bibliography.json

[
  {
    "publisher": "Mayfield", 
    "ISBN": "0874840538 9780874840537", 
    "publisher-place": "Mountain View, CA", 
    "shortTitle": "Dictionary of word roots and combining forms", 
    "title": "Dictionary of word roots and combining forms: compiled from the Greek, Latin, and other languages, with special reference to biological terms and scientific names", 
    "language": "English", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1960"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Donald J.", 
        "family": "Borror"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Mountain View, CA", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "borror:1960dictionary"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Clarendon Press", 
    "ISBN": "0198642245", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "Oxford Latin dictionary", 
    "call-number": "PA2365.E5 O9 1982b", 
    "number-of-pages": "2126", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1982"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "glare:1982oxford", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "P.G.W.", 
        "family": "Glare"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 16016791\nPMCID: PMC194697", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "George L.", 
        "family": "Banay"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "An Introduction to Medical Terminology. I. Greek and Latin Derivations", 
    "URL": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194697/", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0025-7338", 
    "page": "1-27", 
    "volume": "36", 
    "source": "PubMed Central", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1948", 
          1
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bulletin of the Medical Library Association", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bull Med Libr Assoc", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "banay:1948introduction"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Davis", 
    "ISBN": "0803600321", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "shortTitle": "Dunmore and Fleischer's medical terminology", 
    "title": "Dunmore and Fleischer's medical terminology: Exercises in etymology", 
    "call-number": "R123 .D86 2004", 
    "abstract": "Focuses on the terminology of the anatomy. As the title suggests, the bulk of the book consists of exercises; it seems quite good at what it does. Integrates some interesting details from classical mythology and medicine (seemingly drawing some inspiration from the Masciantonio collection or a common source).", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Cheryl", 
        "family": "Walker-Esbaugh"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Laine H.", 
        "family": "McCarthy"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Rhonda A.", 
        "family": "Sparks"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "301", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "esbaugh:2004dunmore"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-200106000-00025", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "The Different Originality of Homer and Thucydides", 
    "title": "The Different Originality of Homer and Thucydides", 
    "URL": "http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00000372-200106000-00025", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "274-275", 
    "volume": "23", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2001", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Carmelo", 
        "family": "Urso"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of Dermatopathology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          8, 
          30
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "urso:2001different"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80067-5", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "J.", 
        "family": "Krmpoti\u0107-Nemani\u0107"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "I.", 
        "family": "Vinter"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Missing and incorrect terms in terminologia anatomica (1998)", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960203800675", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "abstract": "Summary\nBased on our studies we suggest that the term articulation femoropatellaris should be introduced in the new anatomic terminology, because of the importance of this entity in the function and pathology of the knee joint. In order to indicate that the condylar surfaces, having a different function are separated from the patellar surface of the femur, the term \u201clinea condylopatellaris medialis and linea condylopatellaris lateralis\u201d should be introduced in the anatomical terminology.\n\nThe term \u201cnodus lymphoideus\u201d should be changed to nodus lymphaticus because the adjective lymphaticus means belonging to the node in question while the adjective lymphoideus means \u201csimilar\u201d, which is not correct.", 
    "ISSN": "0940-9602", 
    "page": "387-388", 
    "volume": "185", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003", 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Annals of Anatomy/Anatomischer Anzeiger", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "nemani\u0107:2003missing"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Oxford University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9780199580316", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "Oxford Latin dictionary", 
    "call-number": "PA2365.E5 O9 2012", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2012"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "number-of-volumes": "2", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "glare:2012oxford", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "P.G.W.", 
        "family": "Glare"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444512721", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of plant names of North America, including Mexico", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of plant names of North America, including Mexico: in Latin, Spanish (Mexican and European) and English (American)", 
    "call-number": "QK13 .W49 2003", 
    "number-of-pages": "600", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "white:2003elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Richard C.", 
        "family": "White"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11433607", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Alena", 
        "family": "Ivanov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Anna", 
        "family": "Holom\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Anatomic nomenclature by Vesalius", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2001/10203-08.pdf", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "Our paper deals with the situation of medieval anatomy language in the pre-Vesalian period. It also explains the necessity of terminology reform undertaken by Vesalius in his De humani corporis fabrica. It describes formation principles of the scientific language of anatomy based on pure classical Latin while eliminating Arabic and Greek elements. Emphasis is laid on Vesalius' effort to unify terms as far as their meaning is concerned, to record lexical items and to create a permanent nomenclature in order to eliminate discrepancies in this field of communication. Our paper contains a lot of information on terminology demonstrating Vesalius' language reform and reminding us of his great achievement, for which he is considered a forerunner of anatomy nomenclature codification. (Ref. 5.)", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "169-173", 
    "volume": "102", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2001"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "ivanov\u00e1:2001anatomic"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 24123982", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ajmg.a.36244", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John M", 
        "family": "Opitz"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Giovanni", 
        "family": "Neri"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Historical perspective on developmental concepts and terminology", 
    "issue": "11", 
    "abstract": "In their ontogeny and phylogeny all living beings are historical entities. The revolution in biology of the 18th and 19th centuries that did away with the scala naturae according to which we humans, the acme of creation, \"made a little lower than the angels,\" also led to the gradual realization that a humble one-celled protist (\"protoctist\"), such as Entamoeba histolytica of ill repute [Margulis and Chapman, ] has the same 4-billion-year phylogeny as that of Homo sapiens, vivid testimony to common ancestry and the relatedness of all living beings on earth. The group of medical geneticists who assembled at the NIH, Bethesda, MD this January to address terms pertaining to human ontogeny, did so in the long tradition of Sydenham, Linnaeus, Meckel, Geoffroy St-Hilaire p\u00e8re et fils, Wilhelm His and so many others before who had over the previous two centuries wrestled as earnestly as they could with concepts of \"classification\" and nomenclature of developmental anomalies. The prior massive need for classification per se in medical morphology has diminished over the years in favor of ever more sophisticated understanding of pathogenesis and cause through experimental biology and genetics; however, in the winter of 2013 it was still found prudent to respect terminological precedent on general terms while recognizing recent advances in developmental pathology requiring clarification and definition of special terms. Efforts along similar lines instigated by the German Society of Anatomists at their first meeting in Leipzig in 1887 culminated, after intense years of work by hundreds of experts and consultants under the goad of Wilhelm His, in the Basel Nomina Anatomica [BNA, His (1895)]. His, himself, stated prefatorily that the BNA had no legislative weight, only an evanescent consensus of many to be amended in the future as needed and indicated. Without hubris, no one before or after will do the same. The more substantial the consensus the more permanent the structure. After some 120 years the BNA is alive and flourishing. Now retitled Terminologia Anatomica, it has been amended and added to many times, is still in Latin but now with synonyms in English, the new lingua franca of science, for every anatomical, histological and embryological term. May our successors be equally effective.", 
    "ISSN": "1552-4833", 
    "page": "2711-2725", 
    "volume": "161A", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013", 
          11
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "American journal of medical genetics", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am. J. Med. Genet. A", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "opitz:2013historical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444989692", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Dictionary of weeds of eastern Europe", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of eastern Europe: their common names and importance in Latin, Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, English, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat, and Slovak", 
    "call-number": "SB613.E852 D53 1987", 
    "number-of-pages": "479", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1987"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "williams:1987elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Gareth", 
        "family": "Williams"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ka\u0301roly", 
        "family": "Hunyadi"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Saunders/Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "9781455728466", 
    "publisher-place": "Saint Louis, MO", 
    "title": "The language of medicine", 
    "call-number": "R123 .C43 2014", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Davi-Ellen", 
        "family": "Chabner"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "1041", 
    "edition": "10", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Saint Louis, MO", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "chabner:2014language"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Lippincott Williams & Wilkins", 
    "ISBN": "0781733901", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "title": "Stedman's medical dictionary", 
    "URL": "http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=14615", 
    "call-number": "R121 .S8 2006", 
    "edition": "28", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "stegman:2006stedman", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Julie K.", 
        "family": "Stegman"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Eric", 
        "family": "Branger"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Tiffany", 
        "family": "Piper"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Thomas W.", 
        "family": "Filardo"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Raymond", 
        "family": "Lukens"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "William R.", 
        "family": "Hensyl"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1002/ca.21185", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "AnatomicalTerms.info", 
    "title": "AnatomicalTerms.info: Heading for an online solution to the anatomical synonym problem. Hurdles in data-reuse from the <i>Terminologia Anatomica</i> and the foundational model of anatomy and potentials for future development", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.21185/abstract", 
    "issue": "7", 
    "abstract": "The many synonyms for anatomical structures confuse medical students and complicate medical communication. Easily accessible translations would alleviate this problem. None of the presently available resources\u2014Terminologia Anatomica (TA), digital terminologies such as the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), and websites\u2014are fully satisfactory to this aim. Internet technologies offer new possibilities to solve the problem. Several authors have called for an online TA. An online translation resource should be easily accessible, user-friendly, comprehensive, expandable, and its quality determinable. As first step towards this goal, we built a translation website that we named www.AnatomicalTerms.info, based on the database of the FMA. It translates between English, Latin, eponyms, and to a lesser extent other languages, and presently contains over 31,000 terms for 7,250 structures, covering 95% of TA. In addition, it automatically presents searches for images, documents and anatomical variations regarding the sought structure. Several terminological and conceptual issues were encountered in transferring data from TA and FMA into AnatomicalTerms.info, resultant from these resources' different set-ups (paper versus digital) and targets (machine versus human-user). To the best of our knowledge, AnatomicalTerms.info is unique in its combination of user-friendliness and comprehensiveness. As next step, wiki-like expandability will be added to enable open contribution of clinical synonyms and terms in different languages. Specific quality measures will be taken to strike a balance between open contribution and quality assurance. AnatomicalTerms.info's mechanism that \u201ctranslates\u201d terms to structures furthermore may enhance targeted searching by linking images, descriptions, and other anatomical resources to the structures. Clin. Anat. 24:817\u2013830, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1098-2353", 
    "page": "817-830", 
    "volume": "24", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2011", 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "O. Paul", 
        "family": "Gob\u00e9e"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Dani\u00ebl", 
        "family": "Jansma"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Marco C.", 
        "family": "DeRuiter"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Clinical Anatomy", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Clin. Anat.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "gob\u00e9e:2011anatomicalterms"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 23228528", 
    "DOI": "10.1016/j.reuma.2012.10.007", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Karla", 
        "family": "Chiapas-Gasca"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Luiz Fernando De Souza", 
        "family": "Passos"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Sandra L\u00facia", 
        "family": "Euz\u00e9bio Ribeiro"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Pablo", 
        "family": "Villase\u00f1or-Ovies"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Nomina anatomica. Anatomic terminology and the old French terminology", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1699258X12002458", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2012", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "A surprising finding in our seminars in Latin America and Spain was that approximately half of the participants continued to use the old French anatomical nomenclature. The substance of this paper is a table in which we compare the anatomical names for the items reviewed in our seminar, in a Spanish version of the old French nomenclature and in the Spanish, Portuguese, and English versions of the currently employed anatomical terms.", 
    "ISSN": "1885-1398", 
    "page": "3-9", 
    "volume": "8, supplement 2", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "container-title": "Reumatolog\u00eda clinica", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Reumatol Clin", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "gasca:2012nomina"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thomas", 
    "publisher-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "title": "A medical Greek and Latin workbook", 
    "call-number": "R123 .M23", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "James A.", 
        "family": "McCulloch"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "154", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1962"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "mcculloch:1962medical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Springer Netherlands", 
    "ISBN": "978-1-4020-6242-1, 978-1-4020-6359-6", 
    "publisher-place": "Dordrecht", 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3441", 
    "DOI": "10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3441",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "J. Howard", 
        "family": "Frank"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "event-place": "Dordrecht", 
    "container-title": "Encyclopedia of Entomology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "entry-encyclopedia", 
    "id": "frank:2008pronunciation", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "John L.", 
        "family": "Capinera"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1055/s-2003-812548", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "de", 
    "title": "\u201eDie Poesie in Wirklichkeit verwandeln\u201d. Antike Sagengestalten in der modernen Medizin", 
    "URL": "https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2003-812548", 
    "issue": "51/52", 
    "ISSN": "0012-0472, 1439-4413", 
    "page": "2698-2706", 
    "volume": "128", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "DMW", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2003poesie"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Whitston", 
    "ISBN": "0878751386", 
    "publisher-place": "Troy, NY", 
    "title": "Medical terminology from Greek and Latin", 
    "call-number": "R123 .P3 1982", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Sandra R.", 
        "family": "Patterson"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Lawrence S.", 
        "family": "Thompson"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "275", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Troy, NY", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1982"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "patterson:1982medical"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1002/ca.22345", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "The naming of the cranial nerves", 
    "title": "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.22345/abstract", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "abstract": "The giants of medicine and anatomy have each left their mark on the history of the cranial nerves, and much of the history of anatomic study can be viewed through the lens of how the cranial nerves were identified and named. A comprehensive literature review on the classification of the cranial names was performed. The identification of the cranial nerves began with Galen in the 2nd century AD and evolved up through the mid-20th century. In 1778, Samuel S\u00f6mmerring, a German anatomist, classified the 12 cranial nerves as we recognize them today. This review expands on the excellent investigations of Flamm, Shaw, and Simon et al., with discussion of the historical identification as well as the process of naming the human cranial nerves. Clin. Anat. 27:14\u201319, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1098-2353", 
    "page": "14-19", 
    "volume": "27", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          1
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Matthew C.", 
        "family": "Davis"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Christoph J.", 
        "family": "Griessenauer"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Anand N.", 
        "family": "Bosmia"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "R. Shane", 
        "family": "Tubbs"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Mohammadali M.", 
        "family": "Shoja"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Clinical Anatomy", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Clin. Anat.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "davis:2014naming"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thieme", 
    "ISBN": "9783131216526 3131216522", 
    "publisher-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "shortTitle": "Medizinische Terminologie", 
    "title": "Medizinische Terminologie: Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch", 
    "language": "German", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Wolfgang", 
        "family": "Caspar"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "caspar:2007medizinische"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Lippincott Williams & Wilkins", 
    "ISBN": "9780781788458", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "title": "Medical terminology made incredibly easy!", 
    "URL": "http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=976115&T=F", 
    "call-number": "R123 .M394 2009", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Helen Christina", 
        "family": "Ballestas"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Kim", 
        "family": "Davis"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Vivian C.", 
        "family": "Gamblian"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Donna", 
        "family": "Headrick"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Shelley", 
        "family": "Huffstutler-Hawkins"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Julia Anne", 
        "family": "Isen"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Hope Siddons", 
        "family": "Knight"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Megan", 
        "family": "McClintock"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Aaron", 
        "family": "Pack"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Noel C.", 
        "family": "Piano"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Angela R.", 
        "family": "Roughley"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Donna", 
        "family": "Scemons"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Marilyn D.", 
        "family": "Sellers"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Connie K.", 
        "family": "Smith"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Jennifer K.", 
        "family": "Sofie"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Benita", 
        "family": "Walton-Moss"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "410", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "ballestas:2009medical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 7235198", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198100310-00005", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "A description and directory of plural forms of medical Latin words and terms", 
    "title": "A description and directory of plural forms of medical Latin words and terms", 
    "URL": "http://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/Citation/1981/00310/A_description_and_directory_of_plural_forms_of.5.aspx", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "41-53", 
    "volume": "3", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1981"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Morris", 
        "family": "Leider"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of Dermatopathology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          7, 
          23
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1981description"
  }, 
  {
    "collection-title": "Handbook of clinical neurology", 
    "ISBN": "9780444520098", 
    "publisher-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "title": "The Greco-Roman world", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02105-2", 
    "DOI": "10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02105-2",
    "call-number": "RC338 .H58 2010", 
    "abstract": "This chapter focuses on the relevance of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and disorders of the nervous system in the Greco-Roman world. All technical terms and the general frame of reference are modern, not historical. The guiding principles of modern science\u2014the formulation of testable hypotheses, controlled experimentation, and observer objectivity\u2014are largely the achievements of later generations, and their application to the ancient neurosciences would be premature. From this perspective, many old theories regarding brain function and the nature of scientific evidence are decidedly speculative and dubious. In this early phase of medicine, it was also impossible to classify illnesses morphologically or etiologically. Instead, various clusters of symptoms and signs were summarized to define different kinds of diseases. It is for this reason that ancient terms such as \u201cepilepsy\u201d and \u201capoplexy\u201d bear only a slight resemblance to the modern versions. It is critical to keep in mind when studying ancient neurology that Greco-Roman science differs fundamentally from modern science.", 
    "collection-number": "3rd ser., 17 (95)", 
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "page": "49-59", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "container-title": "History of neurology", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "karenberg:2009greco", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Stanley", 
