Pandas_edx.ipynb

{
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:3.75em;color:purple; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "Pandas</p><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "*pandas* is a Python library for data analysis. It offers a number of data exploration, cleaning and transformation operations that are critical in working with data in Python. \n",
    "\n",
    "*pandas* build upon *numpy* and *scipy* providing easy-to-use data structures and data manipulation functions with integrated indexing.\n",
    "\n",
    "The main data structures *pandas* provides are *Series* and *DataFrames*. After a brief introduction to these two data structures and data ingestion, the key features of *pandas* this notebook covers are:\n",
    "* Generating descriptive statistics on data\n",
    "* Data cleaning using built in pandas functions\n",
    "* Frequent data operations for subsetting, filtering, insertion, deletion and aggregation of data\n",
    "* Merging multiple datasets using dataframes\n",
    "* Working with timestamps and time-series data\n",
    "\n",
    "**Additional Recommended Resources:**\n",
    "* *pandas* Documentation: http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/\n",
    "* *Python for Data Analysis* by Wes McKinney\n",
    "* *Python Data Science Handbook* by Jake VanderPlas\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's get started with our first *pandas* notebook!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "Import Libraries\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "Introduction to pandas Data Structures</p>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "*pandas* has two main data structures it uses, namely, *Series* and *DataFrames*. \n",
    "\n",
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "pandas Series</p>\n",
    "\n",
    "*pandas Series* one-dimensional labeled array. \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser = pd.Series(data=[100, 200, 300, 400, 500], index=['tom', 'bob', 'nancy', 'dan', 'eric'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tom      100\n",
       "bob      200\n",
       "nancy    300\n",
       "dan      400\n",
       "eric     500\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['tom', 'bob', 'nancy', 'dan', 'eric'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "300"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser['nancy']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "eric    500\n",
       "dan     400\n",
       "bob     200\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser[[4, 3, 1]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'bob' in ser"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser ** 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "pandas DataFrame</p>\n",
    "\n",
    "*pandas DataFrame* is a 2-dimensional labeled data structure."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.25em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "Create DataFrame from dictionary of Python Series</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "d = {'one' : pd.Series([100., 200., 300.], index=['apple', 'ball', 'clock']),\n",
    "     'two' : pd.Series([111., 222., 333., 4444.], index=['apple', 'ball', 'cerill', 'dancy'])}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "          one     two\n",
      "apple   100.0   111.0\n",
      "ball    200.0   222.0\n",
      "cerill    NaN   333.0\n",
      "clock   300.0     NaN\n",
      "dancy     NaN  4444.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.DataFrame(d)\n",
    "print(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['apple', 'ball', 'cerill', 'clock', 'dancy'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['one', 'two'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4444.0</td>\n",
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       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
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       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111.0</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "         one     two\n",
       "dancy    NaN  4444.0\n",
       "ball   200.0   222.0\n",
       "apple  100.0   111.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(d,index=['dancy', 'ball', 'apple'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "      <th>five</th>\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>4444.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
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       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>111.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "          two five\n",
       "dancy  4444.0  NaN\n",
       "ball    222.0  NaN\n",
       "apple   111.0  NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(d, index=['dancy', 'ball', 'apple'], columns=['two', 'five'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.25em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "Create DataFrame from list of Python dictionaries</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = [{'alex': 1, 'joe': 2}, {'ema': 5, 'dora': 10, 'alice': 20}]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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      "text/plain": [
       "   alex  joe  ema  dora  alice\n",
       "0   1.0  2.0  NaN   NaN    NaN\n",
       "1   NaN  NaN  5.0  10.0   20.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>alex</th>\n",
       "      <th>joe</th>\n",
       "      <th>ema</th>\n",
       "      <th>dora</th>\n",
       "      <th>alice</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>orange</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>red</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.0</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "        alex  joe  ema  dora  alice\n",
       "orange   1.0  2.0  NaN   NaN    NaN\n",
       "red      NaN  NaN  5.0  10.0   20.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(data, index=['orange', 'red'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>joe</th>\n",
       "      <th>dora</th>\n",
       "      <th>alice</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
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       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "   joe  dora  alice\n",
       "0  2.0   NaN    NaN\n",
       "1  NaN  10.0   20.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['joe', 'dora','alice'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.25em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "Basic DataFrame operations</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "  </thead>\n",
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       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>333.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4444.0</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "          one     two\n",
       "apple   100.0   111.0\n",
       "ball    200.0   222.0\n",
       "cerill    NaN   333.0\n",
       "clock   300.0     NaN\n",
       "dancy     NaN  4444.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "apple     100.0\n",
       "ball      200.0\n",
       "cerill      NaN\n",
       "clock     300.0\n",
       "dancy       NaN\n",
