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sdgs.Rmd
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sdgs.Rmd
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---
title: "SDGs"
bibliography: bib_iswelindus.bib
link-citations: true
output:
html_document:
toc: true
toc_float: true
---
# SDGs Overview
The United Nations Development Programme proposed 17 Sustainable Development Goals [(SDGs)](http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html) which came into effect in January 2016. The 17 SDGs are shown in Figure 1 below. Further details, reports and official UN resolutions are also available as listed in the library (@UNDP_SDGs,@UN2016_SDGIndicators,@UN2015_SDGagenda,@UNDP2015_SDGbooklet,@UN2017_SDGIndicators,@UN2017_SDGsreport2017,@SDSN2017_SDGIntSpillovers).
<p id="figcap"> Figure 1: UNDP Sustainable Development Goals</p>
<center>
<div id="fig">
[](http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html)
</div>
</center>
<br><br>
# WEL SDGs
Eight SDGs directly related to Water-Energy-Land (WEL) are selected for further analysis. These goals will be monitored and tracked for the Indus Basin as part of the project ISWEL project. The selected WEL SDGs are shown in Figure 2.
<p id="figcap"> Figure 2: Selected Water-Energy-Land (WEL) related SDGs</p>
<center>
<div id="fig">
[](http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html)
</div>
</center>
<br><br>
# WEL SDG targets and indicators
Detailed targets and indiators have been decided for each SDG in [Annex 4](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-E.pdf) of the United Nations report of the inter-agency and expert group on sustainable development goal indicators E/CN.3/2016/2 (@UN2016_SDGIndicators). The following sections list the targets and indicators for each of the selected WEL SDGs.
## SDG 2 - Zero Hunger
| Targets | Indicators |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 2.1 - By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round | 2.1.1 - Prevalence of undernourishment <br> 2.1.2 - Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) |
| 2.2 - By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. | 2.2.1 - Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age <br> 2.2.2 - Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5, disaggregated by type (wasting and overweight) |
| 2.3 - By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment | 2.3.1 - Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size <br> 2.3.2* - Total Factor Productivity |
| 2.4 - By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality | 2.4.1* - Percentage of agricultural area under sustainable agricultural practices <br> 2.4.2* - Percentage of agricultural households using irrigation systems compared to all agricultural households <br> 2.4.3* - Percentage of agricultural households using eco-friendly fertilizers compared to all agricultural households using fertilizers |
| 2.5 - By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed | 2.5.1* - Ex situ crop collections enrichment index <br> 2.5.2* - Percentage of local crops and breeds and their wild relatives, classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at an unknown level of risk of extinction |
| 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries | 2.a.1* The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures |
| 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round | 2.b.1* - Percentage change in import and export tariffs on agricultural products <br> 2.b.2 - Agricultural export subsidies |
| 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility | 2.c.1* - Indicator of (food) price anomalies |
## SDG 6 - Clean Water
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 6.1 - By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all | 6.1.1 - Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services |
| 6.2 - By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations | 6.2.1 - Percentage of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water |
| 6.3 - By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally | 6.3.1 - Percentage of wastewater safely treated <br> 6.3.2 - Percentage of bodies of water with good ambient water quality |
| 6.4 - By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity | 6.4.1* - Percentage change in water use efficiency over time <br> 6.4.2* - Percentage of total available water resources used, taking environmental water requirements into account (level of water stress) |
| 6.5 - By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate | 6.5.1* - Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100) |
| 6.6 - By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes | 6.6.1 - Percentage of change in the extent of waterrelated ecosystems over time |
| 6.a - By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies | 6.a.1 - Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government coordinated spending plan |
| 6.b - Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management | 6.b.1 - Percentage of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management |
## SDG 7 - Affordable & Clean Energy
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 7.1 - By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services | 7.1.1 - Percentage of population with access to electricity <br> 7.1.2 - Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology |
| 7.2 - By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix | 7.2.1 - Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption |
| 7.3 - By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency | 7.3.1 - Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and gross domestic product (GDP) |
| 7.a - By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology | 7.a.1 - Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment |
| 7.b - By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support | 7.b.1* - Ratio of value added to net domestic energy use, by industry |
## SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 11.1 - By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums | 11.1.1 - Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing |
| 11.2 - By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons | 11.2.1 - Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport, disaggregated by age group, sex and persons with disabilities |
| 11.3 - By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries | 11.3.1 - Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate <br> 11.3.2* - Percentage of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management which operate regularly and democratically |
| 11.4 - Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage | 11.4.1* - Share of national (or municipal) budget which is dedicated to the preservation, protection and conservation of national cultural natural heritage, including World Heritage sites |