        "family": "Finger"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Franc\u0327ois", 
        "family": "Boller"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Kenneth L.", 
        "family": "Tyler"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 17694812", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Seemingly or partially negative prefixes in medical English", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2007/10845-15.pdf", 
    "issue": "4-5", 
    "abstract": "In this article we will try to find out if the prefixes anti-, contra-, counter-, de-, dys-, ex-, extra-, mal- can negate the words they combine with (Ref. 9). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "233-236", 
    "volume": "108", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "d\u017euganov\u00e1:2007seemingly"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1002/dc.23092", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology", 
    "title": "Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology: The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/doi/10.1002/dc.23092/abstract", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "abstract": "The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for pancreatobiliary cytology including indications for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, techniques of EUS-FNA, terminology and nomenclature of pancreatobiliary disease, ancillary testing, and postbiopsy treatment and management. All documents are based on the expertise of the authors, a review of the literature, discussions of the draft document at several national and international meetings over an 18-month period and synthesis of online comments of the draft document on the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology web site (www.papsociety.org). This document selectively presents the results of these discussions and focuses on a proposed standardized terminology scheme for pancreatobiliary specimens that correlate cytological diagnosis with biological behavior and increasingly conservative patient management of surveillance only. The proposed terminology scheme recommends a six-tiered system: Nondiagnostic, Negative, Atypical, Neoplastic (benign or other), Suspicious and Positive. Unique to this scheme is the \u201cNeoplastic\u201d category separated into \u201cbenign\u201d (serous cystadenoma), or \u201cOther\u201d (premalignant mucinous cysts, neuroendocrine tumors, and solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms). The positive or malignant category is reserved for high-grade, aggressive malignancies including ductal adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, pancreatoblastoma, lymphoma, and metastases. Interpretation categories do not have to be used. Some pathology laboratory information systems require an interpretation category, which places the cytological diagnosis into a general category. This proposed scheme provides terminology that standardizes the category of the various diseases of the pancreas, some of which are difficult to diagnose specifically by cytology. In addition, this terminology scheme attempts to provide maximum flexibility for patient management, which has become increasingly conservative for some neoplasms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:338\u2013350. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1097-0339", 
    "page": "338-350", 
    "volume": "42", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Martha B.", 
        "family": "Pitman"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Barbara A.", 
        "family": "Centeno"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Syed Z.", 
        "family": "Ali"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Muriel", 
        "family": "Genevay"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ed", 
        "family": "Stelow"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Mari", 
        "family": "Mino-Kenudson"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Carlos", 
        "family": "Fernandez-del Castillo"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "C.", 
        "family": "Max Schmidt"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "William", 
        "family": "Brugge"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Lester", 
        "family": "Layfield"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Diagnostic Cytopathology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          8, 
          20
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Diagn. Cytopathol.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "pitman:2014standardized"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 12448570", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "A brief outline of the development of medical English", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2002/10306-07.pdf", 
    "issue": "6", 
    "abstract": "English medical terminology developed from medieval Latin terminology, which had absorbed a developed Greek terminology. Only a few medical terms come from the oldest developmental period of English language (from Anglo-Saxon). During the Middle Ages, French became an excellent medium for introducing new medical terms developed from Greek/Latin elements. Nowadays English more and more uses its own language material for creation of new terms. (Ref. 9.)", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "223-227", 
    "volume": "103", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2002"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "d\u017euganov\u00e1:2002brief"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 12571757", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "Latin as the language of medical terminology", 
    "title": "Latin as the language of medical terminology: Some remarks on its role and prospects", 
    "URL": "http://www.smw.ch/dfe/set_archiv.asp?target=2002/41/smw-10027", 
    "issue": "41\u201342", 
    "abstract": "The present paper offers an up-to-date view of the status of Latin as the language of medicine, namely in its terminological component. It is concerned in greater detail with the three basic terminological vocabularies in which a doctor cannot so far manage without its knowledge. In this sense a primary rank is occupied by anatomical nomenclature whose international version remains Latin in the full extent. A more varied picture is presented by the clinical disciplines where, apart from Latin terms, expressions of ancient provenance have been applied in a large measure in the form of ethnic languages. At the same time, particularly in view of the needs of computerisation, repeated attempts have appeared to support English, which has the greatest chance of becoming a new language in the particular region of clinical medicine. In pharmaceutical terminology Latin has, for the time being, remained a functioning means of international communication, guaranteed by the European Pharmacopoeia (1996) and by the corpus of International Non-proprietary Names (1992, 1996), even though in the future an ever stronger competition of national languages should be taken into account.", 
    "ISSN": "1424-7860", 
    "page": "581-587", 
    "volume": "132", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2002", 
          11, 
          23
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Elena", 
        "family": "Mare\u010dkov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Franti\u0161ek", 
        "family": "\u0160imon"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ladislav", 
        "family": "\u010cerven\u00fd"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Swiss medical weekly", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Swiss Med Wkly", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "mare\u010dkov\u00e1:2002latin"
  }, 
  {
    "collection-title": "Studies in ancient medicine", 
    "ISBN": "9789004242784", 
    "publisher-place": "Leiden", 
    "title": "Greek and roman patients under Galen\u2019s gaze: a doctor at the crossroads of two cultures", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_003", 
    "DOI": "10.1163/9789004273863_003",
    "call-number": "R138", 
    "collection-number": "42", 
    "publisher": "Brill", 
    "page": "5-24", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Leiden", 
    "container-title": "'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "V\u00e9ronique", 
        "family": "Boudon-Millot"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "millot:2014greek", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Brigitte", 
        "family": "Maire"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 3232757", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198806000-00013", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Latin is alive and well", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "270-274", 
    "volume": "10", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1988", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1988latin"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.7717/peerj.22", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Collette", 
        "family": "Mann"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Benedict J.", 
        "family": "Canny"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "David H.", 
        "family": "Reser"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ramesh", 
        "family": "Rajan"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Poorer verbal working memory for a second language selectively impacts academic achievement in university medical students", 
    "URL": "https://peerj.com/articles/22/", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013", 
          2, 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "ISSN": "2167-8359", 
    "volume": "1", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "container-title": "PeerJ", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          6, 
          24
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "mann:2013poorer"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Philadelphia School District, Office of Curriculum and Instruction", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia, PA", 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Latin, the language of health sciences: teacher's guide", 
    "URL": "http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED216523", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1982"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "This guide to an audio-lingual approach to Latin instruction is intended to assist Latin teachers and English teachers with background in Latin to expand the English vocabulary and reading skills of pupils through the study of Latin roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The content of this guide to health vocabulary introduces students to Latin and English word derivations and to the sources of medical terminology in classical mythology. The introductory material provides general notes on the teaching of Latin in the Philadelphia School District, suggestions for scheduling and staffing the Latin classes, an outline of the organization of each lesson, some general hints to the teacher, and an overview of the material to be taught in this unit. The material to be taught is presented in 11 lessons, a number of word games, and a unit review lesson. An annotated bibiliography completes the unit. (AMH)", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Rudolph", 
        "family": "Masciantonio"
      }
    ], 
    "number": "ED 216 523", 
    "page": "76", 
    "source": "eric.ed.gov", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia, PA", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          7, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "report", 
    "id": "masciantonio:1982latin"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80215-6", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Elena", 
        "family": "Mare\u010dkov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Franti\u0161ek", 
        "family": "\u0160imon"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ladislav", 
        "family": "\u010cerven\u00fd"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "On the new anatomical nomenclature", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960201802156", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "Summary\nThe present paper is concerned with the linguistic aspect of the new anatomical nomenclature (Terminologia Anatomica 1998). Orthographic, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and terminological comments are presented. In the authors' opinion, shortcomings might have been effectively avoided by cooperation with linguists.", 
    "ISSN": "0940-9602", 
    "page": "201-207", 
    "volume": "183", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2001", 
          5
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Annals of Anatomy/Anatomischer Anzeiger", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "mare\u010dkov\u00e1:2001new"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Clarendon Press", 
    "ISBN": "9780198611868", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "The Oxford English dictionary", 
    "URL": "http://www.oed.com/", 
    "call-number": "PE1625 .O87 1991", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1989"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "number-of-volumes": "20", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "simpson:1989oxford", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "J.A.", 
        "family": "Simpson"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "E.S.C.", 
        "family": "Weiner"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Clarendon Press", 
    "ISBN": "0198642261", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "A Greek-English lexicon", 
    "call-number": "PA445.E5 L6 1996", 
    "number-of-pages": "2042", 
    "edition": "9th ed. with revised supplement", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1996"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "liddell:1996greek", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Henry George", 
        "family": "Liddell"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Robert", 
        "family": "Scott"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Henry", 
        "family": "Stuart Jones"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "P.G.W.", 
        "family": "Glare"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thomas", 
    "publisher-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "title": "The story behind the word: some interesting origins of medical terms", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001556876", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1958"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Henry", 
        "family": "Wain"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "viii, 342 p.", 
    "source": "Hathi Trust", 
    "event-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "wain:1958story"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 18488135", 
    "DOI": "10.1007/s00276-008-0357-y", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Anatomical terminology and nomenclature", 
    "title": "Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: Past, present and highlights", 
    "URL": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00276-008-0357-y", 
    "issue": "6", 
    "abstract": "The anatomical terminology is a base for medical communication. It is elaborated into a nomenclature in Latin. Its history goes back to 1895, when the first Latin anatomical nomenclature was published as Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica. It was followed by seven revisions (Jenaiensia Nomina Anatomica 1935, Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica 1955, Nomina Anatomica 2nd to 6th edition 1960-1989). The last revision, Terminologia Anatomica, (TA) created by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, was published in 1998. Apart from the official Latin anatomical terminology, it includes a list of recommended English equivalents. In this article, major changes and pitfalls of the nomenclature are discussed, as well as the clinical anatomy terms. The last revision (TA) is highly recommended to the attention of not only teachers, students and researchers, but also to clinicians, doctors, translators, editors and publishers to be followed in their activities.", 
    "ISSN": "0930-1038, 1279-8517", 
    "page": "459-466", 
    "volume": "30", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008", 
          8
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "David", 
        "family": "Kachl\u00edk"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "V\u00e1clav", 
        "family": "B\u00e1\u010da"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ivana", 
        "family": "Bozd\u011bchov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Pavel", 
        "family": "\u010cech"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Vladim\u00edr", 
        "family": "Musil"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Surg Radiol Anat", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "kachl\u00edk:2008anatomical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 18032959", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181597a43", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Isidore of Seville on the origins and meanings of medical terms", 
    "issue": "6", 
    "abstract": "Early in the 7th century of our era, the prelate and scholar Isidore of Seville compiled a Latin encyclopedia of classical learning that retained its popularity throughout the Middle Ages and into early modern times. This work, called Origines seu Etymologiae, treats many of its topics by tracing (often fancifully and incorrectly) the histories of their terms. From Book IV, which deals with medicine, 3 chapters containing glossaries of acute, chronic, and cutaneous diseases are here translated.", 
    "ISSN": "1533-0311", 
    "page": "581-583", 
    "volume": "29", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:2007isidore"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 15141812", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Anna", 
        "family": "Holom\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Alena", 
        "family": "Ivanov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "I.", 
        "family": "Brucknerova"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "History and the roots of angiology", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2004/10501-06.pdf", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "abstract": "The authors present a short historical view of the origin of anatomic terms of some arteries and veins. By analysing the historic anatomic terminology the authors point out that various developmental stages of anatomy had an impact on anatomic language. During the formation of particular terms, instead of prefering the classical languages of Latin and Greek, some terms originated from other languages and have remained in terminology that is used today. (Ref. 7.)", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "22-24", 
    "volume": "105", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "holom\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1:2004history"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "McGraw-Hill", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "title": "Blakiston's Gould medical dictionary; a modern comprehensive dictionary of the terms used in all branches of medicine and allied sciences", 
    "call-number": "R121 .B62 1972", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Arthur", 
        "family": "Osol"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "1828", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1972"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "osol:1972blakiston"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444514996", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of reptiles", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of reptiles: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian", 
    "call-number": "QL640.7 .E49 2004", 
    "number-of-pages": "758", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "wrobel:2004reptiles", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "M.", 
        "family": "Wrobel"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Springer Netherlands", 
    "ISBN": "978-1-4020-6242-1, 978-1-4020-6359-6", 
    "publisher-place": "Dordrecht", 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Scientific Names and Other Words from Latin and Greek", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4063", 
    "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4063",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "J. Howard", 
        "family": "Frank"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "3300\u20133303", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "event-place": "Dordrecht", 
    "container-title": "Encyclopedia of Entomology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "entry-encyclopedia", 
    "id": "frank:2008scientific", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "John L.", 
        "family": "Capinera"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9781139197038", 
    "publisher-place": "Cambridge", 
    "shortTitle": "The Book of Nature Transformed", 
    "title": "The Book of Nature Transformed: Printing and the Rise of Modern Science", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139197038.010", 
    "DOI": "10.1017/CBO9781139197038.010",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "Problems associated with the rise of modern science lend themselves to a similar argument. In other words, I think the advent of printing ought to be featured more prominently by historians of science when they set the stage for the downfall of Ptolemaic astronomy, Galenic anatomy, or Aristotelian physics. This means asking for a somewhat more drastic revision of current guidelines than seems necessary in Reformation studies. In the latter field, the impact of printing may be postponed, but at least it is usually included among the agents that promoted Luther's cause. The outpouring of tracts and cartoons left too vivid and strong an impression for the new medium to be entirely discounted when investigating the Protestant Revolt. The contrary seems true in the case of the so-called scientific revolution. Exploitation of the mass medium was more common among pseudoscientists and quacks than among Latin-writing professional scientists, who often withheld their work from the press. When important treatises did appear in print, they rarely achieved the status of bestsellers. Given the limited circulation of works such as De revolutionibus and the small number of readers able to understand them, it appears plausible to play down the importance of printing. Given the wider circulation of antiquated materials, many authorities are inclined to go even further and assign to early printers a negative, retrogressive role.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Elizabeth L.", 
        "family": "Eisenstein"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "209-285", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "event-place": "Cambridge", 
    "container-title": "The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe", 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "eisenstein:2005book"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1021/ed081p1437", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Nittala S.", 
        "family": "Sarma"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Etymology as an aid to understanding chemistry concepts", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed081p1437", 
    "issue": "10", 
    "abstract": "Recognition of word roots and the pattern of evolution of scientific terms can be helpful in understanding chemistry concepts (gaining knowledge of new concepts represented by related terms). The meaning and significance of various etymological roots, occurring as prefixes and suffixes in technical terms particularly of organic chemistry, are explained in a unified manner in order to show the connection of various concepts vis \u00e0 vis the terms in currency. The meanings of some special words and many examples are provided. The interesting aspects of history and culture often involved in the evolution of terms will help sustain an abiding engagement in the study of chemistry.", 
    "ISSN": "0021-9584", 
    "page": "1437\u20131439", 
    "volume": "81", 
    "source": "ACS Publications", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004", 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of Chemical Education", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "J. Chem. Educ.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "sarma:2004etymology"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "12", 
    "DOI": "10.1515/ci.2013.35.3.12", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bernardo", 
        "family": "Herold"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Lost in nomenclature translation", 
    "archive": "Academic OneFile", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "ISSN": "01936484", 
    "URL": "http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA334946158&v=2.1&u=utoronto_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=8f88420514488acbdd8a36161bea02c3", 
    "page": "12\u201315", 
    "volume": "35", 
    "source": "Gale", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Chemistry International", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "herold:2013lost"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11618816", 
    "DOI": "10.1080/09647049409525595", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "shortTitle": "Reconstructing a doctrine", 
    "title": "Reconstructing a doctrine: Galen on apoplexy", 
    "URL": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09647049409525595", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "0964-704X", 
    "page": "85-101", 
    "volume": "3", 
    "source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1994", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the History of the Neurosciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:1994reconstructing"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 3977018", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198502000-00009", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "And now a few words about sex", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "43-48", 
    "volume": "7", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1985", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1985and"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11187057", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Gabriela", 
        "family": "Pol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Confrontational analysis of motivation in medical terminology", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2000/10109-09.pdf", 
    "issue": "9", 
