx, ref pxTarget; target) {
			alphaBlend(pxTarget, source.ptr[idx]);
		}
	}

	/// ditto
	public void alphaBlend(ref Pixel pxTarget, const Pixel pxSource) @trusted {
		pragma(inline, true);

		static if (accuracy == BlendAccuracy.rgba) {
			immutable alphaResult = clamp255(pxSource.a + n255thsOf(pxTarget.a, (0xFF - pxSource.a)));
			//immutable alphaResult = clamp255(pxTarget.a + n255thsOf(pxSource.a, (0xFF - pxTarget.a)));
		}

		immutable alphaSource = (pxSource.a | (pxSource.a << 8));
		immutable alphaTarget = (0xFFFF - alphaSource);

		foreach (immutable ib, ref px; pxTarget.components) {
			static if (blend !is null) {
				immutable bx = blend(px, pxSource.components.ptr[ib]);
			} else {
				immutable bx = pxSource.components.ptr[ib];
			}
			immutable d = cast(ubyte)(((px * alphaTarget) + 0x8080) >> 16);
			immutable s = cast(ubyte)(((bx * alphaSource) + 0x8080) >> 16);
			px = cast(ubyte)(d + s);
		}

		static if (accuracy == BlendAccuracy.rgba) {
			pxTarget.a = alphaResult;
		}
	}
}

/// ditto
template alphaBlend(BlendAccuracy accuracy, BlendFn blend = null) {
	alias alphaBlend = alphaBlend!(blend, accuracy);
}

/++
	Blends `source` into `target`
	with respect to the opacity of the source image (as stored in the alpha channel).

	This variant is $(slower than) [alphaBlendRGB],
	but calculates the correct alpha-channel value of the target.
	See [BlendAccuracy] for further explanation.
 +/
public void alphaBlendRGBA(scope Pixel[] target, scope const Pixel[] source) @safe {
	return alphaBlend!(null, BlendAccuracy.rgba)(target, source);
}

/// ditto
public void alphaBlendRGBA(ref Pixel pxTarget, const Pixel pxSource) @safe {
	return alphaBlend!(null, BlendAccuracy.rgba)(pxTarget, pxSource);
}

/++
	Blends `source` into `target`
	with respect to the opacity of the source image (as stored in the alpha channel).

	This variant is $(B faster than) [alphaBlendRGBA],
	but leads to a wrong alpha-channel value in the target.
	Useful because of the performance advantage in cases where the resulting
	alpha does not matter.
	See [BlendAccuracy] for further explanation.
 +/
public void alphaBlendRGB(scope Pixel[] target, scope const Pixel[] source) @safe {
	return alphaBlend!(null, BlendAccuracy.rgb)(target, source);
}

/// ditto
public void alphaBlendRGB(ref Pixel pxTarget, const Pixel pxSource) @safe {
	return alphaBlend!(null, BlendAccuracy.rgb)(pxTarget, pxSource);
}

/++
	Blends pixel `source` into pixel `target`
	using the requested $(B blending mode).
 +/
template blendPixel(BlendMode mode, BlendAccuracy accuracy = BlendAccuracy.rgba) {

	static if (mode == BlendMode.replace) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			target = source;
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.alpha) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!accuracy(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.multiply) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(a, b) => n255thsOf(a, b)
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.screen) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(a, b) => castTo!ubyte(0xFF - n255thsOf((0xFF - a), (0xFF - b)))
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.darken) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(a, b) => min(a, b)
			)(target, source);
		}
	}
	static if (mode == BlendMode.lighten) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(a, b) => max(a, b)
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.overlay) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy, function(const ubyte b, const ubyte f) {
				if (b < 0x80) {
					return n255thsOf((2 * b).castTo!ubyte, f);
				}
				return castTo!ubyte(
					0xFF - n255thsOf(castTo!ubyte(2 * (0xFF - b)), (0xFF - f))
				);
			})(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.hardLight) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy, function(const ubyte b, const ubyte f) {
				if (f < 0x80) {
					return n255thsOf(castTo!ubyte(2 * f), b);
				}
				return castTo!ubyte(
					0xFF - n255thsOf(castTo!ubyte(2 * (0xFF - f)), (0xFF - b))
				);
			})(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.softLight) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy, function(const ubyte b, const ubyte f) {
				if (f < 0x80) {
					// dfmt off
					return castTo!ubyte(
						b - n255thsOf(
								n255thsOf((0xFF - 2 * f).castTo!ubyte, b),
								(0xFF - b),
							)
					);
					// dfmt on
				}