       "Name: one, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['one']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11100.0</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>44400.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>333.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4444.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          one     two    three\n",
       "apple   100.0   111.0  11100.0\n",
       "ball    200.0   222.0  44400.0\n",
       "cerill    NaN   333.0      NaN\n",
       "clock   300.0     NaN      NaN\n",
       "dancy     NaN  4444.0      NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['three'] = df['one'] * df['two']\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <th>flag</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>44400.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>333.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4444.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          one     two    three   flag\n",
       "apple   100.0   111.0  11100.0  False\n",
       "ball    200.0   222.0  44400.0  False\n",
       "cerill    NaN   333.0      NaN  False\n",
       "clock   300.0     NaN      NaN   True\n",
       "dancy     NaN  4444.0      NaN  False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['flag'] = df['one'] > 250\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "three = df.pop('three')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "apple     11100.0\n",
       "ball      44400.0\n",
       "cerill        NaN\n",
       "clock         NaN\n",
       "dancy         NaN\n",
       "Name: three, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "three"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <th>flag</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>333.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4444.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          one     two   flag\n",
       "apple   100.0   111.0  False\n",
       "ball    200.0   222.0  False\n",
       "cerill    NaN   333.0  False\n",
       "clock   300.0     NaN   True\n",
       "dancy     NaN  4444.0  False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del df['two']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>flag</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          one   flag\n",
       "apple   100.0  False\n",
       "ball    200.0  False\n",
       "cerill    NaN  False\n",
       "clock   300.0   True\n",
       "dancy     NaN  False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>flag</th>\n",
       "      <th>copy_of_one</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          one   flag  copy_of_one\n",
       "apple   100.0  False        100.0\n",
       "ball    200.0  False        200.0\n",
       "cerill    NaN  False          NaN\n",
       "clock   300.0   True        300.0\n",
       "dancy     NaN  False          NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.insert(2, 'copy_of_one', df['one'])\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <th>flag</th>\n",
       "      <th>copy_of_one</th>\n",
       "      <th>one_upper_half</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>ball</th>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cerill</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>clock</th>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>300.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>dancy</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          one   flag  copy_of_one  one_upper_half\n",
       "apple   100.0  False        100.0           100.0\n",
       "ball    200.0  False        200.0           200.0\n",
       "cerill    NaN  False          NaN             NaN\n",
       "clock   300.0   True        300.0             NaN\n",
       "dancy     NaN  False          NaN             NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['one_upper_half'] = df['one'][:2]\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "Case Study: Movie Data Analysis</p>\n",
    "<br>This notebook uses a dataset from the MovieLens website. We will describe the dataset further as we explore with it using *pandas*. \n",
    "\n",
    "## Download the Dataset\n",
    "\n",
    "### Please note that **you will need to download the dataset**. \n",
    "\n",
    "Although the video for this notebook says that the data is in your folder, the folder turned out to be too large to fit on the edX platform due to size constraints.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here are the links to the data source and location:\n",
    "* **Data Source:** MovieLens web site (filename: ml-25m.zip)\n",
    "* **Location:** https://grouplens.org/datasets/movielens/\n",
    "\n",
    "Once the download completes, please make sure the data files are in a directory called **movielens** in your **Week-4-pandas** folder. \n",
    "\n",
    "Let us look at the files in this dataset using the UNIX command ls.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'ls' is not recognized as an internal or external command,\n",
      "operable program or batch file.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Note: Adjust the name of the folder to match your local directory\n",
    "\n",
    "!ls ./movielens"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'cat' is not recognized as an internal or external command,\n",
      "operable program or batch file.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!cat ./movielens/movies.csv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "Use Pandas to Read the Dataset<br>\n",
    "</p>\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "In this notebook, we will be using three CSV files:\n",
    "* **ratings.csv :** *userId*,*movieId*,*rating*, *timestamp*\n",
    "* **tags.csv :** *userId*,*movieId*, *tag*, *timestamp*\n",
    "* **movies.csv :** *movieId*, *title*, *genres* <br>\n",
    "\n",
    "Using the *read_csv* function in pandas, we will ingest these three files."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "FileNotFoundError",
     "evalue": "[Errno 2] No such file or directory: './movielens/movies.csv'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Input \u001b[1;32mIn [17]\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[0m movies \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mpd\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mread_csv\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m./movielens/movies.csv\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43msep\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m,\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mtype\u001b[39m(movies))\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m movies\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhead()\n",