    "abstract": "The work was directed to emphasize the role of motivation in the process of term formation in medicine. The authors present a confrontational analysis of a sample of medical terms. The aim of analysis is to show motivation in term formation in six different languages, that is in English, German, Russian, Slovak, Spanish and Latin. It is emphasized that there is a broad influence of ancient Greek and Latin terms, the basic source of much of our medical terminology. As for the motivation, terms are divided into three groups: the terms with direct, indirect and neutral motivation. The groups show different portions of motivation in the formation of the terms. The result of the analysis is the discovery that in the six compared languages, there are applied the same motivation elements, which are expressed by means of the same language elements. (Ref. 22.)", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "522-525", 
    "volume": "101", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2000"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "pol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1:2000confrontational"
  }, 
  {
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Lesley A.", 
        "family": "Dean-Jones"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Teaching medical terminology as a classics course", 
    "URL": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3298183", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "ISSN": "0009-8353", 
    "page": "290-296", 
    "volume": "93", 
    "source": "JSTOR", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The Classical Journal", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "The Classical Journal", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "jones:1998teaching"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 15618935", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-200412000-00012", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Dermatologic terms in the onomasticon of Julius Pollux", 
    "issue": "6", 
    "abstract": "In the second century C.E., the Greco-Roman rhetorician Julius Pollux compiled lists of technical terms in Attic Greek pertaining to many specialized topics, including dermatology. This article reproduces his catalogue of almost 100 terms referring to cutaneous and mucosal lesions and translates his explanatory comments into English.", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "511-513", 
    "volume": "26", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:2004dermatologic"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press", 
    "ISBN": "0197265456", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "shortTitle": "DMLBS", 
    "title": "Dictionary of medieval Latin from British sources", 
    "call-number": "PA2891 .L34", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "issued": {
      "literal": "1975_2013"
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "latham:1975dictionary", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "R.E.", 
        "family": "Latham"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "D.R.", 
        "family": "Howlett"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "R.K.", 
        "family": "Ashdowne"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 7016948", 
    "DOI": "10.1111/j.1524-4725.1981.tb00641.x", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Blues of a Guest Editorialist: Dictionaries and the literate minority", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1981.tb00641.x/abstract", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "ISSN": "1524-4725", 
    "page": "291-294", 
    "volume": "7", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1981", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "J Dermatol Surg Oncol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1981blues"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9780511974007", 
    "publisher-place": "Cambridge", 
    "title": "Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic Science to Latin Christendom", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9780511974007.016", 
    "DOI": "10.1017/CHO9780511974007.016",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Charles", 
        "family": "Burnett"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "341-364", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "event-place": "Cambridge", 
    "container-title": "The Cambridge History of Science, <i>vol. 2:</i> Medieval Science", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "burnett:2013translation", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "David C.", 
        "family": "Lindberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Michael H.", 
        "family": "Shank"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-510X(03)00121-7", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "St. Francis came at dawn: the miraculous recovery of a hemiplegic monk in the Middle Ages", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X03001217", 
    "issue": "1\u20132", 
    "abstract": "We present the English translation of a remarkable case report from the 13th century. A collection of miracles ascribed to St. Francis contains the story of a young monk suddenly afflicted by a neurological disorder characterized by hemiplegia, speech problems and confusion. St. Francis' appearance led to complete recovery. From a theological and literary point of view, the text includes many allusions to the miracles performed by Jesus and to pagan traditions from Asclepius to Ovid. Retrospective neurological diagnoses range from a prolonged ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND) to psychogenesis. This case history is a rare example of faith healing in its contemporary context.", 
    "ISSN": "0022-510X", 
    "page": "15-17", 
    "volume": "213", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the Neurological Sciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of the Neurological Sciences", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2003st"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Koeltz", 
    "ISBN": "387429398X", 
    "publisher-place": "K\u00f6nigstein", 
    "shortTitle": "Dictionary of plant names", 
    "title": "Dictionary of plant names: over 100,000 names of about 10,000 species and varieties of flowering plants and fern-like plants in Latin, Russian, English and Chinese (hieroglyphic and Latin transliteration)", 
    "call-number": "QK9 .S375 1999", 
    "number-of-pages": "1033", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "K\u00f6nigstein", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1999"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "schroeter:1999dictionary", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "A.I.", 
        "family": "Schroeter"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "V.A.", 
        "family": "Panasi\ufe20u\ufe21k"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "V.A.", 
        "family": "Bykov"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Bailli\u00e8re", 
    "publisher-place": "London", 
    "title": "A dictionary of Greek and Latin combining forms used in zoological names", 
    "call-number": "QL353 .J3 1931A", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Edmund C.", 
        "family": "Jaeger"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "157", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1931"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "London", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "jaeger:1931dictionary"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Eldredge", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "shortTitle": "A manual of etymology", 
    "title": "A manual of etymology, containing Latin & Greek derivatives: with a key, giving the prefix, root, and suffix", 
    "URL": "http://archive.org/details/manualofetymolog00webbrich", 
    "call-number": "nrlf_ucb:GLAD-17153835", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "A.C.", 
        "family": "Webb"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "336", 
    "source": "Internet Archive", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1879"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          8, 
          27
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "webb:1879manual"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "For students pursuing careers in medical fields, knowledge of technical and medical terminology is prerequisite to being able to solve problems in their respective disciplines and professions. The Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System, also known as Medical Terminology 350 ([25][1]), is a mnemonic instructional and learning strategy that combines mental imagery and keyword mnemonic elaboration processes to help students recall the scientific meaning of Greek and Latin word parts. High school students in Anatomy and Physiology classes at a career technology center were divided into experimental (Medical Terminology 350), control (rote memorization), or combination (Medical Terminology 350 and rote memorization) groups and completed pre- and posttests of standardized word recall tests. Students in the Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System group achieved significantly greater pre- to posttest word recall improvement compared with students in both the rote memorization ( P \u2264 0.0001) and combined rote memorization and Medical Terminology 350 ( P \u2264 0.05) groups. There appeared to be a dose-dependent response as the pre- to posttest gain in word recall scores increased as exposure to the treatment increased.\n\n [1]: #ref-25\nPMID: 18794244", 
    "DOI": "10.1152/advan.00083.2007", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "C. Jayne", 
        "family": "Brahler"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Diane", 
        "family": "Walker"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Learning scientific and medical terminology with a mnemonic strategy using an illogical association technique", 
    "URL": "http://advan.physiology.org/content/32/3/219", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "For students pursuing careers in medical fields, knowledge of technical and medical terminology is prerequisite to being able to solve problems in their respective disciplines and professions. The Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System, also known as Medical Terminology 350 (25), is a mnemonic instructional and learning strategy that combines mental imagery and keyword mnemonic elaboration processes to help students recall the scientific meaning of Greek and Latin word parts. High school students in Anatomy and Physiology classes at a career technology center were divided into experimental (Medical Terminology 350), control (rote memorization), or combination (Medical Terminology 350 and rote memorization) groups and completed pre- and posttests of standardized word recall tests. Students in the Dean Vaughn Medical Terminology 350 Total Retention System group achieved significantly greater pre- to posttest word recall improvement compared with students in both the rote memorization (P \u2264 0.0001) and combined rote memorization and Medical Terminology 350 (P \u2264 0.05) groups. There appeared to be a dose-dependent response as the pre- to posttest gain in word recall scores increased as exposure to the treatment increased.", 
    "ISSN": "1043-4046, 1522-1229", 
    "page": "219-224", 
    "volume": "32", 
    "source": "advan.physiology.org", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008", 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Advances in Physiology Education", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Adv Physiol Educ", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "brahler:2008learning"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Swets & Zeitlinger", 
    "ISBN": "9026514980", 
    "publisher-place": "Lisse, Netherlands", 
    "shortTitle": "Medical terms", 
    "title": "Medical terms: their roots and origins", 
    "call-number": "R123 .T56 1997", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "A.R.", 
        "family": "Tindall"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "224", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Lisse, Netherlands", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1997"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "tindall:1997medical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444705058", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of the world's game and wildlife", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of the world's game and wildlife: in English, Latin, French, German, Dutch, and Spanish with equivalents in Afrikaans and Kiswahili, with thirteen original drawings by the author", 
    "call-number": "SK11 .F47 1989", 
    "number-of-pages": "426", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1989"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "ferlin:1989elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Guy", 
        "family": "Ferlin"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444827749", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of fungi and fungal plant diseases", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of fungi and fungal plant diseases: in Latin, English, German, French, and Italian", 
    "call-number": "QK603.3 .E58 1998", 
    "number-of-pages": "400", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "wrobel:1998elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "M.", 
        "family": "Wrobel"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "G.", 
        "family": "Creber"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444429778", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of wild and cultivated plants in Latin, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, and German", 
    "call-number": "QK13 .C53 1989", 
    "number-of-pages": "1016", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1989"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "clason:1989elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "W.E.", 
        "family": "Clason"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444504206", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of nature and hunting in English, French, Russian, German, and Latin", 
    "call-number": "QH13 .E45 2002", 
    "number-of-pages": "506", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2002"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "zykov:2002elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "K.D.", 
        "family": "Zykov"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1163/157338203X00062", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Heilige als Patrone Gegen den Schlaganfall", 
    "URL": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4130379", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "In Christian Europe of the High Middle Ages, saints played a central role in the everyday life of the ailing. Alongside healing attempts which involved magic and/or scientifically-based medicine, the invocation of specific patron saints for protection against evils or for the curing of ailments was a widespread practise. A large choice of patron saints was \"available\" for a wide range of diseases, especially those nowadays classified as neurologic or psychiatric. For the falling sickness alone, e.g., there is evidence of some twenty patron saints reputed to have a particular involvement. Surprisingly, there is no evidence of a comparable devotion to patrons for apoplectics. This \"negative result\" is confirmed by a thorough examination of medieval sources. St. Wolfgang and St. Andreas Avellino are the only two proven stroke patrons. Both, however, were only known within their respective locations. The absence of a specific supportive Christian figure for stroke victims deserves particular analysis: The high fatality rate of apoplexy and the lack of commercial interest on the part of the Christian places of pilgrimage may serve as possible explanations.", 
    "ISSN": "1383-7427", 
    "page": "196-209", 
    "volume": "8", 
    "source": "JSTOR", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Early Science and Medicine", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Early Science and Medicine", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2003heilige"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9781139056007", 
    "publisher-place": "Cambridge", 
    "title": "Anatomy, histology, and cytology", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521572019.016", 
    "DOI": "10.1017/CHOL9780521572019.016",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Susan C.", 
        "family": "Lawrence"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "265-284", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "event-place": "Cambridge", 
    "container-title": "The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 6: Modern Life and Earth Sciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "lawrence:2009anatomy", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Peter J.", 
        "family": "Bowler"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "John V.", 
        "family": "Pickstone"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Iowa State College Press", 
    "ISBN": "0813807204 9780813807201", 
    "publisher-place": "Ames", 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Greek and Latin in scientific terminology", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1959"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "A very serviceable book with a scope similar to Ayers. This book presents full Latin and Greek words rather than word roots, and is not afraid to use the Greek alphabet. It presents Latin before Greek, which seems to be a disadvantage, since this has prompted some students to think that Greek words originate in Latin. It has been used as a textbook at the University of Toronto as recently as 2014, but only with extensive adaptation.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Oscar Edward", 
        "family": "Nybakken"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Ames", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "nybakken:1959greek"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "CRC Press", 
    "ISBN": "9781466558571", 
    "publisher-place": "Boca Raton", 
    "shortTitle": "Using the biological literature", 
    "title": "Using the biological literature: a practical guide", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16753", 
    "DOI": "10.1201/b16753",
    "call-number": "QH303.6 .D38 2013", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Diane", 
        "family": "Schmidt"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "4", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Boca Raton", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "schmidt:2013using"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Dybwad", 
    "publisher-place": "Kristiania (Oslo)", 
    "title": "Arabic and Latin anatomical terminology, chiefly from the Middle Ages", 
    "URL": "https://archive.org/details/arabiclatinanato00fonauoft", 
    "call-number": "R123 .F6", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Adolf Mauritz", 
        "family": "Fonahn"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "174", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Kristiania (Oslo)", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1922"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "fonahn:1922arabic"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1097/01.ju.0000173910.99371.13", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Friedrich", 
        "family": "Moll"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "The catheter and its use from Hippocrates to Galen", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534701685732", 
    "issue": "4.1", 
    "abstract": "ABSTRACTPurpose\nWe comprehensively reviewed the history and use of the bladder catheter in Western medicine from 500 BC to 200 AD.\nMaterials and Methods\nGreek and Latin texts were key word searched to identify descriptions of contemporary instruments and their uses.\nResults\nThe catheter and its use were mentioned by about 10 ancient authors in more than a total of 20 texts dating to the end of the second century AD. The authors include Hippocrates, Celsus, Soranus, Rufus, Aretaeus and Galen. They described the use of the instrument in reference to contemporary anatomy and physiology, and indications and contraindications in regard to certain conditions, such as urinary retention, bladder stones and intravesical blood clots. Technical details and particularities of use were also reviewed, as were pharmacological considerations and underlying physical principles.\nConclusions\nKnowledge of the urinary catheter, and its usefulness and risks in ancient medicine can be dated from the 5th century BC. Our study of European texts documents its broad use. Because catheterization was perceived as a practical measure, it generated little scientific controversy.", 
    "ISSN": "0022-5347", 
    "page": "1196-1198", 
    "volume": "174", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005", 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The Journal of Urology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "The Journal of Urology", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2005catheter2"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/0039-6257(92)90113-8", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Mark", 
        "family": "Packer"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "James D.", 
        "family": "Brandt"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Ophthalmology's botanical heritage", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0039625792901138", 
    "issue": "5", 
    "abstract": "Many of today's important ophthalmic pharmaceuticals have a rich ethnobotanical history. Solanaceous plants, the source of atropine, have contributed to medical therapy since the beginning of Western civilization. The botanical source of physostigmine played a pivotal role as an ordeal poison in the culture of Old Calabar, West Africa. Native peoples of Amazonia treasured plants containing pilocarpine as panaceas because of their impressive diaphoretic effect. Nineteenth century scientists examining these plants because of their folkloric reputations discovered their active compounds and documented their physiological effects. Ophthalmologists such as Argyll Robertson, Laqueur, and Weber built upon this research to bring these pharmaceuticals into therapeutic use. The ongoing loss of the world's tropical rain forests thereatens to destroy a vast storehouse of untested biological compounds.", 
    "ISSN": "0039-6257", 
    "page": "357-365", 
    "volume": "36", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1992", 
          3
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Survey of Ophthalmology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Survey of Ophthalmology", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "packer:1992ophthalmology"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 20186839", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ase.133", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Petru", 
        "family": "Matusz"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Misleading Latin/English equivalents for some liver terms in Terminologia Anatomica", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "ISSN": "1935-9780", 
    "page": "156-157", 
    "volume": "3", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2010", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Anatomical sciences education", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Anat Sci Educ", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "matusz:2010misleading"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Blakiston", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "title": "A cyclopedia of practical medicine and surgery: a concise reference book, alphabetically arranged of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, materia medica, therapeutics, and the various specialties, with particular reference to diagnosis and treatment", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001575292", 
    "call-number": "M.D G", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1901"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "gould:1901cyclopedia", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "George M.", 
        "family": "Gould"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Walter L.", 
        "family": "Pyle"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Focus", 
    "ISBN": "9781585100125 1585100129", 
    "publisher-place": "Newburyport, MA", 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Studies in etymology", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "One of the most thorough textbooks available for teaching Greek and Latin roots to students without making any specialization. Includes some rather odd errors in its treatment of Greek. Used as a textbook at the University of Western Ontario.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Charles W.", 
        "family": "Dunmore"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Rita M.", 
        "family": "Fleischer"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Newburyport, MA", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "dunmore:2008studies"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "Medicine has been enthusiastic in naming tests, symptoms, and diseases after their discoverers. Alexander Woywodt and Eric Matteson argue that eponyms are no longer appropriate, but Judith A Whitworth believes they remain a useful reflection of medical history\n\nThe Oxford English Dictionary defines an eponym as a person . . . after whom a discovery, invention, institution, etc is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are deeply rooted in tradition and their use has long been viewed as a matter of taste. However, it is time to abandon them in favour of a more descriptive nomenclature.\n\nEponyms often provide a less than truthful account of how diseases were discovered and reflect influence, politics, language, habit, or even sheer luck rather than scientific achievement. Moreover, the continued use of tainted eponyms is inappropriate and will not be accepted by patients, relatives, or the public. \n\nThe atrocities committed by Nazi doctors are well documented1; they received new attention with the discovery that Hans Reiter, a German doctor who is remembered for his discovery of a variant \u2026\nPMID: 17762033", 
    "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.39308.342639.AD", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Should eponyms be abandoned?", 
    "title": "Should eponyms be abandoned? Yes", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7617/424", 
    "issue": "7617", 
    "ISSN": "0959-8138, 1468-5833", 
    "page": "424", 
    "volume": "335", 
    "source": "www.bmj.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007", 
          8, 
          30
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Alexander", 
        "family": "Woywodt"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Eric", 
        "family": "Matteson"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "BMJ", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "woywodt:2007should"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Davis", 
    "ISBN": "9780803629776  080362977X  9780803629783  0803629788  9780803629790  0803629796", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary", 