				// TODO: optimize if possible
				// dfmt off
				immutable ubyte d = (b < 0x40)
					? castTo!ubyte((b * (0x3FC + (((16 * b - 0xBF4) * b) / 255))) / 255)
					: intNormalizedSqrt(b);
				//dfmt on

				return castTo!ubyte(
					b + n255thsOf((2 * f - 0xFF).castTo!ubyte, (d - b).castTo!ubyte)
				);
			})(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.colorDodge) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy, function(const ubyte b, const ubyte f) {
				if (b == 0x00) {
					return ubyte(0x00);
				}
				if (f == 0xFF) {
					return ubyte(0xFF);
				}
				return min(
					ubyte(0xFF),
					clamp255((255 * b) / (0xFF - f))
				);
			})(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.colorBurn) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy, function(const ubyte b, const ubyte f) {
				if (b == 0xFF) {
					return ubyte(0xFF);
				}
				if (f == 0x00) {
					return ubyte(0x00);
				}

				immutable m = min(
					ubyte(0xFF),
					clamp255(((0xFF - b) * 255) / f)
				);
				return castTo!ubyte(0xFF - m);
			})(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.difference) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(b, f) => (b > f) ? castTo!ubyte(b - f) : castTo!ubyte(f - b)
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.exclusion) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(b, f) => castTo!ubyte(b + f - (2 * n255thsOf(f, b)))
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.subtract) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(b, f) => (b > f) ? castTo!ubyte(b - f) : ubyte(0)
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	static if (mode == BlendMode.divide) {
		/// ditto
		void blendPixel()(ref Pixel target, const Pixel source) {
			return alphaBlend!(accuracy,
				(b, f) => (f == 0) ? ubyte(0xFF) : clamp255(0xFF * b / f)
			)(target, source);
		}
	}

	//else {
	//	static assert(false, "Missing `blendPixel()` implementation for `BlendMode`.`" ~ mode ~ "`.");
	//}
}

/++
	Blends the pixel data of `source` into `target`
	using the requested $(B blending mode).

	`source` and `target` MUST have the same length.
 +/
void blendPixels(
	BlendMode mode,
	BlendAccuracy accuracy,
)(scope Pixel[] target, scope const Pixel[] source) @trusted
in (source.length == target.length) {
	static if (mode == BlendMode.replace) {
		// explicit optimization
		target.ptr[0 .. target.length] = source.ptr[0 .. target.length];
	} else {

		// better error message in case it’s not implemented
		static if (!is(typeof(blendPixel!(mode, accuracy)))) {
			pragma(msg, "Hint: Missing or bad `blendPixel!(" ~ mode.stringof ~ ")`.");
		}

		foreach (immutable idx, ref pxTarget; target) {
			blendPixel!(mode, accuracy)(pxTarget, source.ptr[idx]);
		}
	}
}

/// ditto
void blendPixels(BlendAccuracy accuracy)(scope Pixel[] target, scope const Pixel[] source, BlendMode mode) {
	import std.meta : NoDuplicates;
	import std.traits : EnumMembers;

	final switch (mode) with (BlendMode) {
		static foreach (m; NoDuplicates!(EnumMembers!BlendMode)) {
	case m:
			return blendPixels!(m, accuracy)(target, source);
		}
	}
}

/// ditto
void blendPixels(
	scope Pixel[] target,
	scope const Pixel[] source,
	BlendMode mode,
	BlendAccuracy accuracy = BlendAccuracy.rgba,
) {
	if (accuracy == BlendAccuracy.rgb) {
		return blendPixels!(BlendAccuracy.rgb)(target, source, mode);
	} else {
		return blendPixels!(BlendAccuracy.rgba)(target, source, mode);
	}
}

// ==== Drawing functions ====

/++
	Draws a single pixel
 +/
void drawPixel(Pixmap target, Point pos, Pixel color) {
	immutable size_t offset = linearOffset(target.width, pos);
	target.data[offset] = color;
}

/++
	Draws a rectangle
 +/
void drawRectangle(Pixmap target, Rectangle rectangle, Pixel color) {
	alias r = rectangle;

	immutable tRect = OriginRectangle(
		Size(target.width, target.height),
	);

