From 5efd9a7187c008be176015141b6b8bba9a77d51c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tiandians <zhubaolin228@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2023 18:21:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Deployed c21be61 with MkDocs version: 1.4.2

---
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 65 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css

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     <script>__md_scope=new URL("..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 8e76c0d3..7b2efa3c 100755
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL(".",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/links/index.html b/links/index.html
index 111d75aa..89ae57c1 100755
--- a/links/index.html
+++ b/links/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/misc/QA/index.html b/misc/QA/index.html
index 658c3ef5..ecca982b 100755
--- a/misc/QA/index.html
+++ b/misc/QA/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/misc/blog/index.html b/misc/blog/index.html
index 7b144ecf..bf681705 100755
--- a/misc/blog/index.html
+++ b/misc/blog/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/misc/index.html b/misc/index.html
index 133a33bb..63c9ac5b 100755
--- a/misc/index.html
+++ b/misc/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/misc/openwrt/index.html b/misc/openwrt/index.html
index 6717de0b..43acd31e 100755
--- a/misc/openwrt/index.html
+++ b/misc/openwrt/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/misc/remote/index.html b/misc/remote/index.html
index 255766e4..63a8c3e1 100755
--- a/misc/remote/index.html
+++ b/misc/remote/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
@@ -1519,24 +1521,16 @@
 
 
 <h1 id="_1">远程桌面教程<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
-<!-- prettier-ignore-start -->
-<div class="admonition abstract">
-<p class="admonition-title">摘要</p>
-<p>你是否也因为笔记本太大太重而不想把它背去教室？身边的平板因功能不如电脑也没有多少用武之地？不妨试试把电脑放在宿舍，平板远程控制。这样只需要携带轻薄的平板就好啦~</p>
-<p>本教程写的很详细，电脑小白只要照着做应该也能完成！</p>
-</div>
-<!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
-
 <h2 id="_2">准备<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
 <!-- prettier-ignore-start -->
 <div class="admonition note">
 <p class="admonition-title">准备 Windows 专业版</p>
-<p>请先确认自己的 Windows 版本为专业版。一般笔记本默认安装的系统为家庭版，<strong>不支持被远程控制</strong>。只有 Windows 专业版及以上版本支持<strong>被远程控制</strong>。如果你在“打开远程桌面”步骤发现没有远程桌面窗格，说明你的 Windows 版本不支持被远程控制。</p>
+<p>请先确认自己的 Windows 版本为专业版。一般笔记本默认安装的系统为家庭版，<strong>不支持被远程控制</strong>。只有 Windows 专业版及以上版本支持<strong>被远程控制</strong>。如果你在 <em>打开远程桌面</em> 步骤发现没有远程桌面窗格，说明你的 Windows 版本不支持被远程控制。</p>
 </div>
 <!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
 
 <ul>
-<li>电脑端：放在宿舍，连上有线网络（建议）或者 <code>ZJUWLAN-Secure</code>。</li>
+<li>电脑端：放在宿舍，连上有线网络（建议，连接方法参见 <a href="https://turing2022.tonycrane.cc/rvpn/#_3">校网连接指南 - 图灵 2022 学长组资料汇总</a>）或者 <code>ZJUWLAN-Secure</code>。</li>
 <li>移动端<ul>
 <li>安装 <a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.01.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.01.png" style="height:20px;width:20px" /></a><code>Microsoft Remote Desktop</code>。这是微软开发的远程桌面客户端，使用体验最好。</li>
 <li>建议使用连接了蓝牙键鼠的平板，以获得笔记本的体验。触控笔也可。</li>
@@ -1551,29 +1545,64 @@ <h2 id="_3">电脑端设置<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent lin
 </div>
 <!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
 
-<ul>
-<li>打开远程桌面功能：按 <span class="keys"><kbd class="key-windows">Win</kbd><span>+</span><kbd class="key-r">R</kbd></span>，输入 <code>SystemPropertiesRemote.exe</code>，打开远程桌面功能，如下设置：</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.06.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.06.png" /></a></p>
-<ul>
-<li>以管理员模式打开 <code>PowerShell</code>：搜索框输入 <code>Windows PowerShell</code>，右键，以管理员身份运行。</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.04.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.04.png" /></a></p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>更改远程桌面端口号：逐行输入并运行以下命令。可以将 <code>3390</code> 更改为你自己的数值（建议为 <code>65535</code> 以内的五位数）。</p>
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nv">$portvalue</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">3390</span>
-<span class="nb">Set-ItemProperty</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="s1">&#39;HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Terminal Server\WinStations\RDP-Tcp&#39;</span> <span class="n">-name</span> <span class="s2">&quot;PortNumber&quot;</span> <span class="n">-Value</span> <span class="nv">$portvalue</span> 
-<span class="nb">New-NetFirewallRule</span> <span class="n">-DisplayName</span> <span class="s1">&#39;RDPPORTLatest-TCP-In&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Profile</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Public&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Direction</span> <span class="n">Inbound</span> <span class="n">-Action</span> <span class="n">Allow</span> <span class="n">-Protocol</span> <span class="n">TCP</span> <span class="n">-LocalPort</span> <span class="nv">$portvalue</span> 
-<span class="nb">New-NetFirewallRule</span> <span class="n">-DisplayName</span> <span class="s1">&#39;RDPPORTLatest-UDP-In&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Profile</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Public&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Direction</span> <span class="n">Inbound</span> <span class="n">-Action</span> <span class="n">Allow</span> <span class="n">-Protocol</span> <span class="n">UDP</span> <span class="n">-LocalPort</span> <span class="nv">$portvalue</span> 
+<!-- prettier-ignore-start -->
+<div class="admonition tip">
+<p class="admonition-title">温馨提醒</p>
+<p>点击图片可以放大查看~</p>
+</div>
+<!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
+
+<div class="nt-cards nt-grid cols-2">
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.06.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.06.png" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">01</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">打开远程桌面功能：按 <span class="keys"><kbd class="key-windows">Win</kbd><span>+</span><kbd class="key-r">R</kbd></span>，输入 <code>SystemPropertiesRemote.exe</code>，打开远程桌面功能，如上设置。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.04.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.04.png" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">02</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">以管理员模式打开 <code>PowerShell</code>：搜索框输入 <code>Windows PowerShell</code>，右键，以管理员身份运行。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.05.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.05.png" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">03</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">更改远程桌面端口号：逐行输入并运行下面 <em>03</em> 代码片段中的命令。可以将 <code>3390</code> 更改为你自己的数值（建议为 <code>65535</code> 以内的五位数）。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.07.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.07.png" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">04</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">获取电脑的 IP 地址：在设置-网络-以太网（有线）或 WLAN 页面中可以找到自己的 IPv6 地址，记录下来。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">03</span><pre><span></span><code><span class="nv">$portvalue</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">3390</span>
+<span class="nb">Set-ItemProperty</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="s1">&#39;HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Terminal Server\WinStations\RDP-Tcp&#39;</span> <span class="n">-name</span> <span class="s2">&quot;PortNumber&quot;</span> <span class="n">-Value</span> <span class="nv">$portvalue</span>
+<span class="nb">New-NetFirewallRule</span> <span class="n">-DisplayName</span> <span class="s1">&#39;RDPPORTLatest-TCP-In&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Profile</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Public&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Direction</span> <span class="n">Inbound</span> <span class="n">-Action</span> <span class="n">Allow</span> <span class="n">-Protocol</span> <span class="n">TCP</span> <span class="n">-LocalPort</span> <span class="nv">$portvalue</span>
+<span class="nb">New-NetFirewallRule</span> <span class="n">-DisplayName</span> <span class="s1">&#39;RDPPORTLatest-UDP-In&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Profile</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Public&#39;</span> <span class="n">-Direction</span> <span class="n">Inbound</span> <span class="n">-Action</span> <span class="n">Allow</span> <span class="n">-Protocol</span> <span class="n">UDP</span> <span class="n">-LocalPort</span> <span class="nv">$portvalue</span>
 </code></pre></div>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.05.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.05.png" /></a></p>
-<ul>
-<li>获取电脑的 IP 地址：在设置-网络-以太网（有线）或 WLAN 页面中可以找到自己的 IPv6 地址，记录下来。</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.07.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.07.png" /></a></p>
 <!-- prettier-ignore-start -->
 <details class="info">
 <summary>技术细节</summary>
@@ -1588,25 +1617,54 @@ <h2 id="_3">电脑端设置<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent lin
 </details>
 <!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
 
-<p>电脑端设置完成。</p>
 <h2 id="_4">移动端设置<a class="headerlink" href="#_4" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
 <p>以安卓平板为例，苹果设备同理。</p>
-<ul>
-<li>打开 <code>Remote Desktop</code> 应用，点击右上角的 <code>+</code> 号添加远程主机。</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.08.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.08.jpg" /></a></p>
-<ul>
-<li>填入 IPv6 地址和端口号，如：<code>[xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx]:12345</code>。注意：IPv6 地址用中括号括起来。</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.09.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.09.jpg" /></a></p>
-<ul>
-<li>添加自己的微软账户（如果你的电脑登录了微软账户）或本地账户（未使用微软账户）。</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.10.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.10.jpg" /></a></p>
-<ul>
-<li>下拉选择需要与电脑共享的设备，一般开启剪贴板共享即可（在电脑和平板之间共享剪贴板）。</li>
-</ul>
-<p><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.02.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.02.jpg" /></a></p>
+<div class="nt-cards nt-grid cols-2">
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.08.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.08.jpg" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">01</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">打开 <code>Remote Desktop</code> 应用，点击右上角的 <code>+</code> 号添加远程主机。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.09.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.09.jpg" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">02</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">填入 IPv6 地址和端口号，如：<code>[xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx]:12345</code>。注意：IPv6 地址用中括号括起来。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.10.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.10.jpg" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">03</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">添加自己的微软账户（如果你的电脑登录了微软账户）或本地账户（未使用微软账户）。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="nt-card">
+<div class="nt-card-wrap">
+<div>
+<div class="nt-card-image tags"><a class="glightbox" href="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.02.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img src="http://cdn.bowling233.top/note/img/rd.02.jpg" /></a></div>
+<div class="nt-card-content">
+<p class="nt-card-title">04</p>
+<p class="nt-card-text">下拉选择需要与电脑共享的设备，一般开启剪贴板共享即可（在电脑和平板之间共享剪贴板）。</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <ul>
 <li>点击保存。</li>
 <li>点击刚刚添加的远程主机，即可连接。初次连接可能会弹出一些警告窗口，勾选不再提醒并确认即可。</li>
diff --git a/misc/workflow/index.html b/misc/workflow/index.html
index 9f450a4d..152affda 100755
--- a/misc/workflow/index.html
+++ b/misc/workflow/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
     
       
diff --git a/projects/index.html b/projects/index.html
index e1e4559d..77ca8a18 100755
--- a/projects/index.html
+++ b/projects/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
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diff --git a/search/search_index.json b/search/search_index.json
index 687c527f..5c902b30 100755
--- a/search/search_index.json
+++ b/search/search_index.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
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\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation Ch9. 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Why Parallel Programming? \u00b6 This chapter mainly describes the reasons for parallel programming, the development of parallel programming, and the basic concepts of parallel programming. Rather than building ever-faster, more complex, monolithic processors, the industry has decided to put multiple, relatively simple, complete processors on a single chip . Such integrated circuits are called multicore processors , and core has become synonymous with central processing unit, or CPU. Compute n values and add them together Method 1: I have \\(p\\) cores, so I will divide the work into \\(p\\) pieces. Each core can form a partial sum of approximately \\(n/p\\) values. They send their partial sums to a single core, which adds them together. Method 2: Instead of making the master core do all the work of computing the final sum, we can pair the cores so that while core 0 adds in the result of core 1, core 2 can add in the result of core 3, core 4 can add in the result of core 5 and so on. Compare: When \\(n\\) is large, method 2 is better. The first method require 999 receives and adds, while the second method requires only 10. Two approaches to parallel programming: Task-parallelism Data-parallelism Explanaition: The first part of global sum example is task-parallelism, each core carries out roughtly the same oprations on its assigned elements. And the second part is data-parallelism, receiving and adding the cores' partial sums. Writing actual code for parallel programs is relatively complex. Communication : cores communicate with each other. Load balancing : the work is divided evenly among the cores. Synchronization : cores must wait for each other at certain points in the program. Things we will learn: Three different extensions to C: OpenMP MPI Pthreads Two main types of parallel systems: Shared-memory systems cores can share access to the computer\u2019s memory Distributed-memory systems each core has its own, private memory, and the cores must communicate explicitly by doing something like sending messages across a network Pthreads and OpenMP were designed for programming shared-memory systems. They provide mechanisms for accessing shared-memory locations. MPI, on the other hand, was designed for programming distributed-memory systems. It provides mechanisms for sending messages. And we distinguish between three terms: Concurrent : a program is one in which multiple tasks can be in progress at any instant. Parallel : a program is one in which multiple tasks cooperate closely to solve a problem. Distributed : a program may need to cooperate with other programs to solve a problem. A Word of Warning It may be tempting to write parallel programs \u201cby the seat of your pants,\u201d without taking the trouble to carefully design and incrementally develop your program. This will almost certainly be a mistake. Every parallel program contains at least one serial program. Since we almost always need to coordinate the actions of multiple cores, writing parallel programs is almost always more complex than writing a serial program that solves the same problem. In fact, it is often far more complex. All the rules about careful design and development are usually far more important for the writing of parallel programs than they are for serial programs. Exercise Answers \u00b6 1.3 Global sum variables: core_nums : number of cores core_index : index of core divisor : determine whether to send or receive data core_difference : determine which core to cooperate with round send core receive core divisor core_difference 1 1 = 0 + 1 0 = 0 * 2 2 1 2 2 = 0 + 2 0 = 0 * 4 4 2 3 4 = 0 + 4 0 = 0 * 8 8 4 pseduocode while divisor != core_num { if(!core_index % divisor) receive data from core_index + core_difference sum together else send data to core_index - core_difference divisor *= 2 core_difference *= 2 } 1.4 Bitmask implementation pseduocode while bitmask != core_num { if(!core_index % bitmask) receive data from core_index ^ bitmask sum together else send data to core_index ^ bitmask bitmask << 1 } 1.5 Odd cores Only need to modify condition of while loop and check number before receive data. divisor version bitmask version pseduocode while true { if(!core_index % divisor) receive data from core_index + core_difference sum together else send data to core_index - core_difference if(divisor >= core_num) break; divisor *= 2 core_difference *= 2 } pseduocode while true { if(!core_index % bitmask) receive data from core_index ^ bitmask sum together else send data to core_index ^ bitmask if(bitmask >= core_num) bitmask << 1 } Ch2. Parallel Hardware and Parallel Software \u00b6 First time read I skipped these contents when I read this chapter for the first time: Modifications to the von Neumann Model SIMD Systems Interconnection Networks Notes for these contents can be seen in CSAPP. 2.1 Background \u00b6 von Neumann architecture What's the von Neumann bottleneck ? Concepts of processes, multitasking, and threads From the perspective of the operating system, a process contains of what? Executable code, block of memory (what's in it?), descriptor, security information, state. Some terminology: block, fork, join 2.2 Modifications to the von Neumann Model \u00b6 Caching (CPU Cache) Terminology: spatial locality, temporal locality cache miss write-through, write-back In which way will data be cached? When CPU needs access to some data, how will it work? What causes the inconsistency between cache and main memory? 2.3 Parallel Hardware \u00b6 MIMD system They are asynchronous . Shared-memory system: communicate by accessing shared data structure interconnect connect all the processors to main memory or a block of memory Uniform Memory Access, Nonuniform Memory Access Distributed-memory system: communicate by sending messages or special functions that provide access to the memory of another processor Interconnection (Skipped, but remember to read back again.) Cache coherence Why cache inconsistency happens both in write-through and write-back policy? Ch3. Distributed-Memory Programming with MPI \u00b6 What is MPI? What do we use it for? 3.1 Getting Started \u00b6 Configuring Environment Refer to HPC-101 Lab 1. Notes are here . Some concepts: communicator : a group of processes that can communicate with each other. All MPI function that involve communication have a communicator argument. collective communication : a communication that involves all processes in a communicator butterfly : a communication pattern, reverse the branches to distribute data broadcast : data belonging to a single process is sent to all of the processes in the communicator Basic Structure of MPI program: Basic Structure of MPI program #include <mpi.h> int main ( int argc , char * argv []) { int my_rank , p ; MPI_Init ( & argc , & argv ); MPI_Comm_rank ( MPI_COMM_WORLD , & my_rank ); MPI_Comm_size ( MPI_COMM_WORLD , & p ); /* do some work */ MPI_Finalize (); return 0 ; } Basic Commands for MPI Programs: mpicc : compile MPI programs a wrapper for gcc mpiexec and mpirun : run MPI programs (they are synonyms to each other) -n <num> : specify the number of processes --hostfile <filename> : specify the hostfile More on Open MPI documentation Tools for clusters scp : tools for transferring files -r : recursive (copy directory with multiple files) -P : port Example: scp [ other options ] [ source username@IP ] :/ [ directory and file name ] [ destination username@IP ] :/ [ destination directory ] scp /users/Hostinger/desktop/scp.zip root@191.162.0.2:/writing/article scp -r /users/Hostinger/desktop root@191.162.0.2:/writing/article I also wrote a Python script to send files to clusters: send_file.sh #!/usr/bin/env python3 import sys import os for i in range ( 3 , len ( sys . argv )): os . system ( \"scp \" + sys . argv [ 1 ] + \" \" + sys . argv [ i ] + \":\" + sys . argv [ 2 ]) Usage: ./send_file.sh file /path/to/dest vm1 vm2 ... Ref to functions: must include int MPI_Init ( int * argc_p /* in/out */ , char *** argv /* in/out */ ); int MPI_Finalize ( void ); MPI_Init defines a communicator called MPI_COMM_WORLD that contains all the processes started by the user. about communicator int MPI_Comm_size ( MPI_Comm comm /* in */ , int * comm_sz_p /* out */ ); int MPI_Comm_rank ( MPI_Comm comm /* in */ , int * my_rank_p /* out */ ); The two function is getting information about MPI_COMM_WORLD . send and receive int MPI_Send ( void * buf /* in\uff0cpoints to the data to be sent */ , int count /* in, number of objects */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in, type of objects, correspond to C basic data type */ , int dest /* in, the rank of the process that receive the message */ , int tag /* in, distinguish messages that are otherwise identical */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Recv ( void * buf /* out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , int source /* in, MPI_ANY_SOURCE can be used */ , int tag /* in, MPI_ANY_TAG can be used */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ , MPI_Status * status /* out, usually won't use, just pass MPI_STATUS_IGNORE */ ); int MPI_Get_count ( MPI_Status * status_p /* in */ , MPI_Datatype type /* in */ , int * count_p /* out */ ); About wildcard arguments ONLY ONE RECIVER can use a wildcard argument. status_p argument MPI_Status is a struct with at least three members: MPI_SOURCE , MPI_TAG , MPI_ERROR . We can determine the sender by MPI_SOURCE and MPI_TAG . MPI_Get_count() is used to get the amount of data that's been received. HANG If a process tries to receive a message and there's no matching send, then the process will block forever. If send don't match, it will block too. What happens when you send message? Sending process assemble the message with information about the destination process, tag, size and etc. Two ways to send messages: buffer and block . Buffer: place the message into its own internal storage, and the call will return . Block: wait until it can begin transmitting the message. So, when function returns, we don't know whether the message has been transmitted, only know that the storage for the message (buffer) is available for reuse . Typical implementations have default \"cutoff\" message size. If less, it will buffer, or it will block. Messages from one process are nonovertaking . 3.4 Collective Communication \u00b6 collective communication int MPI_Reduce ( // reduce data from all processes to one process void * input_data_p /* in */ , void * output_data_p /* out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , MPI_Op operator /* in */ , int dest_process /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Allreduce ( // reduce data from all processes to all processes void * input_data_p /* in */ , void * output_data_p /* out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , MPI_Op operator /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Bcast ( // broadcast data from one process to all processes void * data_p /* in/out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , int source_proc /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Scatter ( // scatter data from one process to all processes void * send_buf_p /* in */ , int send_count /* in, NOTICE HERE counts for the amount of data going to each process */ , MPI_Datatype send_type /* in */ , void * recv_buf_p /* out */ , int recv_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype recv_type /* in */ , int src_proc /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Gather ( // gather data from all processes to one process void * send_buf_p /* in */ , int send_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype send_type /* in */ , void * recv_buf_p /* out */ , int recv_count /* in, NOTICE HERE counts for the number of data items received from each process */ , MPI_Datatype recv_type /* in */ , int dest_proc /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Allgather ( // gather data from all processes to all processes void * send_buf_p /* in */ , int send_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype send_type /* in */ , void * recv_buf_p /* out */ , int recv_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype recv_type /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); Key is the fifth argument operator . Find: MPI_MAX , MPI_MIN , MPI_MAXLOC , MPI_MINLOC Compute: MPI_SUM , MPI_PROD Bitwise: MPI_BAND , MPI_BOR , MPI_BXOR Logical: MPI_LAND , MPI_LOR , MPI_LXOR You can define yourself. Difference between MPI_Reduce and MPI_Allreduce : MPI_Reduce have dest_process argument, and MPI_Allreduce doesn't. Read the example Please read the example vector.c and make sure you understand each line of code. 3.5 MPI Derived Datatypes \u00b6 To improve the performance of our program, we can reduce the total number of messages sent. A derived datatype consists of a sequence of basic MPI datatypes together with a displacement for each of the datatypes. {(MPI_DOUBLE, 0), (MPI_DOUBLE, 16), (MPI_INT, 24)} To create a derived datatype, we need to use MPI_Type_create_struct() . create derived datatype int MPI_Type_create_struct ( int count /* in, number of elements */ , int array_of_blocklengths [] /* in, individual data items might be arrays or subarrays */ , MPI_Aint array_of_displacements [] /* in, displacement of each elements */ , MPI_Datatype array_of_types [] /* in, type of each block */ , MPI_Datatype * new_type_p /* out */ ); int MPI_Type_commit ( MPI_Datatype * new_mpi_t_p /* in/out */ ); int MPI_Type_free ( MPI_Datatype * old_mpi_t_p /* in/out */ ); MPI_Aint is big enough to store any address on the system. In our example, the call is: MPI_Type_create_struct ( 3 , { 1 , 1 , 1 }, { 0 , 16 , 24 }, { MPI_DOUBLE , MPI_DOUBLE , MPI_INT }, & new_type ); To find displacement of a variable, we can use MPI_Get_address() . get address of a variable int MPI_Get_address ( void * location_p /* in */ , MPI_Aint * address_p /* out */ ); MPI_Aint , a_addr , b_addr , n_addr ; MPI_Get_address ( & a , & a_addr ); array_of_displacements [ 0 ] = 0 ; MPI_Get_address ( & b , & b_addr ); array_of_displacements [ 1 ] = b_addr - a_addr ; MPI_Get_address ( & n , & n_addr ); array_of_displacements [ 2 ] = n_addr - a_addr ;","title":"\u5e76\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5bfc\u8bba"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#_1","text":"An Introduction to Parallel Programming","title":"\u5e76\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5bfc\u8bba"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#ch1-why-parallel-programming","text":"This chapter mainly describes the reasons for parallel programming, the development of parallel programming, and the basic concepts of parallel programming. Rather than building ever-faster, more complex, monolithic processors, the industry has decided to put multiple, relatively simple, complete processors on a single chip . Such integrated circuits are called multicore processors , and core has become synonymous with central processing unit, or CPU. Compute n values and add them together Method 1: I have \\(p\\) cores, so I will divide the work into \\(p\\) pieces. Each core can form a partial sum of approximately \\(n/p\\) values. They send their partial sums to a single core, which adds them together. Method 2: Instead of making the master core do all the work of computing the final sum, we can pair the cores so that while core 0 adds in the result of core 1, core 2 can add in the result of core 3, core 4 can add in the result of core 5 and so on. Compare: When \\(n\\) is large, method 2 is better. The first method require 999 receives and adds, while the second method requires only 10. Two approaches to parallel programming: Task-parallelism Data-parallelism Explanaition: The first part of global sum example is task-parallelism, each core carries out roughtly the same oprations on its assigned elements. And the second part is data-parallelism, receiving and adding the cores' partial sums. Writing actual code for parallel programs is relatively complex. Communication : cores communicate with each other. Load balancing : the work is divided evenly among the cores. Synchronization : cores must wait for each other at certain points in the program. Things we will learn: Three different extensions to C: OpenMP MPI Pthreads Two main types of parallel systems: Shared-memory systems cores can share access to the computer\u2019s memory Distributed-memory systems each core has its own, private memory, and the cores must communicate explicitly by doing something like sending messages across a network Pthreads and OpenMP were designed for programming shared-memory systems. They provide mechanisms for accessing shared-memory locations. MPI, on the other hand, was designed for programming distributed-memory systems. It provides mechanisms for sending messages. And we distinguish between three terms: Concurrent : a program is one in which multiple tasks can be in progress at any instant. Parallel : a program is one in which multiple tasks cooperate closely to solve a problem. Distributed : a program may need to cooperate with other programs to solve a problem. A Word of Warning It may be tempting to write parallel programs \u201cby the seat of your pants,\u201d without taking the trouble to carefully design and incrementally develop your program. This will almost certainly be a mistake. Every parallel program contains at least one serial program. Since we almost always need to coordinate the actions of multiple cores, writing parallel programs is almost always more complex than writing a serial program that solves the same problem. In fact, it is often far more complex. All the rules about careful design and development are usually far more important for the writing of parallel programs than they are for serial programs.","title":"Ch1. Why Parallel Programming?"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#ch2-parallel-hardware-and-parallel-software","text":"First time read I skipped these contents when I read this chapter for the first time: Modifications to the von Neumann Model SIMD Systems Interconnection Networks Notes for these contents can be seen in CSAPP.","title":"Ch2. Parallel Hardware and Parallel Software"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#ch3-distributed-memory-programming-with-mpi","text":"What is MPI? What do we use it for?","title":"Ch3. Distributed-Memory Programming with MPI"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/","text":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b\uff1a\u8ba9\u7e41\u7410\u5de5\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316 \u00b6 \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4 \uff5c \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Al Sweigart 2015 2023.07 \u672c\u4e66\u6458\u8981 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\uff1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b Python \u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5199\u7528\u5b8c\u5c31\u6254\u6389\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5411\u4f60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5f88\u591a\u7f16\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u63d0\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u9002\u5408\u5e0c\u671b\u5feb\u901f\u5c06 Python \u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9009\u62e9 SOP \u548c PCC \u7b49\u4e66\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5c06\u82b1\u5728\u7f16\u7a0b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u5c06\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u3002 \u672c\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u4ec5\u9009\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ae0\u8282\uff1a Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c Ch7. \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f Ch8-9. \u6587\u4ef6 Ch11. Web Ch17. \u56fe\u50cf \u96f6\u6563 tips \u00b6 None \u503c\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f NoneType \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230 None \uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a Python \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u90fd\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e86 return None \u3002 \u5f15\u7528\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\uff1f \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u503c\u7684\u76d2\u5b50 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6574\u578b\u6216\u5143\u7ec4 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u662f\u503c\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a copy \u6a21\u5757\uff1a copy.copy() \uff1a\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5b57\u5178\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u7684\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u5217\u8868\u5462\uff1f copy.deepcopy() \uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u6216\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a pprint \u6a21\u5757 \u6f02\u4eae\u6253\u5370\uff1a pprint.pprint() \uff1a\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6253\u5370\u6210\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 pprint.pformat() \u3002 Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c \u00b6 r \u524d\u7f00\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff1a\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6216\u6362\u884c\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Python \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7f29\u8fdb\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7\u63a8\u8350\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684 \\ \u9632\u6b62\u6587\u6bb5\u5f00\u5934\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 print ( ''' \\ Dear Alice, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Sincerely, Bob''' ) \u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4f5c\u591a\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u65b9\u6cd5\u96c6\u9526 \u00b6 isX() \u7cfb\u5217\uff1a isalpha() \u3001 isalnum() \u3001 isdecimal() \u3001 isspace() \u3001 istitle() \u3002 \u8f6c\u6362\uff1a upper() \u3001 lower() \u3001 title() \u3001 capitalize() \u3001 swapcase() \u3002 \u67e5\u627e\uff1a startswith() \u3001 endswith() \u3002 \u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a join() \u3001 split() \u88c1\u526a\uff1a strip() \u3001 lstrip() \u3001 rstrip() \u3002 \u5bf9\u9f50\uff1a ljust() \u3001 rjust() \u3001 center() \u3002 \u526a\u8d34\u677f \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528 pyperclip \u5305\uff08\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002 pyperclip.copy() \uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u590d\u5236\u5230\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u3002 pyperclip.paste() \uff1a\u5c06\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7c98\u8d34\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60 \u4ece\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u4e0a\u83b7\u53d6\u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8f6c\u6362\u6210 Markdown \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002 import pyperclip text = pyperclip . paste () lines = text . split ( ' \\n ' ) for i in range ( len ( lines )): lines [ i ] = '* ' + lines [ i ] text = ' \\n ' . join ( lines ) pyperclip . copy ( text ) \u5173\u6ce8\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 Ch7. \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6a21\u5757 \u00b6 re \u6a21\u5757\u5904\u7406\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 re.compile() \uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08Regex \u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u3002 \u7528\u4f8b\uff1a phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'\\d\\d\\d-\\d\\d\\d-\\d\\d\\d\\d') \u8bb0\u5f97\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 Regex \u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a search() \uff1a\u627e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5339\u914d \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a Match \u5bf9\u8c61 \uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u6587\u672c\u7684 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a \u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 Match \u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a group() \uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff08\u8868\u793a\u5206\u7ec4\uff09\uff0c0 \u6216\u7559\u7a7a\u8868\u793a\u6574\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 findall() \uff1a\u627e\u6240\u6709\u5339\u914d \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868 \uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6709\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662f\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u5339\u914d \uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u9879\u662f\u6539\u5339\u914d\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5206\u7ec4\u3002 sub() \uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u53d6\u4ee3\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\u8981\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 \\1 \u3001 \\2 \u7b49\u6765\u5f15\u7528\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u540e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u6cd5 \u00b6 () \u5206\u7ec4\uff1a \u5206\u7ec4\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002 | \u7ba1\u9053\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 ? \u53ef\u9009\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216 1 \u6b21\u3002 * \u96f6\u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002 + \u4e00\u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 1 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002 {n} \u5339\u914d n \u6b21\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 n \u6b21\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 {1,3} \u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6216\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5199\u3002 ? \u975e\u8d2a\u5fc3\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u5339\u914d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u8d2a\u5fc3\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5339\u914d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u957f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a \\d \u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u5b57 \\D \u9664\u6570\u5b57\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26 \\w \u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u6216\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u5b57\u7b26\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5339\u914d\u201c\u5355\u8bcd\u201d\u5b57\u7b26\uff09 \\W \u9664\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26 \\s \u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6216\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5339\u914d\u201c\u7a7a\u767d\u201d\u5b57\u7b26\uff09 \\S \u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u7c7b\u3002 ^ \uff1a\u5339\u914d\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u3002 $ \uff1a\u5339\u914d\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5904\u3002 . \uff1a\u901a\u914d\u7b26\uff0c\u5339\u914d\u9664\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u5916\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8981\u5339\u914d\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 re.DOTALL \u4f5c\u4e3a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u65e0\u5173\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 re.IGNORECASE \u6216 re.I \u4f5c\u4e3a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u7ba1\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528 re.VERBOSE \u6216 re.X \u4f5c\u4e3a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002 \u7528\u4f8b\uff1a phoneRegex = re . compile ( r '''( (\\d {3} |\\(\\d {3} \\))? # area code (\\s|-|\\.)? # separator \\d {3} # first 3 digits (\\s|-|\\.) # separator \\d {4} # last 4 digits (\\s*(ext|x|ext.)\\s*\\d{2,5})? # extension )''' , re . VERBOSE ) \u52a0\u4e86\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5c31\u6e05\u6670\u591a\u5566\uff01 \u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u9053\u7b26\u53f7\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 re.compile(r'pattern', re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL) \u3002","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b\uff1a\u8ba9\u7e41\u7410\u5de5\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#python","text":"\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4 \uff5c \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Al Sweigart 2015 2023.07 \u672c\u4e66\u6458\u8981 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\uff1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b Python \u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5199\u7528\u5b8c\u5c31\u6254\u6389\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5411\u4f60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5f88\u591a\u7f16\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u63d0\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u9002\u5408\u5e0c\u671b\u5feb\u901f\u5c06 Python \u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9009\u62e9 SOP \u548c PCC \u7b49\u4e66\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5c06\u82b1\u5728\u7f16\u7a0b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u5c06\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u3002 \u672c\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u4ec5\u9009\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ae0\u8282\uff1a Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c Ch7. \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f Ch8-9. \u6587\u4ef6 Ch11. Web Ch17. \u56fe\u50cf","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b\uff1a\u8ba9\u7e41\u7410\u5de5\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#tips","text":"None \u503c\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f NoneType \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230 None \uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a Python \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u90fd\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e86 return None \u3002 \u5f15\u7528\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\uff1f \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u503c\u7684\u76d2\u5b50 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6574\u578b\u6216\u5143\u7ec4 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u662f\u503c\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a copy \u6a21\u5757\uff1a copy.copy() \uff1a\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5b57\u5178\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u7684\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u5217\u8868\u5462\uff1f copy.deepcopy() \uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u6216\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a pprint \u6a21\u5757 \u6f02\u4eae\u6253\u5370\uff1a pprint.pprint() \uff1a\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6253\u5370\u6210\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 pprint.pformat() \u3002","title":"\u96f6\u6563 tips"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#ch6","text":"r \u524d\u7f00\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff1a\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6216\u6362\u884c\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Python \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7f29\u8fdb\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7\u63a8\u8350\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684 \\ \u9632\u6b62\u6587\u6bb5\u5f00\u5934\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 print ( ''' \\ Dear Alice, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Sincerely, Bob''' ) \u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4f5c\u591a\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002","title":"Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#ch7","text":"","title":"Ch7. \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f"},{"location":"books/Algorithm/","text":"\u7b97\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u6458\u8981 \u8be5\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u662f\u591a\u672c\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6559\u6750\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u5408\u96c6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7248 \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248 \u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u5728\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840\u8fd9\u5757\uff0c\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6570\u636e\u62bd\u8c61\u3001API \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u5219\u5bf9\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u62bd\u8c61 \u00b6 \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\uff1a \u80cc\u5305 \u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u6536\u96c6\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u8fed\u4ee3\u6240\u6709\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5220\u9664 \u961f\u5217 \u5148\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa\u7b56\u7565 \u6808 \u540e\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa\u7b56\u7565 \u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a\u53cc\u6808\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c \u7531 Dijkstra \u53d1\u660e\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6808\u4fdd\u5b58\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6808\u4fdd\u5b58\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u3002 \u5c06\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u538b\u5165\u6808 \u5c06\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u538b\u5165\u6808 \u5ffd\u7565\u5de6\u62ec\u53f7 \u9047\u5230\u53f3\u62ec\u53f7\uff0c\u5f39\u51fa\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u6240\u9700\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u538b\u5165\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u6808 \u663e\u7136\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/Algorithm/#_1","text":"\u6458\u8981 \u8be5\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u662f\u591a\u672c\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6559\u6750\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u5408\u96c6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7248 \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/Algorithm/#_2","text":"\u5728\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840\u8fd9\u5757\uff0c\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6570\u636e\u62bd\u8c61\u3001API \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u5219\u5bf9\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Seventh Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u51fa\u7248\u65f6\u95f4 \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross 2017 Ch2. \u5e94\u7528\u5c42 \u00b6 Abstract \u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u5c42\u63a5\u53e3 \u51e0\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1aWeb\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3001DNS\u3001\u5bf9\u7b49\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u53d1\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u6d41 \u5f00\u53d1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 TCP \u548c UDP \u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f 2.1 \u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u534f\u8bae\u539f\u7406 \u00b6 \u5728\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fe1\uff1a \u8fd0\u884c\u5728 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7a0b\u5e8f \u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u7528\u6237\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684 \u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7a0b\u5e8f \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a \u5ba2\u6237-\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784 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\u8f93\u5165\u7aef\u53e3\u5904\u7406\uff1a \u8f6c\u53d1\u8868\u4ece\u8def\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u5904\u7406\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u72ec\u7acb\u603b\u7ebf\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8f93\u5165\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u7ebf\u8def\u5361\u3002 \u8f93\u5165\u7aef\u53e3\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a\u7ebf\u8def\u7aef\u63a5-\u6570\u636e\u94fe\u8def\u5904\u7406\uff08\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u62c6\u5c01\uff09-\u67e5\u627e\u3001\u8f6c\u53d1\u3001\u6392\u961f-\u8fdb\u5165\u4ea4\u6362\u7ed3\u6784 \u9664\u4e86\u67e5\u627e\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u7aef\u53e3\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6267\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u68c0\u67e5\u3001\u91cd\u5199\u5206\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\u7f51\u7edc\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u7b49\u3002 \u8f6c\u53d1\u8868\u592a\u5927\u4e86\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f \u5bf9\u4e8e 32 \u4f4d IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u9879\uff0c\u5219\u8def\u7531\u8868\u6709 40 \u591a\u4ebf\u4e2a\u9879\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4f7f\u7528 \u6700\u957f\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d \u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d1\u8868\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58 \u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d \u3002 \u6700\u957f\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d\u6307\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u9879\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u957f\u7684\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d\u9879\u3002 \u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u8f6c\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8d85\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u7ebf\u6027\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u67e5\u627e\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u5bf9\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u9ad8\u901f\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u627e\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599\u3002 \u4ea4\u6362\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a 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\u7ecf\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7edc\u4ea4\u6362\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u4ea4\u6362\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u7eb5\u6a2a\u5f0f\u4ea4\u6362\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u591a\u7ea7\u4ea4\u6362\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u662f \u975e\u963b\u585e \u7684\uff0c\u5373\u53ea\u8981\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u7ec4\u5360\u7528\u8be5\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7acb\u5373\u5c06\u5206\u7ec4\u4ece\u8f93\u5165\u7aef\u53e3\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u3002 \u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u5904\u7406\uff1a \u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a\u6392\u961f-\u6570\u636e\u94fe\u8def\u5904\u7406\uff08\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5c01\u88c5\uff09-\u7ebf\u8def\u7aef\u63a5 \u8f93\u5165\u6392\u961f\uff1a\u7ebf\u8def\u524d\u90e8\u963b\u585e\uff08Head-Of-Line\uff0cHOL\uff09\u963b\u585e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u7ec4\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u6392\u961f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u7ec4\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u963b\u585e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u7ec4\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u3002 \u8f93\u51fa\u6392\u961f\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u4e22\u5f03\u5c3e\u90e8\u5230\u8fbe\u5206\u7ec4\uff08drop-tail\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e9b\u5df2\u6392\u961f\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\uff08Active Queue Management\uff0cAQM\uff09\u3002 \u5206\u7ec4\u8c03\u5ea6\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u6392\u961f\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u5982\u4f55\u7ecf\u8f93\u51fa\u94fe\u8def\u4f20\u8f93\u3002 \u5148\u6765\u5148\u670d\u52a1\uff08FCFS\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a FIFO\uff09 \u4f18\u5148\u6743\u6392\u961f\uff08priority queuing\uff09\uff1a\u5206\u7ec4\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u51e0\u79cd\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7c7b\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u5206\u7ec4\u4f20\u8f93\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u4ece\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7c7b\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u8bdd\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u4e8e\u90ae\u4ef6\u670d\u52a1\u3002 \u5faa\u73af\u6392\u961f\uff1a\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5faa\u73af\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668\u8f6e\u6d41\u670d\u52a1\u591a\u4e2a\u7c7b\u3002 \u52a0\u6743\u516c\u5e73\u6392\u961f\uff08Weighted Fair Queuing, WFQ\uff09\uff1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u90fd\u6709\u6392\u961f\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5206\u914d\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u52a0\u6743\u7684\u5e26\u5bbd\u90e8\u5206\u3002 4.3 \u7f51\u9645\u534f\u8bae\uff1aIPv4\u3001\u5bfb\u5740\u3001IPv6 \u53ca\u5176\u4ed6 \u00b6 IPv4 \u6570\u636e\u62a5\u683c\u5f0f\u89c1\u4e66\u672c\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u62a5\u5206\u7247\uff1a \u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8def\u5c42\u5e27\u80fd\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u53eb\u505a \u6700\u5927\u4f20\u9001\u5355\u5143\uff08Maximum Transmission Unit\uff0cMTU\uff09 \uff0c\u5b83\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236 IP \u6570\u636e\u62a5\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u5927\u4e8e MTU\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5206\u7247\u3002 IPv4 \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4e2d\u7ec4\u88c5\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u4f1a\u7ed9\u534f\u8bae\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e14\u5f71\u54cd\u8def\u7531\u5668\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 \u5206\u7247\u7ec4\u88c5\u5728\u7aef\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c \u3002IPv4 \u62a5\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u3001\u6807\u5fd7\u548c\u7247\u504f\u79fb\u5b57\u6bb5\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u7247\u548c\u7ec4\u88c5\u3002 \u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u7247\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u5b57\u6bb5\u503c\u3002 \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7247\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a 0\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u7247\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a 1\u3002 \u7247\u504f\u79fb\u5b57\u6bb5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u4e22\u5931\u4e86\u67d0\u4e00\u7247\u3002 IPv4 \u7f16\u5740\uff1a IP \u5730\u5740\u4e0e \u63a5\u53e3 \u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0e\u4e3b\u673a\u6216\u8def\u7531\u5668\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002 IP \u5730\u5740\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 32 \u6bd4\u7279\uff084 \u5b57\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u7ea6 40 \u4ebf\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002 193.32.216.9 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bb0\u6cd5\u79f0\u4e3a \u70b9\u5206\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u8bb0\u6cd5 \uff08dotted-decimal notation\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u7528\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u5404\u5b57\u8282\u95f4\u7528\u70b9\u9694\u5f00\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\uff1a\u5b50\u7f51\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u4e92\u8054\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u63a5\u53e3\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5f62\u6210\u5b50\u7f51\uff08subnet\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u673a\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7531 \u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7684\u7f51\u7edc \u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u4ea4\u6362\u673a\u3002\u5b50\u7f51\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u591a\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u5b50\u7f51\u3002 IP \u7f16\u5740\u4e3a\u8be5 \u5b50\u7f51 \u5206\u914d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u5982 223.1.1.0/24 \u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d /24 \u662f \u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801 \uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7 24 \u6bd4\u7279\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5b50\u7f51\u5730\u5740\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u8fde\u63a5\u5230 223.1.1.0/24 \u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u5730\u5740\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6709 223.1.1.xxx \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u56e0\u7279\u7f51\u7684\u5730\u5740\u5206\u914d\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u65e0\u7c7b\u522b\u57df\u95f4\u8def\u7531\u9009\u62e9\uff08Classless Interdomain Routing\uff0cCIDR\uff09\u3002 IP \u5730\u5740\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u70b9\u5206\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c a.b.c.d/x \u3002 \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5269\u4f59 \\(32-x\\) \u6bd4\u7279\u7528\u4e8e\u533a\u5206\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u8bbe\u5907\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u524d\u7f00\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\u8f6c\u53d1\u5206\u7ec4\u65f6\u624d\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u5b50\u7f51\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 CIDR \u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 \u4e00\u4e2a ISP \u62e5\u6709\u5730\u5740\u5757 200.23.16.0/20 \uff0c\u5b83\u5411\u5916\u754c\u901a\u544a\uff1a\u5411\u6211\u53d1\u9001\u4ee5 200.23.16.0/20 \u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a ISP \u5c06 200.23.16.0/23 \u3001 200.23.18.0/23 \u7b49\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u524d\u7f00\u901a\u544a\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u79f0\u4e3a \u5730\u5740\u805a\u5408 \uff08address aggregation\uff09\u6216 \u8def\u7531\u805a\u5408 \uff08routing aggregation\uff09\u6216 \u8def\u7531\u6458\u8981 \uff08route summarization\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a ISP \u53c8\u62ff\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f85\u52a9 ISP\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709 199.31.0.0/16 \u7684\u5730\u5740\u5757\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7 200.23.16.0/23 \u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u8f85\u52a9 ISP \u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a ISP \u5e94\u5f53\u5411\u5916\u754c\u901a\u544a\uff1a\u5411\u6211\u53d1\u9001\u4ee5 199.31.0.0/16 \u6216 200.23.16.0/23 \u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 \u6700\u957f\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d \u3002 \u5728 CIDR \u4e4b\u524d\uff0cIP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u4e3a 8\u300116 \u6216 24 \u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a \u5206\u7c7b\u7f16\u5236 \uff08classful addressing\uff09\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u7f51\u5206\u522b\u79f0\u4e3a A\u3001B \u548c C \u7c7b\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5206\u7c7b\u7f16\u5740\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5757\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5757\u53ef\u80fd\u8fc7\u5927\u6216\u8fc7\u5c0f\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff1a 255.255.255.255 \u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u53d1\u51fa\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4e3a\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u65f6\uff0c\u62a5\u6587\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7ed9\u540c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u673a\u3002 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5206\u914d\uff1a \u5730\u5740\u5757\u7684\u5206\u914d\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5411 ISP \u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6 ISP \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5730\u5740\u5757\u3002ISP \u5219\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u673a\u6784\u56e0\u7279\u7f51\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u5730\u5740\u5206\u914d\u673a\u6784\uff08Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers\uff0cICANN\uff09\u83b7\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u5757\u3002 \u4e3b\u673a\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u52a8\u6001\u4e3b\u673a\u914d\u7f6e\u534f\u8bae\uff08Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol\uff0cDHCP\uff09\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\uff1aDHCP \u534f\u8bae DHCP \u534f\u8bae\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5373\u63d2\u5373\u7528\u534f\u8bae\uff08plug-and-play protocol\uff09\u6216\u96f6\u534f\u8bae\uff08zeroconf\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3b\u673a\u81ea\u52a8\u83b7\u53d6 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u914d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u3002 DHCP \u534f\u8bae\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba2\u6237-\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5ba2\u6237\u662f\u65b0\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u7f51\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u53f0 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981 DHCP \u4e2d\u7ee7\u4ee3\u7406\uff08DHCP relay agent\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u8def\u7531\u5668 \uff0c\u5b83\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u7f51\u7edc\u7684 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e2d\u7ee7\u4ee3\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u3002 DHCP \u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u65b0\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u5728 UDP \u5206\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5411\u7aef\u53e3 67 \u5e7f\u64ad\u4e00\u4e2a DHCP \u53d1\u73b0\u62a5\u6587\uff08DHCP discover message\uff09\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740 255.255.255.255 \uff0c\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0.0.0.0 \uff08\u4ee3\u8868\u672c\u4e3b\u673a\uff09\u3002 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\uff1aDHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230 DHCP \u53d1\u73b0\u62a5\u6587\u540e\uff0c\u7528\u5e7f\u64ad\u7684 DHCP \u63d0\u4f9b\u62a5\u6587\uff08DHCP offer message\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u54cd\u5e94\u3002 \u63d0\u4f9b\u62a5\u6587\u5305\u542b\uff1a\u53d1\u73b0\u62a5\u6587\u7684 ID\u3001\u5411\u5ba2\u6237\u63a8\u8350\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u63a9\u7801\u3001IP \u5730\u5740\u79df\u671f\uff08address lease time\uff09\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5b50\u7f51\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u8be5\u5ba2\u6237\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 DHCP \u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a\u5ba2\u6237\u5411\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u53d1\u9001 DHCP \u8bf7\u6c42\u62a5\u6587\uff08DHCP request message\uff09\uff0c\u56de\u663e\u914d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u3002 DHCP ACK\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362 NAT \u4e00\u4e2a NAT \u4f7f\u80fd\u8def\u7531\u5668 \uff08\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709NAT\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u597d\u602a\uff09\u5bf9\u5916\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5355\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u5916\u9690\u85cf\u4e86\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u5f20 NAT \u8f6c\u6362\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u548c IP \u5730\u5740\u3002 NAT \u7f51\u7edc\u5185\u7684\u7f16\u5740\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4 10.0.0.0/8 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f RFC 1918 \u4e2d\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 IP \u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e8e\u4e13\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\uff08private network\uff09\u3002 NAT \u4f7f\u80fd\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a NAT \u7f51\u7edc\u5185\u7684\u4e3b\u673a 10.0.0.1 \u8bf7\u6c42\u67d0 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u5206\u914d 3345 \u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u53d1\u9001\u5230 LAN \u4e2d\u3002 NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u6570\u636e\u62a5\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7 5001 \uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6e90 IP \u548c\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u5176\u5e7f\u57df\u7f51\u4e00\u4fa7\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740 139.76.29.7:5001 \u3002NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u5728 NAT \u8f6c\u6362\u8868\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u9879\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u6587\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5e7f\u57df\u7f51\u3002 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u62a5\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u62a5\u6587\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u54cd\u5e94\u62a5\u6587\u6309 139.76.29.7:5001 \u5230\u8fbe NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002 NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u6309\u8f6c\u6362\u8868\u91cd\u5199\u54cd\u5e94\u62a5\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u4e13\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u3002 \u5bf9 NAT \u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3b\u673a\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5305\u62ec NAT \u7a7f\u8d8a\u548c\u901a\u7528\u5373\u63d2\u5373\u7528\uff08Universal Plug and Play\uff0cUPnP\uff09\u3002 NAT \u4f7f\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\u5206\u5c42\u539f\u5219\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46 NAT \u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56e0\u7279\u7f51\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002 IPv6 \u534f\u8bae\uff1a\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u62a5\u6587\u9996\u90e8\u4e3a\u5b9a\u957f\u7684 40 \u5b57\u8282\uff1a\u4f7f\u8def\u7531\u5668\u66f4\u5feb\u5904\u7406\u62a5\u6587\u3002 IPv6 \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u95f4\u8def\u7531\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7247\u4e0e\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u88c5\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u201c\u5206\u7ec4\u592a\u5927\u201d\u7684 ICMP \u9519\u8bef\u62a5\u6587\u3002\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8f6c\u53d1\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 IPv6 \u53bb\u9664\u4e86\u9996\u90e8\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\uff0c\u800c\u5728 IPv4 \u4e2d\u6bcf\u53f0\u8def\u7531\u5668\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u9996\u90e8\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\u3002 4.4 \u901a\u7528\u8f6c\u53d1\u548c SDN \u00b6 \u7565\u3002","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/#_1","text":"Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Seventh Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u51fa\u7248\u65f6\u95f4 \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross 2017","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/#ch2","text":"Abstract \u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u5c42\u63a5\u53e3 \u51e0\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1aWeb\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3001DNS\u3001\u5bf9\u7b49\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u53d1\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u6d41 \u5f00\u53d1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 TCP \u548c UDP \u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f","title":"Ch2. \u5e94\u7528\u5c42"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/#ch4","text":"","title":"Ch4. \u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u5e73\u9762"},{"location":"books/CTP/","text":"C \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677 \u00b6 C Traps and Pitfalls \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Andrew Koening 1989 \u60f3\u8981\u5b66\u597d\u4e00\u95e8\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9605\u8bfb\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff1f\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u573a\u5408\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u4f1a\u5411\u4ed6\u63a8\u8350\u5e02\u9762\u4e0a\u6700\u65b0\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8d34\u8fd1\u5f53\u524d\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u4f60\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u638c\u63e1\u6240\u8981\u5b66\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 Ch0. \u5bfc\u8bfb \u00b6 \u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u8bcd\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u4e49 \u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u524d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728 \u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u5230\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u6b65\u9aa4\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a \u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u7f16\u8bd1\u6a21\u5757 \u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5168\u4e66\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 Ch1. \u8bcd\u6cd5\u9677\u9631 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5b57\u7b26\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u3002 \u672f\u8bed token \uff08\u7b26\u53f7\uff09\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8868\u610f\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50: -> \u3001 file \u90fd\u662f\u7b26\u53f7. \u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\u5728 \u4e0d\u540c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587 \u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09\u3002 = \u4e0e == \u6df7\u7528 \u00b6 while ( c = ' ' || c == '\\t' ) c = getc ( f ); if (( filedesc == open ( argv [ i ], 0 )) < 0 ) error (); open() \u51fd\u6570 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff1a #include <fcntl.h> int open ( const char * pathname , int flags ) \u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728 Linux \u8fdb\u9636\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u6709\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u8d2a\u5fc3\u6cd5 \u00b6 C \u7684\u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u9075\u5faa \u8d2a\u5fc3\u6cd5 \uff1a \u5982\u679c\u8be5\u5b57\u7b26\u53ef\u80fd\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u518d\u8bfb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8bfb\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u4e3e\u51e0\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8d2a\u5fc3\u6cd5\uff1a a --- b a -- - b a - -- b y = x /*p /* p point to the dividen */ y = x / * p n --> 0 n -- > 0 n - -> 0 a +++++ b \u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u4e0a\u9762\u51e0\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u6574\u5f62\u5e38\u91cf \u00b6 10 \u4e0e 010 \u7684\u542b\u4e49\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 ANSI C \u4ee5\u540e\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u7b26 8 \u548c 9 \u3002 \u6df7\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9700\u8981\u683c\u5f0f\u5bf9\u9f50\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u6dfb 0 \uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf \u00b6 \u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u6574\u6570\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0816 \u4f4d\u6216 32 \u4f4d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5bb9\u7eb3\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b C \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49 ' yes ' \u6709\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u5ffd\u7565\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u9010\u4e2a\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002GCC \u548c Clang \u91c7\u7528\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 Ch2. \u8bed\u6cd5\u9677\u9631 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u58f0\u660e\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001\u8bed\u53e5\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e \u00b6 Question \u8bf7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a C \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u9996\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0 \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7b54\u6848\u662f (*(void(*)())0)() \u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7ec4\u6210 \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u58f0\u660e\u770b\u505a\u7531\uff1a \u7c7b\u578b \u548c\u4e00\u7ec4 \u7c7b\u4f3c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u7b26 \u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5bf9\u58f0\u660e\u7b26\u6c42\u503c\u65f6\u5e94\u5f53\u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 float f, g \u5bf9 f \u548c g \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float float ff() \u5bf9 ff() \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float float *pf \u5bf9 *pf \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float float *g(), (*h)() \u5bf9 *(g()) \u548c h() \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float \uff08\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff09 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u5e94\u5f53\u59cb\u7ec8\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u5b9e\u9645\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f (*fp)() \u3002 fp() \u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5199\u3002\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a () \u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u6bd4 * \u9ad8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u5c06\u6307\u9488 (*fp) \u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cK&R C \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u518d\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a \u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\u540d\u6700\u597d\u8fd9\u6837\u58f0\u660e\uff1a V_FP_CHARP \uff0c\u5373\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3001\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u3002 \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26 \u00b6 \u628a\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u53bb\u6389\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u62ec\u53f7\u5c01\u88c5\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f8b\uff1a (float) (float (*)()) (float *) (float *()) , (float (*)()) \u6211\u4eec\u8981\u60f3\u8c03\u7528\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0 \u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\uff1a ( * 0 )() \u4f46\u662f\uff0c 0 \u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26\u662f\uff1a (void(*)()) \u4f7f\u7528 typedef \u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\uff1a typedef void ( * funcptr )(); ( * ( funcptr ) 0 )(); \u7406\u89e3 typedef \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3 typedef \uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u8bed\u53e5\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a typedef \u5c31\u5c06\u8be5\u58f0\u660e\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u58f0\u660e\u7b26\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002 typedef float *pf \u4e2d pf \u4ee3\u8868 float * typedef float *g() \u4e2d g \u4ee3\u8868 float *() \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a signal() \u00b6 signal() \u51fd\u6570 \u58f0\u660e\u5728 <signal.h> \u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u7279\u5b9a signal \u7684\u6574\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406 signal \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4ece\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\uff1a void sigfunc ( int ); \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06 signal \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\uff1a void ( * signal ( int , void ( * )( int )))( int ); \u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u4f20\u9012 (int, void(*)(int)) \u53c2\u6570\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528 signal \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5bf9 signal \u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff08\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\uff09\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f void \u3002 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 \u00b6 \uff08\u7565\uff09 \u5206\u53f7 \u00b6 \u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u53f7\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff1a if \u548c while \u7b49\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e \u4e0a\u9762\u8bed\u53e5\u548c return \u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5982\uff1a if ( n < 3 ) return logrec . date = x [ 0 ]; logrec . time = x [ 1 ]; \u7ed3\u6784\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u518d\u78b0\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a struct logrec { int date ; } main () { //... } \u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u6784\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f53\u505a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 switch \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u6d3b\u7528 switch \u8bed\u53e5\u5904\u7406\u6b65\u9aa4\u6bd4\u8f83\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u5206\u652f\u3002 \u60ac\u6302\u7684 else \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u7262\u8bb0\uff1a else \u4e0e\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a if \u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u591a\u91cd\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7528\u597d\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u5373\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u8be5\u9519\u8bef\u3002 Ch3. \u8bed\u4e49\u9677\u9631 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u663e\u5f97\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709 C \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u6307\u9488\u4e0e\u6570\u7ec4 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u91cd\u70b9\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c sizeof \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u90fd\u4ee3\u8868\u6307\u5411\u6570\u7ec4\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a int calendar [ 12 ][ 31 ]; p = calendar ; \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 calendar \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u8fd8\u6709 &array_name \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u56e0\u4e3a *(a+i) \u4e0e *(i+a) \u542b\u4e49\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 a[i] \u4e0e i[a] \u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u65e5\u5386\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff1a int ( * montp )[ 31 ]; for ( monthp = calendar ; monthp < & calendar [ 12 ]; monthp ++ ){ int * dayp ; for ( dayp = * monthp ; dayp < & ( * monthp )[ 31 ]; dayp ++ ) * dayp = 0 ; } \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u5343\u4e07\u4e0d\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002 \u975e\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u58f0\u660e \u00b6 \u5c06\u6570\u7ec4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5c06\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u6709\u7740\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u522b\uff1a extern char * hello ; extern char hello []; Note \u7f16\u5199\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u80fd\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u907f\u514d\u201c\u4e3e\u9685\u6cd5\u201d \u00b6 \u4e3e\u9685\u6cd5\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u9690\u55bb\u8868\u793a\u6307\u4ee3\u7269\u4e0e\u88ab\u6307\u4ee3\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u672c\u8282\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u6df7\u6dc6\u6307\u9488\u548c\u6307\u9488\u6240\u6307\u5411\u6570\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 \u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u4e0e\u7a7a\u4e32 \u00b6 \u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u8fb9\u754c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u8fb9\u754c \u00b6","title":"C \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677"},{"location":"books/CTP/#c","text":"C Traps and Pitfalls \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Andrew Koening 1989 \u60f3\u8981\u5b66\u597d\u4e00\u95e8\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9605\u8bfb\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff1f\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u573a\u5408\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u4f1a\u5411\u4ed6\u63a8\u8350\u5e02\u9762\u4e0a\u6700\u65b0\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8d34\u8fd1\u5f53\u524d\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u4f60\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u638c\u63e1\u6240\u8981\u5b66\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002","title":"C \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch0","text":"\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u8bcd\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u4e49 \u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u524d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728 \u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u5230\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u6b65\u9aa4\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a \u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u7f16\u8bd1\u6a21\u5757 \u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5168\u4e66\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002","title":"Ch0. \u5bfc\u8bfb"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch1","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5b57\u7b26\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u3002 \u672f\u8bed token \uff08\u7b26\u53f7\uff09\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8868\u610f\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50: -> \u3001 file \u90fd\u662f\u7b26\u53f7. \u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\u5728 \u4e0d\u540c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587 \u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8bcd\u6cd5\u9677\u9631"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch2","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u58f0\u660e\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001\u8bed\u53e5\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u3002","title":"Ch2. \u8bed\u6cd5\u9677\u9631"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch3","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u663e\u5f97\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709 C \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002","title":"Ch3. \u8bed\u4e49\u9677\u9631"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/","text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0 \u00b6 Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C, Second Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Mark Allen Weiss 1997 Ch1. \u5f15\u8a00 \u00b6 \u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u5165\uff1a \u5bfb\u627e\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7b2c k \u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u53d6\u7b2c k \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u4f9d\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a k \u7684\u964d\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c0f\u4e8e\u672b\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u5219\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 \u6700\u4f18\u89e3\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd Word puzzle \u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u51e0\u4f55\u7ea7\u6570\u3001\u7b49\u5dee\u6570\u5217\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u89c1\u7ea7\u6570\u7684\u6c42\u548c\u516c\u5f0f \u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u8bc1\u6cd5\u3001\u4e3e\u53cd\u4f8b\u6cd5 \u9012\u5f52\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u51b5 \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217\uff09 \u8bc1\u660e\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5 Ch2. \u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u5f15\u5165\u8bb0\u53f7\uff1a O\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c \u03a9\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0b\u754c \u0398\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c o\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c \u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 \\(\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} \\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}\\) \u5224\u65ad\u6e10\u8fdb\u754c \u4e09\u6761\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \u4e58\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) * O(g(n)) = O(f(n) * g(n))\\) \u52a0\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) + O(g(n)) = O(f(n) + g(n))\\) \u5bf9\u6570\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(\\log^k N = O(N)\\)","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/#c","text":"Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C, Second Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Mark Allen Weiss 1997","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/#ch1","text":"\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u5165\uff1a \u5bfb\u627e\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7b2c k \u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u53d6\u7b2c k \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u4f9d\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a k \u7684\u964d\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c0f\u4e8e\u672b\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u5219\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 \u6700\u4f18\u89e3\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd Word puzzle \u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u51e0\u4f55\u7ea7\u6570\u3001\u7b49\u5dee\u6570\u5217\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u89c1\u7ea7\u6570\u7684\u6c42\u548c\u516c\u5f0f \u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u8bc1\u6cd5\u3001\u4e3e\u53cd\u4f8b\u6cd5 \u9012\u5f52\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u51b5 \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217\uff09 \u8bc1\u660e\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5","title":"Ch1. \u5f15\u8a00"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/#ch2","text":"\u5f15\u5165\u8bb0\u53f7\uff1a O\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c \u03a9\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0b\u754c \u0398\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c o\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c \u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 \\(\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} \\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}\\) \u5224\u65ad\u6e10\u8fdb\u754c \u4e09\u6761\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \u4e58\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) * O(g(n)) = O(f(n) * g(n))\\) \u52a0\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) + O(g(n)) = O(f(n) + g(n))\\) \u5bf9\u6570\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(\\log^k N = O(N)\\)","title":"Ch2. \u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790"},{"location":"books/ECP/","text":"C \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u4e66\u5177\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u82f1\u5f0f\u5e7d\u9ed8\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u4e14\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e5f\u5c3d\u91cf\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u610f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8c03\u4f83\u5c31\u597d\u5566\u3002","title":"C \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/ECP/#c","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u4e66\u5177\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u82f1\u5f0f\u5e7d\u9ed8\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u4e14\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e5f\u5c3d\u91cf\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u610f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8c03\u4f83\u5c31\u597d\u5566\u3002","title":"C \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe \u00b6 \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u65bc\u5cb3 2014 \u672c\u4e66\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86 OpenSSH\u3001DHCP\u3001Nginx \u7b49\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u3002 \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u524d\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 Ch1. Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248 \u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5e94\u8be5\u662f CentOS / RHEL\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 \u5728 Debian \u7cfb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e3a /etc/NetworkManager/ \u3002\u5728 WSL \u4e2d\u5176\u8def\u5f84\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002 1.1 \u7f16\u8f91\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u76f8\u5173 \u00b6 \u5728 Debian \u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728 /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections \u4e2d\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u56de\u8def IP \u5730\u5740\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 /etc/networks \u7f51\u7edc\u540d\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 /etc/protocols \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u534f\u8bae\u53f7\u3002 /etc/services \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001 \u7aef\u53e3/\u534f\u8bae\u7c7b\u578b\u3001 \u522b\u540d\u3001\u6ce8\u91ca\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 /etc/services fsp 21/udp fspd #xxxx \u57df\u540d\u89e3\u6790\u76f8\u5173 \u00b6 /etc/resolv.conf \u662f\u57df\u540d\u89e3\u6790\u5668\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u57df\u540d\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001DNS \u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u7b49\u3002 /etc/host.conf \u6307\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u6790\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002 /etc/hosts \u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5339\u914d\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 resolv.conf order bind, hosts multi on order \u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5148\u67e5\u8be2 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u518d\u67e5\u8be2 /etc/hosts \u6587\u4ef6\u3002 1.2 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4 \u00b6 ping \u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u901a\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 ICMP \u534f\u8bae\u3002 traceroute \u6570\u636e\u5305\u5230\u8fbe\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8def\u5f84 mii-tool \u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u5361\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u865a\u62df\u8bbe\u5907\u5982 lo \u3001 virbr0 \u7b49\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 ifconfig \u663e\u793a\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002 ifdown \u5173\u95ed\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3 ifup \u5f00\u542f\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3 Tip \u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684 if \u90fd\u662f interface \u7684\u7f29\u5199\u3002 netstat \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3001\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3001\u63a5\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b49\u3002 arp \u4fee\u6539 ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u6761\u76ee\u3002 ARP Cache Address Resolution Protocol\uff0c\u5373 MAC \u5730\u5740\u89e3\u6790\u7f13\u5b58\u3002 rpcinfo \u663e\u793a\u4f7f\u7528 protmap \u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c RPC \u8c03\u7528\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c5e\u4e8e rpcbind \u5305\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u3002 ip \u64cd\u7eb5\u8def\u7531\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u96a7\u9053\u7b49\u3002 \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u5de5\u5177 \u00b6 \u7565\u8fc7 \u6682\u65f6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ nmap Network Mapper \u7f51\u7edc\u6620\u5c04\u5668\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u7f51\u7edc\u63a2\u6d4b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u6838\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u59cb IP \u62a5\u6587\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u673a\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u670d\u52a1\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u62a5\u6587\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668/\u9632\u706b\u5899\u3002 tcpdump \u8fd9\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53ef\u5c06\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5934\u5b8c\u5168\u622a\u83b7\u4e0b\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u5206\u6790\u3002 Wireshark \u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5206\u6790\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3002 TCP Wrapper \u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236 \u00b6 \u7565\u8fc7 \u6682\u65f6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u673a\u5141\u8bb8\u6216\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e /etc/hosts.allow \u548c /etc/hosts.deny \u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 ADSL \u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e \u00b6 \u7565\u8fc7 \u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e9b\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ OpenSSH \u00b6 \u56de\u5fc6\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 Secure Shell \u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u548c\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u9632\u6b62\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6cc4\u9732\u95ee\u9898\u3002 SSH \u80fd\u591f\u4ee3\u66ff telent\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a ftp\u3001pop \u548c ppp \u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u9053\u3002 SSH \u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406 \u00b6 \u670d\u52a1\u7aef\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b sshd \uff0c\u54cd\u5e94\u6765\u81ea\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002 \u63d0\u4f9b \u5bf9\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5904\u7406 \uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bc6\u94a5\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7b49\u3002 \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff1a ssh \u3001 scp \u3001 sftp \u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u7565\u8fc7 SSH \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ Nginx \u00b6 \u540c\u7c7b\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e \u00b6 \u9e1f\u54e5\u7684 Linux \u79c1\u623f\u83dc\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe\u7bc7 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7248","title":"Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#linux","text":"\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u65bc\u5cb3 2014 \u672c\u4e66\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86 OpenSSH\u3001DHCP\u3001Nginx \u7b49\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u3002 \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u524d\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002","title":"Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#ch1-linux","text":"\u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248 \u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5e94\u8be5\u662f CentOS / RHEL\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 \u5728 Debian \u7cfb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e3a /etc/NetworkManager/ \u3002\u5728 WSL \u4e2d\u5176\u8def\u5f84\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002","title":"Ch1. Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#openssh","text":"","title":"OpenSSH"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#nginx","text":"","title":"Nginx"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#_5","text":"\u9e1f\u54e5\u7684 Linux \u79c1\u623f\u83dc\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe\u7bc7 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7248","title":"\u540c\u7c7b\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e"},{"location":"books/PCC/","tags":["Todo"],"text":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u00b6 Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Eric Matthes 2016 Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u4ec5\u4f5c\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u524d\u7f6e\u77e5\u8bc6 \u00b6 Abstract \u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u521b\u5efa Python \u9879\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u3001 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7b49\u3002 \u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u5173 \u00b6 Python \u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u4f9d\u65e7\u6ca1\u6709\u641e\u61c2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86 Python \u540e\u6267\u884c python3 \u663e\u793a\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a python \u6216 py \u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u8bf7\u68c0\u67e5 $PATH \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cWindows \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a py \uff0c\u800c Unix \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a python3 \u3002 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a pip3 \u3002 \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883 \u00b6 \u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e72\u51c0\u6574\u6d01\u3002 \u4ece Python 3.3 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u6a21\u5757 venv \u6765\u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff1a python3 -m venv <DIR> source <DIR>/bin/activate \u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u9650 Unix \u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u5c06\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u8f7d\u5165\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u52a0\u8f7d\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\u4f9d\u8d56\u5305\u4e86\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0cWindows \u548c Linux \u4e0b\u7684\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 requirements.txt \u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u8bb0\u5f55\u4f9d\u8d56\u5305\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5305\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 \u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u8865\u5168 \u00b6 \u590d\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u8865\u5145 SOP4 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u548c\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a def \u3001 class \u7b49 \u5e03\u5c14\u7b49\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8fd0\u7b97\uff1a False \u3001 True \u3001 None \u3001 and \u3001 or \u3001 not \u7b49 \u63a7\u5236\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a while \u3001 for \u3001 if \u3001 else \u3001 elif \u7b49 \u5176\u4ed6 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u00b6 \u4fee\u6539\u5927\u5c0f\u5199 .title() \u3001 .upper() \u3001 .lower() \u62fc\u63a5 \u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u767d .rstrip() \u3001 .lstrip() \u3001 .strip() \u7a7a\u767d \u7a7a\u767d\u6307\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 str(value) \u5217\u8868 \u00b6 list = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] \u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20\uff1a .append(value) \u3001 .insert(index, value) \u5220\u9664\u8bed\u53e5\uff1a del list[index] \u3001 .pop(index) \uff08\u5c3e\u90e8\u5220\u9664\uff09\u3001 .remove(value) \u6392\u5e8f\uff1a .sort() \u3001 .sort(reverse=True) \u53cd\u8f6c\uff1a .reverse() \u957f\u5ea6\uff1a len(list) \u66f4\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u904d\u5386 \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f\u540e for \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u8fed\u4ee3\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002 range(start, end, step) \uff1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b end \uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4 start=0 \uff0c step=1 \u3002 \u5207\u7247 list[start:end:step] \uff1a\u4e0d\u5305\u542b end \uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4 start=0 \uff0c step=1 \u3002 \u5229\u7528\u5207\u7247\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868 list[:] \u3002 \u5217\u8868\u89e3\u6790 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8\u9636\u4f46\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u751f\u6210\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff1a squares = [ value ** 2 for value in range ( 1 , 11 )] \u9996\u5148\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u8868\u540d \u518d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f value**2 \u751f\u6210\u4f60\u8981\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u503c \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a for \u5faa\u73af\u7ed9\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u503c \u8bf7\u7ec3\u4e60\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a 3 \u7684\u500d\u6570\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002 if \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a in \u68c0\u67e5\u7279\u5b9a\u503c\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e2d \u4f7f\u7528 .lower() \u68c0\u67e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u4e2a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u7528\u5462\uff1f\uff09 if-elif-else \u7ed3\u6784 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a Python \u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5982 age >= 18 and age <= 65 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5199\u4e3a 18 <= age <= 65 \u3002 \u5b57\u5178 \u00b6 dict = { 'key' : 'value' } \u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a dict['key'] \u6dfb\u52a0\uff1a dict['key'] = 'value' \u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178\uff1a dict = {} \u4fee\u6539\u503c\uff1a dict['key'] = 'new value' \u5220\u9664\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\uff1a del dict['key'] \u8f83\u957f\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a dict = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' , 'key3' : 'value3' , } \u904d\u5386\uff1a for key, value in dict.items(): for key in dict.keys(): for value in dict.values(): \u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u904d\u5386 for key in sorted(dict.keys()): \u66f4\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u5b57\u5178\u7684\u5217\u8868 \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868 \u5b57\u5178\u5d4c\u5957\u5b57\u5178 \u5faa\u73af \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528 break \u548c continue \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6807\u5fd7 \u7528\u5faa\u73af\u5904\u7406\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5b57\u5178 \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u503c \u79fb\u52a8\u5143\u7d20 \u5b66\u4e60\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5217\u8868\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5faa\u73af\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a users = [ 'user1' , 'user2' , 'user3' ] while users : user = users . pop () print ( user ) \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 def function_name ( parameters ): \"\"\"docstring\"\"\" function body \u53c2\u6570 \u00b6 \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u53c2\uff1a function_name(parameter=value) ' \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\uff1a def function_name(parameter=value) \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5c06\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u653e\u5728\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u653e\u5728\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf Python \u4f9d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u89e3\u8bfb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5b9e\u53c2\u3002 \u7981\u6b62\u51fd\u6570\u4fee\u6539\u5217\u8868\uff1a function_name(list_name[:]) \uff08\u521b\u5efa\u526f\u672c\uff09 \u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u5b9e\u53c2\uff1a def function_name(*parameters) \uff0c * \u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u503c\u90fd\u5c01\u88c5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u3002 \u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u53c2\uff1a def function_name(**parameters) \uff0c ** \u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u503c\u90fd\u5c01\u88c5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u3002 \u53c2\u6570\u7684\u987a\u5e8f \u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6309\u666e\u901a\u5f62\u53c2\u3001\u5e26\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\u3001\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u5f62\u53c2\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u3002 \u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d \u00b6 \u5bfc\u5165\u6574\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\uff1a import module_name \u5bfc\u5165\u7279\u5b9a\u51fd\u6570\uff1a from module_name import function_name \u51fd\u6570\u522b\u540d\uff1a from module_name import function_name as fn \u6a21\u5757\u522b\u540d\uff1a import module_name as mn \u5bfc\u5165\u6240\u6709\u51fd\u6570\uff1a from module_name import * \u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u89c4\u8303 \u5f62\u53c2\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u65f6\u7b49\u53f7\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e0d\u8981\u6709\u7a7a\u683c \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u53c2\u7b49\u53f7\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e0d\u8981\u6709\u7a7a\u683c \u5bf9\u9f50\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u884c def function_name ( parameter_0 , parameter_1 , parameter_2 , parameter_3 , parameter_4 , parameter_5 ): function body ... \u7c7b \u00b6 \u7f16\u5199\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u4e0e\u7c7b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9700\u8981 self \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u7c7b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u3002 \u7ee7\u627f \u00b6 class ChildClass ( ParentClass ): \"\"\"docstring\"\"\" def __init__ ( self , parameters ): super () . __init__ ( parameters ) self . attribute = value \u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 __init__() \u9700\u8981\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 __init__() \u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 super() \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9 Python \u5c06\u7236\u7c7b\u548c\u5b50\u7c7b\u5173\u8054\u8d77\u6765\u3002 super().__init__(parameters) \uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 __init__() \u3002 \u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 \u5c06\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7528\u4f5c\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c7b\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u62c6\u5206\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u534f\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u7c7b\u3002 Python \u6807\u51c6\u5e93 \u00b6 collections \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7c7b OrderedDict \u7c7b\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u987a\u5e8f \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5f02\u5e38 \u00b6 with \u8bed\u53e5\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u5173\u95ed\u3002 with open ( filename ) as file_object : contents = file_object . read () # \u8bfb\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6 for line in file_object : # \u9010\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6 print ( line . rstrip ()) open() \uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5\u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u8003\u8003\u4f60 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\uff1f \u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u884c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u6b21\u6362\u884c \u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u5168\u90e8\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u5b57\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a .read() \uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6 .write() \uff1a\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\uff1a try-except-else \u4ee3\u7801\u5757 pass \u8bed\u53e5\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5360\u4f4d\u7b26\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u7ed3\u6784\u6b63\u786e\u3002 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801 \u00b6 unittest \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6838\u5b9e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f\u3002 \u5bfc\u5165 unittest \u6a21\u5757\u548c\u8981\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u51fd\u6570 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f unittest.TestCase \u7684\u7c7b import unittest from name_function import get_formatted_name class NamesTestCase ( unittest . TestCase ): \"\"\"\u6d4b\u8bd5name_function.py\"\"\" def test_first_last_name ( self ): \"\"\"\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5904\u7406\u50cfJanis Joplin\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u5417\uff1f \"\"\" formatted_name = get_formatted_name ( 'janis' , 'joplin' ) self . assertEqual ( formatted_name , 'Janis Joplin' ) unittest . main () NamesTestCase \u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4ee5 test_ \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a assertEqual(a, b) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e a == b assertNotEqual(a, b) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e a != b assertTrue(x) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e x \u4e3a True assertFalse(x) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e x \u4e3a False assertIn(item, list) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e item \u5728 list \u4e2d assertNotIn(item, list) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e item \u4e0d\u5728 list \u4e2d setUp() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u53ea\u9700\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a . \uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u901a\u8fc7 E \uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f15\u53d1\u9519\u8bef F \uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65ad\u8a00\u5931\u8d25 \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\u9a6c\u8702\u5c0f\u5efa\u8bae \u00b6 \u7c7b\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u9a7c\u5cf0\u547d\u540d\u6cd5 \u5b9e\u4f8b\u540d\u548c\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u540e\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u90fd\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 Projects \u00b6 Project 2 \u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316 \u00b6 json \u6a21\u5757 \u00b6 \u5728\u7b2c 10 \u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86 json \u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7b80\u5355\u56de\u987e\u590d\u4e60\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u6a21\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a json.dump(data, file_object) \uff1a\u5c06 Python \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a JSON \u683c\u5f0f\u5e76\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 json.load(file_object) \uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6 JSON \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a Python \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u793a\u4f8b\uff1a remember_me.py import json filename = 'username.json' try : with open ( filename ) as file_object : username = json . load ( file_object ) except FileNotFoundError : username = input ( \"What's your name? \" ) with open ( filename , 'w' ) as file_object : json . dump ( username , file_object ) print ( \"We'll remember you when you come back, \" + username + \"!\" ) else : print ( \"Welcome back, \" + username + \"!\" ) matplotlib \u00b6 \u67e5\u9605\u624b\u518c \u9700\u8981\u65f6\u8bf7\u7ffb\u9605\u624b\u518c\u67e5\u627e\u7528\u6cd5 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u529f\u80fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1f \u7ed8\u5236\uff1a\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\u3001\u6563\u70b9\u56fe \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6837\u5f0f\uff1a \u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u6807\u9898\u3001\u5750\u6807\u8f74\u6807\u9898 \u523b\u5ea6\uff08 tick_params \uff09\uff1a\u6807\u8bb0\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u989c\u8272 \u7ebf\u6761\uff1a\u7c97\u7ec6\u3001\u989c\u8272 \u70b9\uff1a\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u989c\u8272 \u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5b57\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f \u751f\u6210\u6570\u636e \u00b6 \u5b8c\u6210\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4efb\u52a1\uff1a \u7ed8\u5236\u4ece 1 \u5230 100 \u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u56fe\u50cf\uff08\u5217\u8868\u89e3\u6790\uff09\u3002 \u7528\u968f\u673a\u6f2b\u6b65\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed8\u5236\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6563\u70b9\u56fe\u548c\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\uff08 random.choice() \uff09\u3002 \u4e3a\u56fe\u8868\u4f7f\u7528\u989c\u8272\u6620\u5c04\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 Pygal \u751f\u6210\u77e2\u91cf\u56fe\u5f62\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u63b7\u9ab0\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u591a\u4e2a\u9ab0\u5b50\u3002 CSV \u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 csv \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u53d6\u548c\u5199\u5165 CSV \u6587\u4ef6\u3002 csv.reader(file_object) \uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bfb\u53d6\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u503c\u3002 next(reader) \uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\uff1a enumerate() \uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u503c\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\u5217\u8868\u3002 datetime \u6a21\u5757\uff1a - strptime() \uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e5\u671f\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u00b6","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5"},{"location":"books/PCC/#python","text":"Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Eric Matthes 2016 Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u4ec5\u4f5c\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5"},{"location":"books/PCC/#_1","text":"Abstract \u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u521b\u5efa Python \u9879\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u3001 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7b49\u3002","title":"\u524d\u7f6e\u77e5\u8bc6"},{"location":"books/PCC/#_4","text":"\u590d\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u8865\u5145 SOP4 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002","title":"\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u8865\u5168"},{"location":"books/PCC/#projects","text":"","title":"Projects"},{"location":"books/PCC/#-strptime","text":"","title":"-   strptime()\uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e5\u671f\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002"},{"location":"books/ProGit/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"\u7cbe\u901a Git \u00b6 ProGit \u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0 Ch1. \u5165\u95e8 \u00b6 Abstract Git \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f Git \u7531 Linux \u793e\u533a\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406 Linux \u5185\u6838\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u3002 Git \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5feb\u7167\u6d41 \u3002\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282\u4f1a\u8bb2\u89e3\u5feb\u7167\u6d41\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u5728\u672c\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-1 \u6563\u5217\uff0840 \u4e2a\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\uff09\u6821\u9a8c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ea\u589e\u52a0\u6570\u636e \u3002 \u4e09\u79cd\u72b6\u6001 \u00b6 Committed Modified Staged \u4e09\u79cd\u533a\u57df \u00b6 Git \u4ed3\u5e93\uff08\u9879\u76ee\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff09 \u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u4ece\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u5355\u6b21\u68c0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\uff09 \u6682\u5b58\u533a\uff08Git \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff09 \u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd \u00b6 Git \u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u914d\u7f6e /etc/gitconfig \uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u7528 --system \u4fee\u6539 ~/.gitconfig \u6216 .config/git/config \uff1a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7528 --global \u4fee\u6539 .git/config \uff1a\u5355\u4e2a\u4ed3\u5e93 \u6bcf\u4e00\u7ea7\u8986\u76d6\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002 \u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u505a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff1a user.name \u548c user.email \u3002 core.editor \u7f16\u8f91\u5668 git config --list \u5217\u51fa Git \u627e\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u91cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u503c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 git config <key> \u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a\u952e\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u83b7\u53d6\u5e2e\u52a9 \u00b6 git help <verb> git <verb> --help man git-<verb> Ch2. Git \u57fa\u7840 \u00b6","title":"\u7cbe\u901a Git"},{"location":"books/ProGit/#git","text":"ProGit \u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0","title":"\u7cbe\u901a Git"},{"location":"books/ProGit/#ch1","text":"Abstract Git \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f Git \u7531 Linux \u793e\u533a\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406 Linux \u5185\u6838\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u3002 Git \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5feb\u7167\u6d41 \u3002\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282\u4f1a\u8bb2\u89e3\u5feb\u7167\u6d41\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u5728\u672c\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-1 \u6563\u5217\uff0840 \u4e2a\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\uff09\u6821\u9a8c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ea\u589e\u52a0\u6570\u636e \u3002","title":"Ch1. \u5165\u95e8"},{"location":"books/ProGit/#ch2-git","text":"","title":"Ch2. Git \u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"books/SFJSRMJD/","text":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ade\u8d5b\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u5178 \u00b6 Ch4. \u9012\u5f52 \u00b6 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa \u00b6 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f \u7cfb\u7edf \u683c\u5f0f Unix ELF DOS COFF Windows PE \u201c\u6bb5\u201d \u662f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u3002\u7528 size \u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u6bb5\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a $ size test text data bss dec hex filename 1934 616 8 2558 9fe test \u5176\u4e2d\uff1a Text Segment\uff1a\u6b63\u6587\u6bb5\uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u6307\u4ee4 Data Segment\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5df2\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf BSS Segment\uff1aBSS \u6bb5\uff0c\u672a\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4 \u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4f4d\u4e8e \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\uff08Stack Segment\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u9020\u6210 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff08Segmentation Fault\uff09 \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u6808\u5e27\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\uff08Stack Overflow\uff09 \u3002 \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u6808\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\uff1a Linux \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 ulimit \u547d\u4ee4\u6307\u5b9a\u3002 ulimit -a \u663e\u793a\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 Windows \u4e2d\uff0c\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002 gcc -W1,--stack=16777216 \u5c06\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 16 MB\u3002 > \u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u7531 ld \u6307\u5b9a\uff0c -W1 \u5c06\u5176\u540e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 ld \u3002","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ade\u8d5b\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u5178"},{"location":"books/SFJSRMJD/#_1","text":"","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ade\u8d5b\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u5178"},{"location":"books/SFJSRMJD/#ch4","text":"","title":"Ch4. \u9012\u5f52"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/","text":"Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 \u00b6 Start Out with Python (Forth Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Tony Gaddis 2019 \u7b80\u8bc4 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u65b0\u624b\u5341\u5206\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u57fa\u7840\u4e14\u8be6\u7ec6\uff08\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f16\u7a0b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u4f1a\u6709\u4e9b\u7e41\u7410\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u8282\u540e\u4f1a\u6709 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \u6a21\u5757\u95ee\u4f60\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7a7f\u63d2\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684 \u805a\u5149\u706f \u6a21\u5757\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5757\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ece\u76ee\u6807\u5230\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5230\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5de9\u56fa\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\uff08\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u70e6\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\uff01Python \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u592a\u591a\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\uff09 \u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7f16\u6392\u6bd4\u300a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u300b\u8981\u597d\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u5b8c\u672c\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u79fb\u6b65\u5230\u300aPython \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u53d9\u8ff0\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ae0\u672b\u4e60\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505a\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u505a\u7684\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\u540e\u7684 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fa\u57ab\u3002\u805a\u5149\u706f\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u90fd\u8981\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5f88\u7ec6\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u8bd5\u4e00\u8bd5\u3002 \u5b9e\u8df5\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981 \u3002 Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0e\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff1f Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u811a\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f IDLE \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3001\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u7f29\u8fdb\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u7b49\u3002 Ch2. \u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f \u00b6 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f \u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u90fd\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff1a\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u524d\uff0c\u8981\u5bf9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9a6c\u4e0a\u9677\u5165\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u628a\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u5730\u4ece\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u59cb\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u51b3\u5b9a\u6b65\u9aa4 \u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe \u7b80\u5355\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u7c7b\u5143\u7d20\uff1a\u692d\u5706\uff08\u7ec8\u6b62\u7b26\uff09\u3001\u5e73\u884c\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff08\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u3001\u77e9\u5f62\uff08\u5904\u7406\uff09 \u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 print() \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\uff1a print('one', end='') \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6253\u5370\u4f1a\u4ee5\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c end \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 sep= \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u5404\u9879\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u7a7a\u683c \u3002 \u5d4c\u5957\u4f7f\u7528 format() \u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u79f0\u4e3a\u683c\u5f0f\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002 print('Your pay is$', format(1123.23, '12,.2f'), sep='') \u6700\u524d\u9762\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u57df\u5bbd\uff08\u53f3\u5bf9\u9f50\uff09\uff0c .2 \u7cbe\u5ea6\uff0c f \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c d \u6574\u6570\uff0c e \u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\uff0c , \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u6570\u5b57\uff0c % \u8f93\u51fa\u4e3a\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u00b6 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 ' \u6216 \" \u62ec\u8d77 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u6216\u6487\u53f7\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\uff1b\u542b\u6709\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77 \u4e09\u5f15\u53f7 \"\"\" \u6216 ' \u53ef\u4ee5\u62ec\u8d77\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ec\u8d77\u8de8\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u6765\uff09 + \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u62fc\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u540c\u6837\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f6c\u4e49\u5e8f\u5217 \u53d8\u91cf \u00b6 \u201c\u5f15\u7528\u201d\u6982\u5ff5 \u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219 == \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u5206\u9694 ==\u7684\u547d\u540d\u6cd5\u5728 Python \u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1 Python \u5173\u952e\u5b57 \u7c7b\u578b \u00b6 int \u548c float \u7c7b\u578b \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570 type() \u5224\u65ad\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b str \u7c7b\u578b Python \u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf \u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e \uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u9879\u91cd\u65b0\u8d4b\u503c \u8bfb\u53d6\u8f93\u5165 \u00b6 input(prompt) \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f62\u5f0f int() \u3001 float() \u4e0e input() \u5d4c\u5957\u8c03\u7528 \u5f02\u5e38\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5f02\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97 \u00b6 // \u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5\uff1a\u4f9d\u636e\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u820d\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f \u6b63\u6570\uff1a\u622a\u65ad \u8d1f\u6570\uff1a\u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165 ** \u6307\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 \u4f8b\u5916 \u6307\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u5171\u4eab\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\uff0c\u5373\uff1a 2**3**4 = 2**(3**4) \u3002 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u5728\u6df7\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u9690\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u6574\u578b\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u3002 int() \u622a\u65ad \u5176\u4ed6 \u00b6 # \u6ce8\u91ca \\ \u884c\u8fde\u63a5\u7b26 \u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u884c\u8fde\u63a5\u7b26 \u6709\u540d\u5e38\u91cf \u00b6 \u5e7b\u6570\uff08magic number\uff09\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6570\u503c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u540d\u5e38\u91cf\u66ff\u4ee3\u5e7b\u6570 \uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u81ea\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\uff08self-explanatory\uff09\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u00b6 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'tkinter' \u5728 WSL \u4e0a import turtle \u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5982\u4e0a\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u5b89\u88c5 tkinter \u5e93\uff1a apt-get install python3-tk turtle.showturtle() forward() , right() , left() , setheading() , heading() penup() , pendown() dot() , circle() \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u9f9f\u9f9f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5706\u7684\u5207\u7ebf\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5706\u5fc3\u3002 pensize() , pencolor() , bgcolor() \u91cd\u8bbe\u5c4f\u5e55\uff1a reset() \u91cd\u7f6e\u753b\u7b14\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5f52\u4f4d\u3001\u64e6\u9664\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u80cc\u666f\u3002 clear() \u64e6\u9664\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u3002 clearscreen() \u91cd\u7f6e\u3001\u5f52\u4e3a\u3001\u91cd\u7f6e\u80cc\u666f\u3002 \u672c\u8282\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9f9f\u9f9f\u753b\u56fe\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 Ch3. \u9009\u62e9\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u903b\u8f91 \u00b6 if \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a if condition : block of statement elif condition : block of statement else : block of statement \u7f29\u8fdb Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u7f29\u8fdb\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002 True \u548c False True \u548c False \u662f Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002 \u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 bool \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u5173\u7cfb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u4e0e C \u4e2d\u76f8\u540c \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83 \uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u539f\u7406\u4e0e C \u4e2d\u7684 strcmp \u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 ASCII \u7f16\u7801 \u518d\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b\u91cd\u8981\u7684 ASCII \u7801 \u5b57\u7b26 \u7801\u4f4d A~Z 65~90 a~z 97~122 0~9 48~57 space 32 Python \u4e2d\u7684 \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u662f\uff1a and \u3001 or \u3001 not \u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u652f\u6301\u77ed\u8def\u5b9a\u503c\uff08Short-Circuit Evaluation\uff09\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u6e38\u620f \u00b6 3.7 \u8282\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u6295\u7403\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 Ch4. \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 while \u5faa\u73af \u00b6 for \u5faa\u73af \u00b6 Python \u4e2d\u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u7528\u4e8e\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u8fed\u4ee3\u5904\u7406\u3002 for variable in [ value1 , value2 , etc . ]: statment \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668 range() \u00b6 \u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u4e3a iterable \u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 range ( start , end , step ) range ( end ) # \u4ece 0 \u5f00\u59cb \u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5217\u8868\u662f\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00\u7684\u3002 \u8003\u8003\u4f60 \u4f7f\u7528 range() \u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee5\u4e0b\u529f\u80fd\uff1a \u7528\u6237\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u6b21\u6570 \u964d\u5e8f\u8fed\u4ee3 \u5faa\u73af\u529f\u80fd \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5faa\u73af\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a \u7f16\u5199\u7d2f\u52a0\u5668 \u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff08augmented assignment operator\uff09 \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u8bb0\uff08Sentinel\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u8bb0\u6570\u636e\u5e8f\u5217\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u503c\uff09\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f \u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5faa\u73af \u542f\u52a8\u8bfb\uff08priming read\uff09 \u5d4c\u5957\u5faa\u73af \u4f7f\u7528\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u7ed8\u56fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u7565\uff09 Ch5. \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd void \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u547d\u540d\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8c03\u7528 \u00b6 def function_name (): statement function_name () \u7a0b\u5e8f\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528 main \u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u8bfb\u53d6 def \u8bed\u53e5\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u8bed\u53e5\u5904\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u3002 Python \u4e2d\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4e60\u60ef\u4f7f\u7528\u56db\u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c\u7f29\u8fdb\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u884c\u3002 \u53ea\u8981\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u884c\u90fd\u7f29\u8fdb\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u3002 Tab \u952e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0e\u7a7a\u683c\u6df7\u7528\u3002 Tip \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u4f1a\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u53c2\u6570 \u6309\u503c\u4f20\u9012 \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f \u00b6 \u4e00\u822c\u9075\u4ece\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u56fe\u793a || funciton || \u3002 \u5c42\u6b21\u56fe\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fd\u6570\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 Tip \u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u56fe\u6765\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002 \u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u00b6 \u4e0e C \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002 \u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u540c\u540d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 Python \u5141\u8bb8\u6307\u5b9a\u5b9e\u53c2\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570 \uff1a parameter_name = value \u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff08keyword argument\uff09\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\uff08position argument\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u3002 \u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf \u00b6 \u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u9650\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8 \u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c \uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u7528 global \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5219\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002 \u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u601d\u8003 \u4ece\u8fd9\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0cPython \u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u521b\u5efa\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002 number = 0 def main (): global number number = int ( input ()) Python \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u5e38\u91cf\u4e00\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u4e0d\u7528 global \u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u6539\u8be5\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u3002 import \u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u7f6e\u5728 Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5982 print \u3001 input \u3001 range \u7b49\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6a21\u5757\uff08module\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u5b89\u88c5 Python \u65f6\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528 import \u8bed\u53e5\u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5e76\u7528 module.function() \u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u3002 import random random . randint () \u968f\u673a\u6570\u5e93\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 random \u5e93\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff1a randint(start, end) \u4ea7\u751f\u95ed\u533a\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6574\u6570 randrange(start, end, step) \u548c range() \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6574\u6570 random() \u4ea7\u751f 0.0 \u5230 1.0 \uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\uff09\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570 uniform(start, end) \u8303\u56f4\u5185\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570 random \u5e93\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u4f2a\u968f\u673a\u6570\u3002\u5bfc\u5165 random \u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u83b7\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79cd\u5b50\u503c\u3002 \u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u7684\u63d0\u793a \u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5ea6\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a 0.01 \u79d2 \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 seed() \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u79cd\u5b50\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u7f16\u5199\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7528 return \u8bed\u53e5\u5c06\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u672c\u8282\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528 IPO \u56fe \u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002 \u5728 Python \u4e2d\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\u5728\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7b49\u53f7\u53f3\u8fb9\u653e\u7f6e\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 def multi_ret ( val1 , val2 ): return val1 , val2 a , b = multiret ( c , d ) math \u5e93 \u00b6 \u9664\u4e86\u548c C \u5e93\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\uff1a ceil() degrees() , radians() exp() floor() hypot(x, y) log10() \u5e38\u91cf\uff1a math.pi math.e \u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u5199\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u548c\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u67e5\u627e\u6a21\u5757\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u6765\u54af\uff01 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 Ch6. \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5f02\u5e38 \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6\u7b80\u4ecb \u00b6 Python \u5141\u8bb8\u5904\u7406 \u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6 \u548c \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6 \uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u53ea\u8bb2\u89e3\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002Python \u540c\u6837\u63d0\u4f9b \u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u53d6 \u548c \u968f\u673a\u5b58\u53d6 \uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u53d6\uff09\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8bbf\u95ee\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u53ea\u8bb2\u89e3\u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u53d6\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002Python \u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 open(filename, mode) \u51fd\u6570 \u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u53ea\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e09\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a r , w , a \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e C \u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f62\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u52a0\u4e0a r \uff1a test_file = open ( r 'C:\\User\\test.txt' , 'w' ) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u7f00 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u7f00 r \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6c\u4e49\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709 write() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u63a5\u53d7\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff1a test_file . write ( string ) \u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6 read() \u8fd4\u56de\u6587\u4ef6\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c readLine() \u8fd4\u56de\u5305\u62ec \\n \u7684\u4e00\u884c\u3002\u8bfb\u53d6\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7a7a\u4e32\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6 close() \u3002 rstrip(str) \u4ece\u53f3\u4fa7\u53bb\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6d88\u9664\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 str() \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u6587\u4ef6\u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 Python \u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u5199\u4f18\u96c5\u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\uff1a for variable in file_object : statement \u8be5\u5faa\u73af\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6bcf\u884c\u8fed\u4ee3\u4e00\u6b21\u3002 \u5904\u7406\u8bb0\u5f55 \u00b6 \u7b2c 6.3 \u8282\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a \u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5904\u7406\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b \uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7814\u8bfb\uff0c\u5199\u4e00\u904d\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u5728\u672c\u8282\u5e94\u5f53\u638c\u63e1\uff1a \u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u663e\u793a\u8bb0\u5f55 \u641c\u7d22\u8bb0\u5f55 \u4fee\u6539\u8bb0\u5f55 \u5220\u9664\u8bb0\u5f55 \u968f\u673a\u5b58\u53d6\u65b9\u6cd5 \u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u91c7\u7528\u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u5220\u9664\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e60\u4f7f\u7528\u968f\u673a\u8bfb\u5199\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b58\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5728\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff1a os.remove() \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u548c os.rename() \u91cd\u547d\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38 \u00b6 \u5f02\u5e38 \u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7a81\u7136\u505c\u6b62\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 try \u548c except \u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7528\u67d0\u4e2a\u6570\u9664\u4ee5 0\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u770b\u89c1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a traceback \u3002 Traceback (most recent call last): File \"C:\\Python\\division.py,\" line 13, in <module> main() ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero traceback \u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u663e\u793a\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u7b80\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u3002 \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u6237 input \u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u76f8\u4e58\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a int() \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4 ValueError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u53e5\u67c4 \u00b6 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u7528\u4e8e\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u65f6\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a try : statement except ExceptionName : statement else : statement finally : statement try \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5 \u5f53 try \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u540e\uff1a \u82e5\u662f except \u8bed\u53e5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5219\u7acb\u523b\u6267\u884c except \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6267\u884c try/except \u5757\u540e\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002 \u82e5\u4e0d\u662f except \u8bed\u53e5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5219\u8f93\u51fa traceback \u5e76\u505c\u6b62 \u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5219 except \u5757\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u5f02\u5e38\u540d\u79f0\u7684 except \u8bed\u53e5\u3002 else \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u53ea\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u3002 finally \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u5728 try \u548c\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u53e5\u67c4\u6267\u884c\u540e\u6267\u884c\uff08\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\uff09\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6267\u884c\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61 \u00b6 \u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a \u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61 \uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u3002 except ValueError as err : \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u505a\u6cd5\u5c06\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u8d4b\u7ed9 err \u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 print() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u663e\u793a Python \u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u9519\u8bef\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u3002 Ch7. \u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4 \u00b6 \u5e8f\u5217 \u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u9879\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u4e24\u79cd \u57fa\u672c\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b \u662f\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u5217\u8868 \u00b6 even_numbers = [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 ] info = [ 'Alice' , 27 , 10.45 ] \u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a list() \u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868\u3002 numbers = list ( range ( 5 )) * \u91cd\u590d\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff1a\u5f53\u5b83\u7684\u5de6\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u53f3\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u526f\u672c\u5e76\u8fde\u63a5 numbers = [ 0 ] * 5 for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e0a\u8fed\u4ee3 list[1] \u4e0b\u6807\u8bbf\u95ee\u79f0\u4e3a \u7d22\u5f15 \u3002 \u8d1f\u7d22\u5f15\u5c06\u4ece\u5217\u8868\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8d1f\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u52a0\u5f97\u5230\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d22\u5f15\u662f [-1] \u3002 \u65e0\u6548\u7d22\u5f15\u5f15\u53d1 IndexError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 len() \u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u3002 \u5207\u7247\uff1a days[2:5] \u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4ece\u7d22\u5f15 2 \u5230\u7d22\u5f15 5 \u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5217\u8868\uff08\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00\uff09\u3002 \u4ece\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\uff1a days[:5] \u76f4\u5230\u5c3e\u90e8\uff1a days[2:] \u6574\u4e2a\u526f\u672c\uff1a days[:] \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b65\u957f\uff1a days[1:8:2] \u65e0\u6548\u7684\u5207\u7247\u7d22\u5f15 \u65e0\u6548\u7684\u5207\u7247\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff1a \u8d85\u8fc7\u5c3e\u90e8\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6 \u8d85\u8fc7\u5934\u90e8\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e start \u5927\u4e8e end \u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u7a7a\u5217\u8868 \u67e5\u627e\uff1a item in list \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\u771f\u3002 list.append(item) list.index(item) \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u629b\u51fa ValueError \u5f02\u5e38 list.insert(index, item) \uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u65e0\u6548\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002 list.sort() \uff0c\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217 list.remove(item) \uff0c\u79fb\u9664\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u629b\u51fa ValueError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 list.reverse() \u5220\u9664\uff1a del list[2] \u6700\u503c\uff1a max() \u548c min() \u62f7\u8d1d\u5217\u8868 \u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u5728 Python \u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528\u5faa\u73af\u548c .append() \u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868 \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff1a list2 = [] + list1 \u5904\u7406\u5217\u8868 \u00b6 \u521b\u5efa\u5217\u8868\u5e76\u904d\u5386\uff1a hours = [ 0 ] * NUM for index in range ( NUM ) statement \u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u7528\u4e0b\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u7528\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 \u5217\u8868\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u5177\u6709\uff1a file.writelines() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6dfb\u52a0\u7a7a\u683c file.readlines() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u8fd4\u56de\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868 \u4e8c\u7ef4\u5217\u8868\uff08\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\uff09 \u00b6 \u5217\u8868\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5217\u8868\u3002 \u5143\u7ec4 \u00b6 \u5143\u7ec4\uff08tuple\uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 tuple = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) \u5143\u7ec4\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u4e0b\u6807\u7d22\u5f15 \u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982 index() \u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u5982 len() \u3001 min() \u548c max() \u5207\u7247 in + \u548c * \u4e0d\u652f\u6301 append \u3001 remove \u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u521b\u5efa\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u52a0\u9017\u53f7 tuple = (1,) \uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ea\u662f\u8d4b\u503c\u3002 list() \u5c06\u5143\u7ec4\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u5217\u8868 tuple() \u5c06\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4 \u4e13\u9898\uff1a matplotlib \u5305 \u00b6 matplotlib \u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install matplotlib \u9644\u5f55 F\uff1a pip \u5de5\u5177 \u8bb8\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7f16\u5199\u7684 Python \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5728 PyPI \u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\u3002 PyPI \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a \u5305 \uff0c\u4ece Python 3.4 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c pip \u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u5165\u6807\u51c6 Python\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u5de5\u5177\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u662f\u5426\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install package_name python3 >>> import package_name \u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757 \u00b6 matplotlib \u5305\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u7684 pyplot \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed8\u56fe\u529f\u80fd\u3002 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt . plot ( arguments ... ) \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u5bfc\u5165\u5e76\u4e3a\u6a21\u5757\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u522b\u540d\u3002\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a\u524d\u7f00\u3002 \u9644\u5f55 E\uff1a import \u8bed\u53e5\u8be6\u89e3 \u4ece\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u5bfc\u5165\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7c7b\uff1a from math import sqrt \u8fd9\u5c06\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u52a0\u4e0a\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u79f0\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1a from math import sqrt, radians \u652f\u6301\u901a\u914d\u5bfc\u5165\uff1a from math import * \u522b\u540d\uff1a as \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e3a\u6a21\u5757\u5206\u914d\u522b\u540d\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684 from \u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a from math import sqrt as sqaure_root, tan as tangent \u6298\u7ebf\u56fe \u00b6 \u521b\u5efa\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u56e0\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5217\u8868 x_coords = [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] y_coords = [ 0 , 3 , 1 ] plt . plot ( x_coords , y_coords , marker = 'o' ) plt . title ( 'title' ) plt . xlabel ( 'x axis' ) plt . ylabel ( 'y axis' ) plt . xlim ( xmin = 1 , xmax = 100 ) plt . xticks ([ 0 , 1 , 2 ], [ 'Baseball' , 'Basketball' , 'Football' ]) plt . grid ( True ) plt . show () marker \u6807\u8bb0\u7b26\u53f7\uff1a s \u25a0 \u65b9\u5f62 square o \u26aa \u5706\u70b9 dot * \u2b50 \u661f\u5f62 D \ud83d\udc8e \u94bb\u77f3\u5f62 \u5982\u679c\u5c06\u6807\u8bb0\u5b57\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7528\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff1a plt.plot(x, y, 'o') \u3002 \u6761\u5f62\u56fe \u00b6 \u6761\u5f62\u56fe\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u8868\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6761\u5f62 \u5de6\u8fb9\u7f18 \u7684 X \u5750\u6807\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6761\u5f62\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002 left_edges = [ 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 ] heights = [ 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 , 500 ] plt . bar ( left_edges , heights , color = ( 'r' , 'g' , 'b' , 'w' , 'k' )) plt . show () width \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6761\u5f62\u56fe\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002 \u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\u3002 plt.barh() \u7ed8\u5236\u6c34\u5e73\u6761\u5f62\u56fe\u3002 \u997c\u56fe \u00b6 \u997c\u56fe\u4f7f\u7528 pie() \u51fd\u6570\u7ed8\u5236\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 pie() \u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u76f8\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002 slices = [ 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 ] plt . pie ( slices ) plt . show () labels \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002 colors \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3002 Ch8. \u6df1\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u00b6 Abstract \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c \u9010\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee \u8fde\u63a5 \u5207\u7247 \u67e5\u627e\u5b50\u4e32 \u91cd\u590d \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5 \u6d4b\u8bd5 \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362 \u5206\u5272 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u4e00\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u8ba1\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u51fa\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77 IndexError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\uff1a len() \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6 + \u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c += \u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5de6\u4fa7\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u7247\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684 Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002 not in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u4e0d\u5217\u51fa\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u53ef\u81ea\u5df1\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a isdigit() isalnum() islower() \u548c C \u633a\u50cf\u7684\u3002 \u4fee\u6539\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a lower() lstrip() \u4ece\u5de6\u4fa7\u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26 lstrip(char) \u4ece\u5de6\u4fa7\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u7b26 rstrip() strip() \u4ece\u5de6\u53f3\u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u767d \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362\uff1a endswith(substring) \u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u5b50\u4e32\u7ed3\u5c3e find(substring) replace(old, new) startswith(substring) \u91cd\u590d\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26 * \uff1a for count in range ( 8 , 0 , - 1 ): print ( 'z' * count ) split(char) \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868 Ch9. \u5b57\u5178\u4e0e\u96c6\u5408 \u00b6 Abstract \u5b57\u5178 \u96c6\u5408 \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316 \u5b57\u5178 \u00b6 \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff1a \u952e\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6574\u6570\u3001\u5143\u7ec4 \u503c\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61 \u521b\u5efa\u5b57\u5178\uff1a\u5c06\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u653e\u5728\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u521b\u5efa\uff1a book = { 'xxx' : '555-111' , 'www' : '666-111' } \u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178\u3002 \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u3002 \u5b57\u5178\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u68c0\u7d22\uff1a dictionary[key] \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u65f6\u629b\u51fa KeyError \u68c0\u67e5 in , not in \u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u66ff\u6362\u5143\u7d20\uff1a dictionary[key] = value \u5220\u9664\uff1a del dictionary[key] \u6570\u91cf\uff1a len() for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u904d\u5386\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u952e \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a clear() get(key, default) \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u65f6\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38 items() \u4ee5\u5143\u7ec4\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u6240\u6709\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u89c6\u56fe\uff0c\u957f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a [('xxx', '555-111'), ('www', '666-111')] keys() \u8fd4\u56de\u6240\u6709\u952e pop(key, default) \u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u5e94\u503c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u952e\u503c\u5bf9 popitem() \u4ee5\u5143\u7ec4\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u968f\u673a\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u5e76\u5220\u9664 \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c \u591a\u91cd\u8d4b\u503c \uff1a key, value = dictionary.popitem() \uff0c\u591a\u91cd\u8d4b\u503c\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u952e\u548c\u503c \u5206\u522b \u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 values() \u96c6\u5408 \u00b6 \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u7ec4 \u552f\u4e00 \u503c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u5b83\u65e0\u5e8f\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u96c6\u5408\uff1a myset = set () \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a set() \u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\u6216\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684 \u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5143\u7d20 \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8 \u53bb\u91cd \u5e76\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u9012\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982 set('aa', 'bb') \u3002 \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a len() for \u5faa\u73af\u8fed\u4ee3 in \u548c not in \u5bf9\u8c61\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a .add() .update() \u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5143\u7d20 .remove() \u6216 .discard() \u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20 remove() \u4f1a\u629b\u51fa KeyError \u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u800c discard() \u4e0d\u4f1a .clear() \u96c6\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a union(set2) intersection(set2) difference(set2) \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 - \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 symmetric_difference(set2) \u8fd4\u56de\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6\uff09 \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 ^ \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 issubset(set2) \u662f\u5426\u662f\u5b50\u96c6 issuperset() \u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 <= \u548c => \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\uff08Pickling\uff09 \u00b6 \u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u8282\u6d41\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u79f0\u4e3a \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316 \u3002\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684 pickle \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002 import pickle outputfile = open ( 'mydata.dat' , 'wb' ) pickle . dump ( object , outputfile ) outputfile . close () inputfile = open ( 'mydata.dat' , 'rb' ) object = pickle . load ( file ) inputfile . close () \u5f53\u8bfb\u53d6\u8d85\u8fc7\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u65f6\uff0c load() \u629b\u51fa EOFError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u524d\u9762\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\uff1a while not end_of_file : try : person = pickle . load ( input_file ) except EOFError : end_of_file = True Note Python \u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982 C \u90a3\u6837\u7eaf\u51c0\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728 C \u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 fwrite() \u5411\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\u82e5\u5c06 Python \u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5bf9\u8c61\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u89e3\u7801\u51fa\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5219\u524d\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bb0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 Ch10. \u7c7b\u4e0e\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 Abstract \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b \u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b \u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u601d\u60f3\u5728 C++ \u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u516c\u5171\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b \u00b6 class Coin : def __init__ ( self ): self . sideup = 'heads' def toss ( self ): if random . randint ( 0 , 1 ) == 0 self . sideup = 'heads' else : self . sideup = 'tails' \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9700\u8981 self \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u547d\u540d\u4e3a self \u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002 \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7c7b\u90fd\u5177\u6709 __init__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u4e0a\u9762\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c sideup \u5c5e\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u7684\u3002\u8981\u9690\u85cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c \u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5f00\u5934 \uff0c\u5982 __sideup \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b \u00b6 def main (): mycoin = Coin () \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u6a21\u5757\u5316 \u00b6 \u628a\u7c7b\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 import \u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff1a import coin def main (): mycoin = coin . Coin () \u8bb0\u5f97\u52a0\u4e0a\u5305\u540d\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 __str__() \u628a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 print() \u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a \u8bbf\u95ee\u5668\uff08Accessor \u6216 getter\uff09\uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u5b83\u3002 \u4fee\u6539\u5668\uff08Mutator \u6216 setter\uff09\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u5b9e\u4f8b \u00b6 \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u5e8f\u5217\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7c7b\u7684\u6280\u5de7 \u4e66\u672c 10.4 \u8282\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7c7b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5b8c\u6574\u9605\u8bfb\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u52a8\u4ece\u6587\u5b57\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7c7b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7684 AI \u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u5f0f\u3002 Ch.11 \u7ee7\u627f \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7528\u8bcd \u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a \u8d85\u7c7b = \u57fa\u7c7b \u5b50\u7c7b = \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b \u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd is a \u5173\u7cfb \uff0c\u5373\u5b50\u7c7b\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u540d\u540e\u8ddf\u4e0a\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u540d\u5373\u53ef\uff1a class Car ( Automobile ): def __init__ ( self , ... ): Automobile . __init__ ( self , ... ) self . __xxx = xxx \u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u8c03\u7528\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 \u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282 \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u7b2c 12\u300113 \u5f20\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9012\u5f52\u548c GUI \u7f16\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u8bf7\u79fb\u6b65\u81f3\uff1a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5","title":"Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#python","text":"Start Out with Python (Forth Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Tony Gaddis 2019 \u7b80\u8bc4 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u65b0\u624b\u5341\u5206\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u57fa\u7840\u4e14\u8be6\u7ec6\uff08\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f16\u7a0b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u4f1a\u6709\u4e9b\u7e41\u7410\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u8282\u540e\u4f1a\u6709 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \u6a21\u5757\u95ee\u4f60\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7a7f\u63d2\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684 \u805a\u5149\u706f \u6a21\u5757\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5757\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ece\u76ee\u6807\u5230\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5230\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5de9\u56fa\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\uff08\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u70e6\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\uff01Python \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u592a\u591a\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\uff09 \u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7f16\u6392\u6bd4\u300a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u300b\u8981\u597d\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u5b8c\u672c\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u79fb\u6b65\u5230\u300aPython \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u53d9\u8ff0\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ae0\u672b\u4e60\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505a\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u505a\u7684\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\u540e\u7684 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fa\u57ab\u3002\u805a\u5149\u706f\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u90fd\u8981\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5f88\u7ec6\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u8bd5\u4e00\u8bd5\u3002 \u5b9e\u8df5\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981 \u3002","title":"Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch1","text":"\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff1f Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u811a\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f IDLE \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3001\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u7f29\u8fdb\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u7b49\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0e\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch2","text":"","title":"Ch2. \u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u8f93\u51fa"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch3","text":"","title":"Ch3. \u9009\u62e9\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u903b\u8f91"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch4","text":"","title":"Ch4. \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u6784"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch5","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd void \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u547d\u540d\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u540c\u3002","title":"Ch5. \u51fd\u6570"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch6","text":"","title":"Ch6. \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5f02\u5e38"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch7","text":"\u5e8f\u5217 \u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u9879\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u4e24\u79cd \u57fa\u672c\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b \u662f\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u3002","title":"Ch7. \u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#matplotlib","text":"matplotlib \u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install matplotlib \u9644\u5f55 F\uff1a pip \u5de5\u5177 \u8bb8\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7f16\u5199\u7684 Python \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5728 PyPI \u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\u3002 PyPI \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a \u5305 \uff0c\u4ece Python 3.4 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c pip \u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u5165\u6807\u51c6 Python\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u5de5\u5177\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u662f\u5426\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install package_name python3 >>> import package_name","title":"\u4e13\u9898\uff1amatplotlib \u5305"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch8","text":"Abstract \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c \u9010\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee \u8fde\u63a5 \u5207\u7247 \u67e5\u627e\u5b50\u4e32 \u91cd\u590d \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5 \u6d4b\u8bd5 \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362 \u5206\u5272 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u4e00\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u8ba1\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u51fa\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77 IndexError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\uff1a len() \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6 + \u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c += \u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5de6\u4fa7\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u7247\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684 Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002 not in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002","title":"Ch8. \u6df1\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch9","text":"Abstract \u5b57\u5178 \u96c6\u5408 \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316","title":"Ch9. \u5b57\u5178\u4e0e\u96c6\u5408"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch10","text":"Abstract \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b \u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b \u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u601d\u60f3\u5728 C++ \u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u516c\u5171\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002","title":"Ch10. \u7c7b\u4e0e\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch11","text":"\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7528\u8bcd \u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a \u8d85\u7c7b = \u57fa\u7c7b \u5b50\u7c7b = \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b \u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd is a \u5173\u7cfb \uff0c\u5373\u5b50\u7c7b\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u540d\u540e\u8ddf\u4e0a\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u540d\u5373\u53ef\uff1a class Car ( Automobile ): def __init__ ( self , ... ): Automobile . __init__ ( self , ... ) self . __xxx = xxx \u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u8c03\u7528\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002","title":"Ch.11 \u7ee7\u627f"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#_46","text":"\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c 12\u300113 \u5f20\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9012\u5f52\u548c GUI \u7f16\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u8bf7\u79fb\u6b65\u81f3\uff1a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5","title":"\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/","text":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5730\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u7f16\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9884\u4fee\u8981\u6c42\u662f\uff1a \u5bf9 C/C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u5bf9 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u7ecf\u9a8c \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a\u8ddf\u7740\u505a\uff0c\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u89e3\u51b3\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u6bcf\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u9644\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8282\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ee3\u7801\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u3002","title":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/#_1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5730\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u7f16\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9884\u4fee\u8981\u6c42\u662f\uff1a \u5bf9 C/C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u5bf9 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u7ecf\u9a8c \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a\u8ddf\u7740\u505a\uff0c\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u89e3\u51b3\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u6bcf\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u9644\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8282\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ee3\u7801\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u3002","title":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter1/","text":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5feb\u901f\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u521d\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u6ca1\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e00\u5c55\u5f00 \u3002 Amdahl \u5b9a\u5f8b \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u901f\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a \\[ S=\\frac1{(1-\\alpha)+\\alpha/k} \\] \u5176\u4e2d \\(S\\) \u662f\u52a0\u901f\u524d\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(\\alpha\\) \u662f\u6240\u52a0\u901f\u90e8\u5206\u5360\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(k\\) \u662f\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\u548c\u5e76\u884c \u4e66\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a \u5e76\u53d1\uff08concurrency\uff09\u6307\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002 \u5e76\u884c\uff08parallelism\uff09\u6307\u4f7f\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002 \u66f4\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e76\u884c\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5728 \u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u4e92\u4e0d\u5e72\u6270 \u7684\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u5b89\u6392\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f7c\u6b64\u7a7f\u63d2\u7740\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5e76\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e70\u83dc\u3001\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u53bb\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8def\u9014\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u4f60\u7684\u786e\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u505a\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1b\u4f46\u8fdb\u83dc\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u63a5\u5a03\u4e09\u8005\u662f\u4e92\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u53ea\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4ef6\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5141\u8bb8\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e72\u6270\u3002 \u4e32\u884c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e76\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u5b89\u6392\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u884c\u201d\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u6267\u884c\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u4e86\u89e3\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\uff1a \u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ea7\u5e76\u53d1 \u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b \u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f \u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u72ec\u5360\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3001\u4e3b\u5b58\u548c I/O \u8bbe\u5907\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 \u5e76\u53d1 \u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u9519\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362 \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 \u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u90fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c \u5171\u4eab\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u5168\u5c40\u6570\u636e \u3002 \u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u6ee1\u8db3\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5728 \u591a\u5904\u7406\u5668 \u53ef\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u6781\u5927\u63d0\u5347\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002 \u8d85\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u53c8\u79f0\u540c\u65f6\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff0c\u6307 CPU \u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\u662f CPU \u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u786c\u4ef6\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter1/#ch1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5feb\u901f\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u521d\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u6ca1\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e00\u5c55\u5f00 \u3002 Amdahl \u5b9a\u5f8b \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u901f\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a \\[ S=\\frac1{(1-\\alpha)+\\alpha/k} \\] \u5176\u4e2d \\(S\\) \u662f\u52a0\u901f\u524d\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(\\alpha\\) \u662f\u6240\u52a0\u901f\u90e8\u5206\u5360\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(k\\) \u662f\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\u548c\u5e76\u884c \u4e66\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a \u5e76\u53d1\uff08concurrency\uff09\u6307\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002 \u5e76\u884c\uff08parallelism\uff09\u6307\u4f7f\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002 \u66f4\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e76\u884c\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5728 \u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u4e92\u4e0d\u5e72\u6270 \u7684\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u5b89\u6392\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f7c\u6b64\u7a7f\u63d2\u7740\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5e76\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e70\u83dc\u3001\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u53bb\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8def\u9014\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u4f60\u7684\u786e\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u505a\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1b\u4f46\u8fdb\u83dc\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u63a5\u5a03\u4e09\u8005\u662f\u4e92\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u53ea\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4ef6\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5141\u8bb8\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e72\u6270\u3002 \u4e32\u884c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e76\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u5b89\u6392\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u884c\u201d\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u6267\u884c\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u4e86\u89e3\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\uff1a \u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ea7\u5e76\u53d1 \u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b \u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f \u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u72ec\u5360\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3001\u4e3b\u5b58\u548c I/O \u8bbe\u5907\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 \u5e76\u53d1 \u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u9519\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362 \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 \u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u90fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c \u5171\u4eab\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u5168\u5c40\u6570\u636e \u3002 \u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u6ee1\u8db3\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5728 \u591a\u5904\u7406\u5668 \u53ef\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u6781\u5927\u63d0\u5347\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002 \u8d85\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u53c8\u79f0\u540c\u65f6\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff0c\u6307 CPU \u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\u662f CPU \u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u786c\u4ef6\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 \u00b6 2.1 \u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u7f16\u7801\u6709\u5173\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u9605\u8bfb\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002 \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff1a \u719f\u8bb0 A, C, F \u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u5bf9\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u505a\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u501f\u4f4d\uff1f \u5b57\u957f \u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5b57\u957f\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u79f0\u957f\u5ea6\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u6216\u201c64 \u4f4d\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002 gcc \u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 -m32 \u548c -m64 \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u957f\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f C \u6807\u51c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8303\u56f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e0b\u754c\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0a\u754c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 C99 \u5f15\u5165\u7684 int32_t \u548c int64_t \u7b49\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\uff0c char \u7c7b\u578b\u672a\u4f5c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u5bfb\u5740\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f \u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740\u662f\u6240\u5360\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002 Intel \u673a\u5668\u4e00\u822c\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\u5b57\u8282\u653e\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 0x123456 \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u987a\u5e8f\u653e\u7f6e\u4e3a 56 34 12 \u3002 Android \u548c iOS \u90fd\u53ea\u80fd\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 ARM \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5927\u7aef/\u5c0f\u7aef\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u9001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u7f16\u5199\u89c4\u907f \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u4e66\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 show_bytes \u4f8b\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u3002 Note \u6307\u9488\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u544a\u8bc9 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u5f85\u8be5\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e66\u672c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6240\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 \u638c\u63e1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5e03\u5c14\u8fd0\u7b97\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u201c\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002 \u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u7f16\u7801\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\u9898\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u7528 a^a=0 \u6027\u8d28\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u4e09\u53d8\u91cf\u4ea4\u6362\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4f46\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6307\u9488\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6362\u65f6\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6784\u9020\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u771f\u503c\u8868\u5bfb\u627e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b80\u8bb0\uff1a\u53f3\u79fb\u65f6\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u8865 0\uff0c\u7b97\u6570\u8865\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u3002\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\u53d6\u6a21\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u4f4e\u4e8e\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002 2.2 \u6574\u6570\u8868\u793a \u00b6 \u8df3\u8fc7\uff01 2.3 \u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6","title":"Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#ch2","text":"","title":"Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#21","text":"Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u7f16\u7801\u6709\u5173\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u9605\u8bfb\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002 \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff1a \u719f\u8bb0 A, C, F \u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u5bf9\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u505a\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u501f\u4f4d\uff1f \u5b57\u957f \u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5b57\u957f\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u79f0\u957f\u5ea6\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u6216\u201c64 \u4f4d\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002 gcc \u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 -m32 \u548c -m64 \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u957f\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f C \u6807\u51c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8303\u56f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e0b\u754c\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0a\u754c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 C99 \u5f15\u5165\u7684 int32_t \u548c int64_t \u7b49\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\uff0c char \u7c7b\u578b\u672a\u4f5c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u5bfb\u5740\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f \u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740\u662f\u6240\u5360\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002 Intel \u673a\u5668\u4e00\u822c\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\u5b57\u8282\u653e\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 0x123456 \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u987a\u5e8f\u653e\u7f6e\u4e3a 56 34 12 \u3002 Android \u548c iOS \u90fd\u53ea\u80fd\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 ARM \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5927\u7aef/\u5c0f\u7aef\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u9001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u7f16\u5199\u89c4\u907f \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u4e66\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 show_bytes \u4f8b\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u3002 Note \u6307\u9488\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u544a\u8bc9 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u5f85\u8be5\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e66\u672c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6240\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 \u638c\u63e1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5e03\u5c14\u8fd0\u7b97\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u201c\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002 \u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u7f16\u7801\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\u9898\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u7528 a^a=0 \u6027\u8d28\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u4e09\u53d8\u91cf\u4ea4\u6362\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4f46\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6307\u9488\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6362\u65f6\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6784\u9020\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u771f\u503c\u8868\u5bfb\u627e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b80\u8bb0\uff1a\u53f3\u79fb\u65f6\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u8865 0\uff0c\u7b97\u6570\u8865\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u3002\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\u53d6\u6a21\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u4f4e\u4e8e\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002","title":"2.1 \u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#22","text":"\u8df3\u8fc7\uff01","title":"2.2 \u6574\u6570\u8868\u793a"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#23","text":"","title":"2.3 \u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5b66\u4e60\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u7ae0\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u638c\u63e1\u7f16\u8bd1\u3001\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u9605\u8bfb\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177 \u00b6 gcc -Og -S test.c -S : \u8c03\u7528 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210 \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801 \uff08 .s \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -c : \u8c03\u7528 \u6c47\u7f16\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210\u672a\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u6ca1\u586b\u5165\u5168\u5c40\u503c\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff09\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 \u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \uff08 .o \u6216 .obj \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -o : \u6307\u5b9a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \u540d\uff08 .exe \u6216\u65e0\u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -Og : \uff08\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\uff09\u751f\u6210\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u59cb C \u4ee3\u7801\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u5177\u3002 -O1, -O2 : \u8f83\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4f18\u5316 objdump -d test.o -f : display file header information GDB \u8c03\u8bd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u4ee3\u7801 \u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u786e\u5b9a\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 (gdb) x/14xb multstore 3.1 \u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u70b9 \u00b6 Intel \u5904\u7406\u5668\u7cfb\u5217\u79f0\u4e3a x86 \u3002 x86-64 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00 \uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\u548c\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002 \u5b83\u517c\u5bb9\u5b83\u7684 32 \u4f4d\u524d\u8eab\u2014\u2014 IA32 \uff08INtel Architecture 32-bit\uff09\u3002 8086 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5355\u82af\u7247\u300116 \u4f4d\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 i386 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u6269\u5c55\u5230 32 \u4f4d\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 \u5e73\u5766\u5bfb\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f \uff0cLinux \u548c Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 3.2 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u7801 \u00b6 \u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7f16\u7a0b\u524d\uff0c\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e24\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u67b6\u6784\u548c\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u67b6\u6784/\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784 \uff08Instruction Set Architecture, ISA\uff09\uff1a\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u7406\u5668\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u6307\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u6307\u4ee4\u5bf9\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 ISA \u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u786c\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\u8fdc\u6bd4\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u6267\u884c\u8bb8\u591a\u6307\u4ee4\u3002 \u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740 \uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u6a21\u578b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u800c\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u9645\u5b9e\u73b0\u662f\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7ec4\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7f16\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u89c1\u5230 C \u5bf9\u4f60\u9690\u85cf\u7684 \u5904\u7406\u5668\u72b6\u6001 \uff1a \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\uff08Program Counter\uff09\uff1a %rip \uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0b\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002 \u6574\u6570 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u5305\u542b 16 \u4e2a\u547d\u540d\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5b58\u50a8 64 \u4f4d \u503c\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u5730\u5740\uff08\u6307\u9488\uff09\u6216\u6574\u6570\u6570\u636e\u3002 \u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u7a0b\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e34\u65f6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 \u6761\u4ef6\u7801 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a\u6700\u8fd1\u6267\u884c\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0 \u63a7\u5236\u6216\u6570\u636e\u6d41 \u4e2d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u5316 \u4e00\u7ec4 \u5411\u91cf \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6574\u6570/\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u3002 \u4ece C \u5230\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a \u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u5c06\u5185\u5b58\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u770b\u4f5c \u6309\u5b57\u8282\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u6570\u7ec4 \u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740 \u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5185\u5b58\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u9700\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684 \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6808 \uff0c\u7528\u6237\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u5757\uff08malloc\uff09\u3002 \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ffb\u8bd1\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u5185\u5b58\u7269\u7406\u5730\u5740 \u3002 \u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4\u4ec5\u6267\u884c\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u76f8\u52a0\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9001\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u5230\u65b0\u6307\u4ee4\u5730\u5740 \u3002\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u7279\u6027\uff1a x86-64 \u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u957f\u5ea6\uff1a1-15 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u4e0d\u7b49\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u6240\u9700\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u8f83\u5c11 \u6307\u4ee4\u8bbe\u8ba1\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a\u67d0\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b57\u8282\u53ef\u4ee5\u552f\u4e00\u89e3\u7801\u6210\u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u5982\u53ea\u6709 pushq %rbx \u662f\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u503c 53 \u5f00\u5934 \u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\uff1a\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u5e8f\u5217\u786e\u5b9a\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\uff1b\u6307\u4ee4\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e GCC \u6709\u4e9b\u7ec6\u5fae\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 GCC \u7701\u7565\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6307\u4ee4\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684 q\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540e\u7f00\u662f \u5927\u5c0f\u6307\u793a\u7b26 \uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565 \u5bf9 \u4e00\u7ec4\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6 \u8fd0\u884c\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u7ec8\u6b62\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u548c\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u4ee3\u7801 \u94fe\u63a5\u540e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5de6\u4fa7\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u5c06\u5730\u5740\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\uff1b\u4e14\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u586b\u5145\u4e86 callq \u6307\u4ee4\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff08\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u627e\u5230\u5339\u914d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09 nop(hex = 90) \u6307\u4ee4\uff1a\u5bf9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u53d8\u4e3a 16 \u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u653e\u7f6e\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a . \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u884c\u90fd\u662f\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u548c \u94fe\u63a5\u5668 \u7684\u4f2a\u6307\u4ee4 \u4e66\u672c\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u57fa\u4e8e ATT \uff0c\u4e0e GCC\u3001OBJDUMP \u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u76f8\u540c Intel \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u88ab Microsoft \u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6240\u91c7\u7528 \u7701\u7565\u6307\u793a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u540e\u7f00\u5982 q \u7701\u7565\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u524d\u7684 % \u63cf\u8ff0\u5185\u5b58\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c \u5217\u51fa\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0e ATT \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u5f15\u8d77\u6781\u5927\u56f0\u60d1 \u5728 C \u4e2d\u5d4c\u5165\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a \u7528\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u5199\u6574\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728 \u94fe\u63a5 \u9636\u6bb5\u5408\u5e76 \u5229\u7528 GCC \u76f4\u63a5\u5728 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d \u5d4c\u5165\u4ee3\u7801\uff08\u5185\u8054\u6c47\u7f16 inline assembly\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 asm \u4f2a\u6307\u4ee4\u5728 C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u3002 \u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u76f8\u5173 3.3 \u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f \u00b6 \u672f\u8bed\uff1a \u5b57\u8282 byte: 8 \u4f4d \u5b57 word\uff1a16 \u4f4d \u53cc\u5b57 double words\uff1a32 \u4f4d\uff0832 \u4f4d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u957f\u5b57 long word\uff09 \u56db\u5b57 quad words\uff1a64 \u4f4d C \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b Intel \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u540e\u7f00 \u5927\u5c0f(byte) \u5927\u5c0f(bit) char \u5b57\u8282 b 1 8 short \u5b57 w 2 16 int \u53cc\u5b57 l 4 32 long \u56db\u5b57 q 8 64 \u6307\u9488 \u56db\u5b57 q 8 float \u5355\u7cbe\u5ea6 s 4 double \u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6 l 8 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9001\u6307\u4ee4\u6709\uff1a movb, movw, movl, movq \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4 \u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 3.4 \u8bbf\u95ee\u4fe1\u606f \u00b6 Summary: x86-64 \u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 \u901a\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a16 \u4e2a\u5b58\u50a8 64 \u4f4d\u503c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5 %r \u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u540d\u662f\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u5316\u9020\u6210\u7684 %rsp %esp %sp %spl : \u6808\u6307\u9488\u6700\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\uff0c\u6307\u660e\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6808\u7684 \u7ed3\u675f\u4f4d\u7f6e \uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u660e\u786e\u8bfb\u5199\u8be5\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 %rax %eax %ax %al : \u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u7528 %rbx %ebx %bx %bl : \u8c03\u7528\u8005\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002c,d \u662f\uff0c\u7b2c 4\u30013 \u4e2a\u53c2\u6570 %rdi %edi %di %dil : \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f s \u6761\u4ef6\u7801\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a PF(parity flag) : \u5947\u5076\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5f53\u6267\u884c\u7b97\u672f\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f97\u5230 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c \u7684\u4f4e 8 \u4f4d\u4e2d\u6709\u5076\u6570\u4e2a 1\uff0c\u8be5\u4f4d\u7f6e 1\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u7f6e 0\u3002\u5728 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u8ba1\u7b97\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981 7 \u6b21\u4f4d\u79fb\u3001\u63a9\u7801\u3001\u5f02\u6216\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002 \u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5c0f\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206 \u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5b57\u8282 \u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff1a1\u30012 \u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\uff0c 4 \u5b57\u8282\u6307\u4ee4\u5c06\u9ad8\u4f4d\u5168\u90e8\u7f6e 0 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ece IA32 \u5230 x86-64 \u6269\u5c55\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u7684 \u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u00b6 \u6570\u636e\u8bfb\u51fa\uff1a\u5e38\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58\uff1b\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u653e\uff1a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58 \u7acb\u5373\u6570 \uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5e38\u6570\u503c\uff1a $0x1F \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6 C \u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u8868\u793a\u6574\u6570\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u6307\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u7acb\u5373\u6570 \u503c\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u540c \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \uff1a r_a \u8868\u793a\u4efb\u610f\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0c R[r_a] \u8868\u793a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u503c \u5185\u5b58\u5f15\u7528 \uff1a \u6839\u636e \u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u8bbf\u95ee\u67d0\u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 M_b[Addr] \uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u4ece Addr \u5f00\u59cb\u7684 \\(b\\) \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5e38\u7701\u53bb\u4e0b\u6807 \\(b\\) \u5185\u5b58\u5f15\u7528 \u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u56db\u5b57\u957f\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7ed9\u51fa \uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6216\u53cc\u5b57 \u5bfb\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f \uff1a Imm(r_b, r_i, s) = M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i]*s] \u6bd4\u4f8b\u53d8\u5740\u5bfb\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\u901a\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f Imm : \u7acb\u5373\u6570\u504f\u79fb R[r_b] : \u57fa\u5740\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0864 \u4f4d\uff09 R[r_i] : \u53d8\u5740\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0864 \u4f4d\uff09 s : \u6bd4\u4f8b\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f \\(1,2,4,8\\) \u4f8b\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97 260(%rax,%rdx,4) \u7684\u503c \u6307\u4ee4 \u00b6 \u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u6307\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u6bcf\u4e00\u7c7b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684 \u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8981\u6c42 \u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684 \u8bbf\u95ee\u4fe1\u606f \u00b6 \u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9001 \uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6e90/\u76ee\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u6267\u884c\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u76f8\u540c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6267\u884c\u5212\u4e3a\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0d\u540c MOV S,D \u7c7b \uff1a\u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u4ece S \u5230 D movb, movw, movl, movq, movabsq S\uff08\u6e90\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff09 \u5e94\u5f53\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a \u7acb\u5373\u6570 \uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d D\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff09 \u5e94\u5f53\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u8005\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 \u4e24\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5185\u5b58 \uff1a \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8f7d\u5165\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0c\u518d\u5199\u5165\u76ee\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e movq %rax, -12(%rbp) \\\\register--memory 8bytes movb (%rdi, %rcx),%al \\\\memory--register 1bytes movabsq : \u5904\u7406 64 \u4f4d \u7acb\u5373\u6570\u6570\u636e \uff0c\u4ec5\u4ee5 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5e38\u89c4 movq \u4ec5\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4e3a 32 \u4f4d\u8865\u7801\u6570\u5b57 \u7684\u7acb\u5373\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6e90\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55\u5f97\u5230 64 \u4f4d\u503c\uff08\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f \u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55 \uff1f\uff09 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u79fb\u52a8\u6307\u4ee4\u5c06\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6e90\u503c\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u6e90\uff0c \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684 \u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u7f00\u6307\u793a\u6e90\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6307\u793a\u76ee\u7684\u5927\u5c0f MOVZ \u96f6\u6269\u5c55\uff08zero-extend\uff09\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u4f4d\u586b\u5145 0 movzbw, movzbl, movzwl, movzbq, movzwq \u6ca1\u6709 movzlq \u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 movl \u5b9e\u73b0 MOVS \u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55\uff08sign-extend\uff09\uff0c\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u590d\u5236 movsbw, movsbl, movswl, movsbq, movswq, movslq, cltq cltq : \u5c06 %eax \u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55\u5230 %rax \uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e movslq %eax,%rax \u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9001\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b long exchange ( long * xp , long y ){ long x = * xp ; * xp = y ; return x ; } exchange: movq (%rdi), %rax movq %rsi, (%rdi) ret \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u70b9\uff1a \u6307\u9488\u5c31\u662f\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u6307\u9488\u653e\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u95f4\u63a5\u5bfb\u5740\uff09\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u901a\u5e38\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u5f97\u591a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7b26\u53f7/\u96f6\u6269\u5c55\uff08\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6570\u636e\u79fb\u52a8\u6307\u4ee4 \u6280\u80fd\uff1aGCC \u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0a\u6709\u540e\u7f00\uff0c\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u662f\uff1a \u901a\u8fc7\u8bc6\u522b\u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u540e\u7f00 \u538b\u5165\u548c\u5f39\u51fa\u6808\u6570\u636e \uff1a\u6808 \u5411\u4e0b\uff08\u5c0f\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff09\u589e\u957f \uff0c\u6808\u9876\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5730\u5740\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6808\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u5730\u5740\u6700\u4f4e\u7684 pushq, popq pushq %rbp \u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\uff1a subq $8, %rsp; movq %rbq,(%rsp) \uff0c\u5148\u9012\u51cf\u6808\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u503c\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u4f4d\u7f6e \u3010Question\u3011 movq 8(%rsp),%rdx \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f \u7b97\u672f\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u64cd\u4f5c \u00b6 \u5206\u6210\u56db\u7ec4\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5740\u3001\u4e00\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u4e8c\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u79fb\u4f4d leaq INC,DEC,NEG,NOT ADD,SUB,IMUL,XOR,OR,AND SAL,SHL,SAR,SHR \u52a0\u8f7d\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5740\uff08load effective address\uff09\uff1a \u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8bfb\u5165\u6570\u636e \uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5c06\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5740\u5199\u5165* \u76ee\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff09 leaq 7(%rdx,%rdx,4),%rax leaq \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7075\u6d3b\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u5e38\u5e38\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c \u52a0\u6cd5\u548c\u6709\u9650\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e58\u6cd5 \uff0c\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u7b80\u5355\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u5904 \u4e00\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u6e90\u53c8\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 \u4e8c\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u65e2\u662f\u6e90\u53c8\u662f\u76ee\u7684 \uff0c\u6e90\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u7acb\u5373\u6570\u3001\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u4f4d\u7f6e \uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u4f4d\u7f6e \u5f53\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u65f6\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8bfb\u51fa\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u518d\u5199\u56de \u79fb\u4f4d\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u7ed9\u51fa \u79fb\u4f4d\u91cf\uff08\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u7acb\u5373\u6570\u6216\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u5355\u5b57\u8282 %cl \u4e2d\uff09 \uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9879\u662f\u8981\u79fb\u4f4d\u7684\u6570 \u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u79fb\u4f4d\u8303\u56f4\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86 255 \u5bf9 \\(w\\) \u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u79fb\u4f4d\u91cf\u662f\u7531 %cl \u7684\u4f4e \\(\\log_2 w\\) \u4f4d\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u9ad8\u4f4d\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565 \u4f8b\uff1a %cl = 0xFF \u65f6\uff0c salb \u79fb\u52a8 \\(7\\) \u4f4d\uff0c salq \u79fb\u52a8 \\(63\\) \u4f4d \u5de6\u79fb\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684 \u3010\u8ba8\u8bba\u3011 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u8fd0\u7b97\u548c \u8865\u7801\u8fd0\u7b97 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8865\u7801\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u56e0 \u53ea\u6709 \u53f3\u79fb \u64cd\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206\u6709\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7","title":"Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/#ch3","text":"Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5b66\u4e60\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u7ae0\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u638c\u63e1\u7f16\u8bd1\u3001\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u9605\u8bfb\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u3002","title":"Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/#_1","text":"gcc -Og -S test.c -S : \u8c03\u7528 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210 \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801 \uff08 .s \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -c : \u8c03\u7528 \u6c47\u7f16\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210\u672a\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u6ca1\u586b\u5165\u5168\u5c40\u503c\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff09\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 \u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \uff08 .o \u6216 .obj \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -o : \u6307\u5b9a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \u540d\uff08 .exe \u6216\u65e0\u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -Og : \uff08\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\uff09\u751f\u6210\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u59cb C \u4ee3\u7801\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u5177\u3002 -O1, -O2 : \u8f83\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4f18\u5316 objdump -d test.o -f : display file header information GDB \u8c03\u8bd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u4ee3\u7801 \u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u786e\u5b9a\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 (gdb) x/14xb multstore","title":"\u672c\u7ae0\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/#31","text":"Intel \u5904\u7406\u5668\u7cfb\u5217\u79f0\u4e3a x86 \u3002 x86-64 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00 \uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\u548c\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002 \u5b83\u517c\u5bb9\u5b83\u7684 32 \u4f4d\u524d\u8eab\u2014\u2014 IA32 \uff08INtel Architecture 32-bit\uff09\u3002 8086 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5355\u82af\u7247\u300116 \u4f4d\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 i386 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u6269\u5c55\u5230 32 \u4f4d\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 \u5e73\u5766\u5bfb\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f \uff0cLinux \u548c Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002","title":"3.1 \u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u70b9"},{"location":"books/FOCS/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 \u00b6 Foundations Of Computer Science (4 th Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Behrouz A. Forouzan 2022 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u91c7\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u3002\u4ec5\u5728\u672c\u6982\u8ff0\u90e8\u5206\u5217\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587\u76ee\u5f55 \u7ae0\u8282\u76ee\u5f55 \u00b6 \u7b2c 1 \u7ae0 \u7eea\u8bba Introduction \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c 2 \u7ae0 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf Number Systems \u7b2c 3 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8 \u7b2c 4 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u786c\u4ef6 \u7b2c 5 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210 \u7b2c 6 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u56e0\u7279\u7f51 \u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6 \u7b2c 7 \u7ae0 \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf \u7b2c 8 \u7ae0 \u7b97\u6cd5 \u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00 Programming Language \u7b2c 10 \u7ae0 \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b \u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61 \u7b2c 11 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 12 \u7ae0 \u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7b2c 13 \u7ae0 \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 14 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 15 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29 \u7b2c 16 \u7ae0 \u5b89\u5168 \u7b2c 17 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba \u7b2c 18 \u7ae0 \u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd \u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 19 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5bfc\u8bba \u7b2c 20 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898 \u9644\u5f55 \u9644\u5f55 A Unicode \u9644\u5f55 B UML \u9644\u5f55 C \u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801 \u9644\u5f55 D \u7ed3\u6784\u56fe \u9644\u5f55 E \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7535\u8def \u9644\u5f55 F C\u3001C++ \u548c Java \u7a0b\u5e8f\u793a\u4f8b \u9644\u5f55 G \u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6 \u9644\u5f55 H \u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u7ea0\u6b63 \u9644\u5f55 I \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u6574\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u9644\u5f55 J \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 Ch1. \u7eea\u8bba \u00b6 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u901a\u7528 \u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210 \u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c \u3002 \u56fe\u7075\u57281936\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 \u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3 \u539f\u59cb\u8bba\u6587\uff1aOn Computable Numbers\uff0cwith an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem \u672c\u4e66\u4e3e\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff1a\u7531\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u8f83\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7531 4 \u4e2a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u3001\u7b97\u672f\u903b\u8f91\u5355\u5143\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5355\u5143\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5355\u5143\u3002 \u6307\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5386\u53f2 \u673a\u68b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\uff1a1930 \u5e74\u4ee5\u524d \u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1930~1950 \u5e74 \u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1950 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca \u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1959~1965\uff1a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1965~1975\uff1a\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def \u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1975~1985\uff1a\u5fae\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc \u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1985~\uff1a\u638c\u4e0a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u53f0\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u5b58\u50a8\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u865a\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e... \u9644\u5f55 B\uff1aUML \u56fe \u00b6 UML \u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u5efa\u6a21\u8bed\u8a00 Unified Modeling Language\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u89c6\u56fe\u3002 \u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\uff1a \u72b6\u6001\u56fe\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e94\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7 Ch.2 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f \u719f\u6089\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u548c\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u7b97\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0cCSAPP \u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002 CSAPP\uff1a\u5efa\u8bae\u4f60\u53cd\u590d\u9605\u8bfb\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4f60\u5bf9\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6709\u4e86 \u7262\u56fa\u7684\u76f4\u89c9 \u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u975e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7f57\u9a6c\u6570\u5b57\u7b49\uff09 \u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u7528 UML \u56fe\u8868\u793a\uff09 \u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u9664 \u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u4e58 \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a \\(n\\) \u4f4d\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u8ba1\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff1f Ch.3 \u6570\u636e\u50a8\u5b58 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u6587\u672c\u3001\u97f3\u9891\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u9605\u76f8\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6587\u6863\u3002 \u63cf\u8ff0\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b58\u50a8\u6574\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u54ea\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\uff1f\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u6ea2\u51fa\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\uff1f \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u539f\u7801\uff09 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u672c\u4e66\u672a\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff09 CSAPP\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u628a\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u770b\u4f5c\u6743\u91cd\u4e3a \\(-2^{w-1}\\) \u7684\u4f4d \u5c1d\u8bd5\u7ed9\u51fa\u53cd\u7801\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u7801\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u5efa\u7684\uff1f \u6ce8\u610f \u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c \u548c \u6574\u6570\u7684\u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a 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\u6bcf\u79d2\u6837\u672c\u6570 $ R = B \\times S$ \u58f0\u97f3\u7f16\u7801\u6807\u51c6\uff1aMP3\uff08MPEG Layer3\uff09\uff0cS=44100\uff0cB=16\uff0cR=705600b/s\uff0c\u518d\u53bb\u6389\u4eba\u8033\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29 \u5b58\u50a8\u56fe\u50cf \u00b6 \u5149\u6805\u56fe\u6216\u77e2\u91cf\u56fe \u5149\u6805\u56fe \u00b6 \u91c7\u6837\u79f0\u4e3a \u626b\u63cf \uff0c\u6837\u672c\u79f0\u4e3a\u50cf\u7d20 \u89e3\u6790\u5ea6\uff1a\u626b\u63cf\u7387\uff0c\u6bcf\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u65b9\u5757\u8bb0\u5f55\u591a\u5c11\u50cf\u7d20\u3002 \u8272\u5f69\u6df1\u5ea6\uff1a \u771f\u5f69\u8272\uff1a24 \u4f4d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e09\u539f\u8272 RGB \u8868\u793a\u4e3a 8 \u4f4d\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u8272\u5f69\u90fd\u7531 0~255 \u4e4b\u95f4\u8868\u793a \u7d22\u5f15\u8272\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u7d22\u5f15\u8272\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5efa\u7acb\u7d22\u5f15 \u56fe\u50cf\u7f16\u7801\u6807\u51c6\uff1a JPEG \u4f7f\u7528\u771f\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4f46\u538b\u7f29\u56fe\u50cf\u51cf\u5c11\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u91cf GIF \u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u8272\u6a21\u5f0f \u77e2\u91cf\u56fe \u00b6 \u7531\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4f55\u7ed8\u5236\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u547d\u4ee4\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8981\u663e\u793a\u56fe\u50cf\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f9d\u636e\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u5927\u5c0f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u7ed8\u5236\u56fe\u5f62\u3002 TrueType\uff0cPostScript \u548c CAD\uff08\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u77e2\u91cf\u56fe \u5b58\u50a8\u89c6\u9891 \u00b6 \u89c6\u9891\u662f\u968f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u5355\u4e2a\u56fe\u50cf\uff09\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fe\u50cf\uff09\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8868\u73b0 Ch4. \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97 \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u4f4d\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97 \u975e\u3001\u4e0e\u3001\u6216\u548c\u5f02\u6216 \u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u6a21\u62df\u5f02\u6216\uff1f\u5f02\u6216\u7684\u7279\u6027 \u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\uff1a\u6c42\u53cd\u3001\u4f7f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u590d\u4f4d\uff08\u7f6e 0\uff09\u3001\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f4d\uff08\u7f6e 1\uff09\u3001\u4f7f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u53cd\u8f6c \u63a9\u7801 \u79fb\u4f4d\uff08Shift\uff09\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u903b\u8f91\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4e0d\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u6570\u7684\u7b26\u53f7 \u586b 0 \u6216\u5faa\u73af\u79fb\u4f4d\uff08\u65cb\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7b97\uff09 \u7b97\u6570\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u5047\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801 \u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u3002 \u7b97\u6570\u53f3\u79fb\u5bf9\u6574\u6570\u9664\u4e8c\uff0c\u7b97\u6570\u5de6\u79fb\u5bf9\u6574\u6570\u4e58\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd0\u7b97\u672c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6539\u53d8\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d \u7b97\u6570\u53f3\u79fb\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u590d\u5236\u5165\u53f3\u4fa7\u4f4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fdd\u5b58\u7b26\u53f7 \u7b97\u6570\u5de6\u79fb\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5de6\u8fb9\u4e3a\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65b0\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u4e0e\u539f\u5148\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u8fd0\u7b97 \u6210\u529f \uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53d1\u751f\u6ea2\u51fa \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\u4e2d\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u9047\u5230\u51cf\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u52a0\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6570\u6c42\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8865 \u52a0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38 \u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u539f\u7801\uff0c\u53cd\u7801\uff0c\u8865\u7801\u7684\u539f\u7406 \u00b6 \u82b1\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7406\u89e3\u8865\u7801\u7684\u6784\u9020\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u903b\u8f91\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ea\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u51cf\u6cd5 \u7531\u4e8e\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u52a0\u6cd5\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c \u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0b\u7684\u52a0\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ed\u73af \u7531\u4e0a\u9762\u4e09\u6761\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u95ed\u73af\u4e2d\u7528\u52a0\u6cd5\u6a21\u62df\u51cf\u6cd5 \u6570\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(\\omega\\) \u7684\u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6a21\u4e3a \\(2^{\\omega}\\) \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u5728\u957f\u5ea6 \\(0\\sim 2^{\\omega}-1\\) \u7684\u73af\u5185 \u8981\u7528\u52a0\u6cd5\u6a21\u62df\u51cf\u6cd5 \\(a - b = c\\) \uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u627e\u5230 \\(d\\) \u4f7f\u5f97 $ (a + d)mod 2^\\omega = c$ \u753b\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u51fa\u52a0\u5230 \\(c\\) \u548c\u51cf\u5230 \\(c\\) \u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7ed5\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5708\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a \\(d = 2^\\omega - b\\) \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b49\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4ece\u8d1f\u6570 \\(-b\\) \u5230 \\(x_d\\) \u7684\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6620\u5c04\u628a\u8d1f\u6574\u6570 \\(b\\) \u6620\u5c04\u4e3a \\(d = 2^\\omega - b\\) \u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c \\(d\\) \u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f \\(-b\\) \u7684\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u5c31\u662f\u8865\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u5148\u53d6\u53cd\u7801\u518d+1 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u518d\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5 0110 - 0010 = 0100 \u5373 6-2=4 \u4e3a\u4f8b \\(x\\) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u6570 \u627e\u5230 \\(d=10000-0010=1110\\) \u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a \\(d\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53d6\u53cd\u7801\u518d+1 \u7684\u627e\u5230 \u3002 \u539f\u7406\uff1a \\( \\({|x|}_\u53cd+|x| = 2^\\omega-1\\) \\) \\(0110 + 1110 = 10100\\) \u53d6\u6a21\u540e\u5373\u4e3a \\(0100\\) \u539f\u7406\uff1a\u8d1f\u6570\u7684\u8865\u7801\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u52a0\u7b49\u4e8e\u6a21\uff08\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u95ed\u73af\u5185\u7ed5\u4e00\u5708\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09 \\[2^\\omega = x_\u8865 + |x| \\] \u7531\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u7801\u548c\u8865\u7801\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a \\(x_\u8865={|x|}_\u53cd+1\\) \u8981\u628a \\(1110\\) \u6620\u5c04\u4e3a \\(-2\\) \uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u628a\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a \\(-8\\) \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u628a\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7\u4f4d\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a \\(-8\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u5462\uff1f \u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86 \\(-16\\) \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u8f6c\u4e86\u4e00\u5708 \u3002 \\(14-16=-2\\) \u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u9898\u76ee\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f ~x \u7684\u503c\u662f\u591a\u5c11\uff1f \u5199\u51fa\u4e09\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u6570\u5b57\u5230\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\uff0c\u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u6570\u5b57\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u5206\u6bb5\u51fd\u6570\u5206\u7c7b\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u5230\uff0c ~x = \\(-1-x\\) \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\uff08\u539f\u7801\uff09\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u4e00\u5171\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651 8 \u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u52a0\u6cd5 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u7528\u5f02\u6216\u68c0\u67e5\u4e24\u6570\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027 \u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a\u82e5\u7b26\u53f7\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u52a0\uff1b\u82e5\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u51cf\uff08\u51cf\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8865\u7801\u52a0\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u7b26\u53f7 \u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u4e0a\u6ea2\uff1a\u5982\u679c \\(A\\geq B\\) \u5219\u6709\u4e0a\u6ea2\uff08\u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u540e\u820d\u5f03\uff09 \u5982\u679c \\(A < B\\) \u5219\u65e0\u4e0a\u6ea2\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u53d6\u5176\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u90e8\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8865\u7801\u5f0f\u7684\u51cf\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u53d6\u8865\u7801\u5c31\u662f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5148\u524d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u56de\u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8868\u793a\uff09 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u5206\u5f00\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51cf\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7b97\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0e\u8865\u7801\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a17-22\uff0c $ 0010001-0010110 = 0010001 + 1101010 = 1111011$\uff0c\u6240\u5f97\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u8865\u7801\u4ee5\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u5c06\u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a \u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u5bf9\u9f50\u540e\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u683c\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u4e24\u6574\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u6cd5\u548c\u51cf\u6cd5 \u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u52a0\u6cd5 \u53bb\u89c4\u8303\u5316 \u4f7f\u6307\u6570\u76f8\u7b49 \u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4e0a\u6ea2 \u89c4\u8303\u5316 \u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165\uff0c\u505c\u6b62 Ch.5 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210 \u00b6 \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u5b58\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf CPU \u00b6 CPU \u7531\u54ea\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u4f60\u80fd\u8bf4\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f PC\uff0cIR \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u4e3b\u5b58 \u00b6 \u5b57\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5730\u5740\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f64kb\uff0c1b \u5b57\u957f\u7684\u4e3b\u5b58\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1f Note \u5355\u4f4d \u786e\u5207\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570 \u8fd1\u4f3c KB \\(2^{10}\\) 1024 \\(10^3\\) megabyte \\(2^{20}\\) 1048576 \\(10^6\\) gigabyte \\(2^{30}\\) 1073741824 \\(10^{9}\\) \u4e00\u4e2a\u6709 N \u5b57\u7684\u4e3b\u5b58\u9700\u8981\u591a\u957f\u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u5730\u5740\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0 RAM\uff08SRAM\uff0cDRAM\uff09\u548c ROM \u7535\u8111\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff1f\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u5462\uff1f ROM\u3001PROM\u3001EPROM\u3001EEPROM\u3001Flash Memory \u5206\u522b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u8865\u5145\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u7535\u8def\u6807\u8bc6 \u7b80\u8ff0\u975e\u95e8\u3001\u4e0e\u975e\u95e8\u3001\u6216\u975e\u95e8\u7684\u7535\u8def\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u7528\u51e0\u4e2a\u7535\u63a7\u5f00\u5173\uff1f \u518d\u6b21\u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5f02\u6216\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u95e8\u6216\u95e8\u6a21\u62df\uff1f \u6211\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a \\(x XOR y = (x OR y) AND (NOT(xANDy))\\) \u8fd9\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u95e8\u6216\u95e8\u771f\u503c\u8868\u540e\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u7684 \\(xORy=((NOTx)ANDy)OR(xAND(NOTy))\\) \u8fd9\u662f\u601d\u8003\u5f02\u6216\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5c31\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e0e\u95e8\u5224\u65ad \u8865\u5145\uff1a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u90e8\u5206-\u300a\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u300b \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u4e0e\u547d\u9898\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u8865-\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u548c-\u6790\u53d6\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u79ef-\u5408\u53d6 \u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u53d8\u5143\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97 \u601d\u8003\uff1a\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 n \u5143\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff1f \u5438\u6536\u5f8b\uff1a \u00b6 \u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a $ x \\cdot(x^\\prime+y) = x \\cdot y$ \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u5206\u914d\u5f8b\u5f97 \\((x \\cdot x^\\prime)+(x\\cdot y)\\) \u5de6\u4fa7\u662f 0\uff0c\u6d88\u53bb \u300a\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a \\(x+xy=x;x(x+y)=x\\) \u901a\u8fc7\u771f\u503c\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u5e03\u5c14\u548c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86 x \u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u79ef\u524a\u5f31\u4e86 y \u7684\u4f5c\u7528 \u771f\u503c\u8868\u4e0e\u5230\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u4e92\u5316\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5316\u7b80 \u00b6 \u548c\u4e4b\u79ef\u6cd5\u4e0e\u79ef\u4e4b\u548c\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e92\u8865\u9879\u5408\u5e76\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8fd0\u7b97\u5b8c\u5907\u6027\u8bc1\u660e \u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u534f\u4f5c \u00b6 \u4e09\u6761\u603b\u7ebf\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5730\u5740\u3001\u547d\u4ee4 IO \u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u63a5\u5165\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u5668","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#_1","text":"Foundations Of Computer Science (4 th Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Behrouz A. Forouzan 2022 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u91c7\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u3002\u4ec5\u5728\u672c\u6982\u8ff0\u90e8\u5206\u5217\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587\u76ee\u5f55","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#_2","text":"\u7b2c 1 \u7ae0 \u7eea\u8bba Introduction \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c 2 \u7ae0 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf Number Systems \u7b2c 3 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8 \u7b2c 4 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u786c\u4ef6 \u7b2c 5 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210 \u7b2c 6 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u56e0\u7279\u7f51 \u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6 \u7b2c 7 \u7ae0 \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf \u7b2c 8 \u7ae0 \u7b97\u6cd5 \u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00 Programming Language \u7b2c 10 \u7ae0 \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b \u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61 \u7b2c 11 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 12 \u7ae0 \u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7b2c 13 \u7ae0 \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 14 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 15 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29 \u7b2c 16 \u7ae0 \u5b89\u5168 \u7b2c 17 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba \u7b2c 18 \u7ae0 \u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd \u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 19 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5bfc\u8bba \u7b2c 20 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898 \u9644\u5f55 \u9644\u5f55 A Unicode \u9644\u5f55 B UML \u9644\u5f55 C \u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801 \u9644\u5f55 D \u7ed3\u6784\u56fe \u9644\u5f55 E \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7535\u8def \u9644\u5f55 F C\u3001C++ \u548c Java \u7a0b\u5e8f\u793a\u4f8b \u9644\u5f55 G \u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6 \u9644\u5f55 H \u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u7ea0\u6b63 \u9644\u5f55 I \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u6574\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u9644\u5f55 J \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5","title":"\u7ae0\u8282\u76ee\u5f55"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch1","text":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u901a\u7528 \u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210 \u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c \u3002 \u56fe\u7075\u57281936\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 \u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3 \u539f\u59cb\u8bba\u6587\uff1aOn Computable Numbers\uff0cwith an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem \u672c\u4e66\u4e3e\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff1a\u7531\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u8f83\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7531 4 \u4e2a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u3001\u7b97\u672f\u903b\u8f91\u5355\u5143\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5355\u5143\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5355\u5143\u3002 \u6307\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5386\u53f2 \u673a\u68b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\uff1a1930 \u5e74\u4ee5\u524d \u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1930~1950 \u5e74 \u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1950 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca \u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1959~1965\uff1a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1965~1975\uff1a\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def \u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1975~1985\uff1a\u5fae\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc \u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1985~\uff1a\u638c\u4e0a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u53f0\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u5b58\u50a8\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u865a\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e...","title":"Ch1. \u7eea\u8bba"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#buml","text":"UML \u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u5efa\u6a21\u8bed\u8a00 Unified Modeling Language\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u89c6\u56fe\u3002 \u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\uff1a \u72b6\u6001\u56fe\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e94\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7","title":"\u9644\u5f55 B\uff1aUML \u56fe"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch2","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f \u719f\u6089\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u548c\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u7b97\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0cCSAPP \u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002 CSAPP\uff1a\u5efa\u8bae\u4f60\u53cd\u590d\u9605\u8bfb\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4f60\u5bf9\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6709\u4e86 \u7262\u56fa\u7684\u76f4\u89c9 \u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u975e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7f57\u9a6c\u6570\u5b57\u7b49\uff09 \u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u7528 UML \u56fe\u8868\u793a\uff09 \u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u9664 \u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u4e58 \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a \\(n\\) \u4f4d\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u8ba1\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff1f","title":"Ch.2 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch3","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u6587\u672c\u3001\u97f3\u9891\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u9605\u76f8\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6587\u6863\u3002 \u63cf\u8ff0\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b58\u50a8\u6574\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u54ea\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\uff1f\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u6ea2\u51fa\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\uff1f \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u539f\u7801\uff09 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u672c\u4e66\u672a\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff09 CSAPP\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u628a\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u770b\u4f5c\u6743\u91cd\u4e3a \\(-2^{w-1}\\) \u7684\u4f4d \u5c1d\u8bd5\u7ed9\u51fa\u53cd\u7801\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u7801\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u5efa\u7684\uff1f \u6ce8\u610f \u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c \u548c \u6574\u6570\u7684\u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a \u3002\u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u6574\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8d1f\u6570\u624d\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u50a8\u5b58\uff1a\u6d6e\u70b9\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u5177\u6709 \u5f88\u5927\u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5f88\u5c0f\u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6570 \uff09\uff1a\u7b26\u53f7\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf\u548c\u5b9a\u70b9\u6570 \u89c4\u8303\u5316\uff1a\u5b9a\u70b9\u6570\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u5de6\u4fa7\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u96f6\u6570\u7801\u3002\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u540e\uff0c\u5de6\u4fa7\u7684 1 \u9690\u542b\u4e86\u3002 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d6e\u70b9\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u5c3e\u6570\uff1a\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8be5\u6570\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u5b58\u50a8 \u6307\u6570\uff1a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 \u4f59\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf \uff1a\u504f\u79fb\u91cf \\((2^{m-1}-1)\\) \u88ab\u52a0\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u4e2d\uff08m \u4e3a\u5185\u5b58\u5355\u5143\u5927\u5c0f\uff09\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u79fb\u5230\u975e\u8d1f\u7684\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u5982 4 \u4f4d\u5b58\u50a8\u5355\u5143\u4f7f\u7528\u4f59 7 \u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6574\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6216\u8fd0\u7b97\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 IEEE \u6807\u51c6\uff1a\u5355\u8fdb\u5ea6\u4e3a 1\uff0c8\uff0c23\uff1b\u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e3a 1\uff0c11\uff0c52 \u50a8\u5b58\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u8f6c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u5316\uff0c\u50a8\u5b58\u6307\u6570\u548c\u5c3e\u6570\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206 \u8fd8\u539f\uff1a\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u89e3\u7801\u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf\uff0c\u53bb\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u5c3e\u6570\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u8f6c\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7b26\u53f7 \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u4e0a\u6ea2\u548c\u4e0b\u6ea2 \uff1a\u4e3e\u4f8b\u5355\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u6700\u5927\u8d1f\u503c\u4e3a \\(-(1-2^{-24})\\times 2^{+128}\\) \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3e\u6570 23 \u4f4d\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u4e3a \\(2^{24}-1\\) \uff0c\u6307\u6570 8 \u4f4d\u4f59\u7801\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u4e3a \\(2^{8-1}=128\\) \u3002\u6700\u5c0f\u8d1f\u503c\u4e3a \\(-(1-2^{-1})\\times 2^{-127}\\) \u96f6\u7684\u7ea6\u5b9a\uff1a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f \u622a\u65ad\u9519\u8bef \uff1f","title":"Ch.3 \u6570\u636e\u50a8\u5b58"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch4","text":"\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97","title":"Ch4. \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch5","text":"\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u5b58\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf","title":"Ch.5 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits \u00b6 Boolean Algebra \u00b6 ' NOT . AND + OR Logic Gate \u00b6 A logic gate is an electronic device that normally takes 1 to N inputs and creates one output. Implementation of gates \u00b6 The most common implementation uses only three gates: NOT, NAND, and NOR. Because a NAND gate uses fewer componenets than an AND gate. A transistor, when used in gates, behaves like a switch. Several different technologies are used to implement these transistors, include the most known MOSFET.","title":"Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#appendix-e-boolen-algebra-and-logic-circuits","text":"","title":"Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#boolean-algebra","text":"' NOT . AND + OR","title":"Boolean Algebra"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#logic-gate","text":"A logic gate is an electronic device that normally takes 1 to N inputs and creates one output.","title":"Logic Gate"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#implementation-of-gates","text":"The most common implementation uses only three gates: NOT, NAND, and NOR. Because a NAND gate uses fewer componenets than an AND gate. A transistor, when used in gates, behaves like a switch. Several different technologies are used to implement these transistors, include the most known MOSFET.","title":"Implementation of gates"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation \u00b6 These contents are closely related, so I put them together in one note. Abstract Main Topic are these: Model of computer Outline for this book Storing Data Data Operation Ch1. Introduction \u00b6 Turing Model \u00b6 Turing model is a mathematical and philosophical definition of computation. We only care about the philosophical definition here. He defined these things: Data processor: accepts input data, process the data, and creates output data. Program: a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data. Info Turing's thesis can be found here: On Computable Numbers\uff0cwith an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem In the thesis, he presented a mathematical description of the universal Turing machine than can perform all computation. A Chinese explanation can be found here: \u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3 Von Neumann Model \u00b6 Today's computers are based on the von Neumann model . The main difference bewtween Turing model and von Neumann model is that while Turing model stores data in its memory, von Neumann model also stores programs in its memory. The von Neumann model consists of four subsystem: Input/Output Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): calculation and logical operations take place Memory Control Unit: controls all other subsystem Main concepts: Programs and data are stored in memory as binary patterns . Sequential execution of instructions. Computer Componenets \u00b6 This section briefly describes the three parts of computer: hardware, software and data . Please refer to the book. History \u00b6 Ignored. Outline of the course \u00b6 As described in the index note . Ch2. Number Systems \u00b6 In this chapter your main task is to understand the binary, hexadecimal and octal systems, and know how to convert number from one system to another. Any base to decimal conversion \u00b6 Simply multiply each digit with its place value in the source system and add the results to get the number. Decimal to any base \u00b6 Integral part and fractional part are handled differently. Integral part Repetitively divide the source to get the quotient and the remainder. The remainder is inserted to the left of the destination. Until quotient is zero. Fractional part Repetitively multiply the source to get the result. The intergral part is inserted to the right of the destination. Until fractional part is zero or destination digits are enough. Number of digits Given a positional number system with base \\(b\\) , find the number of digits of an integer N. Note The answer is \\(\\left \\lceil \\log_b{N} \\right \\rceil\\) . If we are using \\(K\\) digits in base \\(b_1\\) , we need to know the minimum number of digits \\(x\\) we need in the destination system with base \\(b_2\\) . Note The answer is \\(\\left \\lceil K \\times (\\log_{b_2}b_1) \\right \\rceil\\) . Nonpositional number systems \u00b6 Ignored. Ch3. Data Storage \u00b6 Storing Numbers \u00b6 Integers \u00b6 For representations below, you need to know: how to store, retrieve numbers, overflow situation, application. Unsigned representation Sign-and-magnitude representation Two's complement representation Reals \u00b6 We use floating-point representation to represent reals. It consists of three parts: Sign Shifter Fixed-point number Tip You can compare scientific method with floating-point method. Normalization: Decimal: d.xxxxx , d is 1-9 while x is 0-9. Binary: 1.yyyyy , y is 0 or 1. Then extract three pieces of information: Sign Exponent Mantissa (\u5c3e\u6570): the point and bit 1 to the left of the fixed-point section are not stored. The exponent can be positive and negative. We use Excess system to represent: Add a bias to shift positive or negative numbers uniformly to the nonnegative side. The value of this bias is \\(2^{m-1}-1\\) , \\(m\\) is the size of the memory location to store the exponent.","title":"Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch-1-4-intro-number-data-and-operation","text":"These contents are closely related, so I put them together in one note. Abstract Main Topic are these: Model of computer Outline for this book Storing Data Data Operation","title":"Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch1-introduction","text":"","title":"Ch1. Introduction"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch2-number-systems","text":"In this chapter your main task is to understand the binary, hexadecimal and octal systems, and know how to convert number from one system to another.","title":"Ch2. Number Systems"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch3-data-storage","text":"","title":"Ch3. Data Storage"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter9/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch9. Programming Language \u00b6 Abstract The aim of this chapter is to compare and contrast different languages. Evolution of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages. Interpreter and compiler. Four computer language paradigms\uff08\u8303\u5f0f\uff09. Understand the procedural paradigm and object-oriented paradigm. 9.1 Evolution \u00b6","title":"Ch9. Programming Language"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter9/#ch9-programming-language","text":"Abstract The aim of this chapter is to compare and contrast different languages. Evolution of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages. Interpreter and compiler. Four computer language paradigms\uff08\u8303\u5f0f\uff09. Understand the procedural paradigm and object-oriented paradigm.","title":"Ch9. Programming Language"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter9/#91-evolution","text":"","title":"9.1 Evolution"},{"location":"courses-outside/","text":"\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u5206\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u5f55 \u00b6 \u5df2\u5b8c\u6210 \u00b6 \u6b63\u5728\u7f16\u8f91 \u00b6 CMU 15-213","title":"\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-outside/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u5206\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002","title":"\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-outside/#_2","text":"","title":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u5f55"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/","text":"CMU 15-213 \u00b6 Abstract \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u300a\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u300b\u53ca CMU 15-213 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u4e66\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c6\u9891\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 [\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08\u6700\u65b0\uff09]\uff08http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213/\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee \u4e66\u7c4d\u82f1\u6587\u7248 \u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff08gitbook\uff09 \u8fdb\u5ea6\u8868 \u00b6 Fall 2015 Schedule \u5168\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6301\u7eed 14 \u5468\uff0c\u6bcf 1-2 \u5468\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a Lab\u3002 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 L0(cprogramminglab)\u3002 \u65e5\u671f \u5185\u5bb9 03.13 Lecture 01: Course Overview 03.16 Complete C language note for Structure 03.18 Complete C language note for ADT(especially for linked lists) 03.20 Lab 0 due 03.21 Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git \u76ee\u5f55 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 Lecture 01: Course Overview Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point \u4e66\u672c\u6458\u8981 \u00b6 \u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf Chapter01. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38 Chapter02. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 Chapter03. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bb0\u5f55 \u00b6 C Programming Lab: Assessing Your C Programming Skills Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git","title":"CMU 15-213"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/#cmu-15-213","text":"Abstract \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u300a\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u300b\u53ca CMU 15-213 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u4e66\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c6\u9891\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 [\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08\u6700\u65b0\uff09]\uff08http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213/\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee \u4e66\u7c4d\u82f1\u6587\u7248 \u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff08gitbook\uff09","title":"CMU 15-213"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/#_1","text":"Fall 2015 Schedule \u5168\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6301\u7eed 14 \u5468\uff0c\u6bcf 1-2 \u5468\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a Lab\u3002 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 L0(cprogramminglab)\u3002 \u65e5\u671f \u5185\u5bb9 03.13 Lecture 01: Course Overview 03.16 Complete C language note for Structure 03.18 Complete C language note for ADT(especially for linked lists) 03.20 Lab 0 due 03.21 Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git","title":"\u8fdb\u5ea6\u8868"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/#_2","text":"","title":"\u76ee\u5f55"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/BC1/","text":"Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git \u00b6 Abstract \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f Lab\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 Linux \u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002 \u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u67e5\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b54\u6848\u3002 Lab \u7b54\u6848 Phase 1 ~/start/free_the/university_center Phase 2 rmdir capture_the Phase 3 pineapple Phase 4 cat evil24.txt Phase 5 touch release.txt Phase 6 42 Phase 7 free the university center stones we tried to release them but no one listened","title":"Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/BC1/#bootcamp-1-linux-command-line-git","text":"Abstract \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f Lab\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 Linux \u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002 \u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u67e5\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b54\u6848\u3002 Lab \u7b54\u6848 Phase 1 ~/start/free_the/university_center Phase 2 rmdir capture_the Phase 3 pineapple Phase 4 cat evil24.txt Phase 5 touch release.txt Phase 6 42 Phase 7 free the university center stones we tried to release them but no one listened","title":"Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/","text":"Lab0: C Programming Lab \u00b6 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u63d0\u9192 \u8bf7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u624b\u518c\u3002 \u672c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u961f\u5217\u3002\u8be5 Lab \u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730 \u8003\u8651\u5404\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5 \u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9 \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8282\u70b9\u589e\u5220\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6d45\u8bb0\u5f55\u81ea\u5df1\u8e29\u8fc7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5751\uff1a \u539f\u5730\u53cd\u8f6c\u94fe\u8868 \u00b6 void queue_reverse ( queue_t * q ) { if ( ! q ) return ; /* You need to write the code for this function */ if ( ! q -> head ) return ; if ( q -> n == 1 ) return ; list_ele_t * prev , * next ; prev = q -> tail = q -> head ; next = prev -> next ; while ( next ) { q -> head = next ; next = next -> next ; q -> head -> next = prev ; prev = prev -> next ; //Wrong Code } q -> tail -> next = NULL ; } \u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 3 \u4ee5\u5185\u65f6\u90fd\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u82e5\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7 3\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u94fe\u8868\u7adf\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u7684\u5934\u5c3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6807\u6ce8 Wrong Code \u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8282\u70b9\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u5904\u7406 tail \u65f6\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u884c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f prev \u8282\u70b9\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u56fa\u5b9a\u5728 tail \u3002\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u5168\u90fd\u6307\u5411 tail \uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u5269\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e86\u3002 \u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u6539\u4e3a prev = q->head \u3002 \u5c0f\u5fc3\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f \u00b6 \u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u5751\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a \u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u7684\u5904\u7406 \u00b6 \u672c\u9898\u8c03\u7528 malloc() \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u8282\u70b9\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8c03\u7528 malloc() \u5931\u8d25\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u9000\u51fa\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91ca\u653e\u9884\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8282\u70b9 newh \u3002 \u603b\u4e4b\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u9996\u5148\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u9000\u51fa\u65f6\u5185\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u6210\u529f\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5185\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u3002 \u5220\u9664\u8282\u70b9\u65f6\u7684\u5904\u7406 \u00b6 bool queue_remove_head ( queue_t * q , char * buf , size_t bufsize ){ if ( ! q ) return false ; if ( ! q -> head ) return false ; if ( buf ) { strncpy ( buf , q -> head -> value , bufsize - 1 ); buf [ bufsize - 1 ] = 0 ; } free ( q -> head -> value ); q -> head = q -> head -> next ; q -> n -- ; return true ; } \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u91ca\u653e\u5220\u53bb\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u9732\u3002 \u5b9e\u9a8c\u89e3\u6790\u548c\u7b54\u6848 \u77e5\u4e4e\uff1aCSAPP:Lab0-C Programming Lab","title":"Lab0: C Programming Lab"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/#lab0-c-programming-lab","text":"\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u63d0\u9192 \u8bf7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u624b\u518c\u3002 \u672c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u961f\u5217\u3002\u8be5 Lab \u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730 \u8003\u8651\u5404\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5 \u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9 \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8282\u70b9\u589e\u5220\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6d45\u8bb0\u5f55\u81ea\u5df1\u8e29\u8fc7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5751\uff1a","title":"Lab0: C Programming Lab"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/#_1","text":"void queue_reverse ( queue_t * q ) { if ( ! q ) return ; /* You need to write the code for this function */ if ( ! q -> head ) return ; if ( q -> n == 1 ) return ; list_ele_t * prev , * next ; prev = q -> tail = q -> head ; next = prev -> next ; while ( next ) { q -> head = next ; next = next -> next ; q -> head -> next = prev ; prev = prev -> next ; //Wrong Code } q -> tail -> next = NULL ; } \u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 3 \u4ee5\u5185\u65f6\u90fd\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u82e5\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7 3\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u94fe\u8868\u7adf\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u7684\u5934\u5c3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6807\u6ce8 Wrong Code \u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8282\u70b9\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u5904\u7406 tail \u65f6\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u884c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f prev \u8282\u70b9\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u56fa\u5b9a\u5728 tail \u3002\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u5168\u90fd\u6307\u5411 tail \uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u5269\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e86\u3002 \u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u6539\u4e3a prev = q->head \u3002","title":"\u539f\u5730\u53cd\u8f6c\u94fe\u8868"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/#_2","text":"\u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u5751\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a","title":"\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture1/","text":"Lecture 01: Course Overview \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u662f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 CSAPP \u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u62bd\u8c61\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a Ints are not Integers, Floats are not Reals \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7b97\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 You've Got to Know Assembly \u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u3002 Memory Matters \u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u5e38\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u68d8\u624b\u7684 bug\u3002C \u548c C++ \u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5b58\u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236\u3002 There's more to performance than asymptotic complexity \u5728\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u6e10\u8fd1\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6027\u80fd\u3002 Computers do more than execute programs \u9664\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5916\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002","title":"Lecture 01: Course Overview"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture1/#lecture-01-course-overview","text":"\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u662f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 CSAPP \u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u62bd\u8c61\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a Ints are not Integers, Floats are not Reals \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7b97\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 You've Got to Know Assembly \u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u3002 Memory Matters \u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u5e38\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u68d8\u624b\u7684 bug\u3002C \u548c C++ \u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5b58\u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236\u3002 There's more to performance than asymptotic complexity \u5728\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u6e10\u8fd1\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6027\u80fd\u3002 Computers do more than execute programs \u9664\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5916\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002","title":"Lecture 01: Course Overview"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture2/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point \u00b6 \u628a\u8bb2\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u4e09\u8282\u8bfe\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e86\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe \u00b6 \u4f4d\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u8fdb\u5236 \u7b80\u5355\u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 C \u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b \u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf <0 \u6216 > \u5b57\u957f\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684 \u6574\u6570\u7f16\u7801 \u00b6 \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u548c\u8865\u7801\u6570\u503c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u8868\u793a\u8303\u56f4 <limits.h> \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528 \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 cast cast \u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u5199\u51fa T2U \u4e0e U2T \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u5e38\u91cf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c U \u540e\u7f00\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u6709/\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u6df7\u6742\uff0c\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u3002 \u4f4d\u6269\u5c55 extension \u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u6269\u5c55 \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u6269\u5c55","title":"Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture2/#lecture-02-bits-bytes-and-ints-floating-point","text":"\u628a\u8bb2\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u4e09\u8282\u8bfe\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e86\u3002","title":"Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture2/#_1","text":"\u4f4d\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u8fdb\u5236 \u7b80\u5355\u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 C \u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b \u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf <0 \u6216 > \u5b57\u957f\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684","title":"\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/","text":"Web.Lab \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 \u603b\u8ff0 \u00b6 MIT Web Crush Course \u5927\u81f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u6bcf\u5e74\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8868\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09\uff1a Web \u4e09\u5251\u5ba2\uff1aHTML\u3001CSS\u3001JavaScript Web \u5f00\u53d1\u6846\u67b6\uff1aReact\u3001Node.js \u6570\u636e\u5e93 Chatbook \u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5 \u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u7f72 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u6253\u901a\u4e86 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u524d\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u5165\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u5404\u6a21\u5757\u7b14\u8bb0\u7d22\u5f15 \u00b6","title":"Web.Lab \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/#weblab","text":"","title":"Web.Lab \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/#_1","text":"MIT Web Crush Course \u5927\u81f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u6bcf\u5e74\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8868\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09\uff1a Web \u4e09\u5251\u5ba2\uff1aHTML\u3001CSS\u3001JavaScript Web \u5f00\u53d1\u6846\u67b6\uff1aReact\u3001Node.js \u6570\u636e\u5e93 Chatbook \u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5 \u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u7f72 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u6253\u901a\u4e86 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u524d\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u5165\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002","title":"\u603b\u8ff0"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/#_2","text":"","title":"\u5404\u6a21\u5757\u7b14\u8bb0\u7d22\u5f15"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"HTML \u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u81ea\u300aHead First HTML\u300b W3C \u9a8c\u8bc1\u5de5\u5177 \u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6 \u00b6 \u6982\u5ff5 \u00b6 \u5c5e\u6027 \uff1a\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u53ea\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u9884\u5b9a\u4e49 \u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 HTML5 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\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u50cf\u7d20\u6307\u5b9a\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c \u5c5e\u6027\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7528\u5904\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8868\u73b0\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528 CSS \u3002 <ul> , <ol> , <dl> \u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u5d4c\u5957 <li> \u5b9a\u4e49\u5217\u8868\u4f7f\u7528 <dt> \uff08\u672f\u8bed\uff09\u548c <dd> \uff08\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09 <em> , <strong> , <pre> , <code> <time> <del> <ins> \u8868\u683c \u00b6 <table> <tr> table row <th> table head <td> table data rowspan=\"2\" \u8be5\u5355\u5143\u683c\u5c06\u8de8\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c colspan \u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u8de8\u884c\u8de8\u5217 <caption> \u8868\u683c\u6807\u9898 \u8868\u683c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5d4c\u5957\uff08\u600e\u4e48\u6307\u5b9a\u6837\u5f0f\u5462\uff1f\u60f3\u8c61\u5b50\u5b59\u9009\u62e9\u5668\uff09 \u73b0\u4ee3 HTML \u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 <div> \u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7ed3\u6784\u3002HTML \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u7279\u5b9a\u3001\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u3002 article nav header footer time aside section video mark audio canvas progress meter figure \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e\uff1f \u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3001\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u5c4f\u5e55\u9605\u8bfb\u5668\u80fd\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4fe1\u606f <time> \u5982\u679c\u5143\u7d20\u5185\u5bb9\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7528 Internet \u65e5\u671f/\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u5199\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6709 datetime \u5c5e\u6027 internet time 2012-02-18 2012-02 2012-02-18 09:00 2012-02-18 18:00 05:00 2012-02-18 05:00Z\uff08UTC\u65f6\u95f4\uff09 <video> \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a controls autoplay loop \uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027 \uff09 width height src poster preload \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a none \uff0c\u64ad\u653e\u524d\u4e0d\u81ea\u52a8\u4e0b\u8f7d\u89c6\u9891\uff1b metadata 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\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8ddf\u968f\u5728\u8868\u5355\u63a7\u4ef6\u540e\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8868\u5355\u5143\u7d20\u589e\u52a0 id \u5c5e\u6027\u3002 for=id \u8868\u660e\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6807\u7b7e <fieldset> \u5c06\u516c\u5171\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u9009\u6846\u7b49\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff09 <legend> \u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u7ec4\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6587\u672c\u3002 \u63a7\u4ef6\u6982\u8ff0\uff1a \u6bcf\u4e2a\u63a7\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709 name \uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b value \u4ee5\u4fbf\u811a\u672c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 <input> \u5355\u884c\u63a7\u4ef6\uff0cvoid \u5185\u8054\u5143\u7d20 type=\"\" \u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u8f93\u5165 text \u6587\u672c submit \u63d0\u4ea4\u6309\u94ae\uff0c \u5b83\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6587\u672c radio \u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6309\u94ae\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684 name \u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 value chechbox \u590d\u9009\u6846\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u590d\u9009\u6846\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684 name \u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 value \u590d\u9009\u6846\u7684\u503c\u88ab & \u5408\u5e76 number \u6570\u5b57\u8f93\u5165 range \u6ed1\u52a8\u6761\uff08\u8303\u56f4\u8f93\u5165\uff09 color \u989c\u8272\u8f93\u5165 date \u65e5\u671f\u8f93\u5165 password \u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5c06\u88ab\u63a9\u7801 file - email tel \u7535\u8bdd url \u540e\u9762\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4f60\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u76d8 value \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c placeholder \u63d0\u793a\u4fe1\u606f required \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u793a\u57df\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002 min max step maxlength checked \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879 <select> \u83dc\u5355 multiple \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u591a\u9009\u83dc\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u83dc\u5355\u4ece\u4e0b\u62c9\u5f0f\u53d8\u4e3a\u6eda\u52a8\u5f0f\u3002\u6309\u4f4f Ctrl \u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002 <option> \u5185\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9009\u9879\u7684\u663e\u793a value <textarea> \u591a\u884c\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u521d\u59cb\u6587\u672c\u3002 rows \u591a\u5c11\u884c cols \u591a\u5c11\u5217 maxlength - method \u4e2d\u7684 HTTP \u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a GET \u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230 URL \u7684\u6700\u540e \u4f8b\uff1a http://web.com/contest.php?firstname=buck&lastname=banzai \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u6237\u80fd\u5bf9\u63d0\u4ea4\u540e\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\u52a0\u4e66\u7b7e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 GET \u65b9\u6cd5 POST \u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u9001 \u4f8b\uff1a http://web.com/contest.php \u5982\u679c\u6709\u79c1\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u9009\u62e9 POST \u65b9\u6cd5 \u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 <textarea> \uff0c\u4e5f\u9009\u62e9 POST \u65b9\u6cd5 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528","title":"HTML \u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#html","text":"\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u81ea\u300aHead First HTML\u300b W3C \u9a8c\u8bc1\u5de5\u5177","title":"HTML \u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#_1","text":"","title":"\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#_9","text":"Web \u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\uff1a\u8ba1\u5212\u3001 <div> \u548c <span>","title":"\u5143\u7d20\u624b\u518c"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#href","text":"<style> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 HTML \u4e2d\u63d2\u5165 CSS \u53ef\u9009\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a type=\"text/css\" <body>","title":"href"},{"location":"courses-zju/","text":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 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\u7535\u8def\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u5c14\u970d\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ \\begin{cases} u(t) = Ri(t) + L\\frac{di(t)}{dt} + \\frac{1}{C}\\int_{0}^{t}i(\\tau)d\\tau \\\\ y(t) = i(t) \\end{cases} \\] \u4ee3\u5165\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ LC\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2} + RC\\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + y(t) = u(t) \\] \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u673a\u68b0\u4f4d\u79fb\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ \\begin{cases} F_1=ky(t)\\\\ F_2=f\\frac{dy(t)}{dt}\\\\ a=\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2}\\\\ F(t)-F_1-F_2=ma \\end{cases} \\] \u6574\u7406\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ m\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2}+f\\frac{dy(t)}{dt}+ky(t)=F(t) \\] \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\uff1a \\[ a\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2}+b\\frac{dy(t)}{dt}+cy(t)=u(t) \\] \u7cfb\u7edf\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e9e\u5927\uff0c\u673a\u7406\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d7\u963b\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u79ef\u7d2f\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 \u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5 \u3002PPT \u4ee5 \u4e3b\u5143\u5206\u6790\u6cd5 \u4e3a\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002 \u4e3b\u5143\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u901a\u8fc7 \u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5 \u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6307\u6807\uff08\u9ad8\u7ef4\u8f6c\u4f4e\u7ef4\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d6 \u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u6807\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e3b\u5143 \u3002\u7528\u7ebf\u6027\u4ee3\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u503c\u6c42\u89e3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5 \u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u591a\u5143\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4e3b\u5143\u5206\u6790\u3001\u504f\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u7b49 \u4fe1\u53f7\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u5085\u91cc\u53f6\u53d8\u6362\u3001\u8c31\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5c0f\u6ce2\u53d8\u6362\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49 \u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\uff1a\u76f8\u5173\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8d8b\u52bf\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5173\u8054\u89c4\u5219\u6316\u6398\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u6790\u7b49 \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\uff1a\u805a\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49 \u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u4eff\u751f\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49 \u6570\u636e\u5efa\u6a21\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff1a \u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528 \u7b2c 4 \u8bb2 \u53cd\u9988\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u672c\u8bb2\u91cd\u70b9 \u638c\u63e1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002 \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20 \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784-\u4e32\u8054\u548c\u5e76\u8054 \u4e32\u8054\uff1a \\(G(s) = G_1(s)G_2(s)\\) \u5e76\u8054\uff1a \\(G(s) = G_1(s) + G_2(s)\\) \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784-\u53cd\u9988 \u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a \\(Y=(\\frac{G}{1+GH})U\\) \u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a \\(Y=(\\frac{G}{1-GH})U\\) \uff08\u5c31\u662f\u6c42\u548c\u70b9\u53d8\u53f7\u4e86\u800c\u5df2\uff09 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u597d\uff1f \u65b9\u5757\u56fe\u5316\u7b80-\u70b9\u7684\u79fb\u52a8 \u6c42\u548c\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8 \u5f15\u51fa\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8 \u5411\u524d\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(Hs\\) \uff0c\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(\\frac{1}{H}s\\) \u76f8\u90bb\u6c42\u548c\u70b9\u53ef\u4efb\u610f\u6362\u4f4d\u3002 \u5411\u524d\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(\\frac{1}{H}s\\) \uff0c\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(Hs\\) \u76f8\u90bb\u5f15\u51fa\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4efb\u610f\u6362\u4f4d\u3002 \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a\u6c42\u89e3\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5173\u7cfb \u9898\u76ee Step 1\uff1a\u8bc6\u522b\u53cd\u9988\u7ed3\u6784 Step 2\uff1a\u5f15\u51fa\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8 Step 3: \u53cd\u9988\u3001\u5e76\u8054\u3001\u4e32\u8054 \u4fe1\u53f7\u6d41\u56fe \u5927\u6982\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u65b9\u6846\u753b\u6210\u7ebf\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u4fe1\u53f7\u6d41\u56fe\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u6885\u900a\u589e\u76ca\u516c\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5316\u7b80\u3002 \u4fe1\u53f7\u6d41\u56fe\u7684\u7ed3\u6784 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6885\u900a\u516c\u5f0f\u5316\u7b80\u7684\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u8bb2\u4e86\u3002 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee \u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0b\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u603b\u589e\u76ca\uff1a \u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u5173\u8054\u6027\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u5e73\u8861\u6027\u3001\u65f6\u5e8f\u6027\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7b80\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\u7684\u5355\u95ed\u73af\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf \u53cd\u9988\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u82e5 \\(u=3\\) \uff0c\u6c42 \\(y\\) \u3002 \u67d0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6846\u56fe\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f93\u5165 \\(u=4\\) \uff0c\u6c42\u8f93\u51fa \\(y\\) \u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u67d0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6846\u56fe\u5982\u4e0a\u56fe\uff0c\u8f93\u5165 \\(u=2\\) \uff0c\u8bd5\u6c42\u8f93\u51fa \\(y\\) \u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u7531\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5355\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5355\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7b2c 5 \u8bb2 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \u00b6 \u672c\u8bb2\u6458\u8981 \u672c\u8bb2\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u9650\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e5f\u62c9\u5f97\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u8bb2\u4e00\u5806\u5e9f\u8bdd\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u201c\u786c\u6838\u9009\u5b66\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u53c8\u9700\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u529f\u5e95\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u7ebf\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f97\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u6211\u5b66\u5b8c\u6574\u95e8\u8bfe\u90fd\u6ca1\u641e\u61c2\u62c9\u5f0f\u53d8\u6362\u3002 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u94b1\u5b66\u68ee\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u7acb\u300a\u5de5\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u300b\uff1f\u5b83\u4e0e\u7ef4\u7eb3\u7684\u300a\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u300b\u533a\u522b\u4e0e\u8054\u7cfb\uff1f \u7b2c 6 \u8bb2 \u65f6\u57df\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u672c\u8bb2\u6458\u8981 \u4ece\u672c\u8bb2\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u5728\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5e94\u7528\u2014\u2014\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u57df\u548c\u9891\u57df\u5206\u6790\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e0e\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5230 PID \u63a7\u5236\u2014\u2014\u6700\u4e3a\u6cdb\u7528\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u3002 \u672c\u8bb2\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u57df\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5 - \u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u9636\u8dc3\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u8109\u51b2\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u9891\u7387\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u7a33\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u7b49\u3002 - \u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e \u5178\u578b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u4fe1\u53f7 \u00b6 \u51e0\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u4fe1\u53f7 \u9636\u8dc3\u4fe1\u53f7 \u659c\u5761\u4fe1\u53f7 \u8109\u51b2\u4fe1\u53f7 \u629b\u7269\u7ebf\u4fe1\u53f7 \u6b63\u5f26\u4fe1\u53f7 \u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u54c1\u8d28 \u00b6 \u9636\u8dc3\u8f93\u5165\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u8c03\u8282\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u54c1\u8d28\u6307\u6807 \u5728\u4e0a\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff1a - \u7a33\u6001\u8bef\u5dee \\(\\delta(\\infty)\\) - \u6700\u5927\u8d85\u8c03\u91cf \\(\\sigma_p=\\frac{y(t_p)-y(\\infty)}{y(\\infty)}\\) \uff1a\u54cd\u5e94\u66f2\u7ebf\u504f\u79bb\u7a33\u6001\u503c\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u503c\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8bf4\u660e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 - \u5ef6\u6ede\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_d\\) \uff1a\u5230\u8fbe\u7a33\u6001\u503c 50% \u6240\u9700\u65f6\u95f4 - \u5cf0\u503c\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_p\\) \uff1a\u5230\u8fbe\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5cf0\u503c\uff08\u6700\u5927\u8d85\u8c03\u91cf\uff09\u6240\u9700\u65f6\u95f4 - \u4e0a\u5347\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_r\\) \uff1a\u591a\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a33\u6001\u503c\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4 - \u4ece 10% \u5230 90% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u632f\u8361\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 - \u4ece 5% \u5230 95% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4 - \u4ece 0 \u5230 100% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u632f\u8361\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 - \u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_s\\) \uff1a\u4ece 0 \u5230\u8fdb\u5165\u7a33\u6001\u503c\u5728 95%~105% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4 \u7ebf\u6027\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u00b6 \u52a0\u70ed\u7535\u7089\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u63a8\u5bfc \u770b PPT \u5427\u3002 \u6c42\u89e3\u7ebf\u6027\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u00b6 \u7ebf\u6027\u5e38\u7cfb\u6570\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3 \u7ebf\u6027\u5e38\u7cfb\u6570\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3\u662f\u7531 \u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u89e3 \u52a0\u4e0a \u9f50\u6b21\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u901a\u89e3 \u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002 \u901a\u5e38\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u89e3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u89e3\uff0c\u9f50\u6b21\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u901a\u89e3\u4e3a\u6682\u6001\u89e3\u3002 \u4ece\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001 \u5982\u679c\u7279\u5f81\u6839\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u6216\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u5b9e\u90e8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u89e3\u662f\u6536\u655b\u7684\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e \u00b6 \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6781\u70b9\u662f\u5426\u5728\u53f3\u534a\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u53f3\u534a\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 \u52b3\u65af\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u7a33\u5b9a\u5224\u636e \u6309\u964d\u6b21\u5e42\u5217\u51fa\u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f \\[ D(\\lambda)=a_n\\lambda^n+a_{n-1}\\lambda^{n-1}+\\cdots+a_1\\lambda+a_0=0 \\] \u6839\u636e\u7cfb\u6570\u5217\u51fa\u52b3\u65af\u8868 \\[ \\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c} \\lambda^n & a_n & a_{n-2} & a_{n-4} & \\cdots & a_0 \\\\ \\lambda^{n-1} & a_{n-1} & a_{n-3} & a_{n-5} & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\lambda^{n-2} & b_1 & b_2 & b_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\lambda^{n-3} & c_1 & c_2 & c_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\ \\lambda^1 & e_1 & e_2 & e_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\lambda^0 & f_1 & f_2 & f_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\end{array} \\] \u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\u8d77\uff0c\u5404\u5143\u7d20\u6309\u4e0b\u5217\u516c\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c42\u51fa \\(n+1\\) \u884c\u3002 \\[ \\begin{aligned} b_1 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n} & a_{n-2} \\\\ a_{n-1} & a_{n-3}\\end{array}\\right|}{a_{n-1}} \\\\ b_2 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n} & a_{n-4} \\\\ a_{n-1} & a_{n-5}\\end{array}\\right|}{a_{n-1}} \\\\ c_1 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n-1} & a_{n-3} \\\\ b_{1} & b_{2}\\end{array}\\right|}{b_1} \\\\ c_2 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n-1} & a_{n-5} \\\\ b_{1} & b_{3}\\end{array}\\right|}{b_1} \\\\ \\end{aligned} \\] \u7ebf\u6027\u5b9a\u5e38\u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7cfb\u6570\u5747\u4e3a\u6b63\uff0c\u52b3\u65af\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u6570\u5747\u4e3a\u6b63\u3002 \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u4f8b\u9898 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee \u6839\u636e\u7089\u6e29\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u5224\u65ad\u88ab\u63a7\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u57df\u5206\u6790\uff1f \u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \\[ D(\\lambda) = \\lambda^4+6\\lambda^3+9\\lambda^2+8\\lambda+6=0 \\] \u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \\[ D(\\lambda) = 2\\lambda^4+5\\lambda^3+4\\lambda^2+7\\lambda+1=0 \\] \u7b2c 7 \u8bb2 \u9891\u57df\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u7b2c 8 \u8bb2 \u79bb\u6563\u65f6\u95f4\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u578b\u53f7\u3001\u79bb\u6563\u4fe1\u53f7\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\uff1f\u65f6\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u79bb\u6563\u5316\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7\u91c7\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u539f\u5148\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1f \u7b2c 9 \u8bb2 PID \u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u53d9\u8ff0 PID \u63a7\u5236\u4e2d P\u3001I\u3001D \u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528 \u7b80\u8981\u89e3\u91ca PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u4e2d\u53c2\u6570 KP\u3001KI\u3001KD \u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8c08\u8c08\u9488\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u73af\u5883 PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6539\u8fdb\u6216\u62d3\u5c55\u3002 \u53d9\u8ff0 PID \u63a7\u5236\u4e2d P\u3001I\u3001D \u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u7b2c 10 \u8bb2 \u673a\u5668\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u30103 \u6b21\u3011\u706b\u7bad\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u7740\u9646\u5e73\u53f0\u8fdb\u884c\u5782\u76f4\u7740\u9646\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u706b\u7bad\u7740\u9646\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u63aa\u65bd\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u6210\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f \u7b2c 11 \u8bb2 \u81ea\u4e3b\u8f66\u8f86\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f\uff1f \u7b2c 12 \u8bb2 \u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u8bf7\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002 \u5de5\u4e1a 4.0 \u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201d\uff0c\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08\u5de5\u4e1a\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0e\u533a\u522b\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f \u7b2c 13 \u8bb2 \u5148\u8fdb\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u7b2c 14 \u8bb2 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u9762\u6846\u56fe\u5206\u6790\u95ed\u73af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236 \u5206\u6790\u4e0b\u9762\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u503c\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u6270\u52a8\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e09\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u514b\u670d\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u7b2c 15 \u8bb2 \u751f\u7269\u63a7\u5236\u8bba \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a 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\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#11","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 11 \u8bb2 \u81ea\u4e3b\u8f66\u8f86\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#12","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u8bf7\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002 \u5de5\u4e1a 4.0 \u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201d\uff0c\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08\u5de5\u4e1a\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0e\u533a\u522b\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 12 \u8bb2 \u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#13","text":"","title":"\u7b2c 13 \u8bb2 \u5148\u8fdb\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#14","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u9762\u6846\u56fe\u5206\u6790\u95ed\u73af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236 \u5206\u6790\u4e0b\u9762\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u503c\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u6270\u52a8\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e09\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u514b\u670d\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002","title":"\u7b2c 14 \u8bb2 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#15","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u8bd5\u53d9\u8ff0\u4eba\u4f53\u7ad9\u7acb\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8499\u4f4f\u53cc\u773c\u548c\u5355\u817f\u7ad9\u7acb\u65f6\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 15 \u8bb2 \u751f\u7269\u63a7\u5236\u8bba"},{"location":"courses-zju/general-physics-1/","text":"\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66 I \uff08H\uff09 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u6625\u590f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1aMichael Smidman\u3001\u8def\u6b23 \u5206\u6570\u6784\u6210\uff1a \u4f5c\u4e1a 30% \u671f\u4e2d\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u8bfe\u540e Quiz 30% \u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5 40% \u6388\u8bfe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u53cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66 \u4e2a\u4eba\u8bc4\u4ef7 \u5728\u5916\u6559\u73ed\u4e0a\u5b66\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9047\u5230\u7684\u969c\u788d\u5c31\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u540c\u5b66\u5728\u542c\u5b8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f00\u542f\u81ea\u5b66\u3002 \u5916\u6559\u73ed\u7684\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6388\u8bfe\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u300aPhysics\u300b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe \u8ba9\u4f60\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3 \u3002\u4ece\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bfe\u540e\u7684 Quiz \u548c\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u7ade\u8d5b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8003\u5bdf\u5f97\u4f1a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e86\u5982\u4e8e\u5fc3\u3002 \u8003\u524d\u8865\u5929 \u00b6 \u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba \u00b6 \u89e3\u51b3\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a \u9759\u6b62\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb \u56fa\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u56fa\u6709\u957f\u5ea6 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9 \u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\uff1a\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e0b\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5f0f\u90fd\u80fd\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff1a $$ \\gamma=\\frac1{\\sqrt{1-u 2/c 2}}\\ x'=\\gamma(x-ut)\\ t'=\\gamma(t-ux/c^2) $$ \u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u6362\uff1a $$ v_x'=\\frac{\\Delta x'}{\\Delta t'}\\ v_y'=\\frac{\\Delta y'}{\\Delta t'} $$ \u949f\u6162\u6548\u5e94\uff1a\u949f\u8868\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u65f6 \\(\\Delta t_0\\) \u4e0e\u4f60\u6d4b\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u95f4 \\(\\Delta t\\) \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u949f\u6240\u5728\u9759\u6b62\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u949f\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u7684 \\(\\Delta t\\) \uff0c\u5730\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u949f\u79fb\u52a8\u4e86\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u70b9\u7684\uff08\u90fd\u662f\u949f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a\u56fa\u6709\u65f6 \\(\\Delta t_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ 0=\\gamma(\\Delta x - u\\Delta t)\\ \\Delta t_0 = \\gamma(\\Delta t - u\\Delta x / c^2) $$ \u6d88\u53bb \\(\\Delta x\\) \u5f97\u5230\u7ed3\u679c \\(\\Delta t = \\gamma \\Delta t_0\\) \u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e8c\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u949f\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u7684 \\(\\Delta t\\) \u3002 \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u70b9\u7684\uff0c \\(\\Delta x = 0\\) \uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a \\(\\Delta t_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ \\Delta t = \\gamma(\\Delta t_0 - u\\Delta x/c^2) = \\gamma\\Delta t_0 $$ \u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u5c3a\u7f29\u6548\u5e94\uff1a\u4e00\u6839\u6746\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u957f\u5ea6 \\(L_0\\) \u4e0e\u4f60\u6d4b\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 \\(L\\) \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d4b\u91cf\u8005\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9759\u6b62\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u6746\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u6746\u5934\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u6746\u5c3e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \\(\\Delta t = 0\\) \uff0c \\(\\Delta L\\) \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u7684\u91cf\u3002 \u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u770b\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e3a \\(\\Delta L_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ \\Delta L_0 = \\gamma(\\Delta L - u \\Delta t) = \\gamma\\Delta L $$ \u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e8c\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u6746\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u6746\u5934\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u6746\u5c3e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \\(\\Delta t' = 0\\) \uff0c \\(\\Delta L\\) \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u7684\u91cf\u3002 \u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u770b\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e3a \\(\\Delta L_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ \\Delta L = \\gamma(\\Delta L_0 - u\\Delta t)\\ \\Delta t' = 0 = \\gamma(\\Delta t - u\\Delta L_0/c^2) $$ \u6d88\u53bb \\(\\Delta t\\) \u5f97\u5230\u7ed3\u679c \\(\\Delta L = \\frac{\\Delta L_0}{\\gamma}\\) \u5149\u7684\u591a\u666e\u52d2\u6548\u5e94\uff1a \u5149\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u65b9\u5411\u4e0e\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u540c\u65f6\uff1a \\[ f=f_0\\sqrt{\\frac{1-u/c}{1+u/c}} \\] \u82e5\u76f8\u5bf9\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u5219\u7528 \\(-u\\) \u4ee3\u66ff\u3002 \u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u52a8\u529b\u5b66 \u52a8\u91cf $$ \\mathbf{p}=\\frac{m_0}{\\sqrt{1-(v/c)^2}}\\mathbf{v} $$ \u8d28\u91cf $$ m=\\frac{m_0}{\\sqrt{1-(v/c)^2}} $$ \u5149\u5b50\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u662f $$ m_\\phi=\\frac{hv}{c^2} $$ \u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u52a8\u91cf\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f $$ E 2=c 2p 2+E_0 2=c 2p 2+m_0 2c 4 $$ \u5206\u5b50\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53 \u00b6 \\[ T_{tr}=273.16\\mathrm{K}\\\\ T_C=T-273.15\\\\ \\] Ideal gas law: $$ pV=NkT=nRT $$ Boltzmann constant \\(k=1.38\\times10^{-23}\\mathrm{J/K}\\) Molar gas constant \\(R=8.31\\mathrm{J/mol\\cdot K}\\) Thermal Expansion: \\[ \\Delta L = \\alpha L \\Delta T \\] \\(\\alpha\\) is the coefficient of linear expansion. For many solids, called isotropic, the percent change in length for a given temperature change is the same for all lines in the solid. So we have volume expansion: \\[ \\Delta V = \\beta V \\Delta T = 3 \\alpha V \\Delta T\\\\ \\Rightarrow \\beta = 3 \\alpha \\] Pressure \u00b6 Molecular View of Pressure: Average impulsive force exerted by on molecule: \\(F_x=\\frac{mv_x^2}{L}\\) Change in momentum: \\(2mv_x\\) Time required to cross the cube: \\(\\frac{L}{v_x}\\) Total force on face of cube : \\(\\rho=Nm/L^3\\) is density. \\[ p = \\frac1{L^2}\\frac{\\sum mv^2_{ix}}{L} = \\rho(\\frac{\\sum^2_{ix}}{N})=\\rho(v^2_x)_{av}=\\frac13\\rho(v^2)_{av} \\] rms is root-mean-square \\[ \\Rightarrow v_{\\mathrm{rms}}=\\sqrt{(v^2)_{av}}=\\sqrt{\\frac{3p}{\\rho}} \\] Root-mean-square speed of the molecules is useful measure of average molecualr speed. Mean Free Path \u00b6 Mean free path \\(\\lambda\\) is the average value of straight-line distance our chosen molecule travels between collisions. All molecules of the gas have the same mean free path. $$ \\lambda=\\frac{kT}{\\sqrt2\\pi d^2 p} $$ Distribution of molecular speeds \u00b6 Maxwell speed distribution: $$ N(v)=4\\pi N(\\frac{m}{2\\pi kT}) {3/2}v 2e {-mv 2/2kT} $$ Consequences: Most probable speed \\(v_p =\\sqrt\\frac{2kT}{m}\\) Average speed \\(v_{av} =\\sqrt{\\frac{8kT}{\\pi m}}\\) Root-mean-square speed \\(v_{rms} = \\sqrt\\frac{3kT}{m}\\) Average translational kinetic energy \\(K_{trans}=\\frac32 kT\\) Real Gases \u00b6 \\[ (p+\\frac{a}{V_m^2})(V_m-b)=RT \\] \u70ed\u529b\u5b66 \u00b6 \u56db\u5927\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7b49\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08isochoric\uff09 \u7b49\u538b\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08isobaric\uff09 \u7b49\u6e29\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08isothermal\uff09\uff0c\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\uff08isotherm\uff09 \u7edd\u70ed\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08adiabatic\uff09\uff0c\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4e3a\u7edd\u70ed\uff08in thermal isolation\uff09 \u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u7a0b \\[ \\Delta E = 0, Q = A \\] \u70ed\u673a\uff08heat engine\uff09 \u987a\u65f6\u9488\u65b9\u5411 \\[ \\eta = \\frac{A}{Q_1} \\] \u5236\u51b7\u673a\uff08refrigerator\uff09 \u9006\u65f6\u9488\u65b9\u5411 \\[ \\omega=\\frac{Q_2}{A} \\] \u5361\u8bfa\u5faa\u73af\uff08Carnot Cycle\uff09 \u4e24\u6052\u6e29\u70ed\u6e90\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e24\u4e2a\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7edd\u70ed\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7b49\u6e29\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u6709\u6b63\u3001\u9006\u5faa\u73af \\[ \\eta_C=1-\\frac{Q_2}{Q_1}=1-\\frac{T_2}{T_1}\\\\ \\omega = \\frac{T_2}{T_1-T_2} \\] \u5361\u8bfa\u5b9a\u7406\uff1a\u53ef\u9006\u673a\u6548\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e3a\uff1a $$ \\eta = 1 - \\frac{T_2}{T_1} $$ \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b \u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5355\u4e00\u70ed\u6e90\u5438\u70ed\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u800c\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u5176\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u70ed\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u4ece\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u4f20\u5411\u9ad8\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u3002 \u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b \u51c6\u9759\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b+\u65e0\u8017\u6563\u4f5c\u7528=\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a \u6469\u64e6\uff1a\u529f\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u70ed\u3002\u7531\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u70ed\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u3002 \u70ed\u91cf\u4ece\u9ad8\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5411\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\uff1a\u540c\u4e0a\u3002 \u6c14\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u81a8\u80c0\uff1a\u7528\u6d3b\u585e\u5c06\u6c14\u4f53\u538b\u56de\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6c14\u4f53\u505a\u529f\uff0c\u529f\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6c14\u4f53\u5411\u5916\u754c\u653e\u51fa\u7684\u70ed\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u8f6c\u5316\u56de\u529f\u3002 \u6c14\u4f53\u8fc5\u901f\u81a8\u80c0\uff1a\u6d3b\u585e\u9644\u8fd1\u6c14\u4f53\u538b\u5f3a\u5c0f\u4e8e\u6c14\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u538b\u5f3a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u7528\u6d3b\u585e\u63a8\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u6d3b\u585e\u9644\u8fd1\u538b\u5f3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c0f\u4e8e\u6c14\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u538b\u5f3a\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8981\u591a\u505a\u529f\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u6c14\u4f53\u5185\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ed\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f\u653e\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u8f6c\u5316\u56de\u529f\u3002 \u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002 \u71b5 \u71b5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0e\u521d\u672b\u72b6\u6001\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e0\u5173\u3002 \u71b5\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a $$ \\Delta S = \\int^2_1(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T})_{\u53ef\u9006} $$ \u5728\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c \\(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T}\\) \u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u53d8\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5047\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5176\u521d\u672b\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u7528\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002 \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9006\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\uff0c\u71b5\u53d8\u7b49\u4e8e \\(0\\) \u3002 \u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5 \u81ea\u7531\u81a8\u80c0 \u6b64\u65f6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06 \\(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T}=0\\) \u770b\u4f5c\u71b5\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u3002 \u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u521d\u672b\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u7b49\u6e29\u81a8\u80c0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u79ef\u5206\u540e\u5f97 \\(\\Delta S = \\frac{m}{M}R\\ln{\\frac{V_2}{V_1}}>0\\) \u3002 \u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc \u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8bbe \\(T_1>T_2\\) \u3002 \u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u71b5\u53d8\u4e3a \\(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T_2}-\\frac{\\delta Q}{T_1} > 0\\) \u3002 \u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u539f\u7406\uff1a \u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u71b5\u53ea\u5728\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002 \u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a \\(S=k\\ln W\\) \u3002\u5176\u4e2d \\(W\\) \u662f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u5373\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u3002","title":"\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66 I \uff08H\uff09"},{"location":"courses-zju/general-physics-1/#i-h","text":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u6625\u590f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1aMichael Smidman\u3001\u8def\u6b23 \u5206\u6570\u6784\u6210\uff1a \u4f5c\u4e1a 30% \u671f\u4e2d\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u8bfe\u540e Quiz 30% \u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5 40% \u6388\u8bfe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u53cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66 \u4e2a\u4eba\u8bc4\u4ef7 \u5728\u5916\u6559\u73ed\u4e0a\u5b66\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9047\u5230\u7684\u969c\u788d\u5c31\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u540c\u5b66\u5728\u542c\u5b8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f00\u542f\u81ea\u5b66\u3002 \u5916\u6559\u73ed\u7684\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6388\u8bfe\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u300aPhysics\u300b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe \u8ba9\u4f60\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3 \u3002\u4ece\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bfe\u540e\u7684 Quiz \u548c\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u7ade\u8d5b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8003\u5bdf\u5f97\u4f1a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e86\u5982\u4e8e\u5fc3\u3002","title":"\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66 I \uff08H\uff09"},{"location":"courses-zju/general-physics-1/#_1","text":"","title":"\u8003\u524d\u8865\u5929"},{"location":"courses-zju/discrete-math/","text":"","title":"Index"},{"location":"courses-zju/probability-and-statistics/","text":"","title":"Index"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/","text":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u5217\u8868 \u00b6 \u2705\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210 \u00b6 \u270f\ufe0f\u6b63\u5728\u7f16\u8f91 \u00b6 C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b HPC-101","title":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002","title":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/#_2","text":"","title":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5217\u8868"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/","text":"C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u00b6 \u8be5\u7b14\u8bb0\u5171\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08FP\uff0cFundamentals of Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u8bb8\u7aef\u6e05 \u6559\u6750\uff1aThe C Programming Language. 2 nd Edition. Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie. C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u9898\uff08LCP\uff0cLectures on C Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u6625\u590f\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u7fc1\u607a \u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u6559\u6750\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 K&R C\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a K&R C \u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u53c2\u8003\u624b\u518c\u201d\u800c\u975e\u5165\u95e8\u4e66\u7c4d\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u66f4\u63a8\u8350 \u51c6\u5907\u4fee\u8bfb\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684 \u540c\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u5165\u95e8\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u539a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83 \u5185\u5bb9\u5168\u9762 \uff0c \u4f8b\u5b50\u4e30\u5bcc \uff0c\u8ddf\u7740\u5b83\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u904d\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u826f\u597d\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002 \u7b14\u8bb0\u5185\u5bb9 \u00b6 \u6211\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u4e13\u9898\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7eb3\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e0e\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u5386\u5e74\u5377\u6574\u7406","title":"C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/#c","text":"","title":"C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/#_1","text":"\u8be5\u7b14\u8bb0\u5171\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08FP\uff0cFundamentals of Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u8bb8\u7aef\u6e05 \u6559\u6750\uff1aThe C Programming Language. 2 nd Edition. Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie. C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u9898\uff08LCP\uff0cLectures on C Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u6625\u590f\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u7fc1\u607a \u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u6559\u6750\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 K&R C\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a K&R C \u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u53c2\u8003\u624b\u518c\u201d\u800c\u975e\u5165\u95e8\u4e66\u7c4d\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u66f4\u63a8\u8350 \u51c6\u5907\u4fee\u8bfb\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684 \u540c\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u5165\u95e8\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u539a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83 \u5185\u5bb9\u5168\u9762 \uff0c \u4f8b\u5b50\u4e30\u5bcc \uff0c\u8ddf\u7740\u5b83\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u904d\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u826f\u597d\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002","title":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/#_2","text":"\u6211\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u4e13\u9898\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7eb3\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e0e\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u5386\u5e74\u5377\u6574\u7406","title":"\u7b14\u8bb0\u5185\u5bb9"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/c-standard-library-and-graphic-library/","text":"","title":"C standard library and graphic library"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/","tags":["todo"],"text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u94fe\u8868 \u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217 \u9012\u5f52\u601d\u60f3 \u67e5\u627e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5 \u4e09\u5927\u57fa\u7840\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f \u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u00b6 \u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5c06 \u4f7f\u7528 \u548c \u5b9e\u73b0 \u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 ADT \u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u80fd\u505a\u54ea\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd ADT\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5982 length() \u3001 substr() \u3001 find() \u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 string \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0 ADT\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API\uff08Application Programming Interface\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u793a\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cAPI \u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86 ADT \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u7684 API\uff1a \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd int length() \u65e0 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 string substr(string str, int start, int len) start \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e len \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32 int find(string substr) substr \uff1a\u5f85\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u5b50\u4e32 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684 API\u3002\u5b83\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API \u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u3001\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u7b49 ADT \u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282\u3002 \u94fe\u8868 \u00b6 \u53d1\u660e\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5f25\u8865\u6570\u7ec4\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u7ec4\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u6392\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u623f\u5b50\u90fd\u6709\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5730\u5740\u627e\u5230\u623f\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u8fd9\u6392\u623f\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u680b\u65b0\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u540e\u9762\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u90fd\u5f80\u540e\u632a\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u5f88\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u3002\u800c\u94fe\u8868\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e32\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6263\uff0c \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u5f00\u4e24\u4e2a\u94a5\u5319\u6263\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6263 \uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u632a\u52a8\u540e\u9762\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6263\u3002 \u94fe\u8868\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9 Node \u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u636e Data \u548c\u6307\u5411\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u6307\u9488 Next \u3002 \u94fe\u8868 API \u00b6 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd LinkedList create() \u65e0 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u94fe\u8868 void destroy(LinkedList list) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 \u9500\u6bc1\u94fe\u8868 void insert(LinkedList list, int index, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 index \uff1a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7d22\u5f15 data \uff1a\u5f85\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5728\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u540e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u8282\u70b9 void append(LinkedList list, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 data \uff1a\u5f85\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5728\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u8282\u70b9 void delete(LinkedList list, int index) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 index \uff1a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7d22\u5f15 \u5220\u9664\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8282\u70b9 void deleteValue(LinkedList list, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 data \uff1a\u5f85\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5220\u9664\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e3a data \u7684\u8282\u70b9 int length(LinkedList list) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 \u8fd4\u56de\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 Node get(LinkedList list, int index) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 index \uff1a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7d22\u5f15 \u8fd4\u56de\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8282\u70b9 Node search(LinkedList list, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 data \uff1a\u5f85\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u6570\u636e \u8fd4\u56de\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e3a data \u7684\u8282\u70b9 void print(LinkedList list) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 \u6253\u5370\u94fe\u8868 \u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 \u00b6 \u57fa\u672c\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u518d\u4f5c\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u57fa\u7840\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 linked_list.c typedef struct Node { int data ; struct Node * next ; } Node ; typedef struct LinkedList { Node * head ; int length ; } LinkedList ; LinkedList * create () { LinkedList * list = ( LinkedList * ) malloc ( sizeof ( LinkedList )); list -> head = NULL ; list -> length = 0 ; return list ; } int length ( LinkedList * list ) { return list -> length ; } Node * get ( LinkedList * list , int index ) { if ( index < 0 || index >= list -> length ) { printf ( \"Index out of range \\n \" ); return NULL ; } Node * p = list -> head ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < index ; i ++ ) { p = p -> next ; } return p ; } void insert ( LinkedList * list , int index , int data ) { if ( index < 0 || index > list -> length ) { printf ( \"Index out of range \\n \" ); return ; } Node * new_node = ( Node * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Node )); new_node -> data = data ; new_node -> next = NULL ; if ( index == 0 ) { new_node -> next = list -> head ; list -> head = new_node ; } else { Node * p = get ( list , index - 1 ); new_node -> next = p -> next ; p -> next = new_node ; } list -> length ++ ; } \u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u94fe\u8868\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5904\u7406\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7b49\u8fb9\u754c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5224\u65ad\u94fe\u8868\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a \u3002 \u7a7a\u6307\u9488 \u4f7f\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u5316\u5904\u7406\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5934\u90e8\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u8282\u70b9\uff08\u54d1\u8282\u70b9\uff09 dummy \uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5934\u90e8\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u7a7a\u4e86\u3002\u865a\u62df\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u7ef4\u62a4 length \u5b57\u6bb5\u4e86\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u53cc\u5411\u94fe\u8868\u548c\u5faa\u73af\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5176 API \u4e5f\u4f1a\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ed9\u51fa\u5176\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u8bf7\u81ea\u884c\u8003\u8651\u5176 API \u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a \u6808 \u00b6 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6808\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u5806\u4e66\u672c\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u53d6\u8d70\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u4e66\u653e\u5728\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u540e\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa \uff08Last In First Out\uff0cLIFO\uff09\u3002 \u6808 API \u00b6 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd Stack create() \u65e0 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6808 void destroy(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u9500\u6bc1\u6808 void push(Stack stack, int data) stack \uff1a\u6808 data \uff1a\u5f85\u5165\u6808\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5165\u6808 int pop(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u5c06\u6808\u9876\u6570\u636e\u51fa\u6808\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de int peek(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u8fd4\u56de\u6808\u9876\u6570\u636e int isEmpty(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u5224\u65ad\u6808\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a \u6808\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 \u00b6 \u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u6808\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 stack.c typedef struct Stack { int * data ; int top ; int capacity ; } Stack ; Stack * create () { Stack * stack = ( Stack * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Stack )); stack -> data = ( int * ) malloc ( sizeof ( int ) * 10 ); stack -> top = -1 ; stack -> capacity = 10 ; return stack ; } void destroy ( Stack * stack ) { free ( stack -> data ); free ( stack ); } void push ( Stack * stack , int data ) { if ( stack -> top == stack -> capacity - 1 ) { printf ( \"Stack overflow \\n \" ); return ; } stack -> data [ ++ stack -> top ] = data ; } int pop ( Stack * stack ) { if ( stack -> top == -1 ) { printf ( \"Stack underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } return stack -> data [ stack -> top -- ]; } int peek ( Stack * stack ) { if ( stack -> top == -1 ) { printf ( \"Stack underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } return stack -> data [ stack -> top ]; } int isEmpty ( Stack * stack ) { return stack -> top == -1 ; } \u6808\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u8f83\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u961f\u5217 \u00b6 \u961f\u5217\u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u5148\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa \uff08First In First Out\uff0cFIFO\uff09\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u6392\u961f\u4e70\u7968\u3002\u961f\u5217\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7aef\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u961f\u5934\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u961f\u5c3e\u3002\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u961f\u5c3e\u5165\u961f\uff0c\u4ece\u961f\u5934\u51fa\u961f\u3002 \u961f\u5217 API \u00b6 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd Queue create() \u65e0 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u961f\u5217 void destroy(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u9500\u6bc1\u961f\u5217 void enqueue(Queue queue, int data) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 data \uff1a\u5f85\u5165\u961f\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5165\u961f int dequeue(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u5c06\u961f\u5934\u6570\u636e\u51fa\u961f\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de int peek(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u8fd4\u56de\u961f\u5934\u6570\u636e int isEmpty(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u5224\u65ad\u961f\u5217\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a \u961f\u5217\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 \u00b6 \u961f\u5217\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u5728\u961f\u5c3e\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u5728\u961f\u5934\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u961f\u5217\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5b9e\u73b0 queue.c typedef struct Queue { int data ; struct Queue * next ; } Queue ; Queue * create () { Queue * queue = ( Queue * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Queue )); queue -> next = NULL ; return queue ; } void destroy ( Queue * queue ) { Queue * tmp ; while ( queue ) { tmp = queue ; queue = queue -> next ; free ( tmp ); } } void enqueue ( Queue * queue , int data ) { Queue * tmp = queue ; while ( tmp -> next ) { tmp = tmp -> next ; } tmp -> next = ( Queue * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Queue )); tmp -> next -> data = data ; tmp -> next -> next = NULL ; } int dequeue ( Queue * queue ) { if ( ! queue -> next ) { printf ( \"Queue underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } Queue * tmp = queue -> next ; int data = tmp -> data ; queue -> next = tmp -> next ; free ( tmp ); return data ; } int peek ( Queue * queue ) { if ( ! queue -> next ) { printf ( \"Queue underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } return queue -> next -> data ; } int isEmpty ( Queue * queue ) { return ! queue -> next ; } \u5206\u5272\u7ebf\u4e0b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6682\u672a\u6574\u7406 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba9\u6570\u7ec4\u4ee5\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217 Selection sort \u00b6 \u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5230\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u4e86\u67e5\u627e\u6700\u503c\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u7ea6 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void selection_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , min , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { //The wall begins at 0 and ends at len-1 min = i ; for ( j = i + 1 ; j < len ; j ++ ) { //Find the minimum element in the unsorted array if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ min ]) { min = j ; } } if ( min != i ) { //Swap tmp = arr [ i ]; arr [ i ] = arr [ min ]; arr [ min ] = tmp ; } } } Bubble sort \u00b6 \u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0a\u6d6e\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u524d\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5c0f\uff0c\u5219\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5373\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0a\u6d6e\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0b\u6c89\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u5de6\u4fa7\uff0c\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a n \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 n-1 \u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } } Insertion sort \u00b6 \u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u5d4c\u5165\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6392\u5217\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u4e14\u4e3b\u952e\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N-1\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(0\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void insertion_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 1 ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j > 0 && arr [ j - 1 ] > tmp ; j -- ) { //Find the correct position arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } } \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f \u00b6 void merge ( int * arr , int * tmp , int left , int mid , int right ) { int i , j , k ; for ( i = left , j = mid + 1 , k = left ; i <= mid && j <= right ; k ++ ) { if ( arr [ i ] <= arr [ j ]) { tmp [ k ] = arr [ i ++ ]; } else { tmp [ k ] = arr [ j ++ ]; } } while ( i <= mid ) { tmp [ k ++ ] = arr [ i ++ ]; } while ( j <= right ) { tmp [ k ++ ] = arr [ j ++ ]; } for ( i = left ; i <= right ; i ++ ) { arr [ i ] = tmp [ i ]; } } void merge_sort ( int * arr , int * tmp , int left , int right ) { if ( left < right ) { int mid = ( left + right ) / 2 ; merge_sort ( arr , tmp , left , mid ); merge_sort ( arr , tmp , mid + 1 , right ); merge ( arr , tmp , left , mid , right ); } } \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f \u00b6 int partition ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { int pivot = arr [ left ]; while ( left < right ) { while ( left < right && arr [ right ] >= pivot ) { right -- ; } arr [ left ] = arr [ right ]; while ( left < right && arr [ left ] <= pivot ) { left ++ ; } arr [ right ] = arr [ left ]; } arr [ left ] = pivot ; return left ; } void quick_sort ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { if ( left < right ) { int pivot = partition ( arr , left , right ); quick_sort ( arr , left , pivot - 1 ); quick_sort ( arr , pivot + 1 , right ); } } \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f \u00b6 void shell_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp , gap ; for ( gap = len / 2 ; gap > 0 ; gap /= 2 ) { for ( i = gap ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j >= gap && arr [ j - gap ] > tmp ; j -= gap ) { arr [ j ] = arr [ j - gap ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } } }","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u94fe\u8868 \u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217 \u9012\u5f52\u601d\u60f3 \u67e5\u627e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5 \u4e09\u5927\u57fa\u7840\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_2","text":"\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5c06 \u4f7f\u7528 \u548c \u5b9e\u73b0 \u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 ADT \u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u80fd\u505a\u54ea\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd ADT\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5982 length() \u3001 substr() \u3001 find() \u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 string \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0 ADT\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API\uff08Application Programming Interface\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u793a\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cAPI \u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86 ADT \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u7684 API\uff1a \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd int length() \u65e0 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 string substr(string str, int start, int len) start \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e len \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32 int find(string substr) substr \uff1a\u5f85\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u5b50\u4e32 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684 API\u3002\u5b83\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API \u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u3001\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u7b49 ADT \u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282\u3002","title":"\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_9","text":"\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba9\u6570\u7ec4\u4ee5\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217","title":"\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#selection-sort","text":"\u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5230\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u4e86\u67e5\u627e\u6700\u503c\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u7ea6 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void selection_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , min , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { //The wall begins at 0 and ends at len-1 min = i ; for ( j = i + 1 ; j < len ; j ++ ) { //Find the minimum element in the unsorted array if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ min ]) { min = j ; } } if ( min != i ) { //Swap tmp = arr [ i ]; arr [ i ] = arr [ min ]; arr [ min ] = tmp ; } } }","title":"Selection sort"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#bubble-sort","text":"\u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0a\u6d6e\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u524d\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5c0f\uff0c\u5219\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5373\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0a\u6d6e\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0b\u6c89\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u5de6\u4fa7\uff0c\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a n \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 n-1 \u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } }","title":"Bubble sort"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#insertion-sort","text":"\u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u5d4c\u5165\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6392\u5217\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u4e14\u4e3b\u952e\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N-1\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(0\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void insertion_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 1 ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j > 0 && arr [ j - 1 ] > tmp ; j -- ) { //Find the correct position arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } }","title":"Insertion sort"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_11","text":"int partition ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { int pivot = arr [ left ]; while ( left < right ) { while ( left < right && arr [ right ] >= pivot ) { right -- ; } arr [ left ] = arr [ right ]; while ( left < right && arr [ left ] <= pivot ) { left ++ ; } arr [ right ] = arr [ left ]; } arr [ left ] = pivot ; return left ; } void quick_sort ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { if ( left < right ) { int pivot = partition ( arr , left , right ); quick_sort ( arr , left , pivot - 1 ); quick_sort ( arr , pivot + 1 , right ); } }","title":"\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_12","text":"void shell_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp , gap ; for ( gap = len / 2 ; gap > 0 ; gap /= 2 ) { for ( i = gap ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j >= gap && arr [ j - gap ] > tmp ; j -= gap ) { arr [ j ] = arr [ j - gap ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } } }","title":"\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/","tags":["doing"],"text":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u3002 \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 Abstract \u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a \u6574\u578b\uff1a int \u3001 long \u3001 short \u3001 char \u3001 unsigned \u3001 signed \u7b49\u3002 \u7ed3\u6784 \u6570\u636e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u00b6 todo: \u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b\u89e3\u60d1 \u6216\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f1a\u548c\u6211\u540c\u6837\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\uff1a \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 \u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f int \u4e14\u957f\u5ea6\u662f 4 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\uff1f \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 getchar() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \u800c\u4e0d\u662f char \uff1f \u5bbd\u5b57\u7b26\u3001\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\u548c Unicode \u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\uff1f \u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u89e3\u91ca\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u505a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u770b \u6742\u9879 \u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f int \uff1f \u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\uff08Multicharacter constants\uff09\u7ee7\u627f\u4e8e C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u524d\u8eab B \u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7f16\u5199\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c 'abcd' \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a 32 \u4f4d\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002 \u5728 C \u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\uff0c \u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b \uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u662f 4 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u5728 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e \u8c03\u8bd5\u76ee\u7684 \u800c\u5d4c\u5165\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684 \u9b54\u6570\uff08Magic Numbers\uff09 \uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 0xfeedbeef \u548c 0xdeadbeef \u800c\u4e0d\u662f NULL \u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u6307\u9488\u7684 \u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316 \u548c \u5df2\u5220\u9664 \u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u597d\u5904\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9b54\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4f4d\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6 \u5e94\u5f53\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u4ece int \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982 char a = 'ABCD' \uff0c\u5728 gcc\u3001clang\u3001msvc \u4e0a\u5747\u4e3a a = 'D' \uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728 armcc \u4e0a\u4e3a a = 'A' \u3002 getchar() \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8fd4\u56de int \u7c7b\u578b\uff1f \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de EOF \uff0c\u800c EOF \u5728\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a (int)-1 \u3002 This macro is an integer value that is returned by a number of narrow stream functions to indicate an end-of-file condition, or some other error situation. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1f\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c EOF \u5e94\u5f53 \u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u503c\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c \u3002 (char)-1 \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c char \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u80fd\u8868\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4f5c EOF \uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 (int)-1 \uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5bbd\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u7684\u5728\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684 \u6574\u5f62\u63d0\u5347 \u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba9 getchar() \u8fd4\u56de (char)-1 \uff0c\u5f53\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u5230 (char)-1 \u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u4ece\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u5230\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684 char \uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fd4\u56de (int)255 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e EOF \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c char \u3001 signed char \u4e0e unsigned char \u76f4\u63a5\u4e24\u4e24\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1 char \u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u7531\u5b9e\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\uff1a What is the purpose of multi character constants in C? - Quora Character constant - cppreference.com int c = getchar()? Why int? : C_Programming (reddit.com) Implicit conversions - cppreference.com \u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u00b6 \u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u64b0\u5199\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e \u00b6 Info \u672c\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u300aC \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b\u300b\u7b2c 3 \u7ae0\u201c\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u201d\u3002 \u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u4f7f\u7528 typedef \u9010\u6b65\u5408\u6210\u58f0\u660e\u3002 One good way to synthesize declarations is in small steps with typedef . K&R C, 5.12 . \u300aC \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b\u300b\u548c\u300aC \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677\u300b\u90fd\u63d0\u51fa\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\uff1a \u58f0\u660e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f8\u4f3c \u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u662f\u7c7b\u578b+\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c\u5c06 \u5f97\u5230\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b \u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 \u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 \u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a int *p p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u58f0\u660e\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f *p \uff08\u89e3\u5f15\u7528 p \uff09\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u6c42\u503c\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a int \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u518d\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a char (*(*x[3])())[5] x \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u58f0\u660e\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f x[3] \u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 \u628a (*(*x[3])())[5] \u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u5185\u5411\u5916\u6309\u7167\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u7ed3\u5408\u5f8b\u5bf9\u5176\u6c42\u503c\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a char \u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6c42\u503c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u6b21\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u4e86 char \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 K&R \u5bf9 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb Todo \u5bf9\u4e8e \u58f0\u660e \u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a \u603b\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5728\u54ea\u91cc \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e \u5f62\u5f0f\u53c2\u6570 \u3001 typedef \u3001 sizeof \u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u540d\u5b57 \uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u4e0d\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff1a\u4ece\u6700\u5185\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7\u5f00\u59cb\u8bfb\u3002 \u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a ( * ( void ( * )()) 0 )(); \u4ece\u6700\u5185\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7\u5f00\u59cb\u8bfb\uff1a void(*)() \u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u662f void \uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e3a\u7a7a\u3002 \u4e00\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7\u628a void(*)() \u5305\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f \u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a 0 \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a void(*)() \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u6700\u540e\u5c31\u5269\u4e0b (*fp)() \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u3002 \u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u9996\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0 \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\uff1a typedef void ( * funcptr )(); ( * ( funcptr ) 0 )(); C \u8bed\u8a00\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\u7b49\u4f4d\u7f6e\u586b\u5199\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u3002\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003 \u5386\u5e74\u5377\u603b\u7ed3 \u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u9898\u3002 \u5206\u5272\u7ebf\u4e0b\u65b9\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8fd8\u672a\u6574\u7406 \u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u00b6 C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u75db\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u638c\u63e1\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5199\u51fa\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26 \u00b6 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u88ab\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u503c\u90fd\u5360\u7528\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u79f0\u4e3a \u5bf9\u8c61 \u3002\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u50a8\u5b58\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u4e49 \u201c\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6307\u7684\u662f\u201c\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a \u6807\u8bc6\u7b26 \uff0c\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u786c\u4ef6\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u6307\u9488 \u4e0e\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002 \u5de6\u503c \u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u5de6\u503c \u3002 entity \u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u662f\u5de6\u503c *pt \u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5de6\u503c 2 * entity \u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5de6\u503c *(pt + 2) \u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5de6\u503c \u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5de6\u503c\u6539\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u79f0\u4e3a \u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5de6\u503c \u3002 const char * pc = \"xxxx\" ; pc \u662f\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5de6\u503c *pc \u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5de6\u503c \u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u548c\u94fe\u63a5 \u00b6 Note \u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u548c\u94fe\u63a5 \u63cf\u8ff0\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u00b6 C \u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a \u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u5757\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u53c2\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5728\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u5916\u90e8\uff09\u3002 Note \u5728 C99 \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5757\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u58f0\u660e\u3002 \u4e5f\u662f\u5728 C99\uff0c \u5757 \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u653e\u5bbd\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u8bed\u53e5\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u5faa\u73af\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u5757\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\uff09\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a for ( int i = 0 ;;) function (); i \u5177\u6709\u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff0c\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u66f4\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u5faa\u73af\u4f53\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u5b50\u5757\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\u5b83\uff1a { for ( int i ;;) { int i ; } } \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u540c\u540d\u53d8\u91cf i \u4e0d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 Tip \u540c\u540d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u8986\u76d6\u5916\u90e8\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u57df goto \u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6807\u7b7e\u5728\u5185\u5c42\u7684\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e5f\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u3002\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002 \u53ea\u5728\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 VLA \u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u987a\u5e8f\uff1a void use_VLA ( int n , int m , ar [ n ][ m ]); \u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u79f0\u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143 \u4f60\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u9884\u5904\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u63d2\u5165\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b83 include \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u521a\u624d\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7684 \u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728 \u6574\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u53ef\u89c1 \u3002 \u94fe\u63a5 \u00b6 \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 \u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7531 static \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e\u3002 \u7528\u8bed \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528 \u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u6307\u4ee3\u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u7528 \u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u6307\u4ee3\u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\u3002 \u65e0\u94fe\u63a5 \u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3002 \u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u00b6 \u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u6574\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 static \u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u58f0\u660e\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7ebf\u7a0b\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u4ece\u58f0\u660e\u5904\u5230\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4f7f\u7528 _Thread_local \u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002 \u81ea\u52a8\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u5165\u5757\u65f6\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u5757\u65f6\u91ca\u653e\u3002\u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 VLA \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u5757\u672b\u5c3e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\uff08\u6bd5\u7adf\u5230\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u5927\u5c0f\uff09\u3002 \u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u603b\u7ed3 \u00b6 \u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5e76\u53d1\u7f16\u7a0b\uff0cC \u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e94\u79cd\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8bf7\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u94fe\u63a5\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u81ea\u52a8 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u53d8\u91cf\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u5b83\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4 double \u957f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u80fd\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u9759\u6001\u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 extern \u58f0\u660e\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5728\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u540d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u8986\u76d6\u9759\u6001\u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cd\u540d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 auto \u6ce8\u660e\u3002 \u9759\u6001\u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 \u9759\u6001\u65e0\u94fe\u63a5 \u4ec5\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u82e5\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a 0 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7528\u8c03\u8bd5\u5668\u8c03\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u597d\u50cf\u201c\u8df3\u8fc7\u201d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u3002 Note - \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 auto \u663e\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u52a8\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4f46\u5728 C++ \u4e2d\u5b83\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002 \u00b6","title":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#_1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u3002","title":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#_2","text":"Abstract \u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a \u6574\u578b\uff1a int \u3001 long \u3001 short \u3001 char \u3001 unsigned \u3001 signed \u7b49\u3002 \u7ed3\u6784","title":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#_6","text":"C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u75db\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u638c\u63e1\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5199\u51fa\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002","title":"\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#-auto-c","text":"","title":"- \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 auto \u663e\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u52a8\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4f46\u5728 C++ \u4e2d\u5b83\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/","text":"C \u5927\u7a0b\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u6574\u7406 \u00b6 \u611f\u8c22\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6574\u7406\u7684 uu \u4eec\uff1a Anston Sun\u300145gfg9\u3001sanaka\u3001TH \u8ba0 NK\u3001cxy \u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898 \u00b6 \u600e\u4e48\u8bfb\u58f0\u660e\uff1f \u00b6 \u8be6\u89c1\uff1a Reading C type declarations (unixwiz.net) \u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u00b6 Author\uff1a45gfg9\u3001Anston Sun \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u60f9\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7684\u5c0f\u5bb6\u4f19\u3002 int function ( int arg ) { return 2 * arg ; } \u4e00\u822c\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\uff0c \u7c7b\u578b\u662f int (int) \u3002 int ( * func_ptr )( int ); \u829d\u58eb\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u829d\u58eb\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c \u7c7b\u578b\u662f int (*)(int) \u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5bb6\u4f19\u80fd\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f func_ptr = & function ; func_ptr = function ; \u524d\u8005\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u5e73\u5e73\u65e0\u5947\u7684\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6d12\u6d12\u6c34\u5566\u3002 \u540e\u8005\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u67d0\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5947\u6280\u6deb\u5de7\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6307\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u6307\u9488\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u4ee3\u5668 function \u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 func_ptr \uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u574f\u4e86\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u64ad\u653e\u5988\u5988\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u8981\u6253\u9ad8\u7aef\u5c40\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f60\u5148\u522b\u6025\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u4e91\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u6548\u3002C \u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5fcd\u5fc3\u770b\u5230\u88ab\u51fd\u6570\u7ed5\u6655\u7684\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u9762\u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u63aa\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684 \u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362 \u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u6362 \u00b6 \u4efb\u4f55\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u4ee3\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u7528\u4e8e \u5f02\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5217\u8bed\u5883 \u65f6 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d6\u5740\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u4f5c\u4e3a sizeof \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u5230\u6307\u5411 \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6240\u6307\u4ee3\u51fd\u6570 \u7684\u6307\u9488\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc function \u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u53d8\u6210 &function \u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u8f6c\u6362\u5e76\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u503c\uff0c\u800c \u7c7b\u578b\u4ece int (int) \u53d8\u6210 int (*)(int) \u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5427\u3002 \u8bf7\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a // \u8bd5\u8bd5\u770b\uff01 ( * ( void ( * )()) 0 )(); \u597d\u5427\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6216\u8bb8\u5bf9\u4f60\u6765\u8bf4\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\u65e9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u70b9\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002 function ( 20 ); ( function )( 20 ); ( *& function )( 20 ); ( & function )( 20 ); ( * function )( 20 ); ( *********** function )( 20 ); // \u4e0d\u7528\u6570\u4e86\uff0c11 \u4e2a \u5148\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u770b\u524d\u4e94\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u719f\u6089\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u755c\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u770b\u7740\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u2026\u2026\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6837\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5462\uff1f\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u518d\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u51fa\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u3002\u8fde\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u90fd\u4f1a\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u4f18\u5316\u6389\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u5f00\u59cb\u5947\u602a\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u5e76\u975e\u7c97\u5fc3\u5927\u610f\uff0c\u5b83\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u73a9\u8f6c\u6307\u9488\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u4e0e\u60ec\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u634d\u536b\u6307\u9488\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002\u9274\u4e8e C \u6807\u51c6\u5141\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570 \uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u89c1\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u6362\u4e86\u79cd\u6298\u78e8\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u806a\u660e\u5982\u4f60\u65e9\u5df2\u6599\u5230\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5f15\u8a00\u5b9a\u771f\uff0c\u9274\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u60ef\u7684\u3002\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362 \uff0c *function \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e *&function \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0b\u770b\u61c2\u4e86\u3002 \u73b0\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bf9 function \u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u8feb\u4f7f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c06\u5b83\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f60\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u5947\u602a\u7656\u597d\u3002 \u8fd8\u662f\u770b\u770b\u8fdc\u5904\u7684 func_ptr \u5427\u5bb6\u4eba\u4eec\u3002 ( * func_ptr )( 20 ); func_ptr ( 20 ); ( **** func_ptr )( 20 ); ( & func_ptr )( 20 ); \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u6307\u9488\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\uff0c\u4eba\u755c\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6574\u6574\u4e09\u56de\u554a\u4e09\u56de\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8ddf\u4f60\u7206\u4e86 \u3002\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u662f\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u62c6\u5f00\u770b\u770b\uff1a int ( * func_ptr )( int ) = & function ; // \u8fd9\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684 int ( ** second_ptr )( int ) = & func_ptr ; // \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684 second_ptr ( 20 ); // \u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8fd9\u6837 \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c second_ptr \u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e2a\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6307\u9488\u4e86\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5b83\u662f\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ea7\u6307\u9488\uff09\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5730\u5740\u503c\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e \u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u662f function \u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u800c\u662f func_ptr \u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u8fd9\u8fd8\u5f97\u4e86\uff0c\u9a97\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u9a97\u5144\u5f1f\u4e5f\u5c31\u7b97\u4e86\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u4e0d\u5403\u4f60\u8fd9\u5957\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u770b\u70b9\u4e0d\u592a\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff1a int func_two ( int a , int f ( int arg )) { return 3 * f ( a ); } \u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a // function \u5982\u4e0a\u6587\u5b9a\u4e49 int function ( int arg ); int a = 1 ; int b = func_two ( a , function ); \u76f8\u4fe1\u806a\u660e\u7684\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u731c\u5230\u4e86\uff0c b \u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f 6\u3002\u6865\u8c46\u9ebb\u888b\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u6709\u54ea\u91cc\u4e0d\u592a\u5bf9\u52b2\u3002 func_two \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u5206\u522b\u662f int \u548c int (int) \uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u5374\u4f20\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u5417\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f \u53c8\u662f\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\uff1fBingo\uff01\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u53d1\u751f\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 func_two \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5f62\u53c2\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f int (*)(int) \uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684 int (int) \u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u548c void f(int a[]) \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f void f(int *a) \u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u8282\u7ea6\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u773c\u4e2d\u7684 func_two \u662f int func_two(int a, int (*f)(int) \u3002\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u5c31\u987a\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u4e86\u3002 \u7ecf\u8fc7\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362 \u89c4\u5b9a\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u60c5\u666f\u5e76\u975e\u96be\u4e8b\u3002\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7684\u754f\u60e7\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u8f6c\u6362\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6216\u53d7\u590d\u6742\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u8bed\u6cd5\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bc6\u522b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u719f\u7ec3\u5ea6\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4f60\u81ea\u4fe1\u8fd0\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u00b6 \u7b80\u8981\u6574\u7406\u4e00\u4e0b libgraphics \u7528\u6cd5\uff1a \u5fc5\u5907\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u56fe\u5f62\u4e0e\u6587\u5b57 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff1a libgraphics \u7684\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e ACLLib \u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u524d\u8005\u4ee5\u5de6\u4e0b\u89d2\u4e3a\u539f\u70b9\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u4ee5\u5de6\u4e0a\u89d2\u4e3a\u9876\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7a97\u53e3\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 void InitGraphics(void) \uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u8c03\u7528 void MovePen(double x, double y) \uff1a\u5c06\u7b14\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u67d0\u70b9\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u79fb\u52a8\uff09 void DrawLine(double dx, double dy) \uff1a\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u70b9 \\((x,y)\\) \u753b\u5230 \\((x+dx, y+dy)\\) \u7684\u7ebf\uff0c\u753b\u7b14\u968f\u4e4b\u79fb\u52a8 void DrawArc(double r, double start, double sweep) \uff1a\u4ee5\u5f53\u524d\u70b9\u4e3a\u5706\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ece \\(\\phi=start\\) \u89d2\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u753b\u534a\u5f84\u4e3a \\(r\\) \uff0c\u5706\u5fc3\u89d2\u4e3a \\(\\Delta\\phi=sweep\\) \u7684\u5706\u5f27\u3002 double GetWindowWidth(void) \uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u7a97\u53e3\u5bbd\u5ea6 double GetWindowHeight(void) double GetCurrentX(void) \uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u753b\u7b14\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e double GetCurrentY(void) void DrawTextString(string text) \uff1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 double TextStringWidth(string text) \uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u8be5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6253\u5370\u65f6\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6 \u5173\u4e8e SetEraseMode() \u548c GetEraseMode() \u6211\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u6ce8\u91ca\u8d34\u5728\u8fd9\u4e86\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u5427\uff1a /* * Function: SetEraseMode * Usage: SetEraseMode(TRUE); * SetEraseMode(FALSE); * --------------------------- * The SetEraseMode function sets the value of the internal * erasing flag. Setting this flag is similar to setting the * color to \"White\" in its effect but does not affect the * current color setting. When erase mode is set to FALSE, * normal drawing is restored, using the current color. */ void SetEraseMode ( bool mode ); /* * Function: GetEraseMode * Usage: mode = GetEraseMode(); * ----------------------------- * This function returns the current state of the erase mode flag. */ bool GetEraseMode ( void ); \u8fd8\u662f\u9644\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5427\uff1aSetEraseMode \u51fd\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5185\u90e8\u64e6\u9664\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u503c\u3002\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u503c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5c31\u50cf\u628a\u989c\u8272\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u201c\u767d\u8272\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u989c\u8272\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u5f53\u64e6\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3aFALSE\u65f6\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5230\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u7ed8\u753b\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3002 \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u4ea4\u4e92\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u5728 simpio.h \u4e2d void InitConsole(void) \uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 stdio.h \u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u8bb0\u5f97\u5199\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u3002 int GetInteger(void) \uff1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u5165\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9047\u5230\u610f\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u6237\u91cd\u65b0\u8f93\u5165\u3002\u6e90\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a int GetInteger ( void ) { string line ; int value ; char termch ; while ( TRUE ) { line = GetLine (); if ( line == NULL ) Error ( \"GetInteger: unexpected end of file\" ); switch ( sscanf ( line , \" %d %c\" , & value , & termch )) { case 1 : FreeBlock ( line ); return ( value ); case 2 : printf ( \"Unexpected character: '%c' \\n \" , termch ); break ; default : printf ( \"Please enter an integer \\n \" ); break ; } FreeBlock ( line ); printf ( \"Retry: \" ); } } double GetReal(void) \uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u540c\u4e0a\u3002 string GetLine(void) string ReadLine(FILE *infile) \uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u5165\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u5b9a\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u56de\u8c03 \u00b6 Author: Anston Sun \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7528\u4e8e\u5ef6\u65f6\u6216\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u540c\u7c7b\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u949f\u8868\u7b49\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u8ba1\u65f6\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u65e5\u7a0b\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u6bcf\u7ecf\u8fc7 \u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u957f \uff0c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4fbf\u4f1a \u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u673a\u5236 \uff0c\u6267\u884c \u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6307\u4ee4 \u3002 libgraphics \u5e93\u901a\u8fc7 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236 \u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9a\u65f6\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236\u6b64\u5904\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668 \u00b6 \u4e0e\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a void startTimer(int timerID, int interval) void cancelTimer(int timerID) \u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5206\u522b\u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u52a8\u4e0e\u7ec8\u6b62\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u3002 interval \u662f \u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u957f \uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e24\u6b21\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u3002 timerID \u4e3a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u4e13\u7528\u540d\u79f0\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u591a\u9879\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u5206\u522b\u542f\u52a8\u591a\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5747\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1 TimerEvent \uff0c\u5728\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 timerID \u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u3002 \u56de\u8c03\u6ce8\u518c\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback) \uff1a\u6ce8\u518c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002 TimerEventCallback \u7c7b\u578b\u89c1\u4e0b\u3002 \u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 typedef void (*TimerEventCallback)(int timerID) TimerEventCallback \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5047\u8bbe\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a func \uff09\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a void func(int timerID) \u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u4efb\u4e00\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5230\u8fbe\u8bbe\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u5747\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528 func \u51fd\u6570\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u5165\u7684 timerID \uff0c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u89e6\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u8865\u5145\u601d\u8003 \u00b6 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5747\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5ef6\u65f6\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5373\u5728 \u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u957f \u540e\u6267\u884c \u7279\u5b9a\u6b21\u6570 \u7684 \u7279\u5b9a\u64cd\u4f5c \u3002\u7ed3\u5408 cancelTimer \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u600e\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u3002 \u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 typedef void ( * KeyboardEventCallback ) ( int key , int event ); typedef void ( * CharEventCallback ) ( char c ); typedef void ( * MouseEventCallback ) ( int x , int y , int button , int event ); typedef void ( * TimerEventCallback ) ( int timerID ); void registerKeyboardEvent ( KeyboardEventCallback callback ); void registerCharEvent ( CharEventCallback callback ); void registerMouseEvent ( MouseEventCallback callback ); void registerTimerEvent ( TimerEventCallback callback ); void startTimer ( int id , int timeinterval ); \u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5728 graphics \u5e93\u4e2d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\uff0c\u8bfe\u4e0a\u90fd\u8bb2\u8fc7\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u7528\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\uff1a\u4ee5 20 \u5e74\u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a\u7b2c 3 \u9898\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff1a void Main () { InitGraphics (); registerTimerEvent ( TimerEventProcess ); //... startTimer ( TIMER_CURSOR , 500 ); /*start 500ms cursor blinking timer*/ } void TimerEventProcess ( int timerID ) { bool erasemode ; if ( TIMER_CURSOR == timerID ) { //... } } \u4ece\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4f8b\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u70b9\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528 void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback callback) \u6ce8\u518c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570 callback \u540e\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7528 void startTimer(int id,int timeinterval) \u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e76\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684 id \u548c timeinterval \u3002 \u6bcf\u5f53\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5230\u8fbe\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\uff0c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5c31\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u63a5\u6536\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684 id \u5e76\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f TimerEventProcess \u51fd\u6570\u4e2d if \u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u4e3b\u51fd\u6570\u662f void Main() \u522b\u5199\u9519\u4e86 \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff1a #include <stdio.h> #include \"graphics.h\" void Main ( void ) { InitGraphics (); MovePen ( 1.5 , 1.0 ); DrawArc ( 0.5 , 0 , 360 ); } New() \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u5411\u4e0b\u7ffb\uff0c\u627e\u5230 2019 \u5e74\u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a\u7b2c 3 \u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u8bb0\u4f4f\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e24\u9879\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u6709\u5173\uff1a \u6bd4\u8f83 \u548c \u4ea4\u6362 \u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8ba9\u5b83 ++ \uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a int count = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < n ; ++ i ) { for ( int j = 0 ; j < n ; ++ j ) { for ( int k = 0 ; k < m ; ++ k ) { count ++ ; } } } \u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c count = n*n*m \uff0c\u5219\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n^2m)\\) \u3002 \u8bb0\u4f4f\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3001\u6700\u4f18\u3001\u6700\u5dee\u60c5\u51b5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a \u6765\u6e90\uff1a \u5e38\u7528\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u603b\u7ed3\u5bf9\u6bd4 | \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u7cfb\u5217\u6559\u7a0b\uff08\u7b14\u8bb0\uff09 (zq99299.github.io) \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 \u8fd9\u4e1c\u897f\u524d\u4e24\u4e09\u5e74\u90fd\u8003\u4e86\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6811\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c - OI Wiki (oi-wiki.org) \u6811\u57fa\u7840 - OI Wiki (oi-wiki.org) \u5728\u524d\u7f00\u3001\u4e2d\u7f00\u3001\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u4e2d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u5373 \u5de6\u3001\u6839\u3001\u53f3 a+b*(c-d)-(e/f) \u524d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u8fdb\u884c\u5148\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u5373 \u6839\u3001\u5de6\u3001\u53f3 -+a*b-cd/ef \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u8fdb\u884c\u540e\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u5373 \u5de6\u3001\u53f3\u3001\u6839 \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5de6\u53f3\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u6bd4\u6839\u5148\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u8def\u5f80\u4e0b\u627e\u5230\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5411\u4e0a\u89e3\u6790\u3002 abcd-*+ef/- \u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5177\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff1a \u8ba1\u7b97\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6808\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u5c31\u53d6\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u6808\u9876\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u91cd\u65b0\u538b\u5165\u6808\u4e2d\u3002 \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6811\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u62ec\u53f7\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 2020-2021 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 typedef \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 typedef struct{char * name;} *T; \u628a T \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a struct{char * name;}*; \u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u5373\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf t \u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 A\uff1a char * B\uff1a\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e3a &(t->name[0]) \uff0c\u5373 char * \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 C\uff1a char * D\uff1a *(t.name) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4f7f\u7528 . \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u6210\u5458\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 3 \u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b \u51fd\u6570\u540d\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u9488\u54e6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u3002 A\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d B\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d C\uff1a p \u662f\u6307\u5411 int[5] \u7684\u6307\u9488 D\uff1a p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e00\u5171\u6709 5 \u4e2a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a auto \uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u3002 register \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 CPU \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5feb\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 extern \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 static \uff1a \u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 _Thread_local \uff1a\u4e0d\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e typedef \u6309\u8bed\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u3002 \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e const \u3001 volatile \u3001 restrict \u7b49 \u7c7b\u578b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u89c1 2019 \u5e74\u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u901a\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8bd5\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.1 \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5bf9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e8c\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6362\u5e8f\u7684\uff08 \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e2d\u7684 ^ \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u53f3\u7ed3\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u62ec\u53f7\u540e\u53d8\u6210 d^(e^f) \u800c\u4e0d\u662f (d^e)^f \uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f def^^ \uff0c\u800c fed^^ \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5168\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6 \u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b ztgg \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u4f9d\u65e7\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\uff08\u6279\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n^2)\\) \uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \uff0c\u524d\u8005\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff09\u3002 \u6700\u4f73\u60c5\u51b5\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u79fb\u52a8\u539f\u6765\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u53ea\u6709\u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c \u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u8bfb\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u627e\u540c\u5b66/\u8001\u5e08\u95ee\u6e05\u695a\u634f\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u9010\u4e2a malloc() \u5462\uff1f \u4e2d\u95f4\u90a3\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u6709\u70b9\u8ff7\u60d1\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5c06 eQueue \u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5230 dQueue \u65f6\u540c\u65f6\u628a\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6362\u5230\u961f\u5c3e\u53bb\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u80fd\u505a\u5bf9\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u7a7a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\uff1a InitGraphics() \u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8bb0\u5f97 \u8bb0\u4f4f\u51e0\u79cd\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback callback) \u4e0e void startTimer(int id,int timeinterval) \u914d\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u610f\u4e49\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u5199\uff1f \u53c2\u6570 timerID \u662f\u7528\u6765\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff1f \u7b2c 14 \u7a7a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u753b\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u68c0\u67e5 \u753b\u7b14\u4f4d\u7f6e \u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ed8\u5236\u5206\u5f62\u56fe\u5f62\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u94fe\u8868\u5faa\u73af\u68c0\u6d4b \u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u8c1c\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8d70\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u624d\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u9b3c\u6253\u5899\uff08\u5373\u5728\u539f\u8def\u7ed5\u5708\uff09 \uff1f \u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u5feb\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u6162\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u6709\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u5148\u8d70\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5148\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u770b\u89c1\u4f60\u3002 LoopDetect() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 fast \u548c late \uff0c fast \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e24\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\uff0c late \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a fast \u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6b65\u8fdb\u6216 fast \u5728\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u770b\u89c1 late \u3002\u524d\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6709\u5faa\u73af\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u539f\u5730\u53bb\u91cd \u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4f60\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8d77\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53bb\u7a7a\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff1f char * a ; for ( int i = 0 , j = 0 ; i < length ; i ++ ){ if ( a [ i ] != ' ' ) a [ j ++ ] = a [ i ]; } \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u53bb\u91cd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6761\u4ef6\u6362\u6210 a[i]!=a[j] \u4e86\u800c\u5df2\u3002 2019-2020 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570 D \u9879 \u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4f4d\u4e8e \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\uff08Stack Segment\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u9020\u6210 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff08Segmentation Fault\uff09 \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u6808\u5e27\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\uff08Stack Overflow\uff09 \u3002\u5806\u6808\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 2 \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u3002 The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff1a\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u7740\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u66ff\u6362\u6210 (*pf) \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982 void ToUpper(char *) \u6539\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 void (*pf)(char *) \u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5b83\uff0c \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\uff1a pf = ToUpper \uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f pf = ToUpper() \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a (*pf)(mis) \u548c pf(mis) \uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cK&R C \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u63a8\u8350\u5927\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5148\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8def\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u6362\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u53d6\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a f \u548c &f \u3002 C \u9879 \u6216\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u7406\u89e3 (*cmd) \u4e0e cmd \u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f StackOverflow \u4e2d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a c++ - What does void f(void()) mean? - Stack Overflow \u3002 As mentioned in dcl.fct of the working draft (emphasis mine): The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] Because of that, the following function: void f ( void ()); Has the same type of: void f ( void ( * )()); Thus the definitions below are identical: void f ( void ( g )()); void f ( void ( * g )()); Correct me if I'm wrong, AFAIK function names are pointers just like array names so in the first example you are passing function object and compiler does implicit conversion , in the second example you are directly passing function pointer which is explicit conversion. \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u540c\u6837\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u80fd\u591f\u9009\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570 \u6211\u89c9\u5f97 D \u9879\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5f88\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u5982\u679c\u4e3a void \u5c31\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u63a5\u6536\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f void \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u8bf4\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a void \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u201d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u8bf7 WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u53bb\u770b\u8f85\u5b66\u7fa4\u91cc\u5176\u4ed6\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u8bfe\u4ef6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 10 \u8fd8\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff1a F \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int (int) \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a F \u7684\u51fd\u6570 g \u548c h \u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f int g(int a) \u548c int h(int a) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 p \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f int (*)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u4e0e F \u7b49\u4ef7\uff09\u3002\u5e76\u7528 g \u548c h \u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5185\u5f80\u5916\u8bfb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a p \u662f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5411\u53f3 [] \u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5411\u5de6 * \u8868\u793a\u5176\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u53f3 (int) \u8868\u793a\u5176\u6240\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7 int \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u5de6 int \u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u7528 g \u548c h \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c g \u548c h \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u56de\u987e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570 q \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f F* \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373 int (*)(int) \u3002\u6545\u51fd\u6570 q \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a int (**)(int) \u3002 A \u9879\uff1a\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5c31\u662f\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4e3a int (**)(int) \uff0c\u5339\u914d\u3002 C \u9879\uff1a\u663e\u7136\u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u53d6\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5f97\u5230 int (*)(int) \uff0c\u4e0e int (**)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1 \u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u5c31\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u5199\u201c\u8be5\u6bb5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5931\u8d25\u201d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u90e8\u5206\u53bb\u91cd\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u91cd\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b main() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a \u5916\u5c42\uff1a ((H)\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f )(100); \uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\uff1a h(0) \u3002\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86 h \uff0c\u5373\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a void * \u7c7b\u578b\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u5916\u5c42\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e h(100) \u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a h \u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 geblib.h WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u5e94\u5f53\u8865\u5145\u9605\u8bfb libgraphics \u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u6e90\u7801\u5427\uff1a New() \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\uff1a Usage: p = New(pointer-type); The New pseudofunction allocates enough space to hold an object of the type to which pointer-type points and returns a pointer to the newly allocated pointer. Note that \"New\" is different from the \"new\" operator used in C++; the former takes a pointer type and the latter takes the target type. \u6e90\u7801\uff1a void * GetBlock ( size_t nbytes ); #define New(type) ((type) GetBlock(sizeof *((type) NULL))) \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8c03\u7528 New(char*) \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a ((char*) GetBlock(sizeof *((char*) NULL))) GetBlock() \u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u9700\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5206\u914d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u540e\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u53c2\u6570\uff0c NULL \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a char* \u968f\u540e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4ecd\u4e3a char \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a char* \u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 FreeBlock() \u51fd\u6570\uff1a \u539f\u578b\uff1a void FreeBlock(void *ptr) \u4e0e free() \u529f\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u7b2c 15 \u7a7a\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c FreeBlock(PopStack(stack)) \u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5199\u6cd5\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5206\u5f62 \u8fd9\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u7b80\u6d01\u600e\u4e48\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5 OI \u7801\u98ce\u53bb\u5199\u662f\u6700\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u53c2\u8003\uff08 \u7406\u89e3\u9519\u9898\u610f\u4e86\uff0c\u539f\u6765 order \u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u5411\u800c\u662f\u5206\u5f62\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002 \u57fa\u51c6\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u957f\u5ea6\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u67d0\u503c\u3002 \u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u753b\u4e00\u6839\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0b\u4e00\u652f\u7684 length \u548c order \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53 \u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u4f4d \u3002 #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include \"graphics.h\" #define MIN_LEN .1 double toRadius ( double deg ) { return deg * 3.1415926 / 180 ; } void DrawBranch ( double len , double deg ) { DrawLine ( len * cos ( toRadius ( deg )), len * sin ( toRadius ( deg ))); if ( len * 0.75 < MIN_LEN ) return ; DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg - 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg - 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg - 15 ))); //\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 DrawLine \u5b9e\u73b0 DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg + 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg + 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg + 15 ))); } int main ( void ) { double length ; char order ; printf ( \"Please enter initial length: \" ); scanf ( \"%lf\" , & length ); getchar (); printf ( \"Please enter order (u)pper, (d)own, (r)ight, (l)eft: \" ); scanf ( \"%c\" , & order ); double deg ; switch ( order ) { case 'u' : deg = 90 ; break ; case 'd' : deg = -90 ; break ; case 'r' : deg = 0 ; break ; case 'l' : deg = 180 ; break ; default : printf ( \"error. \\n \" ); return 1 ; } InitGraphics (); MovePen ( GetWindowWidth () / 2 , GetWindowHeight () / 2 ); DrawBranch ( length , deg ); return 0 ; } \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u5217\u8868\u53d8\u5e8f \u5c31\u7528\u6807\u7b54\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5076\u6570\u8282\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u518d\u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u3002 2018-2019 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97 \u50cf\u8fd9\u79cd\u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5c31\u8001\u8001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u9012\u5f52\u5c55\u5f00\u5427\u3002\u5c55\u5f00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f97\u4f9d\u6b21\u8bb0\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b8c\u7684 f(0) \u3001 f(1) \u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u633a\u5947\u8469\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u53ea\u8981\u5168\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f\u4e00\u904d \\(O(N\\log N)\\) \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 \\(O(1)\\) \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5934\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u3001\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u5417\uff08doge \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u524d\u7f00\u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5148\u9012\u589e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.2 \u672c\u9898\u82f1\u6587\u6709\u70b9\u70eb\u5634\uff0c\u6211\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a \u4e3a\u4e86\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c T p \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 p \uff0c\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b T \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536 (char *, double) \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a int * \u3002 \u8bfb\u61c2\u9898\u76ee\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5566\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 2 \u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u5b57\u8282 \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a xx-bit system\uff08n \u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 \u6307\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6307\u9488\u957f\u5ea6\u6709 \\(n\\) \u6bd4\u7279\uff0c \\(8\\) \u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u6545\u672c\u9898\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6307\u9488\u90fd\u662f \\(4\\) \u5b57\u8282\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5404\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a StudentInfo \uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 + \u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 = \\(12 + 20 + 4 = 36\\) PtrStudentInfo \uff1a \\(4\\) pStudent->name \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 \\(=20\\) pStudent->photo \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a void* \u6307\u9488 \\(=4\\) \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u518d\u6b21\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u7b54\u6848\u611f\u89c9\u6709\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u554a\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u65f6\u5019 p \u6307\u5411 \\(2\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u5c31\u7b97\u5bf9\u4e86\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u8bf4 node \u90a3\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u7528\u5427\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u5427\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5408\u5e76\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u6309\u5347\u5e8f\u5408\u5e76\u3002 HEAD \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u54d1\u8282\u70b9\u3002 \u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6307\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c l1 \u4ecd\u7136\u6307\u5411 \\(1\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6 l1 \u540e\u9762\u94fe\u4e0a\u4e86\u4ece l2 \u5408\u5e76\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u94fe\u8868\u201d l1 \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u53cc\u5411\u6808 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u7684\u6808\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u5165/\u51fa\u6808\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528 Tag \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\u3002\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c Top1 \u662f\u5de6\u8fb9\uff08\u5934\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\uff0c Top2 \u662f\u53f3\u8fb9\uff08\u5c3e\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\u3002 \u8bfb\u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u63a8\u8350\u5148\u8bfb main() \u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u89c2\u5bdf\u9898\u76ee\u7ed9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u662f \u600e\u4e48\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 \u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u53bb\u770b\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u4e00\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\uff1a \u5148\u770b main() \u4e2d\u7684 Push() \uff0c\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u6bd4\u5e73\u5e38\u7684 Push() \u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5462\uff1f \u518d\u770b\u7c7b\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a Top \uff1f\u56de\u60f3 main() \u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a -1 \u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a MaxSize \u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u6808\u4e86\u3002 Push() \u548c Pop() \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u4e86\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u5f97\u5230\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u6700\u591a\u518d\u591a\u770b\u4e00\u773c if(Tag == 1) \u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e2a\u503c\u5bf9\u5e94\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4fdd\u9669\u8d77\u89c1\u63a8\u8350\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\u51e0\u6b21\u540e\u4f60\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u4e86\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u7ec4 a[k] \u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5c0f\uff0c\u53f3\u4fa7\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5927\u3002\u6700\u540e\u8fd4\u56de a[k] \u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f \u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6bcf\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\u628a\u7b2c a[k] \u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a x \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 i \u548c j \u5206\u522b\u4ece\u5de6\u53f3\u904d\u5386\u5e76\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6570\u3002\u4ea4\u6362\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4 x \u5927\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u5feb\u6392\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u76f4\u63a5\u820d\u5f03\u201d\u7684\u5feb\u6392\u3002\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u672c\u6765\u5feb\u6392\u533a\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u9897\u6811\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u53ea\u8d70\u4e00\u6761\u8def\uff0c\u53ea\u6392 a[k] \u6240\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u533a\u95f4\u5957\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u5206\u578b \u753b\u4e2a\u5750\u6807\u8f74\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6e05\u6670\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u540e Main() \u91cc\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e09\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u7684\u6c42\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u5206\u6790\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7528\u4e09\u89d2\u51fd\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u592e\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u7ed9\u4e2a\u5f88\u8349\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1a \u753b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5148\u753b\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5404\u8fb9\u53d6\u4e2d\u70b9\u3002\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u548c\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e2d\u70b9\u6784\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4e09\u89d2\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u5b9e\u73b0 \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u5b9e\u73b0\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u672c\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53bb\u7f51\u4e0a\u641c\u4e00\u641c\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u6cd5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5168\u90e8\u8981\u5957\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u53d6\u6a21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u9898\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 -> \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684 rear \u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5e94\u8be5\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5982\u679c\u672c\u9898\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019 Q->rear = maxsize - 1 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5462\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u53c2\u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93-\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5bfb\u627e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u8282\u70b9 \u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\uff1a\u8fd8\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7ad9\u5728\u9898\u76ee\u6240\u793a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5c3d\u5feb\u627e\u5230\u4f1a\u5408\u70b9\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u79bb\u7ec8\u70b9\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u8fdc\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5148\u76f8\u5bf9\u7ec8\u70b9\u5bf9\u9f50\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u5904\u4f1a\u5408\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002 \u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\uff0c lPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c sPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c numLeftNodes \u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u94fe\u8868\u8282\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u5dee\u503c\uff0c lPtr=lPtr->next \u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u9f50\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5faa\u73af\u7ec8\u6b62\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4eba\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u5c3d\u5934 NULL \uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u4eba\u76f8\u9047 lPtr==sPtr \u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u7ec8\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u4e8c\u5206\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9898\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\u6f0f\u4e86\u68c0\u67e5 minPos == rh \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u8fd9\u6837\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u679c\uff1f 2017-2018 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u64cd\u4f5c C \u9879\uff1a strcpy() \u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u636e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u7684 \\0 \u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u505c\u6b62\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b9c\u7528\u4e8e\u6b64\u60c5\u5883\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u6bcf\u6b21 *pc2++ = *pc1++ \uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c06 pc1 \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230 pc2 \u6307\u5411\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a char \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e p1 \u548c p2 \u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u90fd\u662f \\(8+8=16\\) \u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u9009\u7684\u662f D \u9879\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } } \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u666e\u904d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f18\u5316\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684 Bubble \u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u540e\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u5f00\u5934\u6dfb\u52a0 bool flag = 0; \uff0c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0 if(!flag)break; \uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 flag=true \u5373\u53ef\u5c06\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5\u4f18\u5316\u81f3 \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 D \u9879\uff1a static \u6b64\u5904\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u662f\u6307\u9488 p \u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411 static int \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002 static \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e \u5148\u60f3\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a fun \u51fd\u6570\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230 void \u7c7b\u578b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff1a fun(int) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff1a (*fun(int))(int) \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 (*fp)() \u5f62\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\uff1a void (*fun(int))(int) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u548c \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u5b50\u5217\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u548c\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u8005 \u3002\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u641c\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8bf7\u53bb\u770b\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u770b\u5b8c\u5c31\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u4e86\u3002 thisp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c maxp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f \u57fa\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u90fd\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u5230 \u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n)\\) \u5427\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97 \u8fd9\u9898\u86ee\u5751\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u4e86\u597d\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u624d\u660e\u767d\u7b2c (7)(8) \u7a7a\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u628a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u6b21\u9879\u63d0\u516c\u56e0\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u540e\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed9\u5b83\u6574\u4f53\u4e58\u4e0a \\(x\\) \u3002\u6bd4\u5982 \\(3x^4+2x^2+1\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a \\((((3x)x^2)+2x)x + 1\\) \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e58\u79ef\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002 \u540c\u6837\u6ce8\u610f -> \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 2016-2017 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u5012\u5e8f\u6808 \u6ce8\u610f\u9898\u76ee\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86 \u6808\u9876\u6307\u9488\u4f4d\u4e8e N \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6808\u662f\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b80\u5355\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bb0\uff1a typedef \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b (*\u65b0\u540d\u5b57)(\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868) \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u5947\u5076\u6392\u5e8f \u548c\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\uff0c\u6709\u5e8f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u904d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u4f18\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u94fe\u8868\u987a\u5e8f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\u3002\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 root \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5e26\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7684\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 pivot \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5408\u5e76\u540e\u7684\u94fe\u8868\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u56e0\u6570\u5206\u89e3 \u672c\u9898\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ece\u5c0f\u5230\u8fbe\u6c42\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u7ea6\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u6c42\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56e0\u6570...\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u904d\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f \u6392\u5e8f\u539f\u7406\u9898\u76ee\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e0b\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a count \u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u5148\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u7528\u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 output_array[count[input_array[i]]] = input_array[i] \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u62c6\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a intput_array[i] \u5c31\u662f\u7b2c i \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5230 count[] \u5c31\u80fd\u67e5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u7f6e\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c 4 \u7a7a\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u9012\u589e\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u5dee\u96c6 \u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u90fd\u662f\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u6574\u904d\u5386 \\(A\\) \u3002 2015-2016 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u5b8f\u7684\u5c55\u5f00 \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6587\u672c\u66ff\u6362\u3002 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 DD \u5f97\u5230 SQ(2*3) - SQ(2+3) \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 SQ \u5f97\u5230 DD(x, y) = x * x - y * y \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u987a\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u5f53\u4e00\u81f4\u3002","title":"C \u5927\u7a0b\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u6574\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#c","text":"\u611f\u8c22\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6574\u7406\u7684 uu \u4eec\uff1a Anston Sun\u300145gfg9\u3001sanaka\u3001TH \u8ba0 NK\u3001cxy","title":"C \u5927\u7a0b\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u6574\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#_1","text":"","title":"\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2020-2021","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 typedef \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 typedef struct{char * name;} *T; \u628a T \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a struct{char * name;}*; \u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u5373\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf t \u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 A\uff1a char * B\uff1a\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e3a &(t->name[0]) \uff0c\u5373 char * \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 C\uff1a char * D\uff1a *(t.name) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4f7f\u7528 . \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u6210\u5458\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 3 \u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b \u51fd\u6570\u540d\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u9488\u54e6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u3002 A\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d B\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d C\uff1a p \u662f\u6307\u5411 int[5] \u7684\u6307\u9488 D\uff1a p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e00\u5171\u6709 5 \u4e2a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a auto \uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u3002 register \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 CPU \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5feb\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 extern \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 static \uff1a \u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 _Thread_local \uff1a\u4e0d\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e typedef \u6309\u8bed\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u3002 \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e const \u3001 volatile \u3001 restrict \u7b49 \u7c7b\u578b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u89c1 2019 \u5e74\u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u901a\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8bd5\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.1 \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5bf9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e8c\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6362\u5e8f\u7684\uff08 \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e2d\u7684 ^ \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u53f3\u7ed3\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u62ec\u53f7\u540e\u53d8\u6210 d^(e^f) \u800c\u4e0d\u662f (d^e)^f \uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f def^^ \uff0c\u800c fed^^ \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5168\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6 \u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b ztgg \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u4f9d\u65e7\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\uff08\u6279\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n^2)\\) \uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \uff0c\u524d\u8005\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff09\u3002 \u6700\u4f73\u60c5\u51b5\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u79fb\u52a8\u539f\u6765\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u53ea\u6709\u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c \u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u8bfb\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u627e\u540c\u5b66/\u8001\u5e08\u95ee\u6e05\u695a\u634f\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u9010\u4e2a malloc() \u5462\uff1f \u4e2d\u95f4\u90a3\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u6709\u70b9\u8ff7\u60d1\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5c06 eQueue \u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5230 dQueue \u65f6\u540c\u65f6\u628a\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6362\u5230\u961f\u5c3e\u53bb\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u80fd\u505a\u5bf9\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u7a7a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\uff1a InitGraphics() \u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8bb0\u5f97 \u8bb0\u4f4f\u51e0\u79cd\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback callback) \u4e0e void startTimer(int id,int timeinterval) \u914d\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u610f\u4e49\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u5199\uff1f \u53c2\u6570 timerID \u662f\u7528\u6765\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff1f \u7b2c 14 \u7a7a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u753b\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u68c0\u67e5 \u753b\u7b14\u4f4d\u7f6e \u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ed8\u5236\u5206\u5f62\u56fe\u5f62\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u94fe\u8868\u5faa\u73af\u68c0\u6d4b \u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u8c1c\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8d70\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u624d\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u9b3c\u6253\u5899\uff08\u5373\u5728\u539f\u8def\u7ed5\u5708\uff09 \uff1f \u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u5feb\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u6162\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u6709\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u5148\u8d70\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5148\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u770b\u89c1\u4f60\u3002 LoopDetect() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 fast \u548c late \uff0c fast \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e24\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\uff0c late \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a fast \u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6b65\u8fdb\u6216 fast \u5728\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u770b\u89c1 late \u3002\u524d\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6709\u5faa\u73af\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u539f\u5730\u53bb\u91cd \u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4f60\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8d77\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53bb\u7a7a\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff1f char * a ; for ( int i = 0 , j = 0 ; i < length ; i ++ ){ if ( a [ i ] != ' ' ) a [ j ++ ] = a [ i ]; } \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u53bb\u91cd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6761\u4ef6\u6362\u6210 a[i]!