    "URL": "http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=1079336", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "Taber's 22 bring meanings to life! Taber's 22 is the all-in-one, go-to source in the classroom, clinical, and beyond. Under the editorial direction of Donald Venes, MD, MSJ, a team of expert consulting editors and consultants, representing nearly every health care profession, ensures that the content reflects the most current healthcare information. A wealth of resources puts the language of nursing, medicine and the healthcare professions at your fingertips.", 
    "edition": "22", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "venes:2013taber", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Donald", 
        "family": "Venes"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444517847", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of trees", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of trees: with names in Latin, English, French, Spanish and other languages", 
    "call-number": "QK474.87 .G73 2005", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "number-of-volumes": "2", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "grandtner:2005elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Miroslav M.", 
        "family": "Grandtner"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "M.M.", 
        "family": "Grandtner"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Julien", 
        "family": "Chevrette"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Blakiston's", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "shortTitle": "A compend of medical Latin", 
    "title": "A compend of medical Latin: designed expressly for elementary training of medical students", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010847383", 
    "call-number": "PA2092 .S72 1904", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "William Thomas", 
        "family": "St. Clair"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "131", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1904"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "clair:1904compend"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 10770446", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-200004000-00021", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "Pestilence narratives in classical literature", 
    "title": "Pestilence narratives in classical literature: A study in creative imitation. I. Homer, Sophocles, Thucydides, and Lucretius", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "197-202", 
    "volume": "22", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2000", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:2000pestilence1"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 15677983", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/01.dad.0000148282.96494.0f", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "The doctor's dyslexicon", 
    "title": "The doctor's dyslexicon: 101 pitfalls in medical language", 
    "URL": "http://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/Citation/2005/02000/The_Doctor_s_Dyslexicon__101_Pitfalls_in_Medical.16.aspx", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "86-88", 
    "volume": "27", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:2005doctor"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11048986", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-200010000-00015", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "Pestilence narratives in classical literature", 
    "title": "Pestilence narratives in classical literature: A study in creative imitation. II. Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, and Silius Italicus", 
    "issue": "5", 
    "abstract": "This article further explores patterns and traditions in classical accounts of pestilence. Recurring themes and expressions show that classical authors often copied earlier narratives, although literary analysis reveals that they sometimes embellished or distorted facts for their own purposes.", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "459-464", 
    "volume": "22", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2000", 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:2000pestilence2"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Springer", 
    "ISBN": "9789401149587  9401149585", 
    "publisher-place": "Dordrecht", 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Chemical Nomenclature", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4958-7", 
    "DOI": "10.1007/978-94-011-4958-7",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "Chemical nomenclature can be a complicated subject. As a result, most works on the subject are rather dry textbooks and primarily consist of sets of instructions on how to name chemicals. This practical book proves that chemical nomenclature can be interesting, not just a 'necessary evil'. Written in a lively and engaging style by experts in their particular fields, this new book provides a general discussion on why good, clear nomenclature is needed. It introduces the reader to the various forms of nomenclature without reading like a textbook. Both 'systematic' and 'trivial' nomenclature systems are used widely (and interchangeably) in chemistry and this new book covers both areas. For example, systematic nomenclature in both the CAS and IUPAC styles is introduced. These systems have many similarities but important differences which the chemist should be aware of. Specialized naming systems are needed for polymers and natural products and these areas are covered in separate chapters. The naming of elements is a very topical subject at the moment and so this is included to ensure a comprehensive coverage. Covering a wide range of topics in the area of nomenclature and acting as an introduction to a varied field, this book will be of interest to industrial chemists as well as students at senior undergraduate and postgraduate level.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "K.J.", 
        "family": "Thurlow"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Dordrecht", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "thurlow:1998chemical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Oxford University Press; American Chemical Society", 
    "ISBN": "0841236488", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "shortTitle": "Nomenclature of organic compounds", 
    "title": "Nomenclature of organic compounds: principles and practice", 
    "call-number": "QD291 .F6 2001", 
    "number-of-pages": "437", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2001"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "fox:2001nomenclature", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Robert B.", 
        "family": "Fox"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Warren H.", 
        "family": "Powell"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Rowman & Littlefield", 
    "ISBN": "9781442233270", 
    "publisher-place": "Lanham, MD", 
    "title": "The Greek & Latin roots of English", 
    "call-number": "PE1582.G6 G74 2014", 
    "abstract": "A non-specialized book similar in scope to <i>Studies in Etymology</i>, but pitched at a slightly lower level, with less descriptive text and more exercises.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Tamara M.", 
        "family": "Green"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "5", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Lanham, MD", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "green:2014greek"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.844", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "N.", 
        "family": "Cooper"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "L.", 
        "family": "Cascarini"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Maxillary etymologies", 
    "URL": "http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v205/n7/full/sj.bdj.2008.844.html", 
    "issue": "7", 
    "abstract": "Our vocabulary grows as undergraduates, and continues to develop as we continue to grow as dental professionals. For many of us not learned in Latin or Greek, we are too busy learning what words mean rather than appreciating why a word means what it does. This article aims to clarify where words relating to the maxilla are derived from, why they are used and how they are related to other similar words in everyday use.", 
    "ISSN": "0007-0610, 1476-5373", 
    "page": "393-394", 
    "volume": "205", 
    "source": "www.nature.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008", 
          10, 
          11
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "British Dental Journal", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "cooper:2008maxillary"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 1503209", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-199208000-00014", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Doctor, I'm [sic]", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "369-371", 
    "volume": "14", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1992", 
          8
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1992doctor"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11176058", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-200102000-00014", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "More than one", 
    "title": "More than one: Plurality in thought and language", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "abstract": "This paper surveys the grammatical category of number, by which we distinguish groups or sets of two or more similar entities from a singular or solitary entity. The ways in which the English language signifies plurality are reviewed, and irregular and null plurals are identified and classified. The interaction of form and meaning is explored, particularly with respect to collective and mass nouns. Common exceptions to basic grammatical patterns are discussed as well as recurring errors and misunderstandings pertaining to plural forms.", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "69-75", 
    "volume": "23", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2001", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:2001more"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Hoeber", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "title": "Medical Greek and Latin at a glance", 
    "call-number": "R123 .A35 1955", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Walter R.", 
        "family": "Agard"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Herbert M.", 
        "family": "Howe"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "96", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1955"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "agard:1955medical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 12953616", 
    "DOI": "10.1076/jhin.12.2.137.15533", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "shortTitle": "Between Horror and Hope", 
    "title": "Between Horror and Hope: Gladiator\u2019s Blood as a Cure for Epileptics in Ancient Medicine", 
    "URL": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.12.2.137.15533", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "abstract": "Between the first and the sixth century a single theological and several medical authors reported on the consumption of gladiator\u2019s blood or liver to cure epileptics. The origins of the sacred or apoplectic properties of blood of a slain gladiator, likely lie in Etruscan funeral rites. Although the influence of this religious background faded during the Roman Republic, the magical use of gladiators\u2019 blood continued for centuries. After the prohibition of gladiatorial combat in about 400 AD, an executed individual (particularly had he been beheaded) became the \u201clegitimate\u201d successor to the gladiator. Occasional indications in early modern textbooks on medicine as well as reports in the popular literature of the 19th and early 20th century document the existence of this ancient magical practice until modern times. Spontaneous recovery of some forms of epilepsy may be responsible for the illusion of therapeutic effectiveness and for the confirming statements by physicians who have commented on this cure.", 
    "ISSN": "0964-704X", 
    "page": "137-143", 
    "volume": "12", 
    "source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the History of the Neurosciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2003between"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1055/s-2005-923338", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "de", 
    "title": "Poesie und Pathologie. Literarische Figuren als Vorbilder f\u00fcr Krankheitsbegriffe", 
    "URL": "https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-923338", 
    "issue": "51/52", 
    "ISSN": "0012-0472, 1439-4413", 
    "page": "2971-2978", 
    "volume": "130", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "DMW", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2005poesie"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1055/s-2004-836108", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "de", 
    "title": "S\u00fcnder und Selige. Biblische Gestalten und christliche Heilige in der modernen Medizin", 
    "URL": "https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2004-836108", 
    "issue": "51/52", 
    "ISSN": "0012-0472, 1439-4413", 
    "page": "2757-2765", 
    "volume": "129", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "DMW", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2004s\u00fcnder"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444415599", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of food science and technology", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of food science and technology: in four languages, English, French, Spanish, German, with an index of Latin names", 
    "call-number": "TX349 .M64", 
    "number-of-pages": "207", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1977"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "morton:1977elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "I.D.", 
        "family": "Morton"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Chloe", 
        "family": "Morton"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "David & Charles", 
    "ISBN": "0715300522", 
    "publisher-place": "Newton Abbot", 
    "shortTitle": "Botanical Latin", 
    "title": "Botanical Latin: history, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary", 
    "call-number": "QK10 .S7 1992", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "William T.", 
        "family": "Stearn"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "546", 
    "edition": "4", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1992"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Newton Abbot", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "stearn:1992botanical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature", 
    "ISBN": "0853010064", 
    "publisher-place": "London", 
    "title": "International code of zoological nomenclature/Code international de nomenclature zoologique", 
    "call-number": "QL353 .I5845 1999", 
    "number-of-pages": "306", 
    "edition": "4", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1999"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "London", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "nomenclature:1999international", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "W.D.L.", 
        "family": "Ride"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Abbey Garden Press", 
    "publisher-place": "Pasadena", 
    "shortTitle": "The naturalist's lexicon", 
    "title": "The naturalist's lexicon: a list of classical Greek and Latin words used, or suitable for use, in biological nomenclature, with abridged English-classical supplement", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001490380", 
    "call-number": "QL9 .W896n", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Robert S.", 
        "family": "Woods"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Pasadena", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1944"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "woods:1944naturalist"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=162511&lang=en", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "English medical terminology \u2013 different ways of forming medical terms", 
    "URL": "http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=162511", 
    "issue": "7", 
    "abstract": "In medical terminology, two completely different phenomena can be seen: 1. precisely worked-out and internationally standardised anatomical nomenclature and 2. quickly developing non-standardised terminologies of individual clinical...", 
    "ISSN": "1847-6376", 
    "page": "55-69", 
    "volume": "4", 
    "source": "hrcak.srce.hr", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013", 
          5
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "JAHR", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          6, 
          19
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "d\u017euganov\u00e1:2013english"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Schattauer", 
    "ISBN": "9783794527496  3794527496", 
    "publisher-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "shortTitle": "Fachsprache Medizin im Schnellkurs", 
    "title": "Fachsprache Medizin im Schnellkurs: fu\u0308r Studium und Berufspraxis", 
    "language": "German", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2011"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "karenberg:2011fachsprache"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 578903", 
    "DOI": "10.1001/jama.1977.03280200055019", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Hybrid words in medical terminology", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03280200055019", 
    "issue": "19", 
    "abstract": "SEVERAL communications recently published in the medical literature have stirred up the embers of an ageold controversy about compound words that contain both Greek and Latin elements. Ganias1 proposed the introduction of five new ophthalmologic terms of Greek origin to rectify certain bilingual coinages that he found \"complicated and confusing.\" In a related editorial,2 Blodi approved the effort to \"keep the language unadulterated,\" ie, to avoid coupling Greek with Latin.Hussey3 took up the question of hybrid terms and dealt with it in a reasonable and practical fashion. After contributing his own balanced views, he presented the results of a small poll of other editors' opinions: all agreed that opposition to Greek-Latin hybrids is, in general, both groundless and futile. My purpose is to place the question in historical perspective and to offer practical suggestions for its resolution.THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL NOMENCLATURE\u00a0\nA living language evolves", 
    "ISSN": "0098-7484", 
    "page": "2043-2045", 
    "volume": "238", 
    "source": "Silverchair", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1977", 
          11, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the American Medical Association", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "JAMA", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1977hybrid"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11623841", 
    "DOI": "10.1076/jhin.7.3.174.1858", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Irmgard", 
        "family": "Hort"
      }
    ], 
    "shortTitle": "Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke", 
    "title": "Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke: Preliminary Analysis of Select Sources. Part II: Between Galenism and Aristotelism \u2013 Islamic Theories of Apoplexy (800\u20131200)", 
    "URL": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.7.3.174.1858", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "This second paper on medieval descriptions and doctrines of stroke reviews concepts outlined by famous Muslim physicians of the Middle Ages such as Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, and Averroes. Contrary to a popular belief, Islamic neurological texts represent not only a bridge between ancient and western medieval medical knowledge, but also document remarkable advancements. Whereas statements on diagnosis and prognosis lack originality, the endeavors of physician-philosophers and medical authors led to substantial additions and important changes in theory. Such modifications include the integration of ventricular doctrine and particularly the attempt to unify Aristotelian and Galenic tenets which resulted in a complex discussion about the seats and causes of apoplexy. The fairly simple model handed down by Galenists of the Byzantine period was replaced by more detailed classifications, which proposed \u201ccerebral\u201d as well as \u201cvascular\u201d origins of the disease without suggesting a \u201ccerebrovascular\u201d etiology. Islamic therapeutic strategies included dietetic, pharmacological and surgical elements. The use of the cautery in \u201cchronic apoplexy\u201d was a special feature of Arabic surgery.", 
    "ISSN": "0964-704X", 
    "page": "174-185", 
    "volume": "7", 
    "source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the History of the Neurosciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:1998medieval2"
  }, 
	{
		"id": "karenberg:1998medieval3",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"title": "Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke: Preliminary Analysis of Select Sources. Part III: Multiplying Speculations – The High and Late Middle Ages (1000–1450)",
		"container-title": "Journal of the History of the Neurosciences",
		"page": "186-200",
		"volume": "7",
		"issue": "3",
		"source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM",
		"abstract": "By analyzing a body of texts compiled by various medical authors from the 11th to the 15th century, four basic developments can be noted: (1) From the beginning of the eleventh century the reception, translation and assimilation of Arabian and arabicized ancient texts became the ultimate goal of Western medicine (Constantine the African, Arnald of Villanova, et al.). Concepts of stroke were consequently guided by textual tradition, not by observation. (2) Scholastic speculations about different aspects of apoplexy, especially those concerning its origins, were numerous (Johannes Platearius, Batholomaeus Salernitanus, Pietro d'Abano, Giacomo da Forlì). Although most medieval physicians used the ancient doctrine of the four humors as model and explanation, opinions differed in many ways. (3) Attempts developed to present a simple outline of the etiology, the prognosis, and the treatment of the disease (Gilbertus Anglicus, Bernard of Gordon, John of Gaddesden). (4) Although lacking in originality, many of these writers nevertheless achieved a certain uniformity in presenting main topics, thus setting the standard for later practitioners.",
		"URL": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.7.3.186.1851",
		"DOI": "10.1076/jhin.7.3.186.1851",
		"ISSN": "0964-704X",
		"note": "PMID: 11623842",
		"shortTitle": "Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Karenberg",
				"given": "Axel"
			},
			{
				"family": "Hort",
				"given": "Irmgard"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"1998",
					12
				]
			]
		},
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2014",
					9,
					15
				]
			]
		}
	},
	{
		"id": "karenberg:1998medieval1",
		"type": "article-journal",
		"title": "Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke: Preliminary Analysis of Select Sources. Part I: The Struggle for Terms and Theories – Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (300–800)",
		"container-title": "Journal of the History of the Neurosciences",
		"page": "162-173",
		"volume": "7",
		"issue": "3",
		"source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM",
		"abstract": "This first of a series of papers on the history of stroke presents an examination of a number of exemplary Greek and Latin sources, ranging from late antiquity to the dawn of the Middle Ages. We first establish a chronological order of various groups of texts and, whenever possible, ascertain the relationship of one group of writings to another. In the second century A.D., Galen had used the Hippocratic concept of humoral imbalance as a fundamental explanatory mechanism for the interpretation of clinical manifestations of apoplexy. Galen definitely rejected the Aristotelian precept of the primacy of the heart. According to his teaching, stroke resulted from the accumulation of a thick and dense humor in the ventricles of the brain blocking the passage of the animal spirit. Galen's Greek texts became axiomatic for compilers of the Byzantine period (Aetius of Amida, Alexander of Tralles, Paulus of Aegina). But his ideas contrasted starkly with the theories of the Methodical School which exerted – through the Latin writings of Caelius Aurelianus – a certain influence on authors of the Latin West (Cassius Felix, Theodorus Priscianus). References to stroke can also be found in many theological writings of the early Middle Ages.",
		"URL": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/jhin.7.3.162.1849",
		"DOI": "10.1076/jhin.7.3.162.1849",
		"ISSN": "0964-704X",
		"note": "PMID: 11623840",
		"shortTitle": "Medieval Descriptions and Doctrines of Stroke",
		"author": [
			{
				"family": "Karenberg",
				"given": "Axel"
			},
			{
				"family": "Hort",
				"given": "Irmgard"
			}
		],
		"issued": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"1998",
					12
				]
			]
		},
		"accessed": {
			"date-parts": [
				[
					"2014",
					9,
					15
				]
			]
		}
	},
  {
    "note": "PMID: 18630812", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Synonymy of negative prefixes concerns also medical English", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2008/10905-13.pdf", 
    "issue": "5", 
    "abstract": "Human interest in negation dates back to thousands of years ago and concerns not only Linguistics, Logic, Psychology, and Mathematics. A lot of everyday words have negative meaning expressed by means of negative prefixes. Such type of negation is called word, or affixal negation. Affixal negation is a process of word-formation, by which a new word is built from a word stem, usually through the addition of an affix, either at the beginning (prefix) or end of the stem (suffix). Sometimes the same word can be negated by means of more than just one negative prefix. Such pairs of words become synonymous (Ref. 12). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "242-244", 
    "volume": "109", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "d\u017euganov\u00e1:2008synonymy"
  }, 
  {
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "M\u00e1ria", 
        "family": "Bujalkov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Are the methods to use historical lexicology (etymology) in contemporary medical terminology teaching reasonable?", 
    "URL": "http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=162628", 
    "issue": "7", 
    "abstract": "Latin medical terminology is an obligatory course in the curricula of the Slovak medical faculties, encompassing history of medicine condensed in origins of medical terms and their current meanings, both in theory and practice. Course...", 
    "ISSN": "1847-6376", 
    "page": "469-478", 
    "volume": "4", 