      "File \u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\envs\\tensorflow\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\util\\_decorators.py:311\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mdeprecate_nonkeyword_arguments.<locals>.decorate.<locals>.wrapper\u001b[1;34m(*args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    305\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mlen\u001b[39m(args) \u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m num_allow_args:\n\u001b[0;32m    306\u001b[0m     warnings\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mwarn(\n\u001b[0;32m    307\u001b[0m         msg\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mformat(arguments\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39marguments),\n\u001b[0;32m    308\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;167;01mFutureWarning\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[0;32m    309\u001b[0m         stacklevel\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mstacklevel,\n\u001b[0;32m    310\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m--> 311\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mfunc\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "File \u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\envs\\tensorflow\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\io\\parsers\\readers.py:680\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mread_csv\u001b[1;34m(filepath_or_buffer, sep, delimiter, header, names, index_col, usecols, squeeze, prefix, mangle_dupe_cols, dtype, engine, converters, true_values, false_values, skipinitialspace, skiprows, skipfooter, nrows, na_values, keep_default_na, na_filter, verbose, skip_blank_lines, parse_dates, infer_datetime_format, keep_date_col, date_parser, dayfirst, cache_dates, iterator, chunksize, compression, thousands, decimal, lineterminator, quotechar, quoting, doublequote, escapechar, comment, encoding, encoding_errors, dialect, error_bad_lines, warn_bad_lines, on_bad_lines, delim_whitespace, low_memory, memory_map, float_precision, storage_options)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    665\u001b[0m kwds_defaults \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m _refine_defaults_read(\n\u001b[0;32m    666\u001b[0m     dialect,\n\u001b[0;32m    667\u001b[0m     delimiter,\n\u001b[1;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    676\u001b[0m     defaults\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m{\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mdelimiter\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m,\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m},\n\u001b[0;32m    677\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[0;32m    678\u001b[0m kwds\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mupdate(kwds_defaults)\n\u001b[1;32m--> 680\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43m_read\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mfilepath_or_buffer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mkwds\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "File \u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\envs\\tensorflow\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\io\\parsers\\readers.py:575\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_read\u001b[1;34m(filepath_or_buffer, kwds)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    572\u001b[0m _validate_names(kwds\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mnames\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m))\n\u001b[0;32m    574\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Create the parser.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m--> 575\u001b[0m parser \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mTextFileReader\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mfilepath_or_buffer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwds\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    577\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m chunksize \u001b[38;5;129;01mor\u001b[39;00m iterator:\n\u001b[0;32m    578\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m parser\n",
      "File \u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\envs\\tensorflow\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\io\\parsers\\readers.py:933\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTextFileReader.__init__\u001b[1;34m(self, f, engine, **kwds)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    930\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39moptions[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mhas_index_names\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m kwds[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mhas_index_names\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m]\n\u001b[0;32m    932\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhandles: IOHandles \u001b[38;5;241m|\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m--> 933\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_engine \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_make_engine\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mf\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mengine\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "File \u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\envs\\tensorflow\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\io\\parsers\\readers.py:1217\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTextFileReader._make_engine\u001b[1;34m(self, f, engine)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   1213\u001b[0m     mode \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mrb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m   1214\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# error: No overload variant of \"get_handle\" matches argument types\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   1215\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# \"Union[str, PathLike[str], ReadCsvBuffer[bytes], ReadCsvBuffer[str]]\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   1216\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# , \"str\", \"bool\", \"Any\", \"Any\", \"Any\", \"Any\", \"Any\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m-> 1217\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhandles \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mget_handle\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m  \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;66;43;03m# type: ignore[call-overload]\u001b[39;49;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   1218\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mf\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1219\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmode\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1220\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mencoding\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptions\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mencoding\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mNone\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1221\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mcompression\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptions\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mcompression\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mNone\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1222\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmemory_map\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptions\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mmemory_map\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1223\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mis_text\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mis_text\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1224\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43merrors\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptions\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mencoding_errors\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mstrict\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1225\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mstorage_options\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptions\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mstorage_options\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mNone\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1226\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m   1227\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhandles \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   1228\u001b[0m f \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhandles\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mhandle\n",