	// out of bounds?
	if (!tRect.intersect(r)) {
		return;
	}

	immutable drawingTarget = Point(
		(r.pos.x >= 0) ? r.pos.x : 0,
		(r.pos.y >= 0) ? r.pos.y : 0,
	);

	immutable drawingEnd = Point(
		(r.right < tRect.right) ? r.right : tRect.right,
		(r.bottom < tRect.bottom) ? r.bottom : tRect.bottom,
	);

	immutable int drawingWidth = drawingEnd.x - drawingTarget.x;

	foreach (y; drawingTarget.y .. drawingEnd.y) {
		target.sliceAt(Point(drawingTarget.x, y), drawingWidth)[] = color;
	}
}

/++
	Draws a line
 +/
void drawLine(Pixmap target, Point a, Point b, Pixel color) {
	import std.math : sqrt;

	// TODO: line width
	// TODO: anti-aliasing (looks awful without it!)

	float deltaX = b.x - a.x;
	float deltaY = b.y - a.y;
	int steps = sqrt(deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY).castTo!int;

	float[2] step = [
		(deltaX / steps),
		(deltaY / steps),
	];

	foreach (i; 0 .. steps) {
		// dfmt off
		immutable Point p = a + Point(
			round(step[0] * i).castTo!int,
			round(step[1] * i).castTo!int,
		);
		// dfmt on

		immutable offset = linearOffset(p, target.width);
		target.data[offset] = color;
	}

	immutable offsetEnd = linearOffset(b, target.width);
	target.data[offsetEnd] = color;
}

/++
	Draws an image (a source pixmap) on a target pixmap

	Params:
		target = target pixmap to draw on
		image = source pixmap
		pos = top-left destination position (on the target pixmap)
 +/
void drawPixmap(Pixmap target, Pixmap image, Point pos, Blend blend = blendNormal) {
	alias source = image;

	immutable tRect = OriginRectangle(
		Size(target.width, target.height),
	);

	immutable sRect = Rectangle(pos, source.size);

	// out of bounds?
	if (!tRect.intersect(sRect)) {
		return;
	}

	immutable drawingTarget = Point(
		(pos.x >= 0) ? pos.x : 0,
		(pos.y >= 0) ? pos.y : 0,
	);

	immutable drawingEnd = Point(
		(sRect.right < tRect.right) ? sRect.right : tRect.right,
		(sRect.bottom < tRect.bottom) ? sRect.bottom : tRect.bottom,
	);

	immutable drawingSource = Point(drawingTarget.x, 0) - Point(sRect.pos.x, sRect.pos.y);
	immutable int drawingWidth = drawingEnd.x - drawingTarget.x;

	foreach (y; drawingTarget.y .. drawingEnd.y) {
		blendPixels(
			target.sliceAt(Point(drawingTarget.x, y), drawingWidth),
			source.sliceAt(Point(drawingSource.x, y + drawingSource.y), drawingWidth),
			blend,
		);
	}
}

/++
	Draws a sprite from a spritesheet
 +/
void drawSprite(Pixmap target, const SpriteSheet sheet, int spriteIndex, Point pos, Blend blend = blendNormal) {
	immutable tRect = OriginRectangle(
		Size(target.width, target.height),
	);

	immutable spriteOffset = sheet.getSpritePixelOffset2D(spriteIndex);
	immutable sRect = Rectangle(pos, sheet.spriteSize);

	// out of bounds?
	if (!tRect.intersect(sRect)) {
		return;
	}

	immutable drawingTarget = Point(
		(pos.x >= 0) ? pos.x : 0,
		(pos.y >= 0) ? pos.y : 0,
	);

	immutable drawingEnd = Point(
		(sRect.right < tRect.right) ? sRect.right : tRect.right,
		(sRect.bottom < tRect.bottom) ? sRect.bottom : tRect.bottom,
	);

	immutable drawingSource =
		spriteOffset
		+ Point(drawingTarget.x, 0)
		- Point(sRect.pos.x, sRect.pos.y);
	immutable int drawingWidth = drawingEnd.x - drawingTarget.x;

	foreach (y; drawingTarget.y .. drawingEnd.y) {
		blendPixels(
			target.sliceAt(Point(drawingTarget.x, y), drawingWidth),
			sheet.pixmap.sliceAt(Point(drawingSource.x, y + drawingSource.y), drawingWidth),
			blend,
		);
	}
}