    "source": "hrcak.srce.hr", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013", 
          5
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "JAHR", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          16
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "bujalkov\u00e1:2013are"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 21265031", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ase.189", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "James D.", 
        "family": "Pampush"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Andrew J.", 
        "family": "Petto"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms and course performance in undergraduates", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ase.189/abstract", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "abstract": "Commonly used technical anatomy and physiology (A&P) terms are predominantly rooted in Latin and Greek vocabulary, so it is commonly inferred that a solid grounding in Latin and Greek roots of medical terminology will improve student learning in anatomy and related disciplines. This study examines the association of etymological knowledge of A&P terms and A&P course performance among 446 undergraduates in their first semester of the study of human gross anatomy and physiology, with a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of 52 students who filled out surveys about their prior knowledge and experiences related to medicine or anatomy. In both data sets, there was only a weak positive correlation between the performance on a quiz of Latin and Greek medical terms and the students' performance on regular assignments. The presumption that familiarity with Latin and Greek word roots has a strong influence on successful learning of anatomy is not supported by these data. Future research should address whether or not there are particular skills associated with using etymological knowledge in improving A&P course performance. Anat Sci Educ. \u00a9 2010 American Association of Anatomists.", 
    "ISSN": "1935-9780", 
    "page": "9-15", 
    "volume": "4", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2011"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Anatomical Sciences Education", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Anat Sci Ed", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "pampush:2011familiarity"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 10218686", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-199904000-00018", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Little things that count", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "204-207", 
    "volume": "21", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1999", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1999little"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Clarendon Press", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "A Latin dictionary: Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary", 
    "URL": "http://logeion.uchicago.edu/", 
    "call-number": "PA2365 .E5 1975", 
    "number-of-pages": "2019", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1879"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "lewis:1879latin", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Charlton T.", 
        "family": "Lewis"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Charles", 
        "family": "Short"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "University of Arizona Press", 
    "ISBN": "0816509786", 
    "publisher-place": "Tucson", 
    "title": "English words from Latin and Greek elements", 
    "call-number": "PE1582.L3 A9 1986", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Donald M.", 
        "family": "Ayers"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "290", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1986"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Tucson", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "ayers:1986english", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Thomas D.", 
        "family": "Worthen"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "University of Oklahoma Press", 
    "ISBN": "0806124431", 
    "publisher-place": "Norman", 
    "shortTitle": "Medical terminologies", 
    "collection-title": "Oklahoma series in classical culture", 
    "call-number": "R123 .S312 1992", 
    "title": "Medical terminologies: classical origins", 
    "number-of-pages": "303", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1992"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Norman", 
    "collection-number": "13", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John", 
        "family": "Scarborough"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "scarborough:1992medical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444419780", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of western Europe", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of western Europe: their common names and importance in Latin, Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish", 
    "call-number": "SB613.E855 W54", 
    "number-of-pages": "320", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1982"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "williams:1982elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Gareth", 
        "family": "Williams"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "9780444518774", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of mammals", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian", 
    "call-number": "QL701.2 .E47 2007", 
    "number-of-pages": "857", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "wrobel:2007elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "M.", 
        "family": "Wrobel"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 10321431", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.3.co;2-n", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Terminologia Anatomica", 
    "title": "Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::AID-AR4>3.0.CO;2-W/abstract", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "abstract": "Over many years, anatomical terminology has been the subject of much controversy and disagreement. Previously, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee has been responsible for the production of six editions of Nomina Anatomica. In 1989 a new committee, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), was created by its parent body, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). FCAT has worked for 9 years and published Terminologia Anatomica (TA) in 1998. FCAT's aim has been to democratize the terminology and make it the internationally accepted, living language of anatomy. The worldwide adoption of the same terminology would eliminate national differences, which were causing extreme confusion in instances where the same structure was known by several names. The new terminology is thus the result of worldwide consultation and contains Latin and equivalent English terms. It is indexed in Latin and English and contains an index of eponyms in order to find the correct non-eponymous term. The future goal of FCAT is to continue to improve the terminology\u2014new structures are described, different terms come into use, and the terminology needs to be expanded to include terms used by clinicians for structures that currently do not appear in the list. Future versions of the terminology must accommodate the needs of all who use it, both in the clinical and scientific worlds. Anat. Rec. (New Anat.): 257:50\u201353, 1999. \u00a9 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1097-0185", 
    "page": "50-53", 
    "volume": "257", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1999", 
          4, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ian", 
        "family": "Whitmore"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The Anatomical Record", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          7, 
          23
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Anat. Rec.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "whitmore:1999terminologia"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/0039-6257(93)90016-Z", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Wellington Michael", 
        "family": "Myles"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Ophthalmic etymology", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003962579390016Z", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "abstract": "In this short article, the ophthalmologist with a curiosity about words will discover some interesting particulars about selected terms that are encountered in everyday practice.", 
    "ISSN": "0039-6257", 
    "page": "306-309", 
    "volume": "37", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1993", 
          1
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Survey of Ophthalmology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Survey of Ophthalmology", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "myles:1993ophthalmic"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.2399/ana.11.142", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "The world of gods and the body of man", 
    "title": "The world of gods and the body of man: mythological origins of modern anatomical terms", 
    "URL": "http://www.anatomy.org.tr/issue/201301/pdf/05.pdf", 
    "issued": {
      "literal": "2012_2013"
    }, 
    "ISSN": "1308-8459", 
    "page": "7-22", 
    "volume": "6-7", 
    "source": "mEDRA", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Anatomy", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2012world"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Springer", 
    "ISBN": "978-3-642-15888-9, 978-3-642-15889-6", 
    "publisher-place": "Berlin", 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Latin and Greek in English", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15889-6_11", 
    "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-642-15889-6_11",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2011"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John", 
        "family": "Giba"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ram\u00f3n", 
        "family": "Ribes"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "143-148", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "event-place": "Berlin", 
    "container-title": "Preparing and Delivering Scientific Presentations", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "giba:2011latin"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444880666", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of pests and diseases in useful plants", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of pests and diseases in useful plants: in English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, and Latin", 
    "call-number": "SB600 .E4 1995", 
    "number-of-pages": "487", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1995"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "eylenbosch:1995elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Ernest", 
        "family": "Eylenbosch"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 16203172", 
    "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.08.008", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm", 
    "title": "Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm: a prototype for other language", 
    "issue": "7", 
    "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: Terminologia anatomica is the new standard in anatomical terminology. This terminology is available only in Latin and English and its worldwide adoption is subject to the addition of terms from others languages. On the other hand, Nomina anatomica, the previous standard, has been widely translated. Aim of this work was to append foreign terms to Terminologia by using similarity-matching algorithm between its Latin terms and those from Nomina.\nMETHODS: A semi-automatic matching of Latin terms from Terminologia with those of Nomina was performed using a string-to-string distance algorithm and manual assessment. We used a French-Latin version of Nomina together with Terminologia and we suggested French terms for Terminologia. Coverage was evaluated by the number of exact and approximate matches. A target of 78% was set due to the higher number of terms in Terminologia compared to Nomina. Relevance was estimated by manually comparing the meanings of the English and French terms related to the same Latin term. The question was whether they refer to the same anatomical structure.\nRESULTS: Exact or approximate matches were found for 5982 terms (76.5%) of Terminologia. Our results indicated that more than 75% of the terms from Terminologia came from Nomina, most of them were left unchanged and all were used with the same meaning.\nCONCLUSION: This method produces relevant results, reaching our 78% target. The method is based only on Latin terms and can be used for other languages. We consider this work as a starting point for adding terms to other knowledge sources, such as the foundational model of anatomy or the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).", 
    "ISSN": "1386-5056", 
    "page": "542-552", 
    "volume": "75", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006", 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Paul", 
        "family": "Fabry"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Robert", 
        "family": "Baud"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Anita", 
        "family": "Burgun"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Christian", 
        "family": "Lovis"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "International journal of medical informatics", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Int J Med Inform", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "fabry:2006amplification"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 9504679", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-199802000-00019", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "The modern pronunciation of Latin", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "103-108", 
    "volume": "20", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1998modern"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Lippincott Williams & Wilkins", 
    "ISBN": "0781766109", 
    "publisher-place": "Baltimore", 
    "shortTitle": "Terminologia histologica", 
    "title": "Terminologia histologica: international terms for human cytology and histology", 
    "call-number": "QM550.2 .T47 2008", 
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "207", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Baltimore", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "terminology:2008terminologia"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Oxford University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9780199571123", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "Oxford dictionary of English", 
    "URL": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/", 
    "call-number": "PE1628 .O8675 2010", 
    "number-of-pages": "2069", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2010"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "stevenson:2010oxford", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Angus", 
        "family": "Stevenson"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Schattauer", 
    "ISBN": "3794523431  9783794523436", 
    "publisher-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "shortTitle": "Amor, A\u0308skulap & Co.", 
    "title": "Amor, A\u0308skulap & Co.: Klassische Mythologie in der Sprache der modernen Medizin", 
    "language": "German", 
    "call-number": "R123 .K37 2005", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "karenberg:2005amor"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1038/scientificamerican0314-64", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Harold", 
        "family": "Garner"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "The case of the stolen words", 
    "URL": "http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/scientificamerican0314-64", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "ISSN": "0036-8733", 
    "page": "64-67", 
    "volume": "310", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          2, 
          18
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Scientific American", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "garner:2014case"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.03.011", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Michael", 
        "family": "Soutis"
      }
    ], 
    "shortTitle": "Ancient Greek terminology in pediatric surgery", 
    "title": "Ancient Greek terminology in pediatric surgery: About the word meaning", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022346806002077", 
    "issue": "7", 
    "abstract": "It is widely accepted that the medical terminology has its roots in ancient Greek and Latin. Greek words have been used not only in the field of medicine but also in every day language for many centuries. The aim of this article is to provide an abbreviated guide to the etymology and the meaning of Greek words used in the medical literature today, emphasizing on the field of pediatric surgery. Thus, the term paediatric is constructed from the words paedion, meaning \u201cchild\u201d, and iatriki, meaning \u201cmedicine\u201d, literally, \u201cmedicine for children.\u201d Surgery, however, is not a Greek word. The corresponding Greek term is chirourgiki, derived from cheir and ergon, that is, \u201chand and action,\u201d meaning the action made by hands. This term is also found in the French and German medical literature as chirourgie and chirurgie, respectively. Some general terms in surgery are also of Greek origin. The word trauma has been transferred into the English literature without modification and comes from the verb diatitreno, meaning to \u201cpenetrate.\u201d Other such terms include diagnosis, from the verb diagignosko, meaning to \u201cdiscriminate\u201d; symptom, from the verb sympipto, that is, \u201cto coinside\u201d; and the adjectives clinical and clinic, from the noun klini, meaning \u201cbed.\u201d\nFocusing on special fields of pediatric surgery, the etymology and the meaning of Greek words used in the medical literature will be shown and analyzed.", 
    "ISSN": "0022-3468", 
    "page": "1302-1308", 
    "volume": "41", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006", 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of Pediatric Surgery", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Pediatric Surgery", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "soutis:2006ancient"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 11903286", 
    "DOI": "10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00274.x", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Christian", 
        "family": "Leitz"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Headache in Magical and Medical Papyri of Ancient Egypt", 
    "URL": "http://cep.sagepub.com/content/21/9/911", 
    "issue": "9", 
    "abstract": "Despite the intensity with which many scholars have studied the evolution of Egyptian medicine, interdisciplinary studies on the history of headache are scarcely extant. Following a short discussion of historiographical issues, the main objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive and detailed overview on this subject. Scattered references to headache are extracted from so-called magical papyri and from medical texts of the New Kingdom. Although little is known about the quality of headache and about accompanying symptoms, four predominant localizations are distinguished. Due to the lack of precise descriptions it is impossible to establish the retrospective diagnosis of migraine. Explanations of the origin of cephalalgia and of the corresponding therapeutic actions differ according to the nature of the source. In magical papyri, headaches are attributed to the action of demons and supernatural forces, whereas medical papyri emphasize the role of head trauma and of \u2018pain matter\u2019 occurring in the body. Treatment could be magical, pharmacological or surgical. Examples of incantations and prescriptions are analysed in detail.", 
    "ISSN": "0333-1024, 1468-2982", 
    "page": "911-916", 
    "volume": "21", 
    "source": "cep.sagepub.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2001", 
          11
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Cephalalgia", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Cephalalgia", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2001headache"
  }, 
  {
    "title": "Vocabulary instruction goes \"old school\"", 
    "URL": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/30047249", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "abstract": "High school teacher Suzanne R. Kail and her students uncover the relevance of learning Latin and Greek roots to enhance vocabulary and spelling. Kail reflects on her experience of combining what might be seen as an old-school practice of memorization with promoting higher level thinking skills and anticipates what she will revise for the next school year.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Suzanne R.", 
        "family": "Kail"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "62-67", 
    "volume": "97", 
    "source": "JSTOR", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008", 
          3
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The English Journal", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "The English Journal", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "kail:2008vocabulary"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thieme Medical", 
    "ISBN": "9781604060997", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "shortTitle": "Atlas of anatomy", 
    "title": "Atlas of anatomy: Latin nomenclature", 
    "call-number": "QM25 .A79 2009", 
    "abstract": "Includes full-colour illustrations of the body with all parts labelled using the <i>Terminologia Anatomica</i>.", 
    "number-of-pages": "656", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "gilroy:2009atlas", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Anne M.", 
        "family": "Gilroy"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Brian R.", 
        "family": "MacPherson"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Lawrence M.", 
        "family": "Ross"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Michael", 
        "family": "Schu\u0308nke"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Erik", 
        "family": "Schulte"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Udo", 
        "family": "Schumacher"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Wiley-Blackwell", 
    "ISBN": "9781119959960", 
    "publisher-place": "Chichester, West Sussex", 
    "shortTitle": "Essential guide to reading biomedical papers", 
    "title": "Essential guide to reading biomedical papers: recognising and interpreting best practice", 
    "call-number": "R850 .E85 2013", 
    "number-of-pages": "331", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Chichester, West Sussex", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "langton:2013essential", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Phil", 
        "family": "Langton"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444522395", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of chemoetymology", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of chemoetymology: The whies and whences of chemical nomenclature and terminology", 
    "call-number": "QD7 .E56 2007", 
    "number-of-pages": "433", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "senning:2007elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Alexander", 
        "family": "Senning"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", 
    "ISBN": "9780226482057", 
    "publisher-place": "Chicago", 
    "shortTitle": "The beginnings of western science", 
    "title": "The beginnings of western science: the European scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450", 
    "call-number": "Q124.95 .L55 2007", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "David C.", 
        "family": "Lindberg"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "488", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Chicago", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "lindberg:2007beginnings"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 16016859\nPMCID: PMC194804", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "George L.", 
        "family": "Banay"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "An Introduction to Medical Terminology. II. Terms Drawn From Modern Languages", 
    "URL": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194804/", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "0025-7338", 
    "page": "152-163", 
    "volume": "37", 
    "source": "PubMed Central", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1949", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bulletin of the Medical Library Association", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bull Med Libr Assoc", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "banay:1949introduction"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1075/term.4.1.04dir", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Recurring errors in medical Latin", 
    "URL": "http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/term.4.1.04dir", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0929-9971, 1569-9994", 
    "page": "35-53", 
    "volume": "4", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1997"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Terminology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1997recurring"
  }, 
  {
    "language": "Spanish", 
    "title": "Scientific Language in Skin-Care Advertising: Persuading Through Opacity", 
    "URL": "http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4597577.pdf", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2013"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Marisa", 
        "family": "D\u00edez Arroyo"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "197\u2013213", 
    "volume": "26", 
    "source": "Google Scholar", 
    "container-title": "Revista espa\u00f1ola de ling\u00fc\u00edstica aplicada", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          6, 
          19
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "arroyo:2013scientific"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9781139053525", 
    "publisher-place": "Cambridge", 
    "title": "Languages in Chemistry", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521571999.011", 
    "DOI": "10.1017/CHOL9780521571999.011",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2002"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bernadette", 
        "family": "Bensaude-Vincent"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "174-190", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "event-place": "Cambridge", 
    "container-title": "The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 5: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "vincent:2002languages", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Mary Jo", 
        "family": "Nye"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Clarendon Press", 