      "File \u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\envs\\tensorflow\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\io\\common.py:789\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mget_handle\u001b[1;34m(path_or_buf, mode, encoding, compression, memory_map, is_text, errors, storage_options)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    784\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28misinstance\u001b[39m(handle, \u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m):\n\u001b[0;32m    785\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Check whether the filename is to be opened in binary mode.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m    786\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Binary mode does not support 'encoding' and 'newline'.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m    787\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m ioargs\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mencoding \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m ioargs\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmode:\n\u001b[0;32m    788\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Encoding\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m--> 789\u001b[0m         handle \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mopen\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    790\u001b[0m \u001b[43m            \u001b[49m\u001b[43mhandle\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    791\u001b[0m \u001b[43m            \u001b[49m\u001b[43mioargs\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmode\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    792\u001b[0m \u001b[43m            \u001b[49m\u001b[43mencoding\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mioargs\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mencoding\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    793\u001b[0m \u001b[43m            \u001b[49m\u001b[43merrors\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43merrors\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    794\u001b[0m \u001b[43m            \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnewline\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    795\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m    796\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m    797\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Binary mode\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m    798\u001b[0m         handle \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mopen\u001b[39m(handle, ioargs\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmode)\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: './movielens/movies.csv'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "movies = pd.read_csv('./movielens/movies.csv', sep=',')\n",
    "print(type(movies))\n",
    "movies.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Timestamps represent seconds since midnight Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of January 1, 1970\n",
    "\n",
    "tags = pd.read_csv('./movielens/tags.csv', sep=',')\n",
    "tags.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings = pd.read_csv('./movielens/ratings.csv', sep=',', parse_dates=['timestamp'])\n",
    "ratings.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# For current analysis, we will remove timestamp (we will come back to it!)\n",
    "\n",
    "del ratings['timestamp']\n",
    "del tags['timestamp']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Data Structures </h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:1.5em;color:#2467C0\">Series</h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Extract 0th row: notice that it is infact a Series\n",
    "\n",
    "row_0 = tags.iloc[0]\n",
    "type(row_0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(row_0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "row_0.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "row_0['userId']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'rating' in row_0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "row_0.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "row_0 = row_0.rename('first_row')\n",
    "row_0.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:1.5em;color:#2467C0\">DataFrames </h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Extract row 0, 11, 2000 from DataFrame\n",
    "\n",
    "tags.iloc[ [0,11,2000] ]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Descriptive Statistics</h1>\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's look how the ratings are distributed! "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings['rating'].describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings['rating'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings.mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings['rating'].min()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings['rating'].max()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings['rating'].std()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings['rating'].mode()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings.corr()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "filter_1 = ratings['rating'] > 5\n",
    "filter_1.any()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "filter_2 = ratings['rating'] > 0\n",
    "filter_2.all()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Data Cleaning: Handling Missing Data</h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#is any row NULL ?\n",
    "\n",
    "movies.isnull().any()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "That's nice! No NULL values!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#is any row NULL ?\n",
    "\n",
    "ratings.isnull().any()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "That's nice! No NULL values!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#is any row NULL ?\n",
    "\n",
    "tags.isnull().any()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "We have some tags which are NULL."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags = tags.dropna()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Check again: is any row NULL ?\n",
    "\n",
    "tags.isnull().any()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "That's nice! No NULL values! Notice the number of lines have decreased."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Data Visualization</h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "\n",
    "ratings.hist(column='rating', figsize=(15,10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Slicing Out Columns</h1>\n",