| 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations | 11.5.1* Number of deaths, missing people, injured, relocated or evacuated due to disasters per 100,000 people |
## SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption & Production
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 12.1 - Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries | 12.1.1 - Number of countries with sustainable consumption and production (SCP) national action plans or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or target into national policies |
| 12.2 - By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources | 12.2.1* - Material footprint and material footprint per capita |
| 12.3 - By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including postharvest losses | 12.3.1 - Global food loss index |
| 12.4 - By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment | 12.4.1 - Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous and other chemicals and waste that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement <br> 12.4.2* - Treatment of waste, generation of hazardous waste, hazardous waste management, by type of treatment |
| 12.5 - By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse | 12.5.1 - National recycling rate, tons of material recycled |
| 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle | 12.6.1 Number of companies publishing sustainability reports |
## SDG 13 - Climate Action
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 13.1 - Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries | 13.1.1* - Number of deaths, missing people, injured, relocated or evacuated due to disasters per 100,000 people |
| 13.2 - Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning | 13.2.1* - Number of countries that have formally communicated the establishment of integrated lowcarbon, climate-resilient, disaster risk reduction development strategies (e.g. a national adaptation plan process, national policies and measures to promote the transition to environmentally friendly substances and technologies) |
| 13.3 - Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning | 13.3.1* - Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula |
| 13.a - Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible | 13.a.1 - Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment |
| 13.b - Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities | 13.b.1* - Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth, local and marginalized communities |
## SDG 14 - Life Below Water
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 14.1 - By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from landbased activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution | 14.1.1* - Nitrogen use efficiency composite indicator |
| 14.2 - By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans | 14.2.1* - Percentage of coastal and marine development with formulated or implemented integrated coastal management/maritime spatial planning plans (that are harmonized where applicable), based on an ecosystem approach, that builds resilient human communities and ecosystems and provides for equitable benefit sharing and decent work |
| 14.3 - Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels | 14.3.1 - Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations |
| 14.4 - By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics | 14.4.1* - Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels |
| 14.5 - By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information | 14.5.1 - Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas |
| 14.6 - By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiationb | 14.6.1* - Dollar value of negative fishery subsidies against 2015 baseline |
| 14.7 - By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism | 14.7.1* - Fisheries as a percentage of GDP |
| 14.a - Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries | 14.a.1 - Budget allocation to research in the field of marine technology as a percentage of total budget for research |
| 14.b - Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets | 14.b.1* Proportion of national fishery production by country that are catches by small-medium fishery businesses or Progress by countries in adopting and implementing a legal/regulatory/policy/institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries |
| 14.c - Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of “The future we want” | 14.c.1* - Number of countries implementing either legally or programmatically the provisions set out in regional seas protocols and ratification and implementation of the ILO maritime and fisheries conventions |
## SDG 15 - Life on Land
| Targets | Indicators |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 15.1 - By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements | 15.1.1* - Forest area as a percentage of total land area |
| 15.2 - By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally | 15.2.1* - Forest cover under sustainable forest management <br> 15.2.2 - Net permanent forest loss |
| 15.3 - By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world | 15.3.1* - Percentage of land that is degraded over total land area |
| 15.4 - By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development | 15.4.1 - Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity <br> 15.4.2 - Mountain Green Cover Index |
| 15.5 - Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species | 15.5.1 - Red List Index |
| 15.6 - Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed | 15.6.1* - Number of permits or their equivalents made available to the Access and Benefit-sharing ClearingHouse established under the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing and number of standard material transfer agreements, as communicated to the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |
| 15.7 - Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products | 15.7.1* - Red List Index for species in trade <br> 15.7.2* - Proportion of detected trade in wildlife and wildlife products that is illegal |
| 15.8 - By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species | 15.8.1* - Adoption of national legislation relevant to the prevention or control of invasive alien species |
| 15.9 - By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts | 15.9.1* - Number of national development plans and processes integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services values |
| 15.a - Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems | 15.a.1 - Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems |
| 15.b - Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation | 15.b.1* - Forestry official development assistance and forestry foreign direct investment |
| 15.c - Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities | 15.c.1* - Proportion of detected trade in wildlife and wildlife products that is illegal |
# Regional SDG Status
## Indus
## Pakistan
## Indus
## China
## Afghanistan
# References