    "ISBN": "0198611129", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "The Oxford dictionary of English etymology", 
    "call-number": "PE1580 .O5", 
    "number-of-pages": "1025", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1966"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "onions:1966oxford", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "C.T.", 
        "family": "Onions"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444423761", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's sugar dictionary in six languages", 
    "title": "Elsevier's sugar dictionary in six languages: English/American, French, Spanish, Dutch, German, and Latin", 
    "call-number": "TP375.4 .E47 1984", 
    "number-of-pages": "321", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1984"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "chaballe:1984elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "L.Y.", 
        "family": "Chaballe"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Munksgaard", 
    "publisher-place": "Copenhagen", 
    "title": "Nomina Avium europaearum", 
    "call-number": "QL690 .J82 ROMU", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Harriet I.", 
        "family": "J\u00f8rgensen"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "283", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Copenhagen", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1958"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "j\u00f8rgensen:1958nomina"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "McGraw-Hill", 
    "ISBN": "0071461043", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "title": "Medical terminology demystified", 
    "call-number": "R123 .L363 2006", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Dale Pierre", 
        "family": "Layman"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "432", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "layman:2006medical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Sturmer", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "publisher-place": "La Fayette, IN", 
    "shortTitle": "Rudiments of Latin", 
    "title": "Rudiments of Latin: with special reference to the nomenclature of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, the national formulary, and the text-books in materia medica and botany; including also prescription writing and notes on the nomenclature of the German Pharmacopoeia", 
    "URL": "http://archive.org/details/rudimentsoflatin00sturuoft", 
    "call-number": "BDB-0608", 
    "abstract": "Includes index; 14", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Julius William", 
        "family": "Sturmer"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "108", 
    "source": "Internet Archive", 
    "event-place": "La Fayette, IN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1908"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          7
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "sturmer:1908rudiments"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 2916744", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198902000-00013", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Let's put it this way. A medical writing clinic", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "87-92", 
    "volume": "11", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1989", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1989let"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Privately printed", 
    "publisher-place": "Washington, DC", 
    "shortTitle": "Composition of scientific words", 
    "title": "Composition of scientific words: a manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001183219", 
    "call-number": "PE1580 .B7 1956", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Roland W.", 
        "family": "Brown"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "882", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1956"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Washington, DC", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "brown:1956composition"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 10752566", 
    "DOI": "10.1007/s007050050036", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "M.H.", 
        "family": "van Regenmortel"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "On the relative merits of italics, Latin and binomial nomenclature in virus taxonomy", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "0304-8608", 
    "page": "433-441", 
    "volume": "145", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2000", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Archives of virology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Arch. Virol.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "regenmortel:2000relative"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Clarendon Press", 
    "ISBN": "0198642261", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "title": "A Greek-English lexicon", 
    "URL": "http://logeion.uchicago.edu/", 
    "call-number": "PA445.E5 L6 1996", 
    "number-of-pages": "2042", 
    "edition": "9", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1940"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "liddell:1940greek", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Henry George", 
        "family": "Liddell"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Robert", 
        "family": "Scott"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Henry", 
        "family": "Stuart Jones"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Saunders", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "shortTitle": "Medical etymology", 
    "title": "Medical etymology: the history and derivation of medical terms for students of medicine, dentistry, and nursing", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002077659", 
    "call-number": "R121 .P35 DENT", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "O.H. Perry", 
        "family": "Pepper"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "263", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1949"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "pepper:1949medical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444500057", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of agriculture: in English, German, French, Russian and Latin", 
    "call-number": "S411 .T64 2000", 
    "number-of-pages": "777", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2000"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "tosheva:2000elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "T.", 
        "family": "Tosheva"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "M.", 
        "family": "Djarova"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "B.", 
        "family": "Delii\u0306ska"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Williams & Wilkins", 
    "publisher-place": "Baltimore", 
    "title": "The origin of medical terms", 
    "URL": "http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001556871", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1949"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Henry Alan", 
        "family": "Skinner"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "viii, 379 p.", 
    "source": "Hathi Trust", 
    "event-place": "Baltimore", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "skinner:1949origin"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Delmar", 
    "ISBN": "0827364067", 
    "publisher-place": "Albany, NY", 
    "title": "The elements of medical terminology", 
    "call-number": "R123 .A67 1994", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "April", 
        "family": "Applegate"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Valerie", 
        "family": "Overton"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "388", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Albany, NY", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1994"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "applegate:1994elements"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444513744", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of amphibians in Latin, English, German, French, and Italian", 
    "call-number": "QL640.7 .E48 2004", 
    "number-of-pages": "396", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "wrobel:2004amphibians", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "M.", 
        "family": "Wrobel"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "shortTitle": "Latin versus English", 
    "title": "Latin versus English: The Sixteenth-Century Debate over Scientific Terminology", 
    "URL": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4172651", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Francis R.", 
        "family": "Johnson"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "109-135", 
    "volume": "41", 
    "source": "JSTOR", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1944", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Studies in Philology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Studies in Philology", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "johnson:1944latin"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 22996985", 
    "DOI": "10.5935/1678-9741.20120050", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Georges", 
        "family": "Bezas"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Alexandre Lins", 
        "family": "Werneck"
      }
    ], 
    "shortTitle": "Greek language", 
    "title": "Greek language: analysis of the cardiologic anatomical etymology: past and present", 
    "URL": "http://ref.scielo.org/79kmbg", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: The Greek language, the root of most Latin anatomical terms, is deeply present in the Anatomical Terminology. Many studies seek to analyze etymologically the terms stemming from the Greek words. In most of these studies, the terms appear defined according to the etymological understanding of the respective authors at the time of its creation. Therefore, it is possible that the terms currently used are not consistent with its origin in ancient Greek words.\nMETHODS: We selected cardiologic anatomical terms derived from Greek words, which are included in the International Anatomical Terminology. We performed an etymological analysis using the Greek roots present in the earliest terms. We compared the cardiologic anatomical terms currently used in Greece and Brazil to the Greek roots originating from the ancient Greek language. We used morphological decomposition of Greek roots, prefixes, and suffixes. We also verified their use on the same lexicons and texts from the ancient Greek language.\nRESULTS: We provided a list comprising 30 cardiologic anatomical terms that have their origins in ancient Greek as well as their component parts in the International Anatomical Terminology. We included the terms in the way they were standardized in Portuguese, English, and Modern Greek as well as the roots of the ancient Greek words that originated them.\nCONCLUSION: Many works deal with the true origin of words (etymology) but most of them neither returns to the earliest roots nor relate them to their use in texts of ancient Greek language. By comparing the world's greatest studies on the etymology of Greek words, this paper tries to clarify the differences between the true origin of the Greek anatomical terms as well as the origins of the cardiologic anatomical terms more accepted today in Brazil by health professionals.", 
    "ISSN": "1678-9741", 
    "page": "318-326", 
    "volume": "27", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2012", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Revista brasileira de cirurgia cardiovascular", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "bezas:2012greek"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1038/jid.1961.68", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Morris", 
        "family": "Leider"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Morris", 
        "family": "Rosenblum"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "What does it mean? An experiment in writing a dermatologic dictionary", 
    "URL": "http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/jid.1961.68", 
    "issue": "6", 
    "ISSN": "0022-202X, 1523-1747", 
    "page": "441-449", 
    "volume": "36", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1961", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The Journal of Investigative Dermatology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "leider:1961what"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1097/01.ju.0000165388.71483.fb", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Friedrich", 
        "family": "Moll"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "The catheter and its use in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534701682752", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "abstract": "ABSTRACTPurpose\nBased on Greek and Latin sources the use of the urinary catheter in Western medicine between 200 and 1000 CE was reviewed.\nMaterials and Methods\nComputerized databank searches permitted the identification and analysis of ancient and early medieval texts that include material on the catheter.\nResults\nTen medical authors mentioned the catheter and its use. In the Byzantine world they include the encyclopedists Oribasius, Aetius and Paul of Aegina. The best known Latin author is Caelius Aurelianus. These writers often put together summaries of earlier works. Innovation or independent research was not easily found at a time during which neither anatomical autopsy nor experimentation was widely practiced.\nConclusions\nOld texts contain numerous instructions on how to skillfully use the catheter. As a technical achievement, it was independent of philosophical trends. Its primary indications, namely urinary retention, bladder stones and the administration of cures, changed little with time. As one of the oldest and most important instruments at the disposal of physicians, the history of the catheter should be known to every urologist.", 
    "ISSN": "0022-5347", 
    "page": "439-441", 
    "volume": "174", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005", 
          8
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The Journal of Urology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "The Journal of Urology", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2005catheter1"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1007/s00276-014-1305-7", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Vladim\u00edr", 
        "family": "Musil"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Zden\u011bk", 
        "family": "Suchomel"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Petra", 
        "family": "Malinov\u00e1"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Josef", 
        "family": "Stingl"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Martin", 
        "family": "Vl\u010dek"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Marek", 
        "family": "V\u00e1cha"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "The history of Latin terminology of human skeletal muscles (from Vesalius to the present)", 
    "URL": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00276-014-1305-7", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          5, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "PURPOSE: The aim of this literary search was to chart the etymology of 32 selected human skeletal muscles, representative of all body regions.\nMETHODS: In researching this study, analysis of 15 influential Latin and German anatomical textbooks, dating from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, was undertaken, as well as reference to four versions of the official Latin anatomical terminologies. Particular emphasis has been placed on the historical development of muscular nomenclature, and the subsequent division of these data into groups, defined by similarities in the evolution of their names into the modern form.\nRESULTS: The first group represents examples of muscles whose names have not changed since their introduction by Vesalius (1543). The second group comprises muscles which earned their definitive names during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The third group is defined by acceptance into common anatomical vernacular by the late nineteenth century, including those outlined in the first official Latin terminology (B.N.A.) of 1895. The final group is reserved for six extra-ocular muscles with a particularly poetic history, favoured and popularised by the anatomical giants of late Renaissance and 1,700\u00a0s.\nCONCLUSIONS: As this study will demonstrate, it is evident that up until introduction of the B.N.A. there was an extremely liberal approach to naming muscles, deserving great respect in the retrospective terminological studies if complete and relevant results are to be achieved. Without this knowledge of the vernacular of the ages past, modern researchers can find themselves 'reinventing the wheel' in looking for their answers.", 
    "ISSN": "1279-8517", 
    "note": "PMID: 24828123", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "container-title": "Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Surg Radiol Anat", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "musil:2014history"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444821821", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of plant names", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of plant names: in Latin, English, French, German, and Italian", 
    "call-number": "QK13 .E57 1996", 
    "number-of-pages": "925", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1996"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "wrobel:1996elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "M.", 
        "family": "Wrobel"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "G.", 
        "family": "Creber"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1007/BF03256190", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the high priest Alcimus die of acute aconitine poisoning?", 
    "URL": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03256190", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "The Bible contains several interesting contributions to the history of neurology, as is the case of the High Priest Alkimos, who died suddenly in 159 BC. He was regarded as a stereotypical stroke victim for a long time. The reports on his death in the Septauginta and the later \u2018Jewish Antiquities\u2019 of Flavius Josephus present some typical symptoms of stroke (collapse, loss of speech and death within a short time), but they also describe severe pains, which are very unusual among patients with stroke. Similar symptoms can be found in the case of the Roman emperor Claudius, who was poisoned by his spouse Agrippina. It was thought that she used aconitine, an ingredient of the monkshood plant (Aconitum napellus L.), which imitates an apoplectic insult, but also causes vehement pains. It was therefore possible that something similar had happened to Alkimos, as aconitine was a common poison in ancient times and the surroundings of his death may confirm the suspicion. Reigning during a time of great upheaval, Alkimos was able to maintain his high office chiefly because of the help of the Seleucides. He had just begun construction work on the temple of Jerusalem, an order, which was regarded as a sacrilege by his foes. This impression was enhanced by his subsequent illness which could be considered as a divine punishment.", 
    "ISSN": "0964-198X", 
    "page": "151-156", 
    "volume": "21", 
    "source": "link.springer.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2002", 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicological Reviews", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Adv Drug React Toxicol Rev", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2002toxicology"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "9780444514400", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of medicine and biology", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of medicine and biology: in English, Greek, German, Italian, and Latin", 
    "call-number": "R121 .E47 2005", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2005"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "number-of-volumes": "2", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "konstantinidis:2005elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Giannis", 
        "family": "Konstantinidis"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Verlag fu\u0308r Angewandte Wiss.", 
    "ISBN": "392225103X 9783922251033", 
    "publisher-place": "Mu\u0308nchen", 
    "shortTitle": "Medizinische Fachsprache", 
    "title": "Medizinische Fachsprache: Etymologisch-erkl\u00e4rende Einf\u00fchrung", 
    "language": "German", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1988"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Klaus", 
        "family": "Grossgebauer"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Mu\u0308nchen", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "grossgebauer:1988medizinische"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Lippincott Williams & Wilkins", 
    "ISBN": "0781733901", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "title": "Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology", 
    "URL": "http://stedmansonline.com/webFiles/Dict-Stedmans28/APP04.pdf", 
    "call-number": "R121 .S8 2006", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "appendix 9", 
    "edition": "28", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "container-title": "Stedman's medical dictionary", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "dirckx:2006greek", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Julie K.", 
        "family": "Stegman"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Eric", 
        "family": "Branger"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Tiffany", 
        "family": "Piper"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Thomas W.", 
        "family": "Filardo"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Raymond", 
        "family": "Lukens"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "William R.", 
        "family": "Hensyl"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 6356961", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198308000-00005", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Dermatologic terms in the <i>De Medicina</i> of Celsus", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "363-369", 
    "volume": "5", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1983", 
          8
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1983dermatologic"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Science History Publications", 
    "ISBN": "0881351520", 
    "publisher-place": "Canton, MA", 
    "shortTitle": "The enlightenment of matter", 
    "collection-title": "Uppsala studies in history of science", 
    "call-number": "QD7 .B52 1993", 
    "title": "The enlightenment of matter: the definition of chemistry from Agricola to Lavoisier", 
    "number-of-pages": "396", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1993"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Canton, MA", 
    "collection-number": "15", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Marco", 
        "family": "Beretta"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "beretta:1993enlightenment"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thomas", 
    "ISBN": "0398056714", 
    "publisher-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "shortTitle": "Biolexicon", 
    "title": "Biolexicon: a guide to the language of biology", 
    "call-number": "QH302.5 .B59 1990", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Charles", 
        "family": "Blinderman"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "363", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1990"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "blinderman:1990biolexicon"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Oxford University Press", 
    "ISBN": "019509445X", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "shortTitle": "Units, symbols, and terminology for plant physiology", 
    "title": "Units, symbols, and terminology for plant physiology: a reference for presentation of research results in the plant sciences", 
    "call-number": "QK710.5 .U55 1996", 
    "number-of-pages": "234", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1996"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "salisbury:1996units", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Frank B.", 
        "family": "Salisbury"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Royal Botanic Gardens", 
    "ISBN": "9781845933746 1845933745 9780643094406 0643094407", 
    "publisher-place": "Melbourne", 
    "shortTitle": "Plant names", 
    "title": "Plant names: a guide to biological nomenclature", 
    "language": "English", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Peter", 
        "family": "Lumley"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Roger", 
        "family": "Spencer"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Robert", 
        "family": "Cross"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Melbourne", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "lumley:2007plant"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Heinemann", 
    "publisher-place": "London", 
    "shortTitle": "Medical terms", 
    "title": "Medical terms: their origin and construction", 
    "call-number": "R123 .R6 1971", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ffrangcon", 
        "family": "Roberts"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "102", 
    "edition": "5", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1971"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "London", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "roberts:1971medical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 20730293", 
    "DOI": "10.1590/S0004-27492010000300019", 
    "language": "por", 
    "shortTitle": "Scientific report in ophthalmology", 
    "title": "Relato da pesquisa cient\u00edfica de oftalmologia \u2013 o emprego de terminologias greco-latinas", 
    "URL": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0004-27492010000300019&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "Scientific research in ophthalmology is a dynamic process usually delivered by means of written reports. Greek and Latin words are commonly used in scientific writing. This paper points out some issues related to the clarity, objectivity and precision of writing and offers a short glossary of terms from Greek and Latin languages which are commonly used in scientific writing.", 
    "ISSN": "0004-2749", 
    "page": "300-303", 
    "volume": "73", 
    "source": "SciELO", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2010", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Edmea Rita", 
        "family": "Temporini"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Jos\u00e9 Carlos Eudes", 
        "family": "Carani"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Arq Bras Oftalmol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "temporini:2010relato"
  }, 
  {