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags['tag'].head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies[['title','genres']].head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings[1000:1010]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tag_counts = tags['tag'].value_counts()\n",
    "tag_counts[:10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tag_counts[:10].plot(kind='bar', figsize=(15,10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Filters for Selecting Rows</h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is_highly_rated = ratings['rating'] >= 4.0\n",
    "\n",
    "ratings[is_highly_rated][-5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is_animation = movies['genres'].str.contains('Animation')\n",
    "\n",
    "movies[is_animation][5:15]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies[is_animation].head(15)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Group By and Aggregate </h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ratings_count = ratings[['movieId','rating']].groupby('rating').count()\n",
    "ratings_count"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "average_rating = ratings[['movieId','rating']].groupby('movieId').mean()\n",
    "average_rating.tail()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movie_count = ratings[['movieId','rating']].groupby('movieId').count()\n",
    "movie_count.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movie_count = ratings[['movieId','rating']].groupby('movieId').count()\n",
    "movie_count.tail()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Merge Dataframes</h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = movies.merge(tags, on='movieId', how='inner')\n",
    "t.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "More examples: http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/merging.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.75em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "Combine aggregation, merging, and filters to get useful analytics\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "avg_ratings = ratings.groupby('movieId', as_index=False).mean()\n",
    "del avg_ratings['userId']\n",
    "avg_ratings.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "box_office = movies.merge(avg_ratings, on='movieId', how='inner')\n",
    "box_office.tail()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is_highly_rated = box_office['rating'] >= 4.0\n",
    "\n",
    "box_office[is_highly_rated][-5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is_comedy = box_office['genres'].str.contains('Comedy')\n",
    "\n",
    "box_office[is_comedy][:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "box_office[is_comedy & is_highly_rated][-5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Vectorized String Operations</h1>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "Split 'genres' into multiple columns\n",
    "\n",
    "<br> </p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movie_genres = movies['genres'].str.split('|', expand=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movie_genres[:10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "Add a new column for comedy genre flag\n",
    "\n",
    "<br> </p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movie_genres['isComedy'] = movies['genres'].str.contains('Comedy')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movie_genres[:10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "Extract year from title e.g. (1995)\n",
    "\n",
    "<br> </p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies['year'] = movies['title'].str.extract('.*\\((.*)\\).*', expand=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "movies.tail()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\"><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "More here: http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/text.html#text-string-methods\n",
    "<br> </p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Parsing Timestamps</h1>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Timestamps are common in sensor data or other time series datasets.\n",
    "Let us revisit the *tags.csv* dataset and read the timestamps!\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags = pd.read_csv('./movielens/tags.csv', sep=',')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Unix time / POSIX time / epoch time records \n",
    "time in seconds <br> since midnight Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of January 1, 1970\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.head(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags['parsed_time'] = pd.to_datetime(tags['timestamp'], unit='s')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Data Type datetime64[ns] maps to either <M8[ns] or >M8[ns] depending on the hardware\n",
    "\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "tags['parsed_time'].dtype"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.head(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Selecting rows based on timestamps\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "greater_than_t = tags['parsed_time'] > '2015-02-01'\n",
    "\n",
    "selected_rows = tags[greater_than_t]\n",
    "\n",
    "tags.shape, selected_rows.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Sorting the table using the timestamps\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tags.sort_values(by='parsed_time', ascending=True)[:10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<h1 style=\"font-size:2em;color:#2467C0\">Average Movie Ratings over Time </h1>\n",
    "## Are Movie Ratings related to the Year of Launch?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "average_rating = ratings[['movieId','rating']].groupby('movieId', as_index=False).mean()\n",
    "average_rating.tail()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "joined = movies.merge(average_rating, on='movieId', how='inner')\n",
    "joined.head()\n",
    "joined.corr()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "yearly_average = joined[['year','rating']].groupby('year', as_index=False).mean()\n",
    "yearly_average[:10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "yearly_average[-20:].plot(x='year', y='rating', figsize=(15,10), grid=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<p style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size:1.35em;color:#2462C0; font-style:bold\">\n",
    "\n",
    "Do some years look better for the box office movies than others? <br><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "Does any data point seem like an outlier in some sense?\n",
    "\n",
    "</p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "   CustNum     CustomerName  ItemQty Item                 Seatblocks  ItemExt\n",
      "0    32363  McCartney, Paul        3  F04               2:218:10:4,6       60\n",
      "1    31316     Lennon, John       25  F01  1:13:36:1,12 1:13:37:1,13      360\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    " \n",
    "df = pd.DataFrame(\n",
    "    {'CustNum': [32363, 31316],\n",
    "     'CustomerName': ['McCartney, Paul', 'Lennon, John'],\n",
    "     'ItemQty': [3, 25],\n",
    "     'Item': ['F04', 'F01'],\n",
    "     'Seatblocks': ['2:218:10:4,6', '1:13:36:1,12 1:13:37:1,13'],\n",
    "     'ItemExt': [60, 360]\n",
    "    }\n",
    ")\n",
    "print(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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