    "collection-title": "Handbook of clinical neurology", 
    "ISBN": "9780444520098", 
    "publisher-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "title": "Neurological conditions in the European Middle Ages", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02107-6", 
    "DOI": "10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02107-6",
    "call-number": "RC338 .H58 2010", 
    "abstract": "Medicine and neurology in the Middle Ages were different from what they are today. Traditionally, medicine in the Middle Ages has been described as intellectually stagnant and practically chaotic. This chapter presents a summary of the development of medicine as it relates to neurological conditions from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance in Western Europe. In characterizing \u201cmedieval\u201d medicine, it is important to note that the changes embraced by the Renaissance came to different parts of Europe at different times. Thus, late-13th-century Italy was experiencing elements decidedly post-medieval, while parts of England and Germany were still \u201cmedieval\u201d into the 15th century. The Middle Ages were far from homogeneous. Medieval theories of the causes of neurological disease were highly varied. In the Modern Era, the therapy is linked to diagnosis. In antiquity and the Middle Ages, therapy was more concretely linked to prognostica.", 
    "collection-number": "3rd ser., 17 (95)", 
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "page": "79-90", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "container-title": "History of neurology", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Walton O., III", 
        "family": "Schalick"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "schalick:2009neurological", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Stanley", 
        "family": "Finger"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Franc\u0327ois", 
        "family": "Boller"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Kenneth L.", 
        "family": "Tyler"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 15370320", 
    "DOI": "10.1080/0964704049052158", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Next emperor, please! No end to retrospective diagnostics", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704049052158", 
    "DOI": "10.1080/0964704049052158",
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "0964-704X", 
    "page": "143-149", 
    "volume": "13", 
    "source": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the History of the Neurosciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2004next"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Praeger", 
    "ISBN": "0030639611", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "title": "The language of medicine, its evolution, structure, and dynamics", 
    "call-number": "R123 .D57 1983", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "193", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1983"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "dirckx:1983language"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Festina Lente", 
    "ISBN": "8885171141", 
    "publisher-place": "Firenze", 
    "language": "Italian", 
    "title": "Dizionario etimologico storico dei termini medici", 
    "call-number": "R121 .M3458 1993", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Enrico", 
        "family": "Marcovecchio"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "938", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Firenze", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1993"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "marcovecchio:1993dizionario"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00180.x", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Tatsuo", 
        "family": "Sakai"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Historical evolution of anatomical terminology from ancient to modern", 
    "URL": "http://link.springer.com/10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00180.x", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "ISSN": "1447-6959, 1447-073X", 
    "page": "65-81", 
    "volume": "82", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007", 
          6
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Anatomical Science International", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "sakai:2007historical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 17125069", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Negative affixes in medical English", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/2006/10708-13.pdf", 
    "issue": "8", 
    "abstract": "Many medical terms have negative meaning expressed by means of a negative prefix or suffix. The most frequently used negative prefixes are: a-, dis-, in-, non-, and un-. There is only one negative suffix -less (Ref. 15).", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "332-335", 
    "volume": "107", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "d\u017euganov\u00e1:2006negative"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Hafner", 
    "publisher-place": "New York", 
    "title": "The origin of medical terms", 
    "call-number": "R123 .S54 1970", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Henry Alan", 
        "family": "Skinner"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "438", 
    "edition": "2nd ed., corrected", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1970"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "New York", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "skinner:1970origin"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Merrow", 
    "ISBN": "0900541474", 
    "publisher-place": "Watford, Herts.", 
    "title": "Latin and Greek for biologists", 
    "call-number": "QH83 .S269 1971 REF", 
    "abstract": "Excellent summary of the most pertinent concepts of Greek and Latin necessary to understanding their usage in biology.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Theodore Horace", 
        "family": "Savory"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "34", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1971"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Watford, Herts.", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "savory:1971latin"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Chambers", 
    "ISBN": "055010349X", 
    "publisher-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "title": "Classical roots for medics", 
    "call-number": "R123 .C435 2007", 
    "number-of-pages": "213", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "brooks:2007classical", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Katie", 
        "family": "Brooks"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Office de la langue fran\u00e7aise", 
    "ISBN": "255114695X 9782551146956", 
    "publisher-place": "Que\u0301bec", 
    "shortTitle": "Lexique des fruits", 
    "title": "Lexique des fruits: Lexique franc\u0327ais-anglais-latin", 
    "language": "French", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1991"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Que\u0301bec", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "croteau:1991lexique", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Cle\u0301ment", 
        "family": "Croteau"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 3551658", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198702000-00014", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "A little lexicon of archaic and obsolete medical terms", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "76-79", 
    "volume": "9", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1987", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1987little"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1002/pros.21129", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Uro-words making history", 
    "title": "Uro-words making history: Ureter and urethra", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pros.21129/abstract", 
    "issue": "9", 
    "abstract": "PURPOSE\nWe comprehensively review the history of the terms \u201cureter\u201d and \u201curethra\u201d from 700 BC to the present.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nUsing a case study approach, ancient medical texts were analyzed to clarify the etymology and use of both terms. In addition, selected anatomy textbooks from the 15th to 17th centuries were searched to identify and compare descriptions, illustrations, and various expressions used by contemporary authors to designate the upper and lower parts of the urinary tract.\nRESULTS\nThe Ancient Greek words \u201cureter\u201d and \u201curethra\u201d appear early in Hippocratic and Aristotelian writings. However, both terms designated what we today call the urethra. It was only with increasing anatomical knowledge in Greek medical texts after the 1st century AD that definitions of these words evolved similar to those we employ today. Numerous synonyms were used which served as a basis for translation into Arabic and later Latin during the transfer of ancient knowledge to the cultures of the medieval period. When Greek original texts and their Arabic\u2013Latin version were compared during the Renaissance, this led to terminological confusion which could only be gradually overcome. Around the year 1600, the use of the latinized terms \u201cureter\u201d and \u201curethra\u201d became generally accepted. The dissemination of these terms in modern national languages and the emergence of clinical derivatives complete this historical development.\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe history of the terms \u201cureter\u201d and \u201curethra\u201d is exemplary of the difficulties with which the development of a precise urologic terminology had to struggle. The story behind the words also clarifies why even today we still have imprecise or misleading terms. Prostate 70: 952\u2013958, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1097-0045", 
    "page": "952-958", 
    "volume": "70", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2010", 
          6, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Franz Josef", 
        "family": "Marx"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "The Prostate", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Prostate", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "marx:2010uro"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "978-0-08-044854-1", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "shortTitle": "Anatomical Nomenclature", 
    "title": "Anatomical Nomenclature: History", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04268-1", 
    "DOI": "10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04268-1",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "An accurate and systematic nomenclature is of paramount importance in a purely descriptive discipline such as anatomy. Because Western science and medicine began in Greece, the earliest names for parts of the body were Greek words, at first borrowed from the vernacular. The growth and spread of anatomic knowledge eventually demanded a more specialized vocabulary. Later, as Latin became the international medium of scholarly communication, a copious and richly metaphoric but unsystematic lexicon of anatomy evolved in that language. In the 19th century, European anatomists organized to forge a more logical, consistent, and economical Latin nomenclature. Modern usage is a hybrid of vernacular words and of Latin and Greek drawn from various systems and periods.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "244-252", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "dirckx:2006anatomical", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Keith", 
        "family": "Brown"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444417877", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of botany", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of botany: in English, French, German, Latin, and Russian", 
    "call-number": "QK9 .E47", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1979"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "macura:1979elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Paul", 
        "family": "Macura"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444420495", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "title": "Dictionary of cereal processing and cereal chemistry in English, German, French, Latin, and Russian", 
    "call-number": "TS2149 .S36 1982", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "R.", 
        "family": "Schneeweiss"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "520", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1982"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "schneeweiss:1982dictionary"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 7081628", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198202000-00005", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Morris", 
        "family": "Leider"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "A glossary of selected classical and neo-classical expressions apt or adaptable in medical writing", 
    "URL": "http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00000372-198202000-00005", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "25-38", 
    "volume": "4", 
    "source": "CrossRef", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1982", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of Dermatopathology", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          7, 
          23
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "leider:1982glossary"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 22461143", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ca.22062", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Tom D.", 
        "family": "Turmezei"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "The linguistic roots of Modern English anatomical terminology", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/doi/10.1002/ca.22062/abstract", 
    "issue": "8", 
    "abstract": "Previous research focusing on Classical Latin and Greek roots has shown that understanding the etymology of English anatomical terms may be beneficial for students of human anatomy. However, not all anatomical terms are derived from Classical origins. This study aims to explore the linguistic roots of the Modern English terminology used in human gross anatomy. By reference to the Oxford English Dictionary, etymologies were determined for a lexicon of 798 Modern English gross anatomical terms from the 40th edition of Gray's Anatomy. Earliest traceable language of origin was determined for all 798 terms; language of acquisition was determined for 747 terms. Earliest traceable languages of origin were: Classical Latin (62%), Classical Greek (24%), Old English (7%), Post-Classical Latin (3%), and other (4%). Languages of acquisition were: Classical Latin (42%), Post-Classical Latin (29%), Old English (8%), Modern French (6%), Classical Greek (5%), Middle English (3%), and other (7%). While the roots of Modern English anatomical terminology mostly lie in Classical languages (accounting for the origin of 86% of terms), the anatomical lexicon of Modern English is actually much more diverse. Interesting and perhaps less familiar examples from these languages and the methods by which such terms have been created and absorbed are discussed. The author suggests that awareness of anatomical etymologies may enhance the enjoyment and understanding of human anatomy for students and teachers alike. Clin. Anat. 25:1015\u20131022, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1098-2353", 
    "page": "1015-1022", 
    "volume": "25", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2012", 
          11
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Clinical Anatomy", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Clin Anat", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "turmezei:2012linguistic"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Saunders/Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "9781416062578  1416062572  9781416062561  1416062564  9780808924180  0808924184", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia, PA", 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary.", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2012"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "Illustrates and defines terms used in different branches of medicine and health science.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "W.A. Newman", 
        "family": "Dorland"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "32", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia, PA", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "dorland:2012dorland"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Jones", 
    "publisher-place": "Francestown, NH", 
    "title": "Medical Latin", 
    "call-number": "R123 .L47", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Carolyn I.", 
        "family": "Lewis"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "135", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Francestown, NH", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1948"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "lewis:1948medical"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thieme", 
    "ISBN": "3131143614 9783131143617 3131152516  9783131152510", 
    "publisher-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "language": "English", 
    "title": "Terminologia anatomica: International anatomical terminology", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Stuttgart", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "whitmore:1998terminologia", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Ian", 
        "family": "Whitmore"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 2003653", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-199102000-00014", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Words worth watching", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "84-90", 
    "volume": "13", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1991", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1991words"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Logos", 
    "ISBN": "9783832516710 3832516719", 
    "publisher-place": "Berlin", 
    "shortTitle": "Lingua medica", 
    "title": "Lingua medica: Lehrbuch zur medizinischen und zahnmedizinischen Terminologie", 
    "language": "German", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2010"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Mariacarla", 
        "family": "Gadebusch Bondio"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Hartmut", 
        "family": "Bettin"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Berlin", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "bondio:2010lingua"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 9919759", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Bo\u017eena", 
        "family": "D\u017euganov\u00e1"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "Word analysis \u2013 A useful tool in learning the language of medicine in English", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.sk/1998/09910-09.pdf", 
    "issue": "10", 
    "abstract": "Derivated medical terms can consist of a prefix, one or two word roots, a combining vowel, and a suffix in various combinations. To teach medical vocabulary means to teach the tools of word analysis that will enable understanding of complex terminology instead of memorising the whole medical dictionary. (Ref. 6.)", 
    "ISSN": "0006-9248", 
    "page": "551-553", 
    "volume": "99", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1998", 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Bratislavsk\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske listy/Bratislava Medical Journal", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Bratisl Lek Listy", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "d\u017euganov\u00e1:1998word"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "American College of Physicians", 
    "ISBN": "1930513496 9781930513495", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "shortTitle": "Medical meanings", 
    "title": "Medical meanings: A glossary of word origins", 
    "language": "English", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2003"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "abstract": "This second edition of Medical Meanings is fully updated and revised to include over thirty percent more of the definitions, histories, and amusing. More than a dictionary, it explores the history of medical terms, tracing some back to classical roots and describing the recent coinage of others. All previous 3000 entries have been considered afresh, and many have been revised or sharpened, and nearly 300 new words and phrases have been added.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "William S.", 
        "family": "Haubrich"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "282", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Open WorldCat", 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "haubrich:2003medical"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1002/pros.20871", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Franz Josef", 
        "family": "Marx"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "History of the term \"prostate\"", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pros.20871/abstract", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nWe comprehensively review the history of the word \u201cprostate\u201d and related terms from 600 BC to the present.\nMETHODS\nBoth medical and non-medical ancient texts were searched to clarify the term's etymology and use. Anatomy textbooks of the 16th through the 18th century were analyzed to identify descriptions, illustrations and various expressions used by contemporary authors to designate the prostate.\nRESULTS\nIn ancient Greek the masculine term \u201cprostat\u0113s\u201d meant \u201cpresident\u201d and was exclusively used in a non-medical sense. It was not until the Renaissance that anatomists discovered the organ naming it \u201cglandulous body.\u201d In 1600 the French physician du Laurens introduced the metaphoric denomination \u201cprostatae.\u201d However he and his contemporaries misinterpreted the history of the organ and the term, choose the wrong gender when translating it into Latin, and believed that it designated a double organ. Only in the 1800s was this anatomical error corrected while the grammatical one lived on.\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe history of the term \u201cprostate\u201d is a prime example of the difficulties with which the development of a precise urologic terminology had to struggle. At the same time this retrospective view provides a stimulus to avoid linguistic ambiguity in the future. Prostate 69: 208\u2013213, 2009. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2013Liss, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1097-0045", 
    "page": "208-213", 
    "volume": "69", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009", 
          2, 
          1
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The Prostate", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Prostate", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "marx:2009history"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 23112209", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ca.22053", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Alessandro", 
        "family": "Paluzzi"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Juan", 
        "family": "Fernandez-Miranda"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Matthew", 
        "family": "Torrenti"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Paul", 
        "family": "Gardner"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Retracing the etymology of terms in neuroanatomy", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.22053/abstract", 
    "issue": "8", 
    "abstract": "Researching the origin of the terms that we use to identify neuroanatomical structures is a helpful and fascinating exercise. It can provide neuroscientists with a better insight and understanding of the macroscopic anatomy of the cranium and its contents. It can also help the novice to this discipline to become acquainted with structures whose three dimensional anatomy is often difficult to appreciate. The purpose of this article was to investigate the etymology of some of the terms referring to the macroscopic anatomical structures of the skull and the intracranial cavity. We observed how each name unravels an interesting story, sometimes linked to mythological creatures, other times to the shape of animals or objects and tools of everyday life. We conclude that even without a deep knowledge of the Greek, Latin, or Arabic language, learning who described a particular structure and how they decided to name it, makes the study of neuroanatomy more complete and fulfilling. Clin. Anat. 25:1005\u20131014, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1098-2353", 
    "page": "1005-1014", 
    "volume": "25", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2012", 
          11
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Clinical Anatomy", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Clin. Anat.", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "paluzzi:2012retracing"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1038/bdj.2007.733", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "L.", 
        "family": "Cascarini"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Mandibular etymologies", 
    "URL": "http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v203/n4/full/bdj.2007.733.html", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "abstract": "Many of us can remember how much our vocabulary grew as undergraduates and indeed has continued to grow as dental professionals. For many of us not trained in Latin and Greek we have often been too busy learning what the word means to understand why it means what it does. This article aims to clarify things a little. It explains where words relating to the mandible come from, why we use them now and also shows how they are related to other similar words in everyday use.", 
    "ISSN": "0007-0610", 
    "page": "209-210", 
    "volume": "203", 
    "source": "www.nature.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007", 
          8, 
          25
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "British Dental Journal", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Br Dent J", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "cascarini:2007mandibular"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Oxford University Press", 
    "ISBN": "9780195340624", 
    "publisher-place": "Oxford", 
    "shortTitle": "Neuroanatomical terminology", 
    "title": "Neuroanatomical terminology: a lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations", 
    "call-number": "QM451", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Larry", 
        "family": "Swanson"
      }
    ], 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Oxford", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "swanson:2014neuroanatomical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 14740025", 
    "DOI": "10.1177/096777200401200112", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Roman Emperors Suffering from Apoplexy", 
    "title": "Roman emperors suffering from apoplexy: the medical and historical significance of classical literary sources", 
    "URL": "http://jmb.sagepub.com/content/12/1/43", 
    "issue": "1", 
    "abstract": "According to various Greek and Latin texts, several Roman emperors died of \u201capoplexy\u201d. This paper presents a systematic collection and evaluation of these sources. The contents of the texts are compared with contemporary knowledge as well as present-day perspectives. In retrospect, few of the \u201croyal cases\u201d can be classified as cerebrovascular disorders.", 
    "ISSN": "0967-7720, 1758-1087", 
    "page": "43-50", 
    "volume": "12", 
    "source": "jmb.sagepub.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2004", 
          2
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ferdinand Peter", 
        "family": "Moog"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Journal of Medical Biography", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "J Med Biogr", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "moog:2004roman"
  }, 
  {
    "collection-title": "Handbook of clinical neurology", 
    "ISBN": "9780444520098", 
    "publisher-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "shortTitle": "After Galen", 
    "title": "After Galen: late Antiquity and the Islamic world", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02106-4", 
    "DOI": "10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02106-4",
    "call-number": "RC338 .H58 2010", 
    "abstract": "It is usually assumed that after Galen there was nothing new until the Renaissance. Contrary to this view, there were significant modifications of the inherited legacy in Late Antiquity, followed by fundamental changes within the Arabic/Islamic world. Their formative influence extends from the medieval period of transmission to the Renaissance and the 17th century. The increasing emphasis on the primacy of the brain initiated the beginnings of ventricular localization of function in Late Antiquity, which was subsequently developed into a theory and transmitted to the West via Arabic. Following the unprecedented translation movement in 9th-century Baghdad, the cumulative Greek and Hellenistic knowledge of the brain, nerves, and the senses from diverse sources were brought together in the systematic, logically unified Arabic medical compendia of encyclopedic proportions, which embody divergence from accepted views and new diagnostic observations. Their Latin versions became standard texts in medical schools. The oldest extant schematic diagrams relevant to neurology (the eye, the ventricles, the visual system, and the nerves) date from this period, and served as models for the medieval Latin West. The development of coherent descriptions of the motor and sensory systems, and related clinical disorders, by analogy with the mechanisms of hydraulic automata, foreshadows some of the explanatory methods associated with the 17th century.\n\nFurthermore, an entirely new approach resulted in a paradigm shift in theory and methodology through the experimental studies on the physics of light and vision of Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040), who showed that what is sensed is not the object itself, but a punctate optical \u201cimage\u201d due to light reflected from its surface to the eye. This revolutionary approach to vision destroyed the viability of the Greek tradition of holistic forms and tactile sensory impressions. Ibn al-Haytham's theory of point-to-point correspondence formed the basis of subsequent attempts to find a topological representation of external objects in the eye (the retinal surface with Kepler) and in the brain (the pineal gland with Descartes and ultimately in the cortex with Munk). His serial re-projection of the punctate image in the eye, chiasma, and the brain can be regarded as dramatic precursors of the principles in neurology of hierarchical anatomical organization of sensory information from simple to complex.\n\nDue to Ibn al-Haytham, an understanding of vision increasingly required a synthesis of anatomy with the physics of light. Subsequently the visual enquiry shifted from the global question of \u201chow do we perceive the external world by the sense of sight?\u201d to specific concerns arising from the implications of Ibn al-Haytham's \u201coptical\u201d image in the eye: (a) the preservation of a point-to-point correspondence between object and image; (b) image inversion and the veridical (upright) perception of the object; (c) the unity of perception, or the binocular fusion of the two separate images, one from each eye; and (d) the anatomical projection of the retinal maps to various brain centers. The fact that these became central issues extending to Descartes and beyond underscores the unique legacy in neurology of Ibn al-Haytham's conception of a punctate sensory map, which was re-projected to the brain for complex sensory functions.", 
    "collection-number": "3rd ser., 17 (95)", 
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "page": "61-77", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2009"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Edinburgh", 
    "container-title": "History of neurology", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "G\u00fcl A.", 
        "family": "Russell"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "russell:2009after", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Stanley", 
        "family": "Finger"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Franc\u0327ois", 
        "family": "Boller"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Kenneth L.", 
        "family": "Tyler"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Heffer", 
    "publisher-place": "Cambridge", 
    "shortTitle": "Anatomical terms", 
    "title": "Anatomical terms: their origin and derivation", 
    "call-number": "QM81 .F5 1968", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "E.J.", 
        "family": "Field"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "R.J.", 
        "family": "Harrison"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "212", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1968"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Cambridge", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "field:1968anatomical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 2604028", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-198912000-00015", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "A glossary of newspeak", 
    "issue": "6", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "588-591", 
    "volume": "11", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1989", 
          12
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1989glossary"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Lippincott Williams & Wilkins", 
    "ISBN": "9780781792837", 
    "publisher-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "shortTitle": "Medical terminology", 
    "title": "Medical terminology: A programmed learning approach to the language of health care", 
    "call-number": "R123 .W4758 2008", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Marjorie Canfield", 
        "family": "Willis"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "825", 
    "edition": "2", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2008"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Philadelphia", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "willis:2008medical"
  }, 
  {
    "collection-title": "Studies in ancient medicine", 
    "ISBN": "9789004242784", 
    "publisher-place": "Leiden", 
    "title": "On terminological variation in the late latin translation of the Hippocratic aphorisms", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_021", 
    "DOI": "10.1163/9789004273863_021",
    "call-number": "R138", 
    "collection-number": "42", 
    "publisher": "Brill", 
    "page": "368-382", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Leiden", 
    "container-title": "'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Gerd V.M.", 
        "family": "Haverling"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "haverling:2014terminological", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Brigitte", 
        "family": "Maire"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Thomas", 
    "ISBN": "0398009163", 
    "publisher-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "title": "A source-book of biological names and terms", 
    "call-number": "QH83 .J3 1959", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Edmund C.", 
        "family": "Jaeger"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "323", 
    "edition": "3", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1959"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Springfield, IL", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "jaeger:1959source"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Brill", 
    "ISBN": "9004112790", 
    "publisher-place": "Leiden", 
    "language": "Latin", 
    "title": "Mediae Latinitatis lexicon minus: Medieval Latin Dictionary/Lexique latin me\u0301die\u0301val/Mittellateinishces Wo\u0308rterbuch", 
    "call-number": "PA2893 .N54 2002", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "J.F.", 
        "family": "Niermeyer"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "C.", 
        "family": "van de Kieft"
      }
    ], 
    "edition": "Rev. ed.", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2002"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "number-of-volumes": "2", 
    "event-place": "Leiden", 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "niermeyer:2002mediae", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "J.W.J.", 
        "family": "Burgers"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "title": "How much Latin terminology education is enough? The views of students", 
    "URL": "http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj29(2)14/15.pdf", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Sema", 
        "family": "\u00d6zkadif"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Selda", 
        "family": "K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Emrullah", 
        "family": "Eken"
      }
    ], 
    "page": "239-246", 
    "volume": "29", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "World Applied Sciences Journal", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "\u00f6zkadif:2014how"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 2393072", 
    "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-199008000-00016", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "John H.", 
        "family": "Dirckx"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "More living Latin", 
    "issue": "4", 
    "ISSN": "0193-1091", 
    "page": "422-429", 
    "volume": "12", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1990", 
          8
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "The American Journal of dermatopathology", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Am J Dermatopathol", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "dirckx:1990more"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 16617443", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ca.20342", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Sean B.", 
        "family": "Smith"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Stephen W.", 
        "family": "Carmichael"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Wojciech", 
        "family": "Pawlina"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Robert J.", 
        "family": "Spinner"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "en", 
    "title": "Latin and Greek in gross anatomy", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.20342/abstract", 
    "issue": "3", 
    "abstract": "Background: Medical students and practitioners learn and use a vocabulary originating almost entirely from classical Latin and Greek languages. Previous generations required Latin or Greek prior to medical school, but the current generation does not have such requirements. Anecdotal evidence suggests that understanding Latin or Greek helps students to learn and practitioners to recall otherwise foreign terminology. This study evaluated students' familiarity with Latin and Greek etymologies before and after a gross anatomy course that incorporated etymologies into its curriculum. Methods: First-year medical students at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine were taught Latin and Greek etymologies through lectures and handouts during their gross anatomy course. They took a pretest and a posttest before and after the course to assess their understanding of etymologies. In addition, students from all four years of medical school, residents, and staff physicians also took a general etymology quiz to assess their understanding of etymologies. Results: After their gross anatomy course emphasizing etymologies, first-year students scored higher on the posttest than they did on the pretest. First-year students also reported that learning etymologies enhanced anatomy learning, made the experience more enjoyable, and proved to be less difficult than they thought it would be prior to the course. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians scored almost equally on the general etymology quiz and almost equally reported that etymologies enhanced learning and recalling terminology. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians almost equally endorsed incorporating etymologies into medical education. Conclusions: This study provides novel scientific evidence that a basic understanding of Latin and Greek etymologies enhances performance and comfort when learning and using medical terminology. Clin. Anat.  20:332\u2013337, 2007. \u00a9 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", 
    "ISSN": "1098-2353", 
    "page": "332-337", 
    "volume": "20", 
    "source": "Wiley Online Library", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007", 
          4
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Clinical Anatomy", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          4, 
          10
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Clin Anat", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "smith:2007latin"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "World Scientific", 
    "ISBN": "9789812703873", 
    "publisher-place": "Singapore", 
    "title": "Anatomical terms and their derivation", 
    "call-number": "QM81 .L57 2007", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "F. Peter", 
        "family": "Lisowski"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Charles E.", 
        "family": "Oxnard"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "126", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Singapore", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "lisowski:2007anatomical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 21751256", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/chir.20955", 
    "language": "eng", 
    "shortTitle": "Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are chiral but not asymmetric", 
    "title": "Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are chiral but not asymmetric: History, analysis, and proposal for a rational terminology", 
    "issue": "8", 
    "abstract": "Asymmetric objects are necessarily chiral, but a structure may be chiral and not asymmetric if it possesses one or more proper rotation axes. Chiral but not asymmetric molecules are important in chemistry and its applications, but no suitable term exists for the designation of such structures, and their terminology in the literature is confused and chaotic. Dissymmetric has been redefined by some authors as \"chiral but not asymmetric,\" in conflict both with Pasteur's definition of the term as \"not superposable on its mirror image\" (without other restrictions, i.e., chiral) and the understanding of the term in stereochemistry. Moreover, dissymmetric and asymmetric are frequently confused because of their similar forms. Furthermore, dissymmetric is widely used in many other definitions in chemistry, physics, and other disciplines. Thus, dissymmetric is unsuitable in the new definition of \"chiral but not asymmetric,\" and a new term is needed. The adjective \"symmanumorphous\" is therefore proposed for \"chiral but not asymmetric\". \"Sym\" (from symmetry) indicates the presence of some symmetry in the structure, and \"manu\" (from \"manus,\" Latin for hand, e.g., manual, manuscript) refers to its handedness. \"Morphous,\" from the Greek \"morph\u0113,\" that is, form, is widely used, for example, anthropomorphous, enantiomorphous, etc. Symmanumorphous is convenient and euphonious and at 15 characters (same as enantiomorphous) is not unduly long. The nouns \"a symmanumorph\" (a structure that is chiral but not asymmetric) and \"symmanumorphism\" (the phenomenon of chirality without asymmetry) are also proposed. The new terminology is adaptable in other languages and would contribute to creating order out of linguistic chaos.", 
    "ISSN": "1520-636X", 
    "page": "647-659", 
    "volume": "23", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2011", 
          9
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Joseph", 
        "family": "Gal"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "Chirality", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Chirality", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "gal:2011stereochemical"
  }, 
  {
    "note": "Medicine has been enthusiastic in naming tests, symptoms, and diseases after their discovers. Alexander Woywodt and Eric Matteson argue that eponyms are no longer appropriate, but Judith A Whitworth believes they remain a useful reflection of medical history\n\nSome years ago, filling in time between candidates in a clinical examination, I was chatting to a colleague about eponyms. His view was that eponyms were not particularly useful and he recalled an encounter with a young woman struggling in a similar examination. She couldn't find the lymph nodes and seemed unfamiliar with pulmonary auscultation. To bolster her spirits, he asked her who discovered Koch's bacillus. She became even more anxious and lost for words. My colleague helpfully asked, \u201cWho wrote Mendelssohn's Spring Song ?\u201d and she burst into tears. Similarly, I recall a friend coming out of a fine arts examination and asking who designed the Eiffel Tower.\n\nI understand there was a long line of people happy to argue that eponyms be abolished, and few prepared to take the contrary view. This I can only ascribe to the well known human propensity to enjoy tilting \u2026\nPMID: 17762034", 
    "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.39308.380567.AD", 
    "language": "en", 
    "shortTitle": "Should eponyms be abandoned?", 
    "title": "Should eponyms be abandoned? No", 
    "URL": "http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7617/425", 
    "issue": "7617", 
    "ISSN": "0959-8138, 1468-5833", 
    "page": "425", 
    "volume": "335", 
    "source": "www.bmj.com", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007", 
          8, 
          30
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Judith A.", 
        "family": "Whitworth"
      }
    ], 
    "container-title": "BMJ", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "whitworth:2007should"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "University of Arizona Press", 
    "ISBN": "0816503052", 
    "publisher-place": "Tucson", 
    "shortTitle": "Bioscientific terminology", 
    "title": "Bioscientific terminology: Words from Latin and Greek stems", 
    "call-number": "QH83 .A94", 
    "abstract": "Presents Greek and Latin (in that order), mostly using word roots. Some of the material is obsolete, and there are also some errors. Nonetheless, the book remains one of the better overviews for Latin and Greek words across life sciences. Used as a textbook at the University of Toronto for many years.", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Donald M.", 
        "family": "Ayers"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "325", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Tucson", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "1972"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "ayers:1972bioscientific"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "EPFL Press", 
    "ISBN": "9781420046151", 
    "publisher-place": "Lausanne", 
    "shortTitle": "Systematic nomenclature of organic, organometallic and coordination chemistry", 
    "title": "Systematic nomenclature of organic, organometallic and coordination chemistry: chemical-abstracts guidelines with IUPAC recommendations and many trivial names", 
    "call-number": "QD291 .B86 2007", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Ursula", 
        "family": "B\u00fcnzli-Trepp"
      }
    ], 
    "number-of-pages": "636", 
    "source": "toroprod.library.utoronto.ca Library Catalog", 
    "event-place": "Lausanne", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2007"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "trepp:2007systematic"
  }, 
  {
    "publisher": "Elsevier", 
    "ISBN": "0444505350", 
    "publisher-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "shortTitle": "Elsevier's dictionary of invertebrates (excluding insects)", 
    "title": "Elsevier's dictionary of invertebrates (excluding insects): in Latin, English, French, German, and Spanish", 
    "call-number": "QL360 .E47 2000", 
    "number-of-pages": "449", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "event-place": "Amsterdam", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2000"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "type": "book", 
    "id": "ok\u00e1li:2000elsevier", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Ilja", 
        "family": "Ok\u00e1li"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Miroslava", 
        "family": "Dulova\u0301"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Pavel", 
        "family": "Mokra\u0301n\u030c"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  {
    "note": "PMID: 20069644", 
    "DOI": "10.1002/ca.20912", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Daniel D.", 
        "family": "Lydiatt"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Gregory S.", 
        "family": "Bucher"
      }
    ], 
    "language": "eng", 
    "title": "The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx", 
    "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.20912/abstract", 
    "issue": "2", 
    "abstract": "The etymological evolution of the anatomical terms larynx, cricoid, glottis, epiglottis, and thyroid (cartilage) dates to antiquity. Human dissection replaced animal in the 16th and 17th centuries and terms evolved. This evolution was recorded in the literature largely in Latin. We translated key studies of laryngeal anatomy from the 16th century to better understand this evolution. We present the Latin with our translations, and historical commentary as essential to this understanding. Vesalius favored the Latin scutiform (shield) for the thyroid cartilage, but recognized peltalis (shield). The Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA) chose the Greek thyroid (theta upsilon rho epsilon omicron epsilon iota delta eta) for modern convention. Vesalius used the name \"innominate\" for the cricoid cartilage, but described its resemblance to a ring, drawn in the margin of the Fabrica. Krikoid, the Greek for ring shaped, was adopted by the BNA. Although the term arytenoid was used for centuries, Vesalius argued the Greek name referred to the spout of a cup or ladle. He recognized the human arytenoids as two separate cartilages as opposed to single in certain animals. The glottis was defined by Vesalius as the vocal fold or rima glottidis of today, and he advanced its function by understanding the paired, mobile arytenoid cartilages. He defined the function of the epiglottis and first described the pre-epiglottic space. Vesalius' student at Padua, Italy, Columbo contributed to anatomical knowledge, but animosity between them clouded the record. Harvey, working 75 years later in England, offers an evolutionary window from Vesalius. Harvey's laryngeal studies preceded by a decade his groundbreaking studies on the circulation of blood.", 
    "ISSN": "1098-2353", 
    "page": "131-144", 
    "volume": "23", 
    "source": "NCBI PubMed", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2010", 
          3
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Clinical Anatomy", 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Clin Anat", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "lydiatt:2010historical"
  }, 
  {
    "DOI": "10.1016/j.jns.2005.12.004", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Axel", 
        "family": "Karenberg"
      }, 
      {
        "given": "Hans", 
        "family": "F\u00f6rstl"
      }
    ], 
    "title": "Dementia in the Greco-Roman world", 
    "URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X05004910", 
    "issue": "1\u20132", 
    "abstract": "Greek and Roman physicians developed distinct and detailed ideas, which can be regarded as early versions of our modern concept of dementia. Several classical sources\u2014some of them medical\u2014offer intriguing descriptions of many cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia, which are currently used for diagnostic purposes. Limitations of this ancient concept are due to terminological and epidemiological factors, but also to the physicians' social role. Only a small part of this early literature is cited in contemporary work on the origin of the dementia concept, which can be clearly traced back to the Age of Enlightenment and whose earlier history still needs to be elucidated.", 
    "ISSN": "0022-510X", 
    "page": "5-9", 
    "volume": "244", 
    "source": "ScienceDirect", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2006", 
          5, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "container-title": "Journal of the Neurological Sciences", 
    "accessed": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014", 
          9, 
          15
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of the Neurological Sciences", 
    "type": "article-journal", 
    "id": "karenberg:2006dementia"
  }, 
  {
    "collection-title": "Studies in ancient medicine", 
    "ISBN": "9789004242784", 
    "publisher-place": "Leiden", 
    "title": "The meaning and etymology of the adjective <i>apiosus</i>", 
    "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_016", 
    "DOI": "10.1163/9789004273863_016",
    "call-number": "R138", 
    "collection-number": "42", 
    "publisher": "Brill", 
    "page": "257-288", 
    "source": "Library of Congress ISBN", 
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          "2014"
        ]
      ]
    }, 
    "event-place": "Leiden", 
    "container-title": "'Greek' and 'Roman' in Latin medical texts: studies in cultural change and exchange in ancient medicine", 
    "author": [
      {
        "given": "Vincenzo", 
        "family": "Ortoleva"
      }
    ], 
    "type": "chapter", 
    "id": "ortoleva:2014meaning", 
    "editor": [
      {
        "given": "Brigitte", 
        "family": "Maire"
      }
    ]
  }
]