=a[j] \u4e86\u800c\u5df2\u3002","title":"2020-2021 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2019-2020","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570 D \u9879 \u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4f4d\u4e8e \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\uff08Stack Segment\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u9020\u6210 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff08Segmentation Fault\uff09 \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u6808\u5e27\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\uff08Stack Overflow\uff09 \u3002\u5806\u6808\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 2 \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u3002 The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff1a\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u7740\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u66ff\u6362\u6210 (*pf) \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982 void ToUpper(char *) \u6539\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 void (*pf)(char *) \u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5b83\uff0c \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\uff1a pf = ToUpper \uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f pf = ToUpper() \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a (*pf)(mis) \u548c pf(mis) \uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cK&R C \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u63a8\u8350\u5927\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5148\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8def\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u6362\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u53d6\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a f \u548c &f \u3002 C \u9879 \u6216\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u7406\u89e3 (*cmd) \u4e0e cmd \u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f StackOverflow \u4e2d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a c++ - What does void f(void()) mean? - Stack Overflow \u3002 As mentioned in dcl.fct of the working draft (emphasis mine): The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] Because of that, the following function: void f ( void ()); Has the same type of: void f ( void ( * )()); Thus the definitions below are identical: void f ( void ( g )()); void f ( void ( * g )()); Correct me if I'm wrong, AFAIK function names are pointers just like array names so in the first example you are passing function object and compiler does implicit conversion , in the second example you are directly passing function pointer which is explicit conversion. \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u540c\u6837\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u80fd\u591f\u9009\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570 \u6211\u89c9\u5f97 D \u9879\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5f88\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u5982\u679c\u4e3a void \u5c31\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u63a5\u6536\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f void \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u8bf4\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a void \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u201d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u8bf7 WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u53bb\u770b\u8f85\u5b66\u7fa4\u91cc\u5176\u4ed6\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u8bfe\u4ef6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 10 \u8fd8\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff1a F \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int (int) \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a F \u7684\u51fd\u6570 g \u548c h \u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f int g(int a) \u548c int h(int a) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 p \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f int (*)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u4e0e F \u7b49\u4ef7\uff09\u3002\u5e76\u7528 g \u548c h \u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5185\u5f80\u5916\u8bfb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a p \u662f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5411\u53f3 [] \u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5411\u5de6 * \u8868\u793a\u5176\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u53f3 (int) \u8868\u793a\u5176\u6240\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7 int \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u5de6 int \u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u7528 g \u548c h \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c g \u548c h \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u56de\u987e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570 q \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f F* \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373 int (*)(int) \u3002\u6545\u51fd\u6570 q \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a int (**)(int) \u3002 A \u9879\uff1a\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5c31\u662f\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4e3a int (**)(int) \uff0c\u5339\u914d\u3002 C \u9879\uff1a\u663e\u7136\u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u53d6\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5f97\u5230 int (*)(int) \uff0c\u4e0e int (**)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1 \u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u5c31\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u5199\u201c\u8be5\u6bb5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5931\u8d25\u201d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u90e8\u5206\u53bb\u91cd\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u91cd\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b main() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a \u5916\u5c42\uff1a ((H)\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f )(100); \uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\uff1a h(0) \u3002\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86 h \uff0c\u5373\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a void * \u7c7b\u578b\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u5916\u5c42\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e h(100) \u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a h \u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 geblib.h WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u5e94\u5f53\u8865\u5145\u9605\u8bfb libgraphics \u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u6e90\u7801\u5427\uff1a New() \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\uff1a Usage: p = New(pointer-type); The New pseudofunction allocates enough space to hold an object of the type to which pointer-type points and returns a pointer to the newly allocated pointer. Note that \"New\" is different from the \"new\" operator used in C++; the former takes a pointer type and the latter takes the target type. \u6e90\u7801\uff1a void * GetBlock ( size_t nbytes ); #define New(type) ((type) GetBlock(sizeof *((type) NULL))) \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8c03\u7528 New(char*) \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a ((char*) GetBlock(sizeof *((char*) NULL))) GetBlock() \u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u9700\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5206\u914d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u540e\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u53c2\u6570\uff0c NULL \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a char* \u968f\u540e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4ecd\u4e3a char \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a char* \u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 FreeBlock() \u51fd\u6570\uff1a \u539f\u578b\uff1a void FreeBlock(void *ptr) \u4e0e free() \u529f\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u7b2c 15 \u7a7a\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c FreeBlock(PopStack(stack)) \u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5199\u6cd5\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5206\u5f62 \u8fd9\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u7b80\u6d01\u600e\u4e48\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5 OI \u7801\u98ce\u53bb\u5199\u662f\u6700\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u53c2\u8003\uff08 \u7406\u89e3\u9519\u9898\u610f\u4e86\uff0c\u539f\u6765 order \u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u5411\u800c\u662f\u5206\u5f62\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002 \u57fa\u51c6\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u957f\u5ea6\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u67d0\u503c\u3002 \u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u753b\u4e00\u6839\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0b\u4e00\u652f\u7684 length \u548c order \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53 \u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u4f4d \u3002 #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include \"graphics.h\" #define MIN_LEN .1 double toRadius ( double deg ) { return deg * 3.1415926 / 180 ; } void DrawBranch ( double len , double deg ) { DrawLine ( len * cos ( toRadius ( deg )), len * sin ( toRadius ( deg ))); if ( len * 0.75 < MIN_LEN ) return ; DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg - 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg - 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg - 15 ))); //\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 DrawLine \u5b9e\u73b0 DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg + 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg + 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg + 15 ))); } int main ( void ) { double length ; char order ; printf ( \"Please enter initial length: \" ); scanf ( \"%lf\" , & length ); getchar (); printf ( \"Please enter order (u)pper, (d)own, (r)ight, (l)eft: \" ); scanf ( \"%c\" , & order ); double deg ; switch ( order ) { case 'u' : deg = 90 ; break ; case 'd' : deg = -90 ; break ; case 'r' : deg = 0 ; break ; case 'l' : deg = 180 ; break ; default : printf ( \"error. \\n \" ); return 1 ; } InitGraphics (); MovePen ( GetWindowWidth () / 2 , GetWindowHeight () / 2 ); DrawBranch ( length , deg ); return 0 ; } \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u5217\u8868\u53d8\u5e8f \u5c31\u7528\u6807\u7b54\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5076\u6570\u8282\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u518d\u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u3002","title":"2019-2020 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2018-2019","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97 \u50cf\u8fd9\u79cd\u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5c31\u8001\u8001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u9012\u5f52\u5c55\u5f00\u5427\u3002\u5c55\u5f00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f97\u4f9d\u6b21\u8bb0\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b8c\u7684 f(0) \u3001 f(1) \u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u633a\u5947\u8469\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u53ea\u8981\u5168\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f\u4e00\u904d \\(O(N\\log N)\\) \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 \\(O(1)\\) \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5934\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u3001\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u5417\uff08doge \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u524d\u7f00\u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5148\u9012\u589e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.2 \u672c\u9898\u82f1\u6587\u6709\u70b9\u70eb\u5634\uff0c\u6211\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a \u4e3a\u4e86\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c T p \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 p \uff0c\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b T \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536 (char *, double) \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a int * \u3002 \u8bfb\u61c2\u9898\u76ee\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5566\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 2 \u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u5b57\u8282 \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a xx-bit system\uff08n \u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 \u6307\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6307\u9488\u957f\u5ea6\u6709 \\(n\\) \u6bd4\u7279\uff0c \\(8\\) \u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u6545\u672c\u9898\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6307\u9488\u90fd\u662f \\(4\\) \u5b57\u8282\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5404\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a StudentInfo \uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 + \u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 = \\(12 + 20 + 4 = 36\\) PtrStudentInfo \uff1a \\(4\\) pStudent->name \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 \\(=20\\) pStudent->photo \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a void* \u6307\u9488 \\(=4\\) \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u518d\u6b21\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u7b54\u6848\u611f\u89c9\u6709\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u554a\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u65f6\u5019 p \u6307\u5411 \\(2\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u5c31\u7b97\u5bf9\u4e86\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u8bf4 node \u90a3\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u7528\u5427\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u5427\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5408\u5e76\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u6309\u5347\u5e8f\u5408\u5e76\u3002 HEAD \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u54d1\u8282\u70b9\u3002 \u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6307\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c l1 \u4ecd\u7136\u6307\u5411 \\(1\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6 l1 \u540e\u9762\u94fe\u4e0a\u4e86\u4ece l2 \u5408\u5e76\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u94fe\u8868\u201d l1 \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u53cc\u5411\u6808 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u7684\u6808\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u5165/\u51fa\u6808\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528 Tag \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\u3002\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c Top1 \u662f\u5de6\u8fb9\uff08\u5934\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\uff0c Top2 \u662f\u53f3\u8fb9\uff08\u5c3e\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\u3002 \u8bfb\u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u63a8\u8350\u5148\u8bfb main() \u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u89c2\u5bdf\u9898\u76ee\u7ed9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u662f \u600e\u4e48\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 \u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u53bb\u770b\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u4e00\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\uff1a \u5148\u770b main() \u4e2d\u7684 Push() \uff0c\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u6bd4\u5e73\u5e38\u7684 Push() \u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5462\uff1f \u518d\u770b\u7c7b\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a Top \uff1f\u56de\u60f3 main() \u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a -1 \u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a MaxSize \u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u6808\u4e86\u3002 Push() \u548c Pop() \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u4e86\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u5f97\u5230\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u6700\u591a\u518d\u591a\u770b\u4e00\u773c if(Tag == 1) \u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e2a\u503c\u5bf9\u5e94\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4fdd\u9669\u8d77\u89c1\u63a8\u8350\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\u51e0\u6b21\u540e\u4f60\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u4e86\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u7ec4 a[k] \u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5c0f\uff0c\u53f3\u4fa7\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5927\u3002\u6700\u540e\u8fd4\u56de a[k] \u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f \u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6bcf\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\u628a\u7b2c a[k] \u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a x \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 i \u548c j \u5206\u522b\u4ece\u5de6\u53f3\u904d\u5386\u5e76\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6570\u3002\u4ea4\u6362\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4 x \u5927\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u5feb\u6392\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u76f4\u63a5\u820d\u5f03\u201d\u7684\u5feb\u6392\u3002\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u672c\u6765\u5feb\u6392\u533a\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u9897\u6811\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u53ea\u8d70\u4e00\u6761\u8def\uff0c\u53ea\u6392 a[k] \u6240\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u533a\u95f4\u5957\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u5206\u578b \u753b\u4e2a\u5750\u6807\u8f74\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6e05\u6670\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u540e Main() \u91cc\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e09\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u7684\u6c42\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u5206\u6790\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7528\u4e09\u89d2\u51fd\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u592e\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u7ed9\u4e2a\u5f88\u8349\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1a \u753b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5148\u753b\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5404\u8fb9\u53d6\u4e2d\u70b9\u3002\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u548c\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e2d\u70b9\u6784\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4e09\u89d2\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u5b9e\u73b0 \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u5b9e\u73b0\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u672c\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53bb\u7f51\u4e0a\u641c\u4e00\u641c\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u6cd5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5168\u90e8\u8981\u5957\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u53d6\u6a21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u9898\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 -> \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684 rear \u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5e94\u8be5\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5982\u679c\u672c\u9898\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019 Q->rear = maxsize - 1 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5462\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u53c2\u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93-\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5bfb\u627e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u8282\u70b9 \u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\uff1a\u8fd8\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7ad9\u5728\u9898\u76ee\u6240\u793a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5c3d\u5feb\u627e\u5230\u4f1a\u5408\u70b9\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u79bb\u7ec8\u70b9\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u8fdc\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5148\u76f8\u5bf9\u7ec8\u70b9\u5bf9\u9f50\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u5904\u4f1a\u5408\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002 \u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\uff0c lPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c sPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c numLeftNodes \u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u94fe\u8868\u8282\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u5dee\u503c\uff0c lPtr=lPtr->next \u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u9f50\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5faa\u73af\u7ec8\u6b62\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4eba\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u5c3d\u5934 NULL \uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u4eba\u76f8\u9047 lPtr==sPtr \u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u7ec8\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u4e8c\u5206\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9898\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\u6f0f\u4e86\u68c0\u67e5 minPos == rh \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u8fd9\u6837\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u679c\uff1f","title":"2018-2019 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2017-2018","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u64cd\u4f5c C \u9879\uff1a strcpy() \u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u636e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u7684 \\0 \u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u505c\u6b62\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b9c\u7528\u4e8e\u6b64\u60c5\u5883\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u6bcf\u6b21 *pc2++ = *pc1++ \uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c06 pc1 \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230 pc2 \u6307\u5411\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a char \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e p1 \u548c p2 \u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u90fd\u662f \\(8+8=16\\) \u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u9009\u7684\u662f D \u9879\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } } \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u666e\u904d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f18\u5316\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684 Bubble \u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u540e\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u5f00\u5934\u6dfb\u52a0 bool flag = 0; \uff0c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0 if(!flag)break; \uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 flag=true \u5373\u53ef\u5c06\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5\u4f18\u5316\u81f3 \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 D \u9879\uff1a static \u6b64\u5904\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u662f\u6307\u9488 p \u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411 static int \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002 static \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e \u5148\u60f3\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a fun \u51fd\u6570\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230 void \u7c7b\u578b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff1a fun(int) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff1a (*fun(int))(int) \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 (*fp)() \u5f62\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\uff1a void (*fun(int))(int) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u548c \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u5b50\u5217\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u548c\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u8005 \u3002\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u641c\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8bf7\u53bb\u770b\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u770b\u5b8c\u5c31\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u4e86\u3002 thisp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c maxp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f \u57fa\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u90fd\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u5230 \u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n)\\) \u5427\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97 \u8fd9\u9898\u86ee\u5751\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u4e86\u597d\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u624d\u660e\u767d\u7b2c (7)(8) \u7a7a\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u628a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u6b21\u9879\u63d0\u516c\u56e0\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u540e\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed9\u5b83\u6574\u4f53\u4e58\u4e0a \\(x\\) \u3002\u6bd4\u5982 \\(3x^4+2x^2+1\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a \\((((3x)x^2)+2x)x + 1\\) \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e58\u79ef\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002 \u540c\u6837\u6ce8\u610f -> \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002","title":"2017-2018 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2016-2017","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u5012\u5e8f\u6808 \u6ce8\u610f\u9898\u76ee\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86 \u6808\u9876\u6307\u9488\u4f4d\u4e8e N \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6808\u662f\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b80\u5355\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bb0\uff1a typedef \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b (*\u65b0\u540d\u5b57)(\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868) \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u5947\u5076\u6392\u5e8f \u548c\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\uff0c\u6709\u5e8f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u904d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u4f18\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u94fe\u8868\u987a\u5e8f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\u3002\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 root \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5e26\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7684\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 pivot \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5408\u5e76\u540e\u7684\u94fe\u8868\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u56e0\u6570\u5206\u89e3 \u672c\u9898\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ece\u5c0f\u5230\u8fbe\u6c42\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u7ea6\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u6c42\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56e0\u6570...\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u904d\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f \u6392\u5e8f\u539f\u7406\u9898\u76ee\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e0b\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a count \u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u5148\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u7528\u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 output_array[count[input_array[i]]] = input_array[i] \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u62c6\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a intput_array[i] \u5c31\u662f\u7b2c i \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5230 count[] \u5c31\u80fd\u67e5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u7f6e\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c 4 \u7a7a\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u9012\u589e\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u5dee\u96c6 \u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u90fd\u662f\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u6574\u904d\u5386 \\(A\\) \u3002","title":"2016-2017 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2015-2016","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u5b8f\u7684\u5c55\u5f00 \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6587\u672c\u66ff\u6362\u3002 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 DD \u5f97\u5230 SQ(2*3) - SQ(2+3) \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 SQ \u5f97\u5230 DD(x, y) = x * x - y * y \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u987a\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u5f53\u4e00\u81f4\u3002","title":"2015-2016 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/","tags":["Todo"],"text":"\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 Abstract \u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb2\u89e3\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u518d\u53d9\u8ff0 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b C \u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u578b \u00b6 \u7f13\u51b2 \u00b6 \u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165 \u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u88ab\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff08buffer\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c \u6309\u4e0b Enter \u952e\u540e \u7a0b\u5e8f\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5b8c\u5168\u7f13\u51b2\uff1a\u4ec5\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u586b\u6ee1\u65f6\u624d\u53d1\u9001\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e \u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165 \u3002 \u884c\u7f13\u51b2\uff1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u65f6\u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e \u952e\u76d8\u8f93\u5165 \u3002 \u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u65e0\u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u80fd\u591f\u7acb\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 C \u6807\u51c6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a \u8f93\u5165\u662f\u7f13\u51b2\u7684 \u3002 \u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u8f93\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f\u5417\uff1f UNIX \u5e93\u4e2d\u6709 ioctl() \u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5f85\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e C \u6807\u51c6\u3002 ANSI C \u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 setbuf() \u548c setvbuf() \u63a7\u5236\u7f13\u51b2\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002 \u6d41 \u00b6 C \u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u65b9\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a \u6807\u51c6 I/O \uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684 \u5e95\u5c42 I/O \u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u5e95\u5c42 I/O \u4e4b\u95f4\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a \u5404\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5dee\u5f02 \u5dee\u5f02 UNIX Windows MacOS \u6362\u884c\u7b26 \\n LF \\r\\n CRLF \\n (\u8f83\u65e9\u7684 MacOS \u4f7f\u7528 \\r ) LF \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26 ^D ^Z ^D \u6ce8\uff1a\u5982 ^Z \u4ee3\u8868 Ctrl+Z \uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u7ec4\u5408\u952e\u7ed3\u675f\u952e\u76d8\u8f93\u5165\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7531\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cUNIX \u7cfb\u7edf\u50a8\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u4fe1\u606f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u770b\uff0cC \u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f \u6d41 \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u7531\u5c5e\u6027\u66f4\u7edf\u4e00\u7684 \u6d41 \u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u6d41 \u6d41\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u3002 \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u628a \u6d41\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u8054 \uff0c\u8bfb\u5199\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6d41\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002 getchar() \u548c scanf() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u8bfb\u53d6\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u65f6\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u503c EOF \uff0c\u5728 stdio.h \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\uff1a #define EOF (-1) \u4f60\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e3a -1 \u5417\uff1f \u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 \u51fd\u6570\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u80fd \u529f\u80fd \u51fd\u6570 \u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de\u503c int getchar(void) int getc(FILE *stream) int fgetc(FILE *stream) \u5355\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165 EOF char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f93\u5165 NULL int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream) \u653e\u56de\u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165 EOF \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4ece\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4e2d\u7684 unsigned char \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u9020\u6210 EOF \u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5b57\u7b26\u5462\uff1f \u5173\u4e8e getchar() \u51fd\u6570 \u5b83\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f int \u7c7b\u578b\u800c\u975e char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u3002 \u6362\u884c\u7b26\u95ee\u9898 \u00b6 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a scanf() \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 %c \u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26\uff08\u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u548c\u56de\u8f66\uff09\u3002 \u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u51fd\u6570 char * s_gets ( char * st , int n ) { char * ret_val ; int i = 0 ; ret_val = fgets ( st , n , stdin ); if ( ret_val ) { while ( st [ i ] != '\\n' && st [ i ] != '\\ 0 ) i ++ ; if ( st [ i ] == '\\n' ) st [ i ] = '\\0' ; else //must have words[i] == '\\0' while ( getchar () != '\\n' ) continue ; } return ret_val ; } \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e66\u4e2d 13 \u7ae0\u4ee5\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u793a\u8303\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5b89\u5168\u7684 fgets() \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76 \u5c06\u8f93\u5165\u7edf\u4e00 \uff0c\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u884c\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7edf\u4e00\u884c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5904\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26 \uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u68c0\u67e5\u8f93\u5165 \u00b6 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a scanf() \u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93 \u00b6 C standard library \u00b6 History of I/O model \u00b6 Before the UNIX system, UNIX system designed I/O method isolated about devices. It treats all text stream using standard internal format. - ioctl is used to edit text stream for output. \u00b6 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u827a\u672f \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u7ed3\u5408 <stdio.h> \u5e93\u548c C \u6807\u51c6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5 \u00b6 C \u628a\u6587\u4ef6\u770b\u4f5c\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u90fd\u80fd\u88ab\u5355\u72ec\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002C \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5f00\u5934\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002 \u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5b8f \u00b6 \u5728 <stdio.h> \u4e2d\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5b8f\uff1a FILE \u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u63a7\u5236 \u6d41 \u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b26\u3001\u6307\u5411\u76f8\u5173\u7f13\u51b2\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u6307\u793a\u7b26\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\u3002 \u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a2\u7d22 FILE * \u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u89c1\u57df\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u62f7\u8d1d\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u4ee3\u66ff\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a \u5b9e\u73b0\u5047\u5b9a\u77e5\u9053\u6d41\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5730\u5740 \u3002 fpos_t \u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u542b\u6709\u552f\u4e00\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 stderr , stdin , stdout \u90fd\u662f FILE* \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 EOF \u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u7684\u6574\u503c\u5e38\u91cf\u3002 NULL SEEK_CUR \u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e SEEK_END \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u4f4d\u7f6e SEEK_SET \u6587\u4ef6\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a int remove (const char *filename) int rename (const char *old, const char *new) FILE *tmpfile(void) char * tmpnam(char *s) \u6587\u4ef6\u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a int fclose(FILE *stream) \u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6e05\u7a7a\u6d41\uff08\u6e05\u7a7a\u6d41\u5c31\u662f\u4f20\u9012\u7f13\u51b2\u6570\u636e\uff09\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u7f13\u51b2\u3002 int fflush(FILE *stream) \u7acb\u5373\u5199\u5165\uff08\u8981\u6c42\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u3002 FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) FILE *freopen(const char *filename, const char *mode, FILE *stream) void setbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf) int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size) mode \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a flag meaning r read w write (new or cut) a append (new or append) b binary + update \u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0a\u9762\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0cupdate \u548c append \u80fd\u5199\u5165\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002 append \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b \u6240\u6709\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c \u5f3a\u5236\u52a0\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u5904\u3002 update \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u8c03\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u76f8\u4e92\u7d27\u8ddf\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e UNIX \u8fd9\u79cd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e26 b \u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002 C11 \u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 x \uff0c\u5e26\u8be5\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u52a0\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u5141\u8bb8\u72ec\u5360\u3002 \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a fprintf fscanf vfprintf vprintf vsprintf \u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a fgetc fgets fputc fputs getc getchar [DECPRATED] gets putc putchar puts ungetc \u5176\u4e2d\uff0c fgetc() \u4e0e getc() \u8fd9\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3a\u5b8f\u3002 \u76f4\u63a5 I/O\uff1a size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) \u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff1a int fseek(FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence) long int ftell(FILE *stream) void rewind(FILE *stream) \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u66f4\u5927\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff08 long \u65e0\u6cd5\u8868\u793a\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u503c\uff09 int fgetpos(FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos) int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos) \u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u7565 \u6d41\u548c\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 C \u6807\u51c6\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u6d41\u7684\uff1a \u6587\u672c\u6d41\uff1a\u7ec4\u6210\u6587\u672c\u884c\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u7531\u96f6\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u52a0\u4e0a\u6807\u5fd7\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3001\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u6b63\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u662f\u5426\u5728\u8bfb\u53d6\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7b49\u3002 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6d41\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1a \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u6d41\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6 \u5173\u8054 \u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u4e22\u5f03\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u548c\u6d41\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b26\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u9644\u52a0\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7531\u5b9e\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002 \u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u79fb\u52a8 \u00b6 offset \u5e94\u8be5\u7531 ftell \u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6","title":"\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_1","text":"Abstract \u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb2\u89e3\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u518d\u53d9\u8ff0 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002","title":"\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#c","text":"","title":"\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b C \u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u578b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_4","text":"\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u80fd \u529f\u80fd \u51fd\u6570 \u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de\u503c int getchar(void) int getc(FILE *stream) int fgetc(FILE *stream) \u5355\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165 EOF char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f93\u5165 NULL int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream) \u653e\u56de\u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165 EOF \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4ece\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4e2d\u7684 unsigned char \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u9020\u6210 EOF \u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5b57\u7b26\u5462\uff1f \u5173\u4e8e getchar() \u51fd\u6570 \u5b83\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f int \u7c7b\u578b\u800c\u975e char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u3002","title":"\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_7","text":"","title":"\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_8","text":"","title":"\u6807\u51c6\u5e93"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#c-standard-library","text":"","title":"C standard library"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#-ioctl-is-used-to-edit-text-stream-for-output","text":"","title":"- ioctl is used to edit text stream for output."},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_9","text":"","title":"\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u827a\u672f"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_10","text":"\u672c\u8282\u7ed3\u5408 <stdio.h> \u5e93\u548c C \u6807\u51c6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002","title":"\u6587\u4ef6"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/linguish/","text":"\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 \u00b6 C \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 - cppreference.com \u7b80\u5355\u5f52\u7eb3\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u8bbf\u95ee\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u5982 [] \u4e0b\u6807\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 . \u3001\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 -> \u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee () \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3001 (type) \u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u540e\u7f00\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a ++ \u3001 -- \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a + \u3001 - \u4e00\u5143\u52a0\u51cf\u3001 ! \u3001 ~ \u4e00\u5143\u903b\u8f91\u3001 ++ \u3001 -- \u524d\u7f00\u3001 * \u3001 & \u5f15\u7528\u4e0e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3001 sizeof \u3001 _Alignof \u53d6\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9f50 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ea7~\u7b2c\u56db\u7ea7\uff1a * \u3001 / \u3001 % \u4e58\u9664\u53d6\u4f59 + \u3001 - \u52a0\u51cf \u7b2c\u4e94\u7ea7\uff1a << \u3001 >> \u5de6\u79fb\u53f3\u79fb \u7b2c\u516d\u7ea7\uff1a < \u3001 <= \u3001 > \u3001 >= \u6bd4\u8f83 \u7b2c\u4e03\u7ea7\uff1a == \u3001 != \u76f8\u7b49\u4e0e\u4e0d\u7b49","title":"\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/linguish/#_1","text":"","title":"\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/linguish/#_2","text":"C \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 - cppreference.com \u7b80\u5355\u5f52\u7eb3\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u8bbf\u95ee\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u5982 [] \u4e0b\u6807\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 . \u3001\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 -> \u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee () \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3001 (type) \u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u540e\u7f00\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a ++ \u3001 -- \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a + \u3001 - \u4e00\u5143\u52a0\u51cf\u3001 ! \u3001 ~ \u4e00\u5143\u903b\u8f91\u3001 ++ \u3001 -- \u524d\u7f00\u3001 * \u3001 & \u5f15\u7528\u4e0e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3001 sizeof \u3001 _Alignof \u53d6\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9f50 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ea7~\u7b2c\u56db\u7ea7\uff1a * \u3001 / \u3001 % \u4e58\u9664\u53d6\u4f59 + \u3001 - \u52a0\u51cf \u7b2c\u4e94\u7ea7\uff1a << \u3001 >> \u5de6\u79fb\u53f3\u79fb \u7b2c\u516d\u7ea7\uff1a < \u3001 <= \u3001 > \u3001 >= \u6bd4\u8f83 \u7b2c\u4e03\u7ea7\uff1a == \u3001 != \u76f8\u7b49\u4e0e\u4e0d\u7b49","title":"\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/","text":"\u6742\u9879 \u00b6 Win 32 \u7f16\u7a0b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5 \u00b6 \u56fd\u9645\u5316\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b \u00b6","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/#_1","text":"","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/#win-32","text":"","title":"Win 32 \u7f16\u7a0b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/#_2","text":"","title":"\u56fd\u9645\u5316\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/program-structure-and-compilation/","tags":["todo"],"text":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u8282\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a C \u8bed\u8a00\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784 \u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1 \u5b8f \u5934\u6587\u4ef6","title":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/program-structure-and-compilation/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u8282\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a C \u8bed\u8a00\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784 \u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1 \u5b8f \u5934\u6587\u4ef6","title":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/data-structures/","text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f \u5b66\u5e74\uff1a2023-2024 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u5e72\u7ea2\u534e","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/data-structures/#_1","text":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f \u5b66\u5e74\uff1a2023-2024 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u5e72\u7ea2\u534e","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/digital-logic/","text":"","title":"Index"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/","text":"HPC101-2023 \u00b6 Course information Course Time: 2023 Summer Website Related Book Notes: An Introduction to parallel programming Prereading These notes are written completely in English. Contents for this course are: Overview of High Performance Computing Architecture of High Performance Computuers Operation and maintainance of High Performance Computers Design and implementation of High Performance Computing Applications Basics of Vectorized Programming CUDA C Heterogeneous Programming Fundamentals Compilation optimization techniques Machine Learning System Optimization I recommend you to read the following materials before the course: Introductino to High Performance Computing for Scientists and Engineers An Introduction to Parallel Programming Lecture Note \u00b6 Labs Archive \u00b6 Lab1: Construct simple cluster","title":"HPC101-2023"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/#hpc101-2023","text":"Course information Course Time: 2023 Summer Website Related Book Notes: An Introduction to parallel programming Prereading These notes are written completely in English. Contents for this course are: Overview of High Performance Computing Architecture of High Performance Computuers Operation and maintainance of High Performance Computers Design and implementation of High Performance Computing Applications Basics of Vectorized Programming CUDA C Heterogeneous Programming Fundamentals Compilation optimization techniques Machine Learning System Optimization I recommend you to read the following materials before the course: Introductino to High Performance Computing for Scientists and Engineers An Introduction to Parallel Programming","title":"HPC101-2023"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/#lecture-note","text":"","title":"Lecture Note"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/#labs-archive","text":"Lab1: Construct simple cluster","title":"Labs Archive"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/","text":"Lab1 Construct simple cluster \u00b6 Keep in mind Always redirect the output of your commands to a file. It helps to store informations in files. You may need them later to get information or debug. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files command > stdout.log 2 > stderr.log If you want to see the information in your terminal, you can use tee to print the output to both stdout and files. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files and print them to terminal command 2 > & 1 | tee stdout.log stderr.log 0. Create a virtual machine \u00b6 Procedures of installation are skipped. If you can't bear low display resolution in terminals, see Configuring Network and SSH to use SSH to connect to the virtual machine. 1. Build and install OpenMPI from source \u00b6 Follow the official tutorial OpenMPI: FAQ:Building Open MPI to install OpenMPI. wget https://download.open-mpi.org/release/open-mpi/v4.1/openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz tar -xvf openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz cd openmpi-4.1.1 ./configure --prefix = /usr/local make all install You may need sudo privilege to execute make all install because it needs to change /usr/local/ . After installation, the binary files are in /usr/local/bin and you don't need to change PATH. Remember directory paths You'll need to configure paths to OpenMPI when compiling and running MPI programs. In my case, the paths are: binary: /usr/local/bin/ header files: /usr/local/include hostfile: /usr/local/etc/openmpi-default-hostfile After I've done the lab, I understood that I should have used an independent path to save the OpenMPI files and other components, so that they can be found more easily. For example, I can use /usr/local/openmpi-4.1.1 to save the files. Test your OpenMPI installation You can test your OpenMPI installation by executing mpirun : mpirun --version If you see the version information, then you've installed OpenMPI successfully. If you want to test the compilation and execution of MPI programs, you can try to compile and run the hello.c . Follow the instructions on Using MPI with C 2. Build and install BLAS and CBLAS \u00b6 Prepare tools: sudo apt install build-essential gfortran cmake Get the source code and extract them: wget \"https://netlib.org/benchmark/hpl/hpl-2.3.tar.gz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas-3.11.0.tgz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blast-forum/cblas.tgz\" tar xvf hpl-2.3.tar.gz -C hpl tar xvf blas-3.11.0.tgz -C blas tar xvf cblas.tgz -C cblas Install BLAS \u00b6 cd blas make Then you'll Find the line BLASLIB = ../../blas$(PLAT).a and change it to BLASLIB = /usr/local/lib/libblas.a . Then save and exit. Then execute make , get the binary file cblas_LINUX.a in the folder. Copy it to /usr/local/lib : cp blas_LINUX.a /usr/local/lib/libblas.a Run the test program for BLAS and passed: Install CBLAS \u00b6 cd ../cblas more README Read the instructions in README to install CBLAS. cp Makefile.LINUX Makefile.in vim Makefile.in Find the line BLASLIB = ../../blas$(PLAT).a and change it to BLASLIB = /usr/local/lib/libblas.a . Then save and exit. Then execute make , get the binary file cblas_LINUX.a in the folder. Copy it to /usr/local/lib : make cp cblas_LINUX.a /usr/local/lib/libcblas.a Error when compiling CBLAS If you encountered the same error when executing make in CBLAS folder and stopped at testing process, receiving the error message like: Error: rank mismatch in argument 'strue1' at (1) (rank-1 and scalar) The reason is that there are some old-fashioned code deprecated by recent version of gcc-10. You can try to modify the Makefile in test folder, adding -std=legacy or -fallow-argument-mismatch to the flags. Here are more information: GitHub: Compilation error using gfortran-10? GitHub: Compilation error with GCC 10 After edit, run make again and you'll see the test passed. 3. Build HPL \u00b6 There are some difference between the experiment manual and INSTALL file, you should follow the manual. cp setup/Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS Make.test Edit some lines in Make.test : # diff from Make.test and Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS 64c64 < ARCH = test --- > ARCH = Linux_PII_CBLAS 84,86c84,86 < MPdir = < MPinc = -I/usr/local/include < MPlib = /usr/local/lib/libmpi.so --- > MPdir = /usr/local/mpi > MPinc = -I$(MPdir)/include > MPlib = $(MPdir)/lib/libmpich.a 95,97c95,97 < LAdir = < LAinc = #/home/bowling/CBLAS/include < LAlib = /usr/local/lib/libcblas.a /usr/local/lib/libblas.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.a --- > LAdir = $(HOME)/netlib/ARCHIVES/Linux_PII > LAinc = > LAlib = $(LAdir)/libcblas.a $(LAdir)/libatlas.a 169c169 < CC = /usr/local/bin/mpicc --- > CC = /usr/bin/gcc 176c176 < LINKER = $(CC) --- > LINKER = /usr/bin/g77 Error in linking You may encounter the error message like this: Search the web and you'll find the libs containing missing symbols. They are: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libm.a Searching for the missing library was hard, because it happens everywhere. Solutions to others may not take effect on you. I'm still wondering why these libraries were not linked automatically, they are in the default PATH . After make, you'll get the binary file xhpl in the folder bin/test . 4. Configuring network and SSH \u00b6 To construct a cluster, we need to use NAT network to connect them together. The host cannot connect to virtual machine inside NAT network directly, but we can use port forwarding: Now we can ssh into the master machine: ssh -p 3022 bowling@localhost 5. Experiment \u00b6 Error: cannot open file HPL.dat You may encounter error like this: Refer to this issue: HPL Segmentation Fault Final result: Bonus: Docker \u00b6 Using docker, we can skip the process of building everything. We only need to configure SSH connection and write HPL.dat , then enjoy. DOCKERS ARE AWESOME. Find docker \u00b6 I use the docker from ashael/hpl - Docker Image | Docker Hub , which contains configured hpl-2.2 . Here I've opened 4 containers from the same image: Setting up connection \u00b6 Dockers are connected within a bridge by default. Attach to each of them and get their ip address: Select the host of 172.17.0.5 as master, 172.17.0.4 - 172.17.0.2 as slaves. In master: ssh-keygen cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub In slaves: mkdir /var/run/sshd vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config find these lines: #ListenAddress :: #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 #AuthorizedKeyFile %h/.ssh/authorized_keys uncomment them and save. Then add master's public key to authorized_keys and start sshd . Succeeded. Execute experiment \u00b6 I found the computing speed in dockers is much faster then clusters. DOCKERS ARE EXTREMELY AWESOME. Extended \u00b6 Later in the course, instructors mentioned we can try to modify HPL.dat to get better performance and configure NFS to share files between nodes. I also tried to do these things. Tuning HPL.dat \u00b6 Refer to HPL Tuning . Configuring NFS File System \u00b6 NFS uses RPC protocol to share files between server and client. Setup NFS Server and Client \u00b6 Please refer to this passage: How to Set Up an NFS Mount on Debian 11 | DigitalOcean . More details about NFS can be seen in: NFS - ArchWiki Have a test \u00b6 First install nfs-common and create mount point on clients: sudo apt install nfs-common sudo mkdir /hpc mount error If you encounter the following error: mount: bad option ; for several filesystems ( e.g. nfs, cifs ) you might need a /sbin/mount.<type> helper program. You need to install nfs-common on clients. Add the following line to clients: /etc/fstab 10.0.2.15:/hpc /hpc nfs auto,nofail,noatime,nolock,intr,tcp,actimeo=1800 0 0 Then run the program and get the result: Related links \u00b6 45gfg9's Note","title":"Lab1 Construct simple cluster"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#lab1-construct-simple-cluster","text":"Keep in mind Always redirect the output of your commands to a file. It helps to store informations in files. You may need them later to get information or debug. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files command > stdout.log 2 > stderr.log If you want to see the information in your terminal, you can use tee to print the output to both stdout and files. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files and print them to terminal command 2 > & 1 | tee stdout.log stderr.log","title":"Lab1 Construct simple cluster"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#0-create-a-virtual-machine","text":"Procedures of installation are skipped. If you can't bear low display resolution in terminals, see Configuring Network and SSH to use SSH to connect to the virtual machine.","title":"0. Create a virtual machine"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#1-build-and-install-openmpi-from-source","text":"Follow the official tutorial OpenMPI: FAQ:Building Open MPI to install OpenMPI. wget https://download.open-mpi.org/release/open-mpi/v4.1/openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz tar -xvf openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz cd openmpi-4.1.1 ./configure --prefix = /usr/local make all install You may need sudo privilege to execute make all install because it needs to change /usr/local/ . After installation, the binary files are in /usr/local/bin and you don't need to change PATH. Remember directory paths You'll need to configure paths to OpenMPI when compiling and running MPI programs. In my case, the paths are: binary: /usr/local/bin/ header files: /usr/local/include hostfile: /usr/local/etc/openmpi-default-hostfile After I've done the lab, I understood that I should have used an independent path to save the OpenMPI files and other components, so that they can be found more easily. For example, I can use /usr/local/openmpi-4.1.1 to save the files. Test your OpenMPI installation You can test your OpenMPI installation by executing mpirun : mpirun --version If you see the version information, then you've installed OpenMPI successfully. If you want to test the compilation and execution of MPI programs, you can try to compile and run the hello.c . Follow the instructions on Using MPI with C","title":"1. Build and install OpenMPI from source"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#2-build-and-install-blas-and-cblas","text":"Prepare tools: sudo apt install build-essential gfortran cmake Get the source code and extract them: wget \"https://netlib.org/benchmark/hpl/hpl-2.3.tar.gz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas-3.11.0.tgz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blast-forum/cblas.tgz\" tar xvf hpl-2.3.tar.gz -C hpl tar xvf blas-3.11.0.tgz -C blas tar xvf cblas.tgz -C cblas","title":"2. Build and install BLAS and CBLAS"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#3-build-hpl","text":"There are some difference between the experiment manual and INSTALL file, you should follow the manual. cp setup/Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS Make.test Edit some lines in Make.test : # diff from Make.test and Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS 64c64 < ARCH = test --- > ARCH = Linux_PII_CBLAS 84,86c84,86 < MPdir = < MPinc = -I/usr/local/include < MPlib = /usr/local/lib/libmpi.so --- > MPdir = /usr/local/mpi > MPinc = -I$(MPdir)/include > MPlib = $(MPdir)/lib/libmpich.a 95,97c95,97 < LAdir = < LAinc = #/home/bowling/CBLAS/include < LAlib = /usr/local/lib/libcblas.a /usr/local/lib/libblas.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.a --- > LAdir = $(HOME)/netlib/ARCHIVES/Linux_PII > LAinc = > LAlib = $(LAdir)/libcblas.a $(LAdir)/libatlas.a 169c169 < CC = /usr/local/bin/mpicc --- > CC = /usr/bin/gcc 176c176 < LINKER = $(CC) --- > LINKER = /usr/bin/g77 Error in linking You may encounter the error message like this: Search the web and you'll find the libs containing missing symbols. They are: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libm.a Searching for the missing library was hard, because it happens everywhere. Solutions to others may not take effect on you. I'm still wondering why these libraries were not linked automatically, they are in the default PATH . After make, you'll get the binary file xhpl in the folder bin/test .","title":"3. Build HPL"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#4-configuring-network-and-ssh","text":"To construct a cluster, we need to use NAT network to connect them together. The host cannot connect to virtual machine inside NAT network directly, but we can use port forwarding: Now we can ssh into the master machine: ssh -p 3022 bowling@localhost","title":"4. Configuring network and SSH"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#5-experiment","text":"Error: cannot open file HPL.dat You may encounter error like this: Refer to this issue: HPL Segmentation Fault Final result:","title":"5. Experiment"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#bonus-docker","text":"Using docker, we can skip the process of building everything. We only need to configure SSH connection and write HPL.dat , then enjoy. DOCKERS ARE AWESOME.","title":"Bonus: Docker"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#extended","text":"Later in the course, instructors mentioned we can try to modify HPL.dat to get better performance and configure NFS to share files between nodes. I also tried to do these things.","title":"Extended"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#related-links","text":"45gfg9's Note","title":"Related links"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab2/","text":"Lab2 Vector Calculation \u00b6 Basic usage of NumPy \u00b6 Conda \u00b6 Actually this may be our first time to manage Python project. So a package management system is needed. Let's learn Conda first. Most used conda commands: conda create -n myenv : create a new environment conda activate myenv : activate an environment conda deactivate : deactivate current environment conda install numpy : install a package conda list : list all packages installed in current environment conda remove numpy : remove a package conda update numpy : update a package conda search numpy : search a package conda env export > environment.yml : export an environment conda env create -f environment.yml : create an environment from a file conda env remove -n myenv : remove an environment conda env list : list all environments Idea \u00b6 Vectorization and broadcasting are two important concepts in NumPy. They are the key to make NumPy faster than pure Python. Vectorization describes the absence of any explicit looping, indexing, etc., in the code. Broadcasting is the term used to describe the implicit element-by-element behavior of operations. Check it \u00b6 You should learn: Array creation Indexing on ndarrays I/O with NumPy Data types Broadcasting Copies and views Structured arrays Universal functions (ufuncs) basics Array \u00b6 Some terminology in NumPy: vector: 1d array matrix: 2d array tensor: 3d or higher dimensional array axes: dimensions Attributes of array: dtype : data type ndim : number of dimensions shape : a tuple of integers, indicating the size of the array in each dimension Create an array: np.array(list) : create an array from a list np.zeros(n) : create an n-dimensional array full of zeros np.ones(n) : create an n-dimensional array full of ones np.empty(n) : create an n-dimensional array full of random numbers np.arange(start, end, step) : create an array from start to end with step np.linspace(start, end, num=) : create an array from start to end with num elements Use dtype keyword argument to specify the data type of the array. For example, np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float32) . Manipulate \u00b6 Operating on arrays with different types will upcast to the more precise one. Arithmetic operations: usually element-wise . + , - , * , / , ** , % , // inplace operations: += , -= , *= , /= , **= , %= , //= Matrix product: @ operator: a @ b dot function: A.dot(B) Sorting: np.sort(arr) : sort an array, return a sorted copy np.argsort() np.lexsort() np.searchsorted() : find elements in a sorted array np.partition() : partial sort Concatenate: Vectors: np.concatenate((a1, a2, ...)) : concatenate arrays Multidimensional arrays: np.concatenate((a1, a2, ...), axis=) : concatenate arrays along a specific axis. Note: You can only concatenate arrays on existing axes. Info: ndarray.ndim : number of dimensions ndarray.size : total number of elements ndarray.shape : mentioned above Reshape: - arr.reshape(shape) - np.reshape(arr, newshape=(,), order='C') - newshape : a tuple of integers - order : - C : row-major, C-like index order - F : column-major, Fortran-like index order - A : if a is Fortran contiguous then Fortran-like, otherwise row-major","title":"Lab2 Vector Calculation"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab2/#lab2-vector-calculation","text":"","title":"Lab2 Vector Calculation"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab2/#basic-usage-of-numpy","text":"","title":"Basic usage of NumPy"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/","text":"Lecture 1~2 \u00b6 Lec 1 Introduction to HPC \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/03 Introduction to course Scores: Class: 10% Labs: 65% Teamwork: 25% Introduction to ZJUSCT Basic knowledge of computers: System Network Contents in this lecture can be found in FOCS . Lec 2 Computer Systems \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/04 Based on CMU 15-213 15-418 Contents are: ISA x86 Processor Architecture Memory Hierarchy Concurrency Basics x86 Microarchitecture Single Instruction Multiple Data Multicore and Multi-socket Memory Mainly discussed in CSAPP . \u8fd9\u8282\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u5927\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u539f\u7406\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u53ea\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u6162\u6162\u8865\u5145\u3002 Lec 3 HPC Methodology \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/05 Lec 4 Operations on clusters \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/06 Performance \u00b6 CPU: GFlops = (CPU freq, GHz) * (FP ops) * (core number) * (CPU numbers) GPU: GFlops = (boost clock) * (core number)","title":"Lecture 1~2"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lecture-12","text":"","title":"Lecture 1~2"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-1-introduction-to-hpc","text":"Date: 2023/07/03 Introduction to course Scores: Class: 10% Labs: 65% Teamwork: 25% Introduction to ZJUSCT Basic knowledge of computers: System Network Contents in this lecture can be found in FOCS .","title":"Lec 1 Introduction to HPC"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-2-computer-systems","text":"Date: 2023/07/04 Based on CMU 15-213 15-418 Contents are: ISA x86 Processor Architecture Memory Hierarchy Concurrency Basics x86 Microarchitecture Single Instruction Multiple Data Multicore and Multi-socket Memory Mainly discussed in CSAPP . \u8fd9\u8282\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u5927\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u539f\u7406\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u53ea\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u6162\u6162\u8865\u5145\u3002","title":"Lec 2 Computer Systems"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-3-hpc-methodology","text":"Date: 2023/07/05","title":"Lec 3 HPC Methodology"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-4-operations-on-clusters","text":"Date: 2023/07/06","title":"Lec 4 Operations on clusters"},{"location":"misc/","text":"\u6742\u9879 \u00b6 \u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u6211\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"misc/#_1","text":"\u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u6211\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"misc/QA/","text":"\u96f6\u788e\u95ee\u9898\u6536\u96c6 \u00b6 \u5199\u4ee3\u7801 \u00b6 C/C++ \u00b6 Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570 \u6bd4\u5982 How to print time difference in accuracy of milliseconds and nanoseconds from C in Linux? \u4e2d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528 clock_gettime() \u5176\u5c5e\u4e8e POSIX \u89c4\u8303\uff0cWindows \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5728 POSIX \u7248 Mingw32-gcc \u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728 Windows \u7248 Mingw32-gcc \u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u66f4\u6362\u4e3a POSIX \u7248\u4ee5\u517c\u5bb9\u66f4\u591a\u7c7b Linux \u7279\u6027\u3002 \u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 Linux \u00b6 \u786c\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u9047\u5230\u56fa\u4ef6\u95ee\u9898\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u67e5\u770b\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u624b\u518c\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u89e3\u51b3\u56fa\u4ef6\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u3002 \u66f4\u65b0 BIOS \u7248\u672c\u3002 \u66f4\u65b0 Linux \u5185\u6838\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u9a71\u52a8\u68c0\u67e5\u5de5\u5177\u3002 Debian \u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u65e0\u6cd5\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u62a5\u9519 hdaudio hdaudioC0D2: Unable to configure, disabling \u7b49\u3002 Debian \u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u5185\u6838\u592a\u8001\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u65b0\u6838\u82af\u663e\u5361\u3002 \u5728 Grub \u7684\u5185\u6838\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 nomodeset \u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\uff0c\u5347\u7ea7 Linux \u5185\u6838\u5230\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u7248\u672c\u3002 sudo apt install linux-image-<flavour> \u76f8\u5173\u7684 Linux \u5185\u6838\u539f\u7801 Github if ( ! IS_ENABLED ( CONFIG_MODULES ) || ! request_module ( \"i915\" )) { /* 60s timeout */ wait_for_completion_timeout ( & bind_complete , msecs_to_jiffies ( 60 * 1000 )); } \u8fd9 1 \u5206\u949f\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u9519\u8bef\u5728 2019 \u5e74\u5f97\u5230\u4fee\u590d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 Debian \u7248\u672c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7528\u4fee\u590d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5185\u6838\u3002 Debian Wiki \u5173\u4e8e\u663e\u5361\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b80\u8981\u63d0\u793a\uff1a If you get a fixed low resolution (like 1024 x 768) with no choice of higher resolution in GUI and/or xorg-server log errors with missing device (like (EE) open /dev/dri/Card0 no such file or device) and/or non starting display manager (sddm etc), make sure that your kernel is up to date (as the kernel has to recognize the graphics device) . Also make sure that the appropriate firmware packages are up to date. \u6ce8\u610f\uff1aLinux \u5185\u6838\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bc6\u522b\u663e\u5361\u3002 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 Debian Wiki: GraphicsCard Debian Wiki: HowToUpgradeKernel \u58f0\u5361\u4e0d\u8bc6\u522b\u6216\u58f0\u97f3\u8bbe\u5907\u4ec5\u6709 dummy output \u5347\u7ea7 BIOS\u3002 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 Unix & Linux: Realtek ALC1220 audio chipset on Linux Mint 18.1 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 root \u5199\u6587\u4ef6 \u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\u4e86 root \u7528\u6237\u4e0b \u5728\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u4e0b\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a $ ls -lah drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30 Mar 27 20 :47 ./ \u5e76\u4e14\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528 chown \u66f4\u6539\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u6709\u8005 \u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\uff1a\u66f4\u6539 fstab \u6587\u4ef6 \u5728 OPTION \u5217\u6dfb\u52a0 uid=1000 \u5373\u53ef\u5c06\u78c1\u76d8\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7528\u6237\u4e0b\u3002 Windows \u00b6 \u7cfb\u7edf\u7f8e\u5316 \u00b6 TranslucentTB \u5931\u6548 Windows11 \u9650\u5236\u4e86 Feature ID \u7f16\u53f7\u4e3a 26008830 \u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4efb\u52a1\u680f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4fee\u590d\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c2\u8003 \u77e5\u4e4e \u8f6f\u4ef6 \u00b6 Git \u00b6 git \u591a\u5e73\u53f0\u7edf\u4e00\u6362\u884c\u7b26 \u589e\u52a0\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 .gitattributes \u867d\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86 git \u5168\u5c40\u53c2\u6570\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6b63\u786e\u914d\u597d\u4e86\u3002git \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86.gitattributes \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u65b0\u5efa.gitattributes \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a * text eol=lf \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u907f\u514d\u6709\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e core.autocrlf \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u5165\u7248\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u3002 \u53e6\u5916\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981 .gitattributes \u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u540c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u8003\u8651\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u9879\u76ee\u5df2\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u8f6c\u6362\u6362\u884c\u7b26 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u9879\u76ee\u5df2\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u5462\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 dos2unix \u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u786e\u4fdd\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b63\u786e\u3002 ssh \u8fde\u63a5\u88ab\u62d2 Connection refused \u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u88ab GFW \u5899\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u6216\u8005 VPN\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f 22 \u7aef\u53e3\u88ab\u5c01\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 git:// \u94fe\u63a5\u6539\u4e3a ssh:// \u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8d70 443 \u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a ssh://git@ssh.github.com:443/yourname/reponame.git \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b ssh \u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u786e\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5728\uff1a ssh -vT -p 443 git@ssh.github.com .gitignore \u65e0\u6548 Syncthing \u00b6 Is putting a Git workspace in a synced folder really a good idea? I\u2019ve put my whole documents folder in syncthing and this includes a couple of git workspaces. Never had any problems. It might cause problems if you switch between computers very quickly, but as long as syncthing has time to sync it shouldn\u2019t cause problems. One of the advantages I found is that when you switch between computers you are always in the same branch. And like you said you can commit when it actually make sense instead of everytime you leave your computer. VSCode \u00b6 Compile multiple .c and .h files Your filepath has a space ( ) in it, so you will need to surround the full command in quotes, but doing so will escape the * and it will not be used as a wildcard. I cant seem to find a way to escape the spaces in ${fileDirname}, but that will fix the command. Markdown \u00b6 Obsidian \u914d\u5408 Typora \u4f7f\u7528 \u5728 Markdown \u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u5185\u5bb9 < details >< summary > \u63d0\u793a </ summary > \u7b54\u6848 </ details >","title":"\u96f6\u788e\u95ee\u9898\u6536\u96c6"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_1","text":"","title":"\u96f6\u788e\u95ee\u9898\u6536\u96c6"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_2","text":"","title":"\u5199\u4ee3\u7801"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_3","text":"","title":"\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_7","text":"","title":"\u8f6f\u4ef6"},{"location":"misc/blog/","text":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c \u00b6 \u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a \u00b6 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 CSDN\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a + PicGo \u914d\u7f6e + Typora \u603b\u7ed3","title":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c"},{"location":"misc/blog/#_1","text":"","title":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c"},{"location":"misc/blog/#_2","text":"\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 CSDN\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a + PicGo \u914d\u7f6e + Typora \u603b\u7ed3","title":"\u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/","text":"\u4f7f\u7528 Hyper-V \u5728 Windows \u4e0a\u642d\u5efa OpenWRT \u8f6f\u8def\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u524d\u8a00 \u00b6 \u51c6\u5907 OpenWRT \u955c\u50cf \u00b6 \u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u6709\u4f17\u591a OpenWRT \u955c\u50cf\u53ef\u4f9b\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6211\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e86 OpenWRT \u539f\u7248\u955c\u50cf\u548c iStoreOS\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u914d\u7f6e\u6210\u529f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 iStoreOS \u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u754c\u9762\u548c\u539f\u7248 OpenWRT \u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u3002 \u4ece\u5b98\u7f51\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5f97\u5230\u955c\u50cf istoreos-22.03.4-2023070715-x86-64-squashfs-combined-efi.img \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 StarWind V2V Converter \u5c06\u955c\u50cf\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a .vhdx \u683c\u5f0f\u4f9b Hyper-V \u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u6e90\u955c\u50cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u955c\u50cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5747\u9009\u62e9 Local 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\u4e00\u4e2a External Network\uff1aOpenWRT \u7684 WAN \u53e3\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4f60\u63a5\u5165 WAN \u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u5141\u8bb8\u7ba1\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5171\u4eab\u6b64\u7f51\u7edc\u9002\u914d\u5668\u201d\u3002\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u5931\u53bb\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u547d\u540d\u4e3a WAN \u3002 \u4e3a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7528\u4f5c LAN \u53e3\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u9010\u4e00\u521b\u5efa External Network\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u5141\u8bb8\u7ba1\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5171\u4eab\u6b64\u7f51\u7edc\u9002\u914d\u5668\u201d\u3002\u547d\u540d\u4e3a LAN1 \u3001 LAN2 \u7b49\u3002 \u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f60\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u5c06\u5168\u7531 OpenWRT \u7cfb\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5728\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u7248 - 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\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u542f\u7528\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8\u201d\u3002 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 - \u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u542f\u7528\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u201d\u3002 \u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8 - \u6309\u9700\u52fe\u9009\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\u3002 \u5b8c\u6210\u8bbe\u7f6e\u540e\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u542f\u52a8\u865a\u62df\u673a\u3002","title":"\u521b\u5efa Hyper-V \u865a\u62df\u673a"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/#_3","text":"\u6253\u5f00\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee 192.168.100.1 \u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4 root \u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a password \uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u7ba1\u7406\u9875\u9762\u540e\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u4fee\u6539\u8d26\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u3002 \u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u865a\u62df\u673a \u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u672a\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u5230 OpenWRT \u7684 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u677f\u4e2d\u67e5\u770b\u865a\u62df\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u5f80\u5f80\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u672a\u8bc6\u522b\uff0cIP \u5730\u5740\u4e3a 16 \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5730\u5740\u662f Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u5728 DHCP \u8bf7\u6c42\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u54cd\u5e94\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u81ea\u52a8\u5206\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002 \u200b \u624b\u52a8\u5c06 IP \u5730\u5740\u66f4\u6539\u5230 192.168.100.0/24 \u7f51\u6bb5\uff0c\u7f51\u5173\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 192.168.100.1 \u5373\u53ef\u3002 ![image-20230708001421419](openwrt.assets/image-20230708001421419.png)","title":"\u767b\u5f55\u865a\u62df\u673a"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/#wan","text":"\u5728\u7f51\u7edc - \u63a5\u53e3\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u63a5\u53e3 lan \u3002 \u5173\u95ed OpenWRT\uff0c\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907 WAN \uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5f00\u542f OpenWRT \u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u7ba1\u7406\u9875\u9762\u3002 \u5728\u7f51\u7edc - \u63a5\u53e3\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a wan \uff0c\u534f\u8bae\u9009\u62e9 DHCP \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff08\u6b64\u65f6 wan \u7684\u4e0a\u6e38\u5e94\u5f53\u6709 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5907\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a eth1 \u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6240\u5728\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u652f\u6301 IPv6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u518d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a wan6 \u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u534f\u8bae\u9009\u62e9 DHCPv6\uff0c\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u6837\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a eth1 \u3002 \u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u5728 ZJU\uff0c\u6821\u5185\u7f51\u7ad9\u89e3\u6790\u5c06\u5f97\u5230 10.0.0.0/8 \u5f00\u5934\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e22\u5f03\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u51fa\u73b0\u65e0\u6cd5 ping \u901a\u6821\u5185\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5728 \u7f51\u7edc - DHCP/DNS - \u5e38\u89c4\u8bbe\u7f6e \u9875\u9762\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u91cd\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u540e\u5373\u53ef ping \u901a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7 IPv6 \u8bbf\u95ee\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u5728 \u7f51\u7edc - DHCP/DNS - \u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bbe\u7f6e \u9875\u9762\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009 \u8fc7\u6ee4 IPv6 AAAA \u8bb0\u5f55 \u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u6b64\u65f6\u5728\u5bbf\u4e3b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u672c\u5730\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002","title":"\u914d\u7f6e WAN \u8fde\u63a5"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/#l2tp","text":"OpenWRT \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5e26 xl2tp \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6b64\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u6821\u5185\u955c\u50cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9 opkg \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6362\u6e90\u5373\u53ef\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002 \u5728 \u7cfb\u7edf - \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305 \u9875\u9762\u70b9\u51fb \u914d\u7f6e OPKG \uff0c\u5728 /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf \u4e2d\u66f4\u6362\u7f51\u5740\uff0c\u5c06 /etc/opkg/compatfeeds.conf \u4e2d iStoreOS \u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6e90\u6ce8\u91ca\u6389\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u65f6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u5916\u7f51\uff09\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u70b9\u51fb \u66f4\u65b0\u5217\u8868 \u3002 \u5728\u7b5b\u9009\u5668\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 xl2tp \u627e\u5230\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\u5b89\u88c5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u5728 \u7cfb\u7edf-\u91cd\u542f \u9875\u9762\u91cd\u542f OpenWRT \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 \u91cd\u542f\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u5728 \u7f51\u7edc - \u63a5\u53e3 \u70b9\u51fb \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3 \uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u534f\u8bae\u4e3a L2TP \uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u63a5\u53e3\u3002L2TP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e3a lns.zju.edu.cn \uff0c\u586b\u5199\u7528\u6237\u540d\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u5207\u6362\u5230 \u9632\u706b\u5899\u8bbe\u7f6e \u9009\u9879\u9875\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u914d\u5230 wan \u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5728\u8be5\u63a5\u53e3\u770b\u5230\u5206\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5c1d\u8bd5 ping \u767e\u5ea6\u7b49\u7f51\u7ad9\u5e94\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u8fde\u63a5\u3002","title":"\u4f7f\u7528 L2TP \u767b\u5f55\u6821\u56ed\u7f51"},{"location":"misc/remote/","text":"\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b \u00b6 \u6458\u8981 \u4f60\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u592a\u5927\u592a\u91cd\u800c\u4e0d\u60f3\u628a\u5b83\u80cc\u53bb\u6559\u5ba4\uff1f\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u56e0\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5982\u7535\u8111\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\uff1f\u4e0d\u59a8\u8bd5\u8bd5\u628a\u7535\u8111\u653e\u5728\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u5e73\u677f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u643a\u5e26\u8f7b\u8584\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u5c31\u597d\u5566~ \u672c\u6559\u7a0b\u5199\u7684\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u7535\u8111\u5c0f\u767d\u53ea\u8981\u7167\u7740\u505a\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\uff01 \u51c6\u5907 \u00b6 \u51c6\u5907 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248 \u8bf7\u5148\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7248\uff0c \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u53ea\u6709 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7248\u672c\u652f\u6301 \u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u201c\u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u201d\u6b65\u9aa4\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7a97\u683c\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\uff1a\u653e\u5728\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u8fde\u4e0a\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\uff09\u6216\u8005 ZJUWLAN-Secure \u3002 \u79fb\u52a8\u7aef \u5b89\u88c5 Microsoft Remote Desktop \u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5fae\u8f6f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u6700\u597d\u3002 \u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u84dd\u7259\u952e\u9f20\u7684\u5e73\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u89e6\u63a7\u7b14\u4e5f\u53ef\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e \u00b6 Quote \u53c2\u8003 98 \u5e16\u5b50\uff1a \u6821\u5916\u4f7f\u7528rvpn\u8fde\u63a5\u5185\u7f51Windows 10\u7535\u8111 \u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u6309 Win + R \uff0c\u8f93\u5165 SystemPropertiesRemote.exe \uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff1a \u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00 PowerShell \uff1a\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u8f93\u5165 Windows PowerShell \uff0c\u53f3\u952e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u66f4\u6539\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1a\u9010\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u5e76\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 3390 \u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\u4e3a 65535 \u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u6570\uff09\u3002 $portvalue = 3390 Set-ItemProperty -Path 'HKLM:\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Terminal Server\\WinStations\\RDP-Tcp' -name \"PortNumber\" -Value $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-TCP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol TCP -LocalPort $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-UDP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol UDP -LocalPort $portvalue \u83b7\u53d6\u7535\u8111\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e-\u7f51\u7edc-\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff08\u6709\u7ebf\uff09\u6216 WLAN \u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002 \u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1f \u51fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5c4f\u853d\u4e86\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff1f \u5728\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7f51\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5b50\u7f51\u6bb5\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e92\u8fde\u3002\u4f46 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6821\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6b64\u5916 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7684\u79df\u671f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b8c\u6210\u3002 \u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e \u00b6 \u4ee5\u5b89\u5353\u5e73\u677f\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u7406\u3002 \u6253\u5f00 Remote Desktop \u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684 + \u53f7\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002 \u586b\u5165 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\uff1a [xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx]:12345 \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff1aIPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002 \u6dfb\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7535\u8111\u767b\u5f55\u4e86\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u6216\u672c\u5730\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u3002 \u4e0b\u62c9\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u7535\u8111\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5f00\u542f\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u5171\u4eab\u5373\u53ef\uff08\u5728\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5e73\u677f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u526a\u8d34\u677f\uff09\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u521a\u521a\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u521d\u6b21\u8fde\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f39\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b66\u544a\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u52fe\u9009\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u9192\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u4eab\u53d7\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u4f53\u9a8c\u5427\uff01 \u5982\u679c\u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7535\u8111\u7aef IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u5730\u5740\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c \u00b6 \u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7f51\u5e76\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u5e26\u5bbd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u9519\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u7389\u6cc9\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5728\u53e4\u7c4d\u9986\u3001\u6ee1\u4eba\u7684\u94f6\u6cc9\u9910\u5385\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e3a 2560*1600 \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ecd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u5361\u987f\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6d41\u7545\u529e\u516c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8499\u6c11\u4f1f\u697c\u7b49\u4e0d\u652f\u6301 WiFi6 \u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u4eba\u6570\u8f83\u591a\u65f6\u6781\u4e3a\u5361\u987f\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u5173\u4e4e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u4e8e\u5e73\u677f\u7aef\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\uff1a\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u9f20\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5e73\u677f\u7684\u952e\u76d8\u952e\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5168\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e60\u60ef\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c3a\u5bf8\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u592a\u53cb\u597d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u534e\u4e3a Matepad11 \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u53f3\u4fa7 Ctrl \u548c Shift \u662f\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\uff0c\u6309\u5982 Ctrl + ` \u8fd9\u7c7b\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u65f6\u5f88\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u952e\u76d8\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u5165\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7535\u8111\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5148\u7ecf\u8fc7\u534e\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\u6cd5\u518d\u88ab\u53d1\u9001\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f93\u5165 Ctrl + ` \u65f6\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5207\u6362\u5230\u82f1\u6587\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u561b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982 Word\uff0cPPT \u90a3\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u522b\u3002","title":"\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_1","text":"\u6458\u8981 \u4f60\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u592a\u5927\u592a\u91cd\u800c\u4e0d\u60f3\u628a\u5b83\u80cc\u53bb\u6559\u5ba4\uff1f\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u56e0\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5982\u7535\u8111\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\uff1f\u4e0d\u59a8\u8bd5\u8bd5\u628a\u7535\u8111\u653e\u5728\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u5e73\u677f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u643a\u5e26\u8f7b\u8584\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u5c31\u597d\u5566~ \u672c\u6559\u7a0b\u5199\u7684\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u7535\u8111\u5c0f\u767d\u53ea\u8981\u7167\u7740\u505a\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\uff01","title":"\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_2","text":"\u51c6\u5907 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248 \u8bf7\u5148\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7248\uff0c \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u53ea\u6709 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7248\u672c\u652f\u6301 \u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u201c\u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u201d\u6b65\u9aa4\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7a97\u683c\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\uff1a\u653e\u5728\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u8fde\u4e0a\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\uff09\u6216\u8005 ZJUWLAN-Secure \u3002 \u79fb\u52a8\u7aef \u5b89\u88c5 Microsoft Remote Desktop \u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5fae\u8f6f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u6700\u597d\u3002 \u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u84dd\u7259\u952e\u9f20\u7684\u5e73\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u89e6\u63a7\u7b14\u4e5f\u53ef\u3002","title":"\u51c6\u5907"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_3","text":"Quote \u53c2\u8003 98 \u5e16\u5b50\uff1a \u6821\u5916\u4f7f\u7528rvpn\u8fde\u63a5\u5185\u7f51Windows 10\u7535\u8111 \u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u6309 Win + R \uff0c\u8f93\u5165 SystemPropertiesRemote.exe \uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff1a \u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00 PowerShell \uff1a\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u8f93\u5165 Windows PowerShell \uff0c\u53f3\u952e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u66f4\u6539\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1a\u9010\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u5e76\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 3390 \u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\u4e3a 65535 \u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u6570\uff09\u3002 $portvalue = 3390 Set-ItemProperty -Path 'HKLM:\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Terminal Server\\WinStations\\RDP-Tcp' -name \"PortNumber\" -Value $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-TCP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol TCP -LocalPort $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-UDP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol UDP -LocalPort $portvalue \u83b7\u53d6\u7535\u8111\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e-\u7f51\u7edc-\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff08\u6709\u7ebf\uff09\u6216 WLAN \u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002 \u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1f \u51fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5c4f\u853d\u4e86\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff1f \u5728\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7f51\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5b50\u7f51\u6bb5\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e92\u8fde\u3002\u4f46 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6821\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6b64\u5916 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7684\u79df\u671f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b8c\u6210\u3002","title":"\u7535\u8111\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_4","text":"\u4ee5\u5b89\u5353\u5e73\u677f\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u7406\u3002 \u6253\u5f00 Remote Desktop \u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684 + \u53f7\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002 \u586b\u5165 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\uff1a [xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx]:12345 \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff1aIPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002 \u6dfb\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7535\u8111\u767b\u5f55\u4e86\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u6216\u672c\u5730\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u3002 \u4e0b\u62c9\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u7535\u8111\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5f00\u542f\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u5171\u4eab\u5373\u53ef\uff08\u5728\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5e73\u677f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u526a\u8d34\u677f\uff09\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u521a\u521a\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u521d\u6b21\u8fde\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f39\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b66\u544a\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u52fe\u9009\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u9192\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u4eab\u53d7\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u4f53\u9a8c\u5427\uff01 \u5982\u679c\u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7535\u8111\u7aef IPv6 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\u4e0d\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u7b14\u8bb0\u8f6f\u4ef6 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e Markdown \u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6700\u597d \u53ea\u4f7f\u7528 Markdown \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002 \u6211\u66fe\u7ecf\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 Typora\u3001Obsidian\u3001VSCode \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u6863\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0cMkdocs \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d1\u5e03\u5de5\u5177\u3002Mkdocs \u548c Obsidian \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e24\u79cd Markdown \u6269\u5c55\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e92\u76f8\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86 Obsidian Github Publisher \uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u52a8\u5c06 Obsidian \u5e93\u53d1\u5e03\u4e3a Mkdocs\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u5230\u4ee4\u6211\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528 Mkdocs admonition \u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u548c\u6298\u53e0\u3002 \u5bf9\u6211\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7b14\u8bb0\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u5904\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 Mkdocs \u7684\u529f\u80fd\u8fdc\u6bd4 Obsidian \u7684\u529f\u80fd\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6700\u540e\u6211\u653e\u5f03\u4e86 Obsidian \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u529b\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 VSCode \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u529b\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 Mkdocs \u7684\u7528\u6237\u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\u65b9\u4fbf\u7f16\u8f91\u3002 \u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u53ca\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a VSCode\uff1a\u4e3b\u529b\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u7eaf\u6587\u672c\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0d\u8f93\u5176\u4ed6\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u3002\u4e0d\u8db3\u5c31\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u56fe\u7247\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u8868\u683c\u7f16\u8f91\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u5e76\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002 Typora\uff1a\u8f85\u52a9\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7eaf Markdown \u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u989d\u5916\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u7528\u5b83\u80fd\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4f60\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4f60\u80fd\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u7f16\u8f91\u8868\u683c\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u56fe\u7247\u3001\u5bfc\u51fa\u6210\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684 PDF \u6587\u6863\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6269\u5c55\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u597d Markdown \u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u6587\u6863\u6211\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 Typora \u64b0\u5199\u5e76\u5bfc\u51fa\u3002 Obsidian\uff1a\u7b14\u8bb0\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\uff0cObsidian \u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4f53\u9a8c\u6700\u597d\u7684 Markdown \u7b14\u8bb0\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3002 Mkdocs\uff1a\u7b14\u8bb0\u53d1\u5e03\u5668\u3002 Mkdocs \u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8bed\u6cd5 \u6211\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528 Mkdocs \u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6269\u5c55\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a Admonition \uff1a\u8b66\u544a\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u7b49\u3002 Code Blocks \uff1a\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u3002 \u5f00\u542f\u4ee3\u7801\u590d\u5236\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u5728 mkdocs.yaml \u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 theme : features : - content.code.copy \u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u6807\u9898\uff1a title=\"\u6807\u9898\" \u884c\u6570\u548c\u9ad8\u4eae\uff1a linenums=\"1\", hl_lines=\"2 3\" \u3002\u884c\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4ece 1 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f46\u9ad8\u4eae\u884c\u4ece 1 \u5f00\u59cb\u8ba1\u6570\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u4f9b\u6211\u5728 VSCode \u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\uff1a snippets markdown.json 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 \"mkdocs-admonition\" : { \"prefix\" : 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Git \u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u3002","title":"\u6587\u4ef6\u540c\u6b65"},{"location":"tags/","text":"\u6807\u7b7e \u00b6 \u672c\u9875\u9762\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u9875\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4efb\u52a1\u770b\u677f\u3002 Ongoing \u00b6 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5 Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe \u7cbe\u901a Git Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation Ch9. Programming Language Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point HTML \u57fa\u7840 Todo \u00b6 Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 doing \u00b6 \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 todo \u00b6 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b","title":"\ud83d\udd16\u6807\u7b7e"},{"location":"tags/#_1","text":"\u672c\u9875\u9762\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u9875\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4efb\u52a1\u770b\u677f\u3002","title":" \u6807\u7b7e"},{"location":"tags/#ongoing","text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5 Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe \u7cbe\u901a Git Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation Ch9. Programming Language Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point HTML \u57fa\u7840","title":"Ongoing"},{"location":"tags/#todo","text":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6","title":"Todo"},{"location":"tags/#doing","text":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406","title":"doing"},{"location":"tags/#todo_1","text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b","title":"todo"}]}
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\u6280\u672f\u6808"},{"location":"stack/#_2","text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08Fundations Of Computer Science\uff09 \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u95e8\u8bfe\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5c06\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002 \u6559\u7a0b \u6559\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f52\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6808\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u61d2\u5f97\u5efa\u535a\u5ba2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u89c9\u5f97\u6559\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9891\u7e41\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u5c31\u653e\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u60f9\u3002 Windows \u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b \u4e91\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7efc\u5408\u6559\u7a0b Linux \u4ece\u5c0f\u767d\u5230\u83dc\u9e21 \u6b63\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u7684 GitHub \u4ed3\u5e93\u7f16\u5199\u4e2d Linux \u4ece\u83dc\u9e21\u5230\u4e13\u5bb6 \u6574\u7406\u4e2d Linux \u6df1\u5165\u6e90\u7801 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\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation Ch9. 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Why Parallel Programming? \u00b6 This chapter mainly describes the reasons for parallel programming, the development of parallel programming, and the basic concepts of parallel programming. Rather than building ever-faster, more complex, monolithic processors, the industry has decided to put multiple, relatively simple, complete processors on a single chip . Such integrated circuits are called multicore processors , and core has become synonymous with central processing unit, or CPU. Compute n values and add them together Method 1: I have \\(p\\) cores, so I will divide the work into \\(p\\) pieces. Each core can form a partial sum of approximately \\(n/p\\) values. They send their partial sums to a single core, which adds them together. Method 2: Instead of making the master core do all the work of computing the final sum, we can pair the cores so that while core 0 adds in the result of core 1, core 2 can add in the result of core 3, core 4 can add in the result of core 5 and so on. Compare: When \\(n\\) is large, method 2 is better. The first method require 999 receives and adds, while the second method requires only 10. Two approaches to parallel programming: Task-parallelism Data-parallelism Explanaition: The first part of global sum example is task-parallelism, each core carries out roughtly the same oprations on its assigned elements. And the second part is data-parallelism, receiving and adding the cores' partial sums. Writing actual code for parallel programs is relatively complex. Communication : cores communicate with each other. Load balancing : the work is divided evenly among the cores. Synchronization : cores must wait for each other at certain points in the program. Things we will learn: Three different extensions to C: OpenMP MPI Pthreads Two main types of parallel systems: Shared-memory systems cores can share access to the computer\u2019s memory Distributed-memory systems each core has its own, private memory, and the cores must communicate explicitly by doing something like sending messages across a network Pthreads and OpenMP were designed for programming shared-memory systems. They provide mechanisms for accessing shared-memory locations. MPI, on the other hand, was designed for programming distributed-memory systems. It provides mechanisms for sending messages. And we distinguish between three terms: Concurrent : a program is one in which multiple tasks can be in progress at any instant. Parallel : a program is one in which multiple tasks cooperate closely to solve a problem. Distributed : a program may need to cooperate with other programs to solve a problem. A Word of Warning It may be tempting to write parallel programs \u201cby the seat of your pants,\u201d without taking the trouble to carefully design and incrementally develop your program. This will almost certainly be a mistake. Every parallel program contains at least one serial program. Since we almost always need to coordinate the actions of multiple cores, writing parallel programs is almost always more complex than writing a serial program that solves the same problem. In fact, it is often far more complex. All the rules about careful design and development are usually far more important for the writing of parallel programs than they are for serial programs. Exercise Answers \u00b6 1.3 Global sum variables: core_nums : number of cores core_index : index of core divisor : determine whether to send or receive data core_difference : determine which core to cooperate with round send core receive core divisor core_difference 1 1 = 0 + 1 0 = 0 * 2 2 1 2 2 = 0 + 2 0 = 0 * 4 4 2 3 4 = 0 + 4 0 = 0 * 8 8 4 pseduocode while divisor != core_num { if(!core_index % divisor) receive data from core_index + core_difference sum together else send data to core_index - core_difference divisor *= 2 core_difference *= 2 } 1.4 Bitmask implementation pseduocode while bitmask != core_num { if(!core_index % bitmask) receive data from core_index ^ bitmask sum together else send data to core_index ^ bitmask bitmask << 1 } 1.5 Odd cores Only need to modify condition of while loop and check number before receive data. divisor version bitmask version pseduocode while true { if(!core_index % divisor) receive data from core_index + core_difference sum together else send data to core_index - core_difference if(divisor >= core_num) break; divisor *= 2 core_difference *= 2 } pseduocode while true { if(!core_index % bitmask) receive data from core_index ^ bitmask sum together else send data to core_index ^ bitmask if(bitmask >= core_num) bitmask << 1 } Ch2. Parallel Hardware and Parallel Software \u00b6 First time read I skipped these contents when I read this chapter for the first time: Modifications to the von Neumann Model SIMD Systems Interconnection Networks Notes for these contents can be seen in CSAPP. 2.1 Background \u00b6 von Neumann architecture What's the von Neumann bottleneck ? Concepts of processes, multitasking, and threads From the perspective of the operating system, a process contains of what? Executable code, block of memory (what's in it?), descriptor, security information, state. Some terminology: block, fork, join 2.2 Modifications to the von Neumann Model \u00b6 Caching (CPU Cache) Terminology: spatial locality, temporal locality cache miss write-through, write-back In which way will data be cached? When CPU needs access to some data, how will it work? What causes the inconsistency between cache and main memory? 2.3 Parallel Hardware \u00b6 MIMD system They are asynchronous . Shared-memory system: communicate by accessing shared data structure interconnect connect all the processors to main memory or a block of memory Uniform Memory Access, Nonuniform Memory Access Distributed-memory system: communicate by sending messages or special functions that provide access to the memory of another processor Interconnection (Skipped, but remember to read back again.) Cache coherence Why cache inconsistency happens both in write-through and write-back policy? Ch3. Distributed-Memory Programming with MPI \u00b6 What is MPI? What do we use it for? 3.1 Getting Started \u00b6 Configuring Environment Refer to HPC-101 Lab 1. Notes are here . Some concepts: communicator : a group of processes that can communicate with each other. All MPI function that involve communication have a communicator argument. collective communication : a communication that involves all processes in a communicator butterfly : a communication pattern, reverse the branches to distribute data broadcast : data belonging to a single process is sent to all of the processes in the communicator Basic Structure of MPI program: Basic Structure of MPI program #include <mpi.h> int main ( int argc , char * argv []) { int my_rank , p ; MPI_Init ( & argc , & argv ); MPI_Comm_rank ( MPI_COMM_WORLD , & my_rank ); MPI_Comm_size ( MPI_COMM_WORLD , & p ); /* do some work */ MPI_Finalize (); return 0 ; } Basic Commands for MPI Programs: mpicc : compile MPI programs a wrapper for gcc mpiexec and mpirun : run MPI programs (they are synonyms to each other) -n <num> : specify the number of processes --hostfile <filename> : specify the hostfile More on Open MPI documentation Tools for clusters scp : tools for transferring files -r : recursive (copy directory with multiple files) -P : port Example: scp [ other options ] [ source username@IP ] :/ [ directory and file name ] [ destination username@IP ] :/ [ destination directory ] scp /users/Hostinger/desktop/scp.zip root@191.162.0.2:/writing/article scp -r /users/Hostinger/desktop root@191.162.0.2:/writing/article I also wrote a Python script to send files to clusters: send_file.sh #!/usr/bin/env python3 import sys import os for i in range ( 3 , len ( sys . argv )): os . system ( \"scp \" + sys . argv [ 1 ] + \" \" + sys . argv [ i ] + \":\" + sys . argv [ 2 ]) Usage: ./send_file.sh file /path/to/dest vm1 vm2 ... Ref to functions: must include int MPI_Init ( int * argc_p /* in/out */ , char *** argv /* in/out */ ); int MPI_Finalize ( void ); MPI_Init defines a communicator called MPI_COMM_WORLD that contains all the processes started by the user. about communicator int MPI_Comm_size ( MPI_Comm comm /* in */ , int * comm_sz_p /* out */ ); int MPI_Comm_rank ( MPI_Comm comm /* in */ , int * my_rank_p /* out */ ); The two function is getting information about MPI_COMM_WORLD . send and receive int MPI_Send ( void * buf /* in\uff0cpoints to the data to be sent */ , int count /* in, number of objects */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in, type of objects, correspond to C basic data type */ , int dest /* in, the rank of the process that receive the message */ , int tag /* in, distinguish messages that are otherwise identical */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Recv ( void * buf /* out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , int source /* in, MPI_ANY_SOURCE can be used */ , int tag /* in, MPI_ANY_TAG can be used */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ , MPI_Status * status /* out, usually won't use, just pass MPI_STATUS_IGNORE */ ); int MPI_Get_count ( MPI_Status * status_p /* in */ , MPI_Datatype type /* in */ , int * count_p /* out */ ); About wildcard arguments ONLY ONE RECIVER can use a wildcard argument. status_p argument MPI_Status is a struct with at least three members: MPI_SOURCE , MPI_TAG , MPI_ERROR . We can determine the sender by MPI_SOURCE and MPI_TAG . MPI_Get_count() is used to get the amount of data that's been received. HANG If a process tries to receive a message and there's no matching send, then the process will block forever. If send don't match, it will block too. What happens when you send message? Sending process assemble the message with information about the destination process, tag, size and etc. Two ways to send messages: buffer and block . Buffer: place the message into its own internal storage, and the call will return . Block: wait until it can begin transmitting the message. So, when function returns, we don't know whether the message has been transmitted, only know that the storage for the message (buffer) is available for reuse . Typical implementations have default \"cutoff\" message size. If less, it will buffer, or it will block. Messages from one process are nonovertaking . 3.4 Collective Communication \u00b6 collective communication int MPI_Reduce ( // reduce data from all processes to one process void * input_data_p /* in */ , void * output_data_p /* out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , MPI_Op operator /* in */ , int dest_process /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Allreduce ( // reduce data from all processes to all processes void * input_data_p /* in */ , void * output_data_p /* out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , MPI_Op operator /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Bcast ( // broadcast data from one process to all processes void * data_p /* in/out */ , int count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype datatype /* in */ , int source_proc /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Scatter ( // scatter data from one process to all processes void * send_buf_p /* in */ , int send_count /* in, NOTICE HERE counts for the amount of data going to each process */ , MPI_Datatype send_type /* in */ , void * recv_buf_p /* out */ , int recv_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype recv_type /* in */ , int src_proc /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Gather ( // gather data from all processes to one process void * send_buf_p /* in */ , int send_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype send_type /* in */ , void * recv_buf_p /* out */ , int recv_count /* in, NOTICE HERE counts for the number of data items received from each process */ , MPI_Datatype recv_type /* in */ , int dest_proc /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); int MPI_Allgather ( // gather data from all processes to all processes void * send_buf_p /* in */ , int send_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype send_type /* in */ , void * recv_buf_p /* out */ , int recv_count /* in */ , MPI_Datatype recv_type /* in */ , MPI_Comm comm /* in */ ); Key is the fifth argument operator . Find: MPI_MAX , MPI_MIN , MPI_MAXLOC , MPI_MINLOC Compute: MPI_SUM , MPI_PROD Bitwise: MPI_BAND , MPI_BOR , MPI_BXOR Logical: MPI_LAND , MPI_LOR , MPI_LXOR You can define yourself. Difference between MPI_Reduce and MPI_Allreduce : MPI_Reduce have dest_process argument, and MPI_Allreduce doesn't. Read the example Please read the example vector.c and make sure you understand each line of code. 3.5 MPI Derived Datatypes \u00b6 To improve the performance of our program, we can reduce the total number of messages sent. A derived datatype consists of a sequence of basic MPI datatypes together with a displacement for each of the datatypes. {(MPI_DOUBLE, 0), (MPI_DOUBLE, 16), (MPI_INT, 24)} To create a derived datatype, we need to use MPI_Type_create_struct() . create derived datatype int MPI_Type_create_struct ( int count /* in, number of elements */ , int array_of_blocklengths [] /* in, individual data items might be arrays or subarrays */ , MPI_Aint array_of_displacements [] /* in, displacement of each elements */ , MPI_Datatype array_of_types [] /* in, type of each block */ , MPI_Datatype * new_type_p /* out */ ); int MPI_Type_commit ( MPI_Datatype * new_mpi_t_p /* in/out */ ); int MPI_Type_free ( MPI_Datatype * old_mpi_t_p /* in/out */ ); MPI_Aint is big enough to store any address on the system. In our example, the call is: MPI_Type_create_struct ( 3 , { 1 , 1 , 1 }, { 0 , 16 , 24 }, { MPI_DOUBLE , MPI_DOUBLE , MPI_INT }, & new_type ); To find displacement of a variable, we can use MPI_Get_address() . get address of a variable int MPI_Get_address ( void * location_p /* in */ , MPI_Aint * address_p /* out */ ); MPI_Aint , a_addr , b_addr , n_addr ; MPI_Get_address ( & a , & a_addr ); array_of_displacements [ 0 ] = 0 ; MPI_Get_address ( & b , & b_addr ); array_of_displacements [ 1 ] = b_addr - a_addr ; MPI_Get_address ( & n , & n_addr ); array_of_displacements [ 2 ] = n_addr - a_addr ;","title":"\u5e76\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5bfc\u8bba"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#_1","text":"An Introduction to Parallel Programming","title":"\u5e76\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5bfc\u8bba"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#ch1-why-parallel-programming","text":"This chapter mainly describes the reasons for parallel programming, the development of parallel programming, and the basic concepts of parallel programming. Rather than building ever-faster, more complex, monolithic processors, the industry has decided to put multiple, relatively simple, complete processors on a single chip . Such integrated circuits are called multicore processors , and core has become synonymous with central processing unit, or CPU. Compute n values and add them together Method 1: I have \\(p\\) cores, so I will divide the work into \\(p\\) pieces. Each core can form a partial sum of approximately \\(n/p\\) values. They send their partial sums to a single core, which adds them together. Method 2: Instead of making the master core do all the work of computing the final sum, we can pair the cores so that while core 0 adds in the result of core 1, core 2 can add in the result of core 3, core 4 can add in the result of core 5 and so on. Compare: When \\(n\\) is large, method 2 is better. The first method require 999 receives and adds, while the second method requires only 10. Two approaches to parallel programming: Task-parallelism Data-parallelism Explanaition: The first part of global sum example is task-parallelism, each core carries out roughtly the same oprations on its assigned elements. And the second part is data-parallelism, receiving and adding the cores' partial sums. Writing actual code for parallel programs is relatively complex. Communication : cores communicate with each other. Load balancing : the work is divided evenly among the cores. Synchronization : cores must wait for each other at certain points in the program. Things we will learn: Three different extensions to C: OpenMP MPI Pthreads Two main types of parallel systems: Shared-memory systems cores can share access to the computer\u2019s memory Distributed-memory systems each core has its own, private memory, and the cores must communicate explicitly by doing something like sending messages across a network Pthreads and OpenMP were designed for programming shared-memory systems. They provide mechanisms for accessing shared-memory locations. MPI, on the other hand, was designed for programming distributed-memory systems. It provides mechanisms for sending messages. And we distinguish between three terms: Concurrent : a program is one in which multiple tasks can be in progress at any instant. Parallel : a program is one in which multiple tasks cooperate closely to solve a problem. Distributed : a program may need to cooperate with other programs to solve a problem. A Word of Warning It may be tempting to write parallel programs \u201cby the seat of your pants,\u201d without taking the trouble to carefully design and incrementally develop your program. This will almost certainly be a mistake. Every parallel program contains at least one serial program. Since we almost always need to coordinate the actions of multiple cores, writing parallel programs is almost always more complex than writing a serial program that solves the same problem. In fact, it is often far more complex. All the rules about careful design and development are usually far more important for the writing of parallel programs than they are for serial programs.","title":"Ch1. Why Parallel Programming?"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#ch2-parallel-hardware-and-parallel-software","text":"First time read I skipped these contents when I read this chapter for the first time: Modifications to the von Neumann Model SIMD Systems Interconnection Networks Notes for these contents can be seen in CSAPP.","title":"Ch2. Parallel Hardware and Parallel Software"},{"location":"books/AIPP/#ch3-distributed-memory-programming-with-mpi","text":"What is MPI? What do we use it for?","title":"Ch3. Distributed-Memory Programming with MPI"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/","text":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b\uff1a\u8ba9\u7e41\u7410\u5de5\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316 \u00b6 \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4 \uff5c \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Al Sweigart 2015 2023.07 \u672c\u4e66\u6458\u8981 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\uff1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b Python \u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5199\u7528\u5b8c\u5c31\u6254\u6389\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5411\u4f60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5f88\u591a\u7f16\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u63d0\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u9002\u5408\u5e0c\u671b\u5feb\u901f\u5c06 Python \u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9009\u62e9 SOP \u548c PCC \u7b49\u4e66\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5c06\u82b1\u5728\u7f16\u7a0b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u5c06\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u3002 \u672c\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u4ec5\u9009\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ae0\u8282\uff1a Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c Ch7. \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f Ch8-9. \u6587\u4ef6 Ch11. Web Ch17. \u56fe\u50cf \u96f6\u6563 tips \u00b6 None \u503c\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f NoneType \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230 None \uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a Python \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u90fd\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e86 return None \u3002 \u5f15\u7528\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\uff1f \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u503c\u7684\u76d2\u5b50 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6574\u578b\u6216\u5143\u7ec4 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u662f\u503c\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a copy \u6a21\u5757\uff1a copy.copy() \uff1a\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5b57\u5178\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u7684\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u5217\u8868\u5462\uff1f copy.deepcopy() \uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u6216\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a pprint \u6a21\u5757 \u6f02\u4eae\u6253\u5370\uff1a pprint.pprint() \uff1a\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6253\u5370\u6210\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 pprint.pformat() \u3002 Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c \u00b6 r \u524d\u7f00\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff1a\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6216\u6362\u884c\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Python \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7f29\u8fdb\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7\u63a8\u8350\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684 \\ \u9632\u6b62\u6587\u6bb5\u5f00\u5934\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 print ( ''' \\ Dear Alice, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Sincerely, Bob''' ) \u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4f5c\u591a\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u65b9\u6cd5\u96c6\u9526 \u00b6 isX() \u7cfb\u5217\uff1a isalpha() \u3001 isalnum() \u3001 isdecimal() \u3001 isspace() \u3001 istitle() \u3002 \u8f6c\u6362\uff1a upper() \u3001 lower() \u3001 title() \u3001 capitalize() \u3001 swapcase() \u3002 \u67e5\u627e\uff1a startswith() \u3001 endswith() \u3002 \u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a join() \u3001 split() \u88c1\u526a\uff1a strip() \u3001 lstrip() \u3001 rstrip() \u3002 \u5bf9\u9f50\uff1a ljust() \u3001 rjust() \u3001 center() \u3002 \u526a\u8d34\u677f \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528 pyperclip \u5305\uff08\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002 pyperclip.copy() \uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u590d\u5236\u5230\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u3002 pyperclip.paste() \uff1a\u5c06\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7c98\u8d34\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60 \u4ece\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u4e0a\u83b7\u53d6\u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8f6c\u6362\u6210 Markdown \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002 import pyperclip text = pyperclip . paste () lines = text . split ( ' \\n ' ) for i in range ( len ( lines )): lines [ i ] = '* ' + lines [ i ] text = ' \\n ' . join ( lines ) pyperclip . copy ( text ) \u5173\u6ce8\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 Ch7. \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6a21\u5757 \u00b6 re \u6a21\u5757\u5904\u7406\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 re.compile() \uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08Regex \u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u3002 \u7528\u4f8b\uff1a phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'\\d\\d\\d-\\d\\d\\d-\\d\\d\\d\\d') \u8bb0\u5f97\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 Regex \u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a search() \uff1a\u627e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5339\u914d \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a Match \u5bf9\u8c61 \uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u6587\u672c\u7684 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a \u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 Match \u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a group() \uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff08\u8868\u793a\u5206\u7ec4\uff09\uff0c0 \u6216\u7559\u7a7a\u8868\u793a\u6574\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 findall() \uff1a\u627e\u6240\u6709\u5339\u914d \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868 \uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6709\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662f\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u5339\u914d \uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u9879\u662f\u6539\u5339\u914d\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5206\u7ec4\u3002 sub() \uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c \u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u53d6\u4ee3\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\u8981\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 \\1 \u3001 \\2 \u7b49\u6765\u5f15\u7528\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u540e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u6cd5 \u00b6 () \u5206\u7ec4\uff1a \u5206\u7ec4\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002 | \u7ba1\u9053\uff1a\u5339\u914d\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 ? \u53ef\u9009\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216 1 \u6b21\u3002 * \u96f6\u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002 + \u4e00\u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 1 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21\u3002 {n} \u5339\u914d n \u6b21\uff1a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u51fa\u73b0 n \u6b21\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 {1,3} \u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6216\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5199\u3002 ? \u975e\u8d2a\u5fc3\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u5339\u914d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u8d2a\u5fc3\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5339\u914d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u957f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a \\d \u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u5b57 \\D \u9664\u6570\u5b57\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26 \\w \u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u6216\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u5b57\u7b26\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5339\u914d\u201c\u5355\u8bcd\u201d\u5b57\u7b26\uff09 \\W \u9664\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26 \\s \u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6216\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5339\u914d\u201c\u7a7a\u767d\u201d\u5b57\u7b26\uff09 \\S \u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5206\u7c7b\u3002 ^ \uff1a\u5339\u914d\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u3002 $ \uff1a\u5339\u914d\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5904\u3002 . \uff1a\u901a\u914d\u7b26\uff0c\u5339\u914d\u9664\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u5916\u4efb\u4f55\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8981\u5339\u914d\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 re.DOTALL \u4f5c\u4e3a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u65e0\u5173\u5339\u914d\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 re.IGNORECASE \u6216 re.I \u4f5c\u4e3a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u7ba1\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528 re.VERBOSE \u6216 re.X \u4f5c\u4e3a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002 \u7528\u4f8b\uff1a phoneRegex = re . compile ( r '''( (\\d {3} |\\(\\d {3} \\))? # area code (\\s|-|\\.)? # separator \\d {3} # first 3 digits (\\s|-|\\.) # separator \\d {4} # last 4 digits (\\s*(ext|x|ext.)\\s*\\d{2,5})? # extension )''' , re . VERBOSE ) \u52a0\u4e86\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5c31\u6e05\u6670\u591a\u5566\uff01 \u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u9053\u7b26\u53f7\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a re.compile() \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 re.compile(r'pattern', re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL) \u3002","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b\uff1a\u8ba9\u7e41\u7410\u5de5\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#python","text":"\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4 \uff5c \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Al Sweigart 2015 2023.07 \u672c\u4e66\u6458\u8981 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\uff1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b Python \u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5199\u7528\u5b8c\u5c31\u6254\u6389\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5411\u4f60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5f88\u591a\u7f16\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u63d0\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u9002\u5408\u5e0c\u671b\u5feb\u901f\u5c06 Python \u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9009\u62e9 SOP \u548c PCC \u7b49\u4e66\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5c06\u82b1\u5728\u7f16\u7a0b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u5c06\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u3002 \u672c\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u4ec5\u9009\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ae0\u8282\uff1a Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c Ch7. \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f Ch8-9. \u6587\u4ef6 Ch11. Web Ch17. \u56fe\u50cf","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u624b\uff1a\u8ba9\u7e41\u7410\u5de5\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#tips","text":"None \u503c\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f NoneType \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230 None \uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a Python \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u90fd\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e86 return None \u3002 \u5f15\u7528\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\uff1f \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u503c\u7684\u76d2\u5b50 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6574\u578b\u6216\u5143\u7ec4 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e \u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 \u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178 \uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u662f\u503c\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a copy \u6a21\u5757\uff1a copy.copy() \uff1a\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5b57\u5178\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u7684\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u5217\u8868\u5462\uff1f copy.deepcopy() \uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u6216\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u503c\u3002 \u6280\u5de7\uff1a pprint \u6a21\u5757 \u6f02\u4eae\u6253\u5370\uff1a pprint.pprint() \uff1a\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6253\u5370\u6210\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 pprint.pformat() \u3002","title":"\u96f6\u6563 tips"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#ch6","text":"r \u524d\u7f00\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f6c\u4e49\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff1a\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6216\u6362\u884c\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 Python \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7f29\u8fdb\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7 \uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e09\u91cd\u5f15\u53f7\u63a8\u8350\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684 \\ \u9632\u6b62\u6587\u6bb5\u5f00\u5934\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 print ( ''' \\ Dear Alice, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Sincerely, Bob''' ) \u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4f5c\u591a\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002","title":"Ch6. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c"},{"location":"books/ATBSP/#ch7","text":"","title":"Ch7. \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f"},{"location":"books/Algorithm/","text":"\u7b97\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u6458\u8981 \u8be5\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u662f\u591a\u672c\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6559\u6750\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u5408\u96c6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7248 \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248 \u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u5728\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840\u8fd9\u5757\uff0c\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6570\u636e\u62bd\u8c61\u3001API \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u5219\u5bf9\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u62bd\u8c61 \u00b6 \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\uff1a \u80cc\u5305 \u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u6536\u96c6\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u8fed\u4ee3\u6240\u6709\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5220\u9664 \u961f\u5217 \u5148\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa\u7b56\u7565 \u6808 \u540e\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa\u7b56\u7565 \u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a\u53cc\u6808\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c \u7531 Dijkstra \u53d1\u660e\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6808\u4fdd\u5b58\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6808\u4fdd\u5b58\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u3002 \u5c06\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u538b\u5165\u6808 \u5c06\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u538b\u5165\u6808 \u5ffd\u7565\u5de6\u62ec\u53f7 \u9047\u5230\u53f3\u62ec\u53f7\uff0c\u5f39\u51fa\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u6240\u9700\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u538b\u5165\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u6808 \u663e\u7136\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u9012\u5f52\u5730\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/Algorithm/#_1","text":"\u6458\u8981 \u8be5\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u662f\u591a\u672c\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6559\u6750\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u5408\u96c6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7248 \u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/Algorithm/#_2","text":"\u5728\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840\u8fd9\u5757\uff0c\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6570\u636e\u62bd\u8c61\u3001API \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u300a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u5219\u5bf9\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Seventh Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u51fa\u7248\u65f6\u95f4 \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross 2017 Ch2. \u5e94\u7528\u5c42 \u00b6 Abstract \u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u5c42\u63a5\u53e3 \u51e0\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1aWeb\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3001DNS\u3001\u5bf9\u7b49\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u53d1\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u6d41 \u5f00\u53d1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 TCP \u548c UDP \u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f 2.1 \u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u534f\u8bae\u539f\u7406 \u00b6 \u5728\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fe1\uff1a \u8fd0\u884c\u5728 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7a0b\u5e8f \u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u7528\u6237\u4e3b\u673a\u4e0a\u7684 \u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7a0b\u5e8f \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a \u5ba2\u6237-\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784 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\u8f93\u5165\u6392\u961f\uff1a\u7ebf\u8def\u524d\u90e8\u963b\u585e\uff08Head-Of-Line\uff0cHOL\uff09\u963b\u585e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u7ec4\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u6392\u961f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u7ec4\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u963b\u585e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u7ec4\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8f93\u51fa\u7aef\u53e3\u3002 \u8f93\u51fa\u6392\u961f\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u4e22\u5f03\u5c3e\u90e8\u5230\u8fbe\u5206\u7ec4\uff08drop-tail\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e9b\u5df2\u6392\u961f\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\uff08Active Queue Management\uff0cAQM\uff09\u3002 \u5206\u7ec4\u8c03\u5ea6\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u6392\u961f\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u5982\u4f55\u7ecf\u8f93\u51fa\u94fe\u8def\u4f20\u8f93\u3002 \u5148\u6765\u5148\u670d\u52a1\uff08FCFS\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a FIFO\uff09 \u4f18\u5148\u6743\u6392\u961f\uff08priority queuing\uff09\uff1a\u5206\u7ec4\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u51e0\u79cd\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7c7b\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u5206\u7ec4\u4f20\u8f93\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u4ece\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7c7b\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u8bdd\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u4e8e\u90ae\u4ef6\u670d\u52a1\u3002 \u5faa\u73af\u6392\u961f\uff1a\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5faa\u73af\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668\u8f6e\u6d41\u670d\u52a1\u591a\u4e2a\u7c7b\u3002 \u52a0\u6743\u516c\u5e73\u6392\u961f\uff08Weighted Fair Queuing, WFQ\uff09\uff1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u90fd\u6709\u6392\u961f\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5206\u914d\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u52a0\u6743\u7684\u5e26\u5bbd\u90e8\u5206\u3002 4.3 \u7f51\u9645\u534f\u8bae\uff1aIPv4\u3001\u5bfb\u5740\u3001IPv6 \u53ca\u5176\u4ed6 \u00b6 IPv4 \u6570\u636e\u62a5\u683c\u5f0f\u89c1\u4e66\u672c\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u62a5\u5206\u7247\uff1a \u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8def\u5c42\u5e27\u80fd\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u53eb\u505a \u6700\u5927\u4f20\u9001\u5355\u5143\uff08Maximum Transmission Unit\uff0cMTU\uff09 \uff0c\u5b83\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236 IP \u6570\u636e\u62a5\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u5927\u4e8e MTU\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5206\u7247\u3002 IPv4 \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4e2d\u7ec4\u88c5\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u4f1a\u7ed9\u534f\u8bae\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e14\u5f71\u54cd\u8def\u7531\u5668\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 \u5206\u7247\u7ec4\u88c5\u5728\u7aef\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c \u3002IPv4 \u62a5\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u3001\u6807\u5fd7\u548c\u7247\u504f\u79fb\u5b57\u6bb5\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u7247\u548c\u7ec4\u88c5\u3002 \u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u7247\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u5b57\u6bb5\u503c\u3002 \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7247\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a 0\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u7247\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a 1\u3002 \u7247\u504f\u79fb\u5b57\u6bb5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u4e22\u5931\u4e86\u67d0\u4e00\u7247\u3002 IPv4 \u7f16\u5740\uff1a IP \u5730\u5740\u4e0e \u63a5\u53e3 \u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0e\u4e3b\u673a\u6216\u8def\u7531\u5668\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002 IP \u5730\u5740\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 32 \u6bd4\u7279\uff084 \u5b57\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u7ea6 40 \u4ebf\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002 193.32.216.9 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bb0\u6cd5\u79f0\u4e3a \u70b9\u5206\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u8bb0\u6cd5 \uff08dotted-decimal notation\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u7528\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u5404\u5b57\u8282\u95f4\u7528\u70b9\u9694\u5f00\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\uff1a\u5b50\u7f51\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u4e92\u8054\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u673a\u63a5\u53e3\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5f62\u6210\u5b50\u7f51\uff08subnet\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u673a\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7531 \u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7684\u7f51\u7edc \u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u4ea4\u6362\u673a\u3002\u5b50\u7f51\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u591a\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u5b50\u7f51\u3002 IP \u7f16\u5740\u4e3a\u8be5 \u5b50\u7f51 \u5206\u914d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u5982 223.1.1.0/24 \u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d /24 \u662f \u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801 \uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7 24 \u6bd4\u7279\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5b50\u7f51\u5730\u5740\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u8fde\u63a5\u5230 223.1.1.0/24 \u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u5730\u5740\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6709 223.1.1.xxx \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u56e0\u7279\u7f51\u7684\u5730\u5740\u5206\u914d\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u65e0\u7c7b\u522b\u57df\u95f4\u8def\u7531\u9009\u62e9\uff08Classless Interdomain Routing\uff0cCIDR\uff09\u3002 IP \u5730\u5740\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u70b9\u5206\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c a.b.c.d/x \u3002 \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5269\u4f59 \\(32-x\\) \u6bd4\u7279\u7528\u4e8e\u533a\u5206\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u8bbe\u5907\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u524d\u7f00\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\u8f6c\u53d1\u5206\u7ec4\u65f6\u624d\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u5b50\u7f51\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 CIDR \u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 \u4e00\u4e2a ISP \u62e5\u6709\u5730\u5740\u5757 200.23.16.0/20 \uff0c\u5b83\u5411\u5916\u754c\u901a\u544a\uff1a\u5411\u6211\u53d1\u9001\u4ee5 200.23.16.0/20 \u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a ISP \u5c06 200.23.16.0/23 \u3001 200.23.18.0/23 \u7b49\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u524d\u7f00\u901a\u544a\u591a\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u79f0\u4e3a \u5730\u5740\u805a\u5408 \uff08address aggregation\uff09\u6216 \u8def\u7531\u805a\u5408 \uff08routing aggregation\uff09\u6216 \u8def\u7531\u6458\u8981 \uff08route summarization\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a ISP \u53c8\u62ff\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f85\u52a9 ISP\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709 199.31.0.0/16 \u7684\u5730\u5740\u5757\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7 200.23.16.0/23 \u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u8f85\u52a9 ISP \u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a ISP \u5e94\u5f53\u5411\u5916\u754c\u901a\u544a\uff1a\u5411\u6211\u53d1\u9001\u4ee5 199.31.0.0/16 \u6216 200.23.16.0/23 \u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 \u6700\u957f\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d \u3002 \u5728 CIDR \u4e4b\u524d\uff0cIP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u4e3a 8\u300116 \u6216 24 \u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a \u5206\u7c7b\u7f16\u5236 \uff08classful addressing\uff09\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u7f51\u5206\u522b\u79f0\u4e3a A\u3001B \u548c C \u7c7b\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5206\u7c7b\u7f16\u5740\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5757\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5757\u53ef\u80fd\u8fc7\u5927\u6216\u8fc7\u5c0f\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff1a 255.255.255.255 \u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u53d1\u51fa\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4e3a\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u65f6\uff0c\u62a5\u6587\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7ed9\u540c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u673a\u3002 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5206\u914d\uff1a \u5730\u5740\u5757\u7684\u5206\u914d\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5411 ISP \u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6 ISP \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5730\u5740\u5757\u3002ISP \u5219\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u673a\u6784\u56e0\u7279\u7f51\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u5730\u5740\u5206\u914d\u673a\u6784\uff08Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers\uff0cICANN\uff09\u83b7\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u5757\u3002 \u4e3b\u673a\u5730\u5740\uff1a\u52a8\u6001\u4e3b\u673a\u914d\u7f6e\u534f\u8bae\uff08Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol\uff0cDHCP\uff09\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\uff1aDHCP \u534f\u8bae DHCP \u534f\u8bae\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5373\u63d2\u5373\u7528\u534f\u8bae\uff08plug-and-play protocol\uff09\u6216\u96f6\u534f\u8bae\uff08zeroconf\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3b\u673a\u81ea\u52a8\u83b7\u53d6 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u914d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u3002 DHCP \u534f\u8bae\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba2\u6237-\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5ba2\u6237\u662f\u65b0\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u7f51\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u53f0 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981 DHCP \u4e2d\u7ee7\u4ee3\u7406\uff08DHCP relay agent\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u8def\u7531\u5668 \uff0c\u5b83\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u7f51\u7edc\u7684 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e2d\u7ee7\u4ee3\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u3002 DHCP \u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u65b0\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u4e3b\u673a\u5728 UDP \u5206\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5411\u7aef\u53e3 67 \u5e7f\u64ad\u4e00\u4e2a DHCP \u53d1\u73b0\u62a5\u6587\uff08DHCP discover message\uff09\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u5e7f\u64ad\u5730\u5740 255.255.255.255 \uff0c\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0.0.0.0 \uff08\u4ee3\u8868\u672c\u4e3b\u673a\uff09\u3002 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\uff1aDHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230 DHCP \u53d1\u73b0\u62a5\u6587\u540e\uff0c\u7528\u5e7f\u64ad\u7684 DHCP \u63d0\u4f9b\u62a5\u6587\uff08DHCP offer message\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u54cd\u5e94\u3002 \u63d0\u4f9b\u62a5\u6587\u5305\u542b\uff1a\u53d1\u73b0\u62a5\u6587\u7684 ID\u3001\u5411\u5ba2\u6237\u63a8\u8350\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u63a9\u7801\u3001IP \u5730\u5740\u79df\u671f\uff08address lease time\uff09\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u5b50\u7f51\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u8be5\u5ba2\u6237\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 DHCP \u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a\u5ba2\u6237\u5411\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u53d1\u9001 DHCP \u8bf7\u6c42\u62a5\u6587\uff08DHCP request message\uff09\uff0c\u56de\u663e\u914d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u3002 DHCP ACK\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u8f6c\u6362 NAT \u4e00\u4e2a NAT \u4f7f\u80fd\u8def\u7531\u5668 \uff08\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709NAT\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u597d\u602a\uff09\u5bf9\u5916\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5355\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u5916\u9690\u85cf\u4e86\u5185\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u5f20 NAT \u8f6c\u6362\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u548c IP \u5730\u5740\u3002 NAT \u7f51\u7edc\u5185\u7684\u7f16\u5740\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4 10.0.0.0/8 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f RFC 1918 \u4e2d\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 IP \u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e8e\u4e13\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\uff08private network\uff09\u3002 NAT \u4f7f\u80fd\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a NAT \u7f51\u7edc\u5185\u7684\u4e3b\u673a 10.0.0.1 \u8bf7\u6c42\u67d0 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u5206\u914d 3345 \u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u53d1\u9001\u5230 LAN \u4e2d\u3002 NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u6570\u636e\u62a5\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7 5001 \uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6e90 IP \u548c\u6e90\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u5176\u5e7f\u57df\u7f51\u4e00\u4fa7\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740 139.76.29.7:5001 \u3002NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u5728 NAT \u8f6c\u6362\u8868\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u9879\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u6587\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5e7f\u57df\u7f51\u3002 Web \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u62a5\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u62a5\u6587\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u54cd\u5e94\u62a5\u6587\u6309 139.76.29.7:5001 \u5230\u8fbe NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002 NAT \u8def\u7531\u5668\u6309\u8f6c\u6362\u8868\u91cd\u5199\u54cd\u5e94\u62a5\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u4e13\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u3002 \u5bf9 NAT \u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3b\u673a\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5305\u62ec NAT \u7a7f\u8d8a\u548c\u901a\u7528\u5373\u63d2\u5373\u7528\uff08Universal Plug and Play\uff0cUPnP\uff09\u3002 NAT \u4f7f\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\u5206\u5c42\u539f\u5219\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46 NAT \u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56e0\u7279\u7f51\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002 IPv6 \u534f\u8bae\uff1a\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u62a5\u6587\u9996\u90e8\u4e3a\u5b9a\u957f\u7684 40 \u5b57\u8282\uff1a\u4f7f\u8def\u7531\u5668\u66f4\u5feb\u5904\u7406\u62a5\u6587\u3002 IPv6 \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u95f4\u8def\u7531\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7247\u4e0e\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u88c5\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4e22\u5f03\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u201c\u5206\u7ec4\u592a\u5927\u201d\u7684 ICMP \u9519\u8bef\u62a5\u6587\u3002\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8f6c\u53d1\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 IPv6 \u53bb\u9664\u4e86\u9996\u90e8\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\uff0c\u800c\u5728 IPv4 \u4e2d\u6bcf\u53f0\u8def\u7531\u5668\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u9996\u90e8\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\u3002 4.4 \u901a\u7528\u8f6c\u53d1\u548c SDN \u00b6 \u7565\u3002","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/#_1","text":"Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Seventh Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u51fa\u7248\u65f6\u95f4 \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross 2017","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/#ch2","text":"Abstract \u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u5c42\u63a5\u53e3 \u51e0\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1aWeb\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3001DNS\u3001\u5bf9\u7b49\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u53d1\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u6d41 \u5f00\u53d1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 TCP \u548c UDP \u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f","title":"Ch2. \u5e94\u7528\u5c42"},{"location":"books/CNATDA2/#ch4","text":"","title":"Ch4. \u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u5e73\u9762"},{"location":"books/CTP/","text":"C \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677 \u00b6 C Traps and Pitfalls \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Andrew Koening 1989 \u60f3\u8981\u5b66\u597d\u4e00\u95e8\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9605\u8bfb\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff1f\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u573a\u5408\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u4f1a\u5411\u4ed6\u63a8\u8350\u5e02\u9762\u4e0a\u6700\u65b0\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8d34\u8fd1\u5f53\u524d\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u4f60\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u638c\u63e1\u6240\u8981\u5b66\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 Ch0. \u5bfc\u8bfb \u00b6 \u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u8bcd\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u4e49 \u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u524d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728 \u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u5230\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u6b65\u9aa4\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a \u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u7f16\u8bd1\u6a21\u5757 \u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5168\u4e66\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 Ch1. \u8bcd\u6cd5\u9677\u9631 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5b57\u7b26\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u3002 \u672f\u8bed token \uff08\u7b26\u53f7\uff09\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8868\u610f\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50: -> \u3001 file \u90fd\u662f\u7b26\u53f7. \u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\u5728 \u4e0d\u540c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587 \u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09\u3002 = \u4e0e == \u6df7\u7528 \u00b6 while ( c = ' ' || c == '\\t' ) c = getc ( f ); if (( filedesc == open ( argv [ i ], 0 )) < 0 ) error (); open() \u51fd\u6570 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff1a #include <fcntl.h> int open ( const char * pathname , int flags ) \u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728 Linux \u8fdb\u9636\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u6709\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u8d2a\u5fc3\u6cd5 \u00b6 C \u7684\u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u9075\u5faa \u8d2a\u5fc3\u6cd5 \uff1a \u5982\u679c\u8be5\u5b57\u7b26\u53ef\u80fd\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u518d\u8bfb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8bfb\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u4e3e\u51e0\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8d2a\u5fc3\u6cd5\uff1a a --- b a -- - b a - -- b y = x /*p /* p point to the dividen */ y = x / * p n --> 0 n -- > 0 n - -> 0 a +++++ b \u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u4e0a\u9762\u51e0\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u6574\u5f62\u5e38\u91cf \u00b6 10 \u4e0e 010 \u7684\u542b\u4e49\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 ANSI C \u4ee5\u540e\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u7b26 8 \u548c 9 \u3002 \u6df7\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9700\u8981\u683c\u5f0f\u5bf9\u9f50\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u6dfb 0 \uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf \u00b6 \u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u6574\u6570\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0816 \u4f4d\u6216 32 \u4f4d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5bb9\u7eb3\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b C \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49 ' yes ' \u6709\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u5ffd\u7565\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u9010\u4e2a\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002GCC \u548c Clang \u91c7\u7528\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 Ch2. \u8bed\u6cd5\u9677\u9631 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u58f0\u660e\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001\u8bed\u53e5\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e \u00b6 Question \u8bf7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a C \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u9996\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0 \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7b54\u6848\u662f (*(void(*)())0)() \u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7ec4\u6210 \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u58f0\u660e\u770b\u505a\u7531\uff1a \u7c7b\u578b \u548c\u4e00\u7ec4 \u7c7b\u4f3c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u7b26 \u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5bf9\u58f0\u660e\u7b26\u6c42\u503c\u65f6\u5e94\u5f53\u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 float f, g \u5bf9 f \u548c g \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float float ff() \u5bf9 ff() \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float float *pf \u5bf9 *pf \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float float *g(), (*h)() \u5bf9 *(g()) \u548c h() \u6c42\u503c\u5e94\u8fd4\u56de float \uff08\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff09 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u5e94\u5f53\u59cb\u7ec8\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u5b9e\u9645\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f (*fp)() \u3002 fp() \u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5199\u3002\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a () \u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u6bd4 * \u9ad8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u5c06\u6307\u9488 (*fp) \u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cK&R C \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u518d\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a \u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\u540d\u6700\u597d\u8fd9\u6837\u58f0\u660e\uff1a V_FP_CHARP \uff0c\u5373\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3001\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u3002 \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26 \u00b6 \u628a\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u53bb\u6389\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u62ec\u53f7\u5c01\u88c5\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f8b\uff1a (float) (float (*)()) (float *) (float *()) , (float (*)()) \u6211\u4eec\u8981\u60f3\u8c03\u7528\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0 \u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\uff1a ( * 0 )() \u4f46\u662f\uff0c 0 \u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26\u662f\uff1a (void(*)()) \u4f7f\u7528 typedef \u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\uff1a typedef void ( * funcptr )(); ( * ( funcptr ) 0 )(); \u7406\u89e3 typedef \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3 typedef \uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u8bed\u53e5\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a typedef \u5c31\u5c06\u8be5\u58f0\u660e\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u58f0\u660e\u7b26\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002 typedef float *pf \u4e2d pf \u4ee3\u8868 float * typedef float *g() \u4e2d g \u4ee3\u8868 float *() \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a signal() \u00b6 signal() \u51fd\u6570 \u58f0\u660e\u5728 <signal.h> \u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u7279\u5b9a signal \u7684\u6574\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406 signal \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4ece\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\uff1a void sigfunc ( int ); \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06 signal \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\uff1a void ( * signal ( int , void ( * )( int )))( int ); \u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u4f20\u9012 (int, void(*)(int)) \u53c2\u6570\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528 signal \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5bf9 signal \u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff08\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\uff09\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f void \u3002 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 \u00b6 \uff08\u7565\uff09 \u5206\u53f7 \u00b6 \u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u53f7\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff1a if \u548c while \u7b49\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e \u4e0a\u9762\u8bed\u53e5\u548c return \u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5982\uff1a if ( n < 3 ) return logrec . date = x [ 0 ]; logrec . time = x [ 1 ]; \u7ed3\u6784\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u518d\u78b0\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a struct logrec { int date ; } main () { //... } \u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u6784\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f53\u505a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 switch \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u6d3b\u7528 switch \u8bed\u53e5\u5904\u7406\u6b65\u9aa4\u6bd4\u8f83\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u5206\u652f\u3002 \u60ac\u6302\u7684 else \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u7262\u8bb0\uff1a else \u4e0e\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a if \u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u591a\u91cd\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7528\u597d\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u5373\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u8be5\u9519\u8bef\u3002 Ch3. \u8bed\u4e49\u9677\u9631 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u663e\u5f97\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709 C \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u6307\u9488\u4e0e\u6570\u7ec4 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u91cd\u70b9\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c sizeof \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u90fd\u4ee3\u8868\u6307\u5411\u6570\u7ec4\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u5730\u5740\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a int calendar [ 12 ][ 31 ]; p = calendar ; \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 calendar \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u8fd8\u6709 &array_name \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u56e0\u4e3a *(a+i) \u4e0e *(i+a) \u542b\u4e49\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 a[i] \u4e0e i[a] \u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u65e5\u5386\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff1a int ( * montp )[ 31 ]; for ( monthp = calendar ; monthp < & calendar [ 12 ]; monthp ++ ){ int * dayp ; for ( dayp = * monthp ; dayp < & ( * monthp )[ 31 ]; dayp ++ ) * dayp = 0 ; } \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u5343\u4e07\u4e0d\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002 \u975e\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u58f0\u660e \u00b6 \u5c06\u6570\u7ec4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5c06\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u6709\u7740\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u522b\uff1a extern char * hello ; extern char hello []; Note \u7f16\u5199\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u80fd\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u907f\u514d\u201c\u4e3e\u9685\u6cd5\u201d \u00b6 \u4e3e\u9685\u6cd5\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u9690\u55bb\u8868\u793a\u6307\u4ee3\u7269\u4e0e\u88ab\u6307\u4ee3\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u672c\u8282\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u6df7\u6dc6\u6307\u9488\u548c\u6307\u9488\u6240\u6307\u5411\u6570\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 \u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u4e0e\u7a7a\u4e32 \u00b6 \u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u8fb9\u754c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u8fb9\u754c \u00b6","title":"C \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677"},{"location":"books/CTP/#c","text":"C Traps and Pitfalls \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Andrew Koening 1989 \u60f3\u8981\u5b66\u597d\u4e00\u95e8\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9605\u8bfb\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff1f\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u573a\u5408\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u4f1a\u5411\u4ed6\u63a8\u8350\u5e02\u9762\u4e0a\u6700\u65b0\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8d34\u8fd1\u5f53\u524d\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u4f60\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u638c\u63e1\u6240\u8981\u5b66\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002","title":"C \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch0","text":"\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u8bcd\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u8bed\u4e49 \u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u524d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5728 \u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u5230\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u6b65\u9aa4\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a \u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u5668 \u7f16\u8bd1\u6a21\u5757 \u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5168\u4e66\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002","title":"Ch0. \u5bfc\u8bfb"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch1","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5b57\u7b26\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u3002 \u672f\u8bed token \uff08\u7b26\u53f7\uff09\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8868\u610f\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u7ec4\u6210\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50: -> \u3001 file \u90fd\u662f\u7b26\u53f7. \u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\u5728 \u4e0d\u540c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587 \u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8bcd\u6cd5\u9677\u9631"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch2","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u6210\u58f0\u660e\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001\u8bed\u53e5\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u3002","title":"Ch2. \u8bed\u6cd5\u9677\u9631"},{"location":"books/CTP/#ch3","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u663e\u5f97\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709 C \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002","title":"Ch3. \u8bed\u4e49\u9677\u9631"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/","text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0 \u00b6 Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C, Second Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Mark Allen Weiss 1997 Ch1. \u5f15\u8a00 \u00b6 \u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u5165\uff1a \u5bfb\u627e\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7b2c k \u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u53d6\u7b2c k \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u4f9d\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a k \u7684\u964d\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c0f\u4e8e\u672b\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u5219\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 \u6700\u4f18\u89e3\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd Word puzzle \u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u51e0\u4f55\u7ea7\u6570\u3001\u7b49\u5dee\u6570\u5217\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u89c1\u7ea7\u6570\u7684\u6c42\u548c\u516c\u5f0f \u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u8bc1\u6cd5\u3001\u4e3e\u53cd\u4f8b\u6cd5 \u9012\u5f52\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u51b5 \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217\uff09 \u8bc1\u660e\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5 Ch2. \u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u5f15\u5165\u8bb0\u53f7\uff1a O\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c \u03a9\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0b\u754c \u0398\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c o\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c \u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 \\(\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} \\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}\\) \u5224\u65ad\u6e10\u8fdb\u754c \u4e09\u6761\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \u4e58\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) * O(g(n)) = O(f(n) * g(n))\\) \u52a0\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) + O(g(n)) = O(f(n) + g(n))\\) \u5bf9\u6570\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(\\log^k N = O(N)\\)","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/#c","text":"Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C, Second Edition \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u539f\u4e66\u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Mark Allen Weiss 1997","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/#ch1","text":"\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u5165\uff1a \u5bfb\u627e\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7b2c k \u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u53d6\u7b2c k \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u4f9d\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a k \u7684\u964d\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c0f\u4e8e\u672b\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u5219\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 \u6700\u4f18\u89e3\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd Word puzzle \u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u51e0\u4f55\u7ea7\u6570\u3001\u7b49\u5dee\u6570\u5217\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u89c1\u7ea7\u6570\u7684\u6c42\u548c\u516c\u5f0f \u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u3001\u53cd\u8bc1\u6cd5\u3001\u4e3e\u53cd\u4f8b\u6cd5 \u9012\u5f52\u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u51b5 \u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217\uff09 \u8bc1\u660e\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5","title":"Ch1. \u5f15\u8a00"},{"location":"books/DSAAC/#ch2","text":"\u5f15\u5165\u8bb0\u53f7\uff1a O\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c \u03a9\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0b\u754c \u0398\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c o\uff1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e0a\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u754c \u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 \\(\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} \\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}\\) \u5224\u65ad\u6e10\u8fdb\u754c \u4e09\u6761\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \u4e58\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) * O(g(n)) = O(f(n) * g(n))\\) \u52a0\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(T(n) = O(f(n)) + O(g(n)) = O(f(n) + g(n))\\) \u5bf9\u6570\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a \\(\\log^k N = O(N)\\)","title":"Ch2. \u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790"},{"location":"books/ECP/","text":"C \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u4e66\u5177\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u82f1\u5f0f\u5e7d\u9ed8\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u4e14\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e5f\u5c3d\u91cf\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u610f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8c03\u4f83\u5c31\u597d\u5566\u3002","title":"C \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/ECP/#c","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u4e66\u5177\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u82f1\u5f0f\u5e7d\u9ed8\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u4e14\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e5f\u5c3d\u91cf\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u610f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8c03\u4f83\u5c31\u597d\u5566\u3002","title":"C \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe \u00b6 \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u65bc\u5cb3 2014 \u672c\u4e66\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86 OpenSSH\u3001DHCP\u3001Nginx \u7b49\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u3002 \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u524d\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 Ch1. Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248 \u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5e94\u8be5\u662f CentOS / RHEL\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 \u5728 Debian \u7cfb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e3a /etc/NetworkManager/ \u3002\u5728 WSL \u4e2d\u5176\u8def\u5f84\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002 1.1 \u7f16\u8f91\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u76f8\u5173 \u00b6 \u5728 Debian \u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728 /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections \u4e2d\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u56de\u8def IP \u5730\u5740\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 /etc/networks \u7f51\u7edc\u540d\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 /etc/protocols \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u534f\u8bae\u53f7\u3002 /etc/services \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001 \u7aef\u53e3/\u534f\u8bae\u7c7b\u578b\u3001 \u522b\u540d\u3001\u6ce8\u91ca\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 /etc/services fsp 21/udp fspd #xxxx \u57df\u540d\u89e3\u6790\u76f8\u5173 \u00b6 /etc/resolv.conf \u662f\u57df\u540d\u89e3\u6790\u5668\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u57df\u540d\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001DNS \u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u7b49\u3002 /etc/host.conf \u6307\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u6790\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3002 /etc/hosts \u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5339\u914d\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 resolv.conf order bind, hosts multi on order \u6307\u5b9a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5148\u67e5\u8be2 DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u518d\u67e5\u8be2 /etc/hosts \u6587\u4ef6\u3002 1.2 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4 \u00b6 ping \u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u901a\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 ICMP \u534f\u8bae\u3002 traceroute \u6570\u636e\u5305\u5230\u8fbe\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u8def\u5f84 mii-tool \u67e5\u770b\u7f51\u5361\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u865a\u62df\u8bbe\u5907\u5982 lo \u3001 virbr0 \u7b49\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 ifconfig \u663e\u793a\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u3002 ifdown \u5173\u95ed\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3 ifup \u5f00\u542f\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3 Tip \u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684 if \u90fd\u662f interface \u7684\u7f29\u5199\u3002 netstat \u663e\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3001\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3001\u63a5\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b49\u3002 arp \u4fee\u6539 ARP \u7f13\u5b58\u6761\u76ee\u3002 ARP Cache Address Resolution Protocol\uff0c\u5373 MAC \u5730\u5740\u89e3\u6790\u7f13\u5b58\u3002 rpcinfo \u663e\u793a\u4f7f\u7528 protmap \u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c RPC \u8c03\u7528\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u5c5e\u4e8e rpcbind \u5305\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u3002 ip \u64cd\u7eb5\u8def\u7531\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u96a7\u9053\u7b49\u3002 \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u5de5\u5177 \u00b6 \u7565\u8fc7 \u6682\u65f6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ nmap Network Mapper \u7f51\u7edc\u6620\u5c04\u5668\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u7f51\u7edc\u63a2\u6d4b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u6838\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u59cb IP \u62a5\u6587\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u673a\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u670d\u52a1\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u62a5\u6587\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668/\u9632\u706b\u5899\u3002 tcpdump \u8fd9\u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53ef\u5c06\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u5934\u5b8c\u5168\u622a\u83b7\u4e0b\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u5206\u6790\u3002 Wireshark \u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u5305\u5206\u6790\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3002 TCP Wrapper \u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236 \u00b6 \u7565\u8fc7 \u6682\u65f6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u673a\u5141\u8bb8\u6216\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e /etc/hosts.allow \u548c /etc/hosts.deny \u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 ADSL \u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e \u00b6 \u7565\u8fc7 \u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e9b\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ OpenSSH \u00b6 \u56de\u5fc6\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 Secure Shell \u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u548c\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u9632\u6b62\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6cc4\u9732\u95ee\u9898\u3002 SSH \u80fd\u591f\u4ee3\u66ff telent\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a ftp\u3001pop \u548c ppp \u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u9053\u3002 SSH \u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406 \u00b6 \u670d\u52a1\u7aef\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b sshd \uff0c\u54cd\u5e94\u6765\u81ea\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002 \u63d0\u4f9b \u5bf9\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5904\u7406 \uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bc6\u94a5\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7b49\u3002 \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff1a ssh \u3001 scp \u3001 sftp \u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u7565\u8fc7 SSH \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5148\u8df3\u8fc7\u5566~ Nginx \u00b6 \u540c\u7c7b\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e \u00b6 \u9e1f\u54e5\u7684 Linux \u79c1\u623f\u83dc\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe\u7bc7 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7248","title":"Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#linux","text":"\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e \u65bc\u5cb3 2014 \u672c\u4e66\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86 OpenSSH\u3001DHCP\u3001Nginx \u7b49\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u3002 \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u524d\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u5f53\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002","title":"Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#ch1-linux","text":"\u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248 \u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5e94\u8be5\u662f CentOS / RHEL\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 \u5728 Debian \u7cfb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e3a /etc/NetworkManager/ \u3002\u5728 WSL \u4e2d\u5176\u8def\u5f84\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002","title":"Ch1. Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#openssh","text":"","title":"OpenSSH"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#nginx","text":"","title":"Nginx"},{"location":"books/LinuxServer/#_5","text":"\u9e1f\u54e5\u7684 Linux \u79c1\u623f\u83dc\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe\u7bc7 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7248","title":"\u540c\u7c7b\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e"},{"location":"books/PCC/","tags":["Todo"],"text":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u00b6 Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Eric Matthes 2016 Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u4ec5\u4f5c\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u524d\u7f6e\u77e5\u8bc6 \u00b6 Abstract \u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u521b\u5efa Python \u9879\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u3001 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7b49\u3002 \u547d\u4ee4\u76f8\u5173 \u00b6 Python \u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u4f9d\u65e7\u6ca1\u6709\u641e\u61c2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86 Python \u540e\u6267\u884c python3 \u663e\u793a\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a python \u6216 py \u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u8bf7\u68c0\u67e5 $PATH \u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cWindows \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a py \uff0c\u800c Unix \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u9ed8\u8ba4\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3a python3 \u3002 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a pip3 \u3002 \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883 \u00b6 \u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e72\u51c0\u6574\u6d01\u3002 \u4ece Python 3.3 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u6a21\u5757 venv \u6765\u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff1a python3 -m venv <DIR> source <DIR>/bin/activate \u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u9650 Unix \u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u5c06\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u8f7d\u5165\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u52a0\u8f7d\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\u4f9d\u8d56\u5305\u4e86\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0cWindows \u548c Linux \u4e0b\u7684\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 requirements.txt \u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u8bb0\u5f55\u4f9d\u8d56\u5305\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5305\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 \u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u8865\u5168 \u00b6 \u590d\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u8865\u5145 SOP4 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u548c\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a def \u3001 class \u7b49 \u5e03\u5c14\u7b49\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8fd0\u7b97\uff1a False \u3001 True \u3001 None \u3001 and \u3001 or \u3001 not \u7b49 \u63a7\u5236\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a while \u3001 for \u3001 if \u3001 else \u3001 elif \u7b49 \u5176\u4ed6 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u00b6 \u4fee\u6539\u5927\u5c0f\u5199 .title() \u3001 .upper() \u3001 .lower() \u62fc\u63a5 \u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u767d .rstrip() \u3001 .lstrip() \u3001 .strip() \u7a7a\u767d \u7a7a\u767d\u6307\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 str(value) \u5217\u8868 \u00b6 list = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] \u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20\uff1a .append(value) \u3001 .insert(index, value) \u5220\u9664\u8bed\u53e5\uff1a del list[index] \u3001 .pop(index) \uff08\u5c3e\u90e8\u5220\u9664\uff09\u3001 .remove(value) \u6392\u5e8f\uff1a .sort() \u3001 .sort(reverse=True) \u53cd\u8f6c\uff1a .reverse() \u957f\u5ea6\uff1a len(list) \u66f4\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u904d\u5386 \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f\u540e for \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u8fed\u4ee3\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002 range(start, end, step) \uff1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b end \uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4 start=0 \uff0c step=1 \u3002 \u5207\u7247 list[start:end:step] \uff1a\u4e0d\u5305\u542b end \uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4 start=0 \uff0c step=1 \u3002 \u5229\u7528\u5207\u7247\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868 list[:] \u3002 \u5217\u8868\u89e3\u6790 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8\u9636\u4f46\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u751f\u6210\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff1a squares = [ value ** 2 for value in range ( 1 , 11 )] \u9996\u5148\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u8868\u540d \u518d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f value**2 \u751f\u6210\u4f60\u8981\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u503c \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a for \u5faa\u73af\u7ed9\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u503c \u8bf7\u7ec3\u4e60\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a 3 \u7684\u500d\u6570\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002 if \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a in \u68c0\u67e5\u7279\u5b9a\u503c\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e2d \u4f7f\u7528 .lower() \u68c0\u67e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u4e2a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u7528\u5462\uff1f\uff09 if-elif-else \u7ed3\u6784 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a Python \u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5982 age >= 18 and age <= 65 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5199\u4e3a 18 <= age <= 65 \u3002 \u5b57\u5178 \u00b6 dict = { 'key' : 'value' } \u57fa\u7840\uff1a \u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a dict['key'] \u6dfb\u52a0\uff1a dict['key'] = 'value' \u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178\uff1a dict = {} \u4fee\u6539\u503c\uff1a dict['key'] = 'new value' \u5220\u9664\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\uff1a del dict['key'] \u8f83\u957f\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a dict = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' , 'key3' : 'value3' , } \u904d\u5386\uff1a for key, value in dict.items(): for key in dict.keys(): for value in dict.values(): \u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u904d\u5386 for key in sorted(dict.keys()): \u66f4\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u5b57\u5178\u7684\u5217\u8868 \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868 \u5b57\u5178\u5d4c\u5957\u5b57\u5178 \u5faa\u73af \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528 break \u548c continue \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6807\u5fd7 \u7528\u5faa\u73af\u5904\u7406\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5b57\u5178 \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u503c \u79fb\u52a8\u5143\u7d20 \u5b66\u4e60\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5217\u8868\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5faa\u73af\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a users = [ 'user1' , 'user2' , 'user3' ] while users : user = users . pop () print ( user ) \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 def function_name ( parameters ): \"\"\"docstring\"\"\" function body \u53c2\u6570 \u00b6 \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u53c2\uff1a function_name(parameter=value) ' \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\uff1a def function_name(parameter=value) \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5c06\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u653e\u5728\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u653e\u5728\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf Python \u4f9d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u89e3\u8bfb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5b9e\u53c2\u3002 \u7981\u6b62\u51fd\u6570\u4fee\u6539\u5217\u8868\uff1a function_name(list_name[:]) \uff08\u521b\u5efa\u526f\u672c\uff09 \u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u5b9e\u53c2\uff1a def function_name(*parameters) \uff0c * \u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u503c\u90fd\u5c01\u88c5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u3002 \u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u53c2\uff1a def function_name(**parameters) \uff0c ** \u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u503c\u90fd\u5c01\u88c5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u3002 \u53c2\u6570\u7684\u987a\u5e8f \u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6309\u666e\u901a\u5f62\u53c2\u3001\u5e26\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\u3001\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u5f62\u53c2\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u3002 \u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d \u00b6 \u5bfc\u5165\u6574\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\uff1a import module_name \u5bfc\u5165\u7279\u5b9a\u51fd\u6570\uff1a from module_name import function_name \u51fd\u6570\u522b\u540d\uff1a from module_name import function_name as fn \u6a21\u5757\u522b\u540d\uff1a import module_name as mn \u5bfc\u5165\u6240\u6709\u51fd\u6570\uff1a from module_name import * \u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u89c4\u8303 \u5f62\u53c2\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u65f6\u7b49\u53f7\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e0d\u8981\u6709\u7a7a\u683c \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u53c2\u7b49\u53f7\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e0d\u8981\u6709\u7a7a\u683c \u5bf9\u9f50\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u884c def function_name ( parameter_0 , parameter_1 , parameter_2 , parameter_3 , parameter_4 , parameter_5 ): function body ... \u7c7b \u00b6 \u7f16\u5199\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u4e0e\u7c7b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9700\u8981 self \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u7c7b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u3002 \u7ee7\u627f \u00b6 class ChildClass ( ParentClass ): \"\"\"docstring\"\"\" def __init__ ( self , parameters ): super () . __init__ ( parameters ) self . attribute = value \u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 __init__() \u9700\u8981\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 __init__() \u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 super() \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9 Python \u5c06\u7236\u7c7b\u548c\u5b50\u7c7b\u5173\u8054\u8d77\u6765\u3002 super().__init__(parameters) \uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 __init__() \u3002 \u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5 \u5c06\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7528\u4f5c\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c7b\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u62c6\u5206\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u534f\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u7c7b\u3002 Python \u6807\u51c6\u5e93 \u00b6 collections \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7c7b OrderedDict \u7c7b\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u987a\u5e8f \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5f02\u5e38 \u00b6 with \u8bed\u53e5\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u5173\u95ed\u3002 with open ( filename ) as file_object : contents = file_object . read () # \u8bfb\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6 for line in file_object : # \u9010\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6 print ( line . rstrip ()) open() \uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5\u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u8003\u8003\u4f60 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\uff1f \u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u884c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u6b21\u6362\u884c \u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u5168\u90e8\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u884c \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u5b57\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a .read() \uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6 .write() \uff1a\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\uff1a try-except-else \u4ee3\u7801\u5757 pass \u8bed\u53e5\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5360\u4f4d\u7b26\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u7ed3\u6784\u6b63\u786e\u3002 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801 \u00b6 unittest \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6838\u5b9e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f\u3002 \u5bfc\u5165 unittest \u6a21\u5757\u548c\u8981\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u51fd\u6570 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f unittest.TestCase \u7684\u7c7b import unittest from name_function import get_formatted_name class NamesTestCase ( unittest . TestCase ): \"\"\"\u6d4b\u8bd5name_function.py\"\"\" def test_first_last_name ( self ): \"\"\"\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5904\u7406\u50cfJanis Joplin\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u5417\uff1f \"\"\" formatted_name = get_formatted_name ( 'janis' , 'joplin' ) self . assertEqual ( formatted_name , 'Janis Joplin' ) unittest . main () NamesTestCase \u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4ee5 test_ \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a assertEqual(a, b) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e a == b assertNotEqual(a, b) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e a != b assertTrue(x) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e x \u4e3a True assertFalse(x) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e x \u4e3a False assertIn(item, list) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e item \u5728 list \u4e2d assertNotIn(item, list) \uff1a\u6838\u5b9e item \u4e0d\u5728 list \u4e2d setUp() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u53ea\u9700\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a . \uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u901a\u8fc7 E \uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f15\u53d1\u9519\u8bef F \uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65ad\u8a00\u5931\u8d25 \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\u9a6c\u8702\u5c0f\u5efa\u8bae \u00b6 \u7c7b\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u9a7c\u5cf0\u547d\u540d\u6cd5 \u5b9e\u4f8b\u540d\u548c\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u540e\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u90fd\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 Projects \u00b6 Project 2 \u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316 \u00b6 json \u6a21\u5757 \u00b6 \u5728\u7b2c 10 \u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86 json \u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7b80\u5355\u56de\u987e\u590d\u4e60\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u6a21\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a json.dump(data, file_object) \uff1a\u5c06 Python \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a JSON \u683c\u5f0f\u5e76\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 json.load(file_object) \uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6 JSON \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a Python \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u793a\u4f8b\uff1a remember_me.py import json filename = 'username.json' try : with open ( filename ) as file_object : username = json . load ( file_object ) except FileNotFoundError : username = input ( \"What's your name? \" ) with open ( filename , 'w' ) as file_object : json . dump ( username , file_object ) print ( \"We'll remember you when you come back, \" + username + \"!\" ) else : print ( \"Welcome back, \" + username + \"!\" ) matplotlib \u00b6 \u67e5\u9605\u624b\u518c \u9700\u8981\u65f6\u8bf7\u7ffb\u9605\u624b\u518c\u67e5\u627e\u7528\u6cd5 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u529f\u80fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1f \u7ed8\u5236\uff1a\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\u3001\u6563\u70b9\u56fe \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6837\u5f0f\uff1a \u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u6807\u9898\u3001\u5750\u6807\u8f74\u6807\u9898 \u523b\u5ea6\uff08 tick_params \uff09\uff1a\u6807\u8bb0\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u989c\u8272 \u7ebf\u6761\uff1a\u7c97\u7ec6\u3001\u989c\u8272 \u70b9\uff1a\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u989c\u8272 \u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5b57\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f \u751f\u6210\u6570\u636e \u00b6 \u5b8c\u6210\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4efb\u52a1\uff1a \u7ed8\u5236\u4ece 1 \u5230 100 \u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u56fe\u50cf\uff08\u5217\u8868\u89e3\u6790\uff09\u3002 \u7528\u968f\u673a\u6f2b\u6b65\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed8\u5236\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6563\u70b9\u56fe\u548c\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\uff08 random.choice() \uff09\u3002 \u4e3a\u56fe\u8868\u4f7f\u7528\u989c\u8272\u6620\u5c04\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 Pygal \u751f\u6210\u77e2\u91cf\u56fe\u5f62\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u63b7\u9ab0\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u591a\u4e2a\u9ab0\u5b50\u3002 CSV \u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 csv \u6a21\u5757\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u53d6\u548c\u5199\u5165 CSV \u6587\u4ef6\u3002 csv.reader(file_object) \uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bfb\u53d6\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u503c\u3002 next(reader) \uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\uff1a enumerate() \uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u503c\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\u5217\u8868\u3002 datetime \u6a21\u5757\uff1a - strptime() \uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e5\u671f\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u00b6","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5"},{"location":"books/PCC/#python","text":"Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e Eric Matthes 2016 Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u4ec5\u4f5c\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002","title":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5"},{"location":"books/PCC/#_1","text":"Abstract \u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u521b\u5efa Python \u9879\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u3001 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7b49\u3002","title":"\u524d\u7f6e\u77e5\u8bc6"},{"location":"books/PCC/#_4","text":"\u590d\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u8865\u5145 SOP4 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002","title":"\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u8865\u5168"},{"location":"books/PCC/#projects","text":"","title":"Projects"},{"location":"books/PCC/#-strptime","text":"","title":"-   strptime()\uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e5\u671f\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002"},{"location":"books/ProGit/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"\u7cbe\u901a Git \u00b6 ProGit \u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0 Ch1. \u5165\u95e8 \u00b6 Abstract Git \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f Git \u7531 Linux \u793e\u533a\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406 Linux \u5185\u6838\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u3002 Git \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5feb\u7167\u6d41 \u3002\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282\u4f1a\u8bb2\u89e3\u5feb\u7167\u6d41\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u5728\u672c\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-1 \u6563\u5217\uff0840 \u4e2a\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\uff09\u6821\u9a8c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ea\u589e\u52a0\u6570\u636e \u3002 \u4e09\u79cd\u72b6\u6001 \u00b6 Committed Modified Staged \u4e09\u79cd\u533a\u57df \u00b6 Git \u4ed3\u5e93\uff08\u9879\u76ee\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff09 \u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u4ece\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u5355\u6b21\u68c0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\uff09 \u6682\u5b58\u533a\uff08Git \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff09 \u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd \u00b6 Git \u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u914d\u7f6e /etc/gitconfig \uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u7528 --system \u4fee\u6539 ~/.gitconfig \u6216 .config/git/config \uff1a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7528 --global \u4fee\u6539 .git/config \uff1a\u5355\u4e2a\u4ed3\u5e93 \u6bcf\u4e00\u7ea7\u8986\u76d6\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002 \u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u505a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff1a user.name \u548c user.email \u3002 core.editor \u7f16\u8f91\u5668 git config --list \u5217\u51fa Git \u627e\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u91cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u503c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 git config <key> \u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a\u952e\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u83b7\u53d6\u5e2e\u52a9 \u00b6 git help <verb> git <verb> --help man git-<verb> Ch2. Git \u57fa\u7840 \u00b6","title":"\u7cbe\u901a Git"},{"location":"books/ProGit/#git","text":"ProGit \u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0","title":"\u7cbe\u901a Git"},{"location":"books/ProGit/#ch1","text":"Abstract Git \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f Git \u7531 Linux \u793e\u533a\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406 Linux \u5185\u6838\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u3002 Git \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5feb\u7167\u6d41 \u3002\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282\u4f1a\u8bb2\u89e3\u5feb\u7167\u6d41\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u5728\u672c\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 SHA-1 \u6563\u5217\uff0840 \u4e2a\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\uff09\u6821\u9a8c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 Git \u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ea\u589e\u52a0\u6570\u636e \u3002","title":"Ch1. \u5165\u95e8"},{"location":"books/ProGit/#ch2-git","text":"","title":"Ch2. Git \u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"books/SFJSRMJD/","text":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ade\u8d5b\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u5178 \u00b6 Ch4. \u9012\u5f52 \u00b6 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa \u00b6 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u683c\u5f0f \u7cfb\u7edf \u683c\u5f0f Unix ELF DOS COFF Windows PE \u201c\u6bb5\u201d \u662f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u3002\u7528 size \u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u6bb5\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a $ size test text data bss dec hex filename 1934 616 8 2558 9fe test \u5176\u4e2d\uff1a Text Segment\uff1a\u6b63\u6587\u6bb5\uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u6307\u4ee4 Data Segment\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5df2\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf BSS Segment\uff1aBSS \u6bb5\uff0c\u672a\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4 \u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4f4d\u4e8e \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\uff08Stack Segment\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u9020\u6210 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff08Segmentation Fault\uff09 \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u6808\u5e27\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\uff08Stack Overflow\uff09 \u3002 \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u6808\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\uff1a Linux \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 ulimit \u547d\u4ee4\u6307\u5b9a\u3002 ulimit -a \u663e\u793a\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 Windows \u4e2d\uff0c\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002 gcc -W1,--stack=16777216 \u5c06\u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 16 MB\u3002 > \u6808\u5927\u5c0f\u7531 ld \u6307\u5b9a\uff0c -W1 \u5c06\u5176\u540e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 ld \u3002","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ade\u8d5b\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u5178"},{"location":"books/SFJSRMJD/#_1","text":"","title":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ade\u8d5b\u5165\u95e8\u7ecf\u5178"},{"location":"books/SFJSRMJD/#ch4","text":"","title":"Ch4. \u9012\u5f52"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/","text":"Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 \u00b6 Start Out with Python (Forth Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Tony Gaddis 2019 \u7b80\u8bc4 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u65b0\u624b\u5341\u5206\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u57fa\u7840\u4e14\u8be6\u7ec6\uff08\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f16\u7a0b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u4f1a\u6709\u4e9b\u7e41\u7410\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u8282\u540e\u4f1a\u6709 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \u6a21\u5757\u95ee\u4f60\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7a7f\u63d2\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684 \u805a\u5149\u706f \u6a21\u5757\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5757\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ece\u76ee\u6807\u5230\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5230\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5de9\u56fa\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\uff08\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u70e6\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\uff01Python \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u592a\u591a\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\uff09 \u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7f16\u6392\u6bd4\u300a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u300b\u8981\u597d\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u5b8c\u672c\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u79fb\u6b65\u5230\u300aPython \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u53d9\u8ff0\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ae0\u672b\u4e60\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505a\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u505a\u7684\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\u540e\u7684 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fa\u57ab\u3002\u805a\u5149\u706f\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u90fd\u8981\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5f88\u7ec6\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u8bd5\u4e00\u8bd5\u3002 \u5b9e\u8df5\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981 \u3002 Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0e\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff1f Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u811a\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f IDLE \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3001\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u7f29\u8fdb\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u7b49\u3002 Ch2. \u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f \u00b6 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f \u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u90fd\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff1a\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u524d\uff0c\u8981\u5bf9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9a6c\u4e0a\u9677\u5165\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u628a\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u5730\u4ece\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u59cb\u3002 \u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u51b3\u5b9a\u6b65\u9aa4 \u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe \u7b80\u5355\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u7c7b\u5143\u7d20\uff1a\u692d\u5706\uff08\u7ec8\u6b62\u7b26\uff09\u3001\u5e73\u884c\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff08\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u3001\u77e9\u5f62\uff08\u5904\u7406\uff09 \u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 print() \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\uff1a print('one', end='') \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6253\u5370\u4f1a\u4ee5\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c end \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 sep= \u6307\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u5404\u9879\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u7a7a\u683c \u3002 \u5d4c\u5957\u4f7f\u7528 format() \u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5b83\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u79f0\u4e3a\u683c\u5f0f\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002 print('Your pay is$', format(1123.23, '12,.2f'), sep='') \u6700\u524d\u9762\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u57df\u5bbd\uff08\u53f3\u5bf9\u9f50\uff09\uff0c .2 \u7cbe\u5ea6\uff0c f \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c d \u6574\u6570\uff0c e \u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\uff0c , \u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u6570\u5b57\uff0c % \u8f93\u51fa\u4e3a\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u00b6 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 ' \u6216 \" \u62ec\u8d77 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u6216\u6487\u53f7\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\uff1b\u542b\u6709\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77 \u4e09\u5f15\u53f7 \"\"\" \u6216 ' \u53ef\u4ee5\u62ec\u8d77\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ec\u8d77\u8de8\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u6765\uff09 + \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u62fc\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u540c\u6837\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f6c\u4e49\u5e8f\u5217 \u53d8\u91cf \u00b6 \u201c\u5f15\u7528\u201d\u6982\u5ff5 \u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219 == \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u5206\u9694 ==\u7684\u547d\u540d\u6cd5\u5728 Python \u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1 Python \u5173\u952e\u5b57 \u7c7b\u578b \u00b6 int \u548c float \u7c7b\u578b \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570 type() \u5224\u65ad\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b str \u7c7b\u578b Python \u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf \u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e \uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u9879\u91cd\u65b0\u8d4b\u503c \u8bfb\u53d6\u8f93\u5165 \u00b6 input(prompt) \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f62\u5f0f int() \u3001 float() \u4e0e input() \u5d4c\u5957\u8c03\u7528 \u5f02\u5e38\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5f02\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97 \u00b6 // \u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5\uff1a\u4f9d\u636e\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u820d\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f \u6b63\u6570\uff1a\u622a\u65ad \u8d1f\u6570\uff1a\u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165 ** \u6307\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 \u4f8b\u5916 \u6307\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u5171\u4eab\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\uff0c\u5373\uff1a 2**3**4 = 2**(3**4) \u3002 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u5728\u6df7\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u9690\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u6574\u578b\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u3002 int() \u622a\u65ad \u5176\u4ed6 \u00b6 # \u6ce8\u91ca \\ \u884c\u8fde\u63a5\u7b26 \u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u884c\u8fde\u63a5\u7b26 \u6709\u540d\u5e38\u91cf \u00b6 \u5e7b\u6570\uff08magic number\uff09\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6570\u503c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u540d\u5e38\u91cf\u66ff\u4ee3\u5e7b\u6570 \uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u81ea\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\uff08self-explanatory\uff09\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u00b6 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'tkinter' \u5728 WSL \u4e0a import turtle \u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5982\u4e0a\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u5b89\u88c5 tkinter \u5e93\uff1a apt-get install python3-tk turtle.showturtle() forward() , right() , left() , setheading() , heading() penup() , pendown() dot() , circle() \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u9f9f\u9f9f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5706\u7684\u5207\u7ebf\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5706\u5fc3\u3002 pensize() , pencolor() , bgcolor() \u91cd\u8bbe\u5c4f\u5e55\uff1a reset() \u91cd\u7f6e\u753b\u7b14\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5f52\u4f4d\u3001\u64e6\u9664\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u80cc\u666f\u3002 clear() \u64e6\u9664\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u3002 clearscreen() \u91cd\u7f6e\u3001\u5f52\u4e3a\u3001\u91cd\u7f6e\u80cc\u666f\u3002 \u672c\u8282\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9f9f\u9f9f\u753b\u56fe\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 Ch3. \u9009\u62e9\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u903b\u8f91 \u00b6 if \u8bed\u53e5 \u00b6 \u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a if condition : block of statement elif condition : block of statement else : block of statement \u7f29\u8fdb Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u7f29\u8fdb\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002 True \u548c False True \u548c False \u662f Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002 \u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 bool \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u5173\u7cfb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u4e0e C \u4e2d\u76f8\u540c \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83 \uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u539f\u7406\u4e0e C \u4e2d\u7684 strcmp \u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 ASCII \u7f16\u7801 \u518d\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b\u91cd\u8981\u7684 ASCII \u7801 \u5b57\u7b26 \u7801\u4f4d A~Z 65~90 a~z 97~122 0~9 48~57 space 32 Python \u4e2d\u7684 \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u662f\uff1a and \u3001 or \u3001 not \u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u652f\u6301\u77ed\u8def\u5b9a\u503c\uff08Short-Circuit Evaluation\uff09\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u6e38\u620f \u00b6 3.7 \u8282\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u6295\u7403\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 Ch4. \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 while \u5faa\u73af \u00b6 for \u5faa\u73af \u00b6 Python \u4e2d\u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u7528\u4e8e\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u8fed\u4ee3\u5904\u7406\u3002 for variable in [ value1 , value2 , etc . ]: statment \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668 range() \u00b6 \u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u4e3a iterable \u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 range ( start , end , step ) range ( end ) # \u4ece 0 \u5f00\u59cb \u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5217\u8868\u662f\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00\u7684\u3002 \u8003\u8003\u4f60 \u4f7f\u7528 range() \u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee5\u4e0b\u529f\u80fd\uff1a \u7528\u6237\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u6b21\u6570 \u964d\u5e8f\u8fed\u4ee3 \u5faa\u73af\u529f\u80fd \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5faa\u73af\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a \u7f16\u5199\u7d2f\u52a0\u5668 \u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff08augmented assignment operator\uff09 \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u8bb0\uff08Sentinel\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u8bb0\u6570\u636e\u5e8f\u5217\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u503c\uff09\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f \u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5faa\u73af \u542f\u52a8\u8bfb\uff08priming read\uff09 \u5d4c\u5957\u5faa\u73af \u4f7f\u7528\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u7ed8\u56fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u7565\uff09 Ch5. \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd void \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u547d\u540d\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8c03\u7528 \u00b6 def function_name (): statement function_name () \u7a0b\u5e8f\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528 main \u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u8bfb\u53d6 def \u8bed\u53e5\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u8bed\u53e5\u5904\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u3002 Python \u4e2d\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4e60\u60ef\u4f7f\u7528\u56db\u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c\u7f29\u8fdb\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u884c\u3002 \u53ea\u8981\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u884c\u90fd\u7f29\u8fdb\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u3002 Tab \u952e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0e\u7a7a\u683c\u6df7\u7528\u3002 Tip \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u884c\u4f1a\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u53c2\u6570 \u6309\u503c\u4f20\u9012 \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f \u00b6 \u4e00\u822c\u9075\u4ece\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u56fe\u793a || funciton || \u3002 \u5c42\u6b21\u56fe\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fd\u6570\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 Tip \u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u56fe\u6765\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002 \u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u00b6 \u4e0e C \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002 \u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u540c\u540d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 Python \u5141\u8bb8\u6307\u5b9a\u5b9e\u53c2\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570 \uff1a parameter_name = value \u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff08keyword argument\uff09\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\uff08position argument\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u3002 \u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf \u00b6 \u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u9650\u5236\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8 \u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c \uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u7528 global \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5219\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002 \u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u601d\u8003 \u4ece\u8fd9\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0cPython \u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u521b\u5efa\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002 number = 0 def main (): global number number = int ( input ()) Python \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u5e38\u91cf\u4e00\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u4e0d\u7528 global \u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u6539\u8be5\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u3002 import \u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u7f6e\u5728 Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5982 print \u3001 input \u3001 range \u7b49\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6a21\u5757\uff08module\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u5b89\u88c5 Python \u65f6\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528 import \u8bed\u53e5\u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5e76\u7528 module.function() \u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u3002 import random random . randint () \u968f\u673a\u6570\u5e93\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 random \u5e93\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff1a randint(start, end) \u4ea7\u751f\u95ed\u533a\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6574\u6570 randrange(start, end, step) \u548c range() \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6574\u6570 random() \u4ea7\u751f 0.0 \u5230 1.0 \uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\uff09\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570 uniform(start, end) \u8303\u56f4\u5185\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570 random \u5e93\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u4f2a\u968f\u673a\u6570\u3002\u5bfc\u5165 random \u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u83b7\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79cd\u5b50\u503c\u3002 \u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u7684\u63d0\u793a \u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5ea6\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a 0.01 \u79d2 \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 seed() \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u79cd\u5b50\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u7f16\u5199\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7528 return \u8bed\u53e5\u5c06\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u672c\u8282\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528 IPO \u56fe \u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002 \u5728 Python \u4e2d\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\u5728\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7b49\u53f7\u53f3\u8fb9\u653e\u7f6e\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 def multi_ret ( val1 , val2 ): return val1 , val2 a , b = multiret ( c , d ) math \u5e93 \u00b6 \u9664\u4e86\u548c C \u5e93\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\uff1a ceil() degrees() , radians() exp() floor() hypot(x, y) log10() \u5e38\u91cf\uff1a math.pi math.e \u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u5199\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u548c\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u67e5\u627e\u6a21\u5757\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u6765\u54af\uff01 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u673a\u5668\u9f9f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7565\u8fc7\u3002 Ch6. \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5f02\u5e38 \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6\u7b80\u4ecb \u00b6 Python \u5141\u8bb8\u5904\u7406 \u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6 \u548c \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6 \uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u53ea\u8bb2\u89e3\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002Python \u540c\u6837\u63d0\u4f9b \u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u53d6 \u548c \u968f\u673a\u5b58\u53d6 \uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u53d6\uff09\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8bbf\u95ee\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u53ea\u8bb2\u89e3\u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u53d6\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002Python \u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 open(filename, mode) \u51fd\u6570 \u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u53ea\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e09\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a r , w , a \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e C \u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f62\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u52a0\u4e0a r \uff1a test_file = open ( r 'C:\\User\\test.txt' , 'w' ) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u7f00 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u7f00 r \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6c\u4e49\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709 write() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u63a5\u53d7\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff1a test_file . write ( string ) \u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6 read() \u8fd4\u56de\u6587\u4ef6\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c readLine() \u8fd4\u56de\u5305\u62ec \\n \u7684\u4e00\u884c\u3002\u8bfb\u53d6\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7a7a\u4e32\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6 close() \u3002 rstrip(str) \u4ece\u53f3\u4fa7\u53bb\u9664\u7279\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6d88\u9664\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002 str() \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u6587\u4ef6\u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 Python \u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u5199\u4f18\u96c5\u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\uff1a for variable in file_object : statement \u8be5\u5faa\u73af\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6bcf\u884c\u8fed\u4ee3\u4e00\u6b21\u3002 \u5904\u7406\u8bb0\u5f55 \u00b6 \u7b2c 6.3 \u8282\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a \u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5904\u7406\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b \uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7814\u8bfb\uff0c\u5199\u4e00\u904d\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u5728\u672c\u8282\u5e94\u5f53\u638c\u63e1\uff1a \u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 \u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u663e\u793a\u8bb0\u5f55 \u641c\u7d22\u8bb0\u5f55 \u4fee\u6539\u8bb0\u5f55 \u5220\u9664\u8bb0\u5f55 \u968f\u673a\u5b58\u53d6\u65b9\u6cd5 \u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u91c7\u7528\u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u5220\u9664\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e60\u4f7f\u7528\u968f\u673a\u8bfb\u5199\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b58\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5728\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff1a os.remove() \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u548c os.rename() \u91cd\u547d\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38 \u00b6 \u5f02\u5e38 \u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7a81\u7136\u505c\u6b62\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 try \u548c except \u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7528\u67d0\u4e2a\u6570\u9664\u4ee5 0\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u770b\u89c1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a traceback \u3002 Traceback (most recent call last): File \"C:\\Python\\division.py,\" line 13, in <module> main() ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero traceback \u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u663e\u793a\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u7b80\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u3002 \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u6237 input \u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u76f8\u4e58\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a int() \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4 ValueError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u53e5\u67c4 \u00b6 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u7528\u4e8e\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u65f6\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a try : statement except ExceptionName : statement else : statement finally : statement try \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5 \u5f53 try \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u540e\uff1a \u82e5\u662f except \u8bed\u53e5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5219\u7acb\u523b\u6267\u884c except \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6267\u884c try/except \u5757\u540e\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002 \u82e5\u4e0d\u662f except \u8bed\u53e5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5219\u8f93\u51fa traceback \u5e76\u505c\u6b62 \u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5219 except \u5757\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u5f02\u5e38\u540d\u79f0\u7684 except \u8bed\u53e5\u3002 else \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u53ea\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u3002 finally \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u5728 try \u548c\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u53e5\u67c4\u6267\u884c\u540e\u6267\u884c\uff08\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\uff09\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6267\u884c\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u7b49\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61 \u00b6 \u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a \u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61 \uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u3002 except ValueError as err : \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u505a\u6cd5\u5c06\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u8d4b\u7ed9 err \u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 print() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u663e\u793a Python \u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u9519\u8bef\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u3002 Ch7. \u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4 \u00b6 \u5e8f\u5217 \u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u9879\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u4e24\u79cd \u57fa\u672c\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b \u662f\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u5217\u8868 \u00b6 even_numbers = [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 ] info = [ 'Alice' , 27 , 10.45 ] \u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a list() \u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868\u3002 numbers = list ( range ( 5 )) * \u91cd\u590d\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff1a\u5f53\u5b83\u7684\u5de6\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u53f3\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u526f\u672c\u5e76\u8fde\u63a5 numbers = [ 0 ] * 5 for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e0a\u8fed\u4ee3 list[1] \u4e0b\u6807\u8bbf\u95ee\u79f0\u4e3a \u7d22\u5f15 \u3002 \u8d1f\u7d22\u5f15\u5c06\u4ece\u5217\u8868\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8d1f\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u52a0\u5f97\u5230\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d22\u5f15\u662f [-1] \u3002 \u65e0\u6548\u7d22\u5f15\u5f15\u53d1 IndexError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 len() \u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u3002 \u5207\u7247\uff1a days[2:5] \u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4ece\u7d22\u5f15 2 \u5230\u7d22\u5f15 5 \u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5217\u8868\uff08\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00\uff09\u3002 \u4ece\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\uff1a days[:5] \u76f4\u5230\u5c3e\u90e8\uff1a days[2:] \u6574\u4e2a\u526f\u672c\uff1a days[:] \u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b65\u957f\uff1a days[1:8:2] \u65e0\u6548\u7684\u5207\u7247\u7d22\u5f15 \u65e0\u6548\u7684\u5207\u7247\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff1a \u8d85\u8fc7\u5c3e\u90e8\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6 \u8d85\u8fc7\u5934\u90e8\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e start \u5927\u4e8e end \u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u7a7a\u5217\u8868 \u67e5\u627e\uff1a item in list \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\u771f\u3002 list.append(item) list.index(item) \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u629b\u51fa ValueError \u5f02\u5e38 list.insert(index, item) \uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u65e0\u6548\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002 list.sort() \uff0c\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217 list.remove(item) \uff0c\u79fb\u9664\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u629b\u51fa ValueError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 list.reverse() \u5220\u9664\uff1a del list[2] \u6700\u503c\uff1a max() \u548c min() \u62f7\u8d1d\u5217\u8868 \u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u5728 Python \u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528\u5faa\u73af\u548c .append() \u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868 \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff1a list2 = [] + list1 \u5904\u7406\u5217\u8868 \u00b6 \u521b\u5efa\u5217\u8868\u5e76\u904d\u5386\uff1a hours = [ 0 ] * NUM for index in range ( NUM ) statement \u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u7528\u4e0b\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u7528\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 \u5217\u8868\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u5177\u6709\uff1a file.writelines() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6dfb\u52a0\u7a7a\u683c file.readlines() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u8fd4\u56de\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868 \u4e8c\u7ef4\u5217\u8868\uff08\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\uff09 \u00b6 \u5217\u8868\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5217\u8868\u3002 \u5143\u7ec4 \u00b6 \u5143\u7ec4\uff08tuple\uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 tuple = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) \u5143\u7ec4\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u4e0b\u6807\u7d22\u5f15 \u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982 index() \u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u5982 len() \u3001 min() \u548c max() \u5207\u7247 in + \u548c * \u4e0d\u652f\u6301 append \u3001 remove \u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u521b\u5efa\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u52a0\u9017\u53f7 tuple = (1,) \uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ea\u662f\u8d4b\u503c\u3002 list() \u5c06\u5143\u7ec4\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u5217\u8868 tuple() \u5c06\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4 \u4e13\u9898\uff1a matplotlib \u5305 \u00b6 matplotlib \u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install matplotlib \u9644\u5f55 F\uff1a pip \u5de5\u5177 \u8bb8\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7f16\u5199\u7684 Python \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5728 PyPI \u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\u3002 PyPI \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a \u5305 \uff0c\u4ece Python 3.4 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c pip \u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u5165\u6807\u51c6 Python\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u5de5\u5177\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u662f\u5426\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install package_name python3 >>> import package_name \u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757 \u00b6 matplotlib \u5305\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u7684 pyplot \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed8\u56fe\u529f\u80fd\u3002 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt . plot ( arguments ... ) \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u5bfc\u5165\u5e76\u4e3a\u6a21\u5757\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u522b\u540d\u3002\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a\u524d\u7f00\u3002 \u9644\u5f55 E\uff1a import \u8bed\u53e5\u8be6\u89e3 \u4ece\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u5bfc\u5165\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7c7b\uff1a from math import sqrt \u8fd9\u5c06\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u52a0\u4e0a\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u79f0\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1a from math import sqrt, radians \u652f\u6301\u901a\u914d\u5bfc\u5165\uff1a from math import * \u522b\u540d\uff1a as \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e3a\u6a21\u5757\u5206\u914d\u522b\u540d\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684 from \u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a from math import sqrt as sqaure_root, tan as tangent \u6298\u7ebf\u56fe \u00b6 \u521b\u5efa\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u56e0\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5217\u8868 x_coords = [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] y_coords = [ 0 , 3 , 1 ] plt . plot ( x_coords , y_coords , marker = 'o' ) plt . title ( 'title' ) plt . xlabel ( 'x axis' ) plt . ylabel ( 'y axis' ) plt . xlim ( xmin = 1 , xmax = 100 ) plt . xticks ([ 0 , 1 , 2 ], [ 'Baseball' , 'Basketball' , 'Football' ]) plt . grid ( True ) plt . show () marker \u6807\u8bb0\u7b26\u53f7\uff1a s \u25a0 \u65b9\u5f62 square o \u26aa \u5706\u70b9 dot * \u2b50 \u661f\u5f62 D \ud83d\udc8e \u94bb\u77f3\u5f62 \u5982\u679c\u5c06\u6807\u8bb0\u5b57\u7b26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7528\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff1a plt.plot(x, y, 'o') \u3002 \u6761\u5f62\u56fe \u00b6 \u6761\u5f62\u56fe\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u8868\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6761\u5f62 \u5de6\u8fb9\u7f18 \u7684 X \u5750\u6807\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6761\u5f62\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002 left_edges = [ 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 ] heights = [ 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 , 500 ] plt . bar ( left_edges , heights , color = ( 'r' , 'g' , 'b' , 'w' , 'k' )) plt . show () width \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6761\u5f62\u56fe\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002 \u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u6298\u7ebf\u56fe\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\u3002 plt.barh() \u7ed8\u5236\u6c34\u5e73\u6761\u5f62\u56fe\u3002 \u997c\u56fe \u00b6 \u997c\u56fe\u4f7f\u7528 pie() \u51fd\u6570\u7ed8\u5236\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 pie() \u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u76f8\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002 slices = [ 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 ] plt . pie ( slices ) plt . show () labels \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002 colors \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6247\u5f62\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3002 Ch8. \u6df1\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 \u00b6 Abstract \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c \u9010\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee \u8fde\u63a5 \u5207\u7247 \u67e5\u627e\u5b50\u4e32 \u91cd\u590d \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5 \u6d4b\u8bd5 \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362 \u5206\u5272 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u4e00\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u8ba1\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u51fa\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77 IndexError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\uff1a len() \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6 + \u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c += \u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5de6\u4fa7\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u7247\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684 Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002 not in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u4e0d\u5217\u51fa\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u53ef\u81ea\u5df1\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a isdigit() isalnum() islower() \u548c C \u633a\u50cf\u7684\u3002 \u4fee\u6539\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a lower() lstrip() \u4ece\u5de6\u4fa7\u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26 lstrip(char) \u4ece\u5de6\u4fa7\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u7b26 rstrip() strip() \u4ece\u5de6\u53f3\u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u767d \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362\uff1a endswith(substring) \u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u5b50\u4e32\u7ed3\u5c3e find(substring) replace(old, new) startswith(substring) \u91cd\u590d\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26 * \uff1a for count in range ( 8 , 0 , - 1 ): print ( 'z' * count ) split(char) \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5\u7a7a\u683c\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868 Ch9. \u5b57\u5178\u4e0e\u96c6\u5408 \u00b6 Abstract \u5b57\u5178 \u96c6\u5408 \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316 \u5b57\u5178 \u00b6 \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff1a \u952e\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6574\u6570\u3001\u5143\u7ec4 \u503c\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61 \u521b\u5efa\u5b57\u5178\uff1a\u5c06\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u653e\u5728\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u521b\u5efa\uff1a book = { 'xxx' : '555-111' , 'www' : '666-111' } \u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178\u3002 \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u3002 \u5b57\u5178\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u68c0\u7d22\uff1a dictionary[key] \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u65f6\u629b\u51fa KeyError \u68c0\u67e5 in , not in \u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u66ff\u6362\u5143\u7d20\uff1a dictionary[key] = value \u5220\u9664\uff1a del dictionary[key] \u6570\u91cf\uff1a len() for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u904d\u5386\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u952e \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a clear() get(key, default) \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u65f6\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38 items() \u4ee5\u5143\u7ec4\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u6240\u6709\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u89c6\u56fe\uff0c\u957f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a [('xxx', '555-111'), ('www', '666-111')] keys() \u8fd4\u56de\u6240\u6709\u952e pop(key, default) \u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u5e94\u503c\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u952e\u503c\u5bf9 popitem() \u4ee5\u5143\u7ec4\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u968f\u673a\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u5e76\u5220\u9664 \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c \u591a\u91cd\u8d4b\u503c \uff1a key, value = dictionary.popitem() \uff0c\u591a\u91cd\u8d4b\u503c\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u952e\u548c\u503c \u5206\u522b \u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 values() \u96c6\u5408 \u00b6 \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u7ec4 \u552f\u4e00 \u503c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u5b83\u65e0\u5e8f\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u96c6\u5408\uff1a myset = set () \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a set() \u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\u6216\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684 \u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5143\u7d20 \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8 \u53bb\u91cd \u5e76\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u9012\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982 set('aa', 'bb') \u3002 \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a len() for \u5faa\u73af\u8fed\u4ee3 in \u548c not in \u5bf9\u8c61\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a .add() .update() \u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5143\u7d20 .remove() \u6216 .discard() \u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20 remove() \u4f1a\u629b\u51fa KeyError \u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u800c discard() \u4e0d\u4f1a .clear() \u96c6\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a union(set2) intersection(set2) difference(set2) \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 - \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 symmetric_difference(set2) \u8fd4\u56de\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6\uff09 \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 ^ \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 issubset(set2) \u662f\u5426\u662f\u5b50\u96c6 issuperset() \u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 <= \u548c => \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\uff08Pickling\uff09 \u00b6 \u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u8282\u6d41\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u79f0\u4e3a \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316 \u3002\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684 pickle \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002 import pickle outputfile = open ( 'mydata.dat' , 'wb' ) pickle . dump ( object , outputfile ) outputfile . close () inputfile = open ( 'mydata.dat' , 'rb' ) object = pickle . load ( file ) inputfile . close () \u5f53\u8bfb\u53d6\u8d85\u8fc7\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u65f6\uff0c load() \u629b\u51fa EOFError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u524d\u9762\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\uff1a while not end_of_file : try : person = pickle . load ( input_file ) except EOFError : end_of_file = True Note Python \u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982 C \u90a3\u6837\u7eaf\u51c0\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728 C \u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 fwrite() \u5411\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\u82e5\u5c06 Python \u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5bf9\u8c61\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u89e3\u7801\u51fa\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5219\u524d\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bb0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 Ch10. \u7c7b\u4e0e\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b \u00b6 Abstract \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b \u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b \u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u601d\u60f3\u5728 C++ \u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u516c\u5171\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b \u00b6 class Coin : def __init__ ( self ): self . sideup = 'heads' def toss ( self ): if random . randint ( 0 , 1 ) == 0 self . sideup = 'heads' else : self . sideup = 'tails' \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9700\u8981 self \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u547d\u540d\u4e3a self \u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002 \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7c7b\u90fd\u5177\u6709 __init__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u4e0a\u9762\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c sideup \u5c5e\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u7684\u3002\u8981\u9690\u85cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c \u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5f00\u5934 \uff0c\u5982 __sideup \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b \u00b6 def main (): mycoin = Coin () \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u6a21\u5757\u5316 \u00b6 \u628a\u7c7b\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 import \u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff1a import coin def main (): mycoin = coin . Coin () \u8bb0\u5f97\u52a0\u4e0a\u5305\u540d\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 __str__() \u628a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 print() \u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a \u8bbf\u95ee\u5668\uff08Accessor \u6216 getter\uff09\uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u5b83\u3002 \u4fee\u6539\u5668\uff08Mutator \u6216 setter\uff09\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u5b9e\u4f8b \u00b6 \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u5e8f\u5217\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7c7b\u7684\u6280\u5de7 \u4e66\u672c 10.4 \u8282\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7c7b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5b8c\u6574\u9605\u8bfb\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u52a8\u4ece\u6587\u5b57\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7c7b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7684 AI \u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u5f0f\u3002 Ch.11 \u7ee7\u627f \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7528\u8bcd \u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a \u8d85\u7c7b = \u57fa\u7c7b \u5b50\u7c7b = \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b \u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd is a \u5173\u7cfb \uff0c\u5373\u5b50\u7c7b\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u540d\u540e\u8ddf\u4e0a\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u540d\u5373\u53ef\uff1a class Car ( Automobile ): def __init__ ( self , ... ): Automobile . __init__ ( self , ... ) self . __xxx = xxx \u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u8c03\u7528\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 \u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282 \u00b6 \u672c\u4e66\u7b2c 12\u300113 \u5f20\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9012\u5f52\u548c GUI \u7f16\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u8bf7\u79fb\u6b65\u81f3\uff1a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5","title":"Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#python","text":"Start Out with Python (Forth Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Tony Gaddis 2019 \u7b80\u8bc4 \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u65b0\u624b\u5341\u5206\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u57fa\u7840\u4e14\u8be6\u7ec6\uff08\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f16\u7a0b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u4f1a\u6709\u4e9b\u7e41\u7410\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u8282\u540e\u4f1a\u6709 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \u6a21\u5757\u95ee\u4f60\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7a7f\u63d2\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684 \u805a\u5149\u706f \u6a21\u5757\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5757\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ece\u76ee\u6807\u5230\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5230\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5de9\u56fa\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\uff08\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u70e6\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\uff01Python \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u592a\u591a\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002\uff09 \u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7f16\u6392\u6bd4\u300a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u300b\u8981\u597d\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u4f46\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u5b8c\u672c\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u79fb\u6b65\u5230\u300aPython \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u53d9\u8ff0\u5f88\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ae0\u672b\u4e60\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505a\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u505a\u7684\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\u540e\u7684 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fa\u57ab\u3002\u805a\u5149\u706f\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\u90fd\u8981\u770b\u8fc7\u4e00\u904d\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5f88\u7ec6\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u8bd5\u4e00\u8bd5\u3002 \u5b9e\u8df5\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981 \u3002","title":"Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch1","text":"\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff1f Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u811a\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f IDLE \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3001\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u7f29\u8fdb\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u7b49\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0e\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch2","text":"","title":"Ch2. \u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u8f93\u51fa"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch3","text":"","title":"Ch3. \u9009\u62e9\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u903b\u8f91"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch4","text":"","title":"Ch4. \u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u6784"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch5","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd void \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u547d\u540d\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u540c\u3002","title":"Ch5. \u51fd\u6570"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch6","text":"","title":"Ch6. \u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5f02\u5e38"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch7","text":"\u5e8f\u5217 \u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u9879\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u4e24\u79cd \u57fa\u672c\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b \u662f\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u3002","title":"Ch7. \u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#matplotlib","text":"matplotlib \u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install matplotlib \u9644\u5f55 F\uff1a pip \u5de5\u5177 \u8bb8\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7f16\u5199\u7684 Python \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u6807\u51c6 Python \u5e93\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5728 PyPI \u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6a21\u5757\u3002 PyPI \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a \u5305 \uff0c\u4ece Python 3.4 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c pip \u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u5165\u6807\u51c6 Python\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u5de5\u5177\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u662f\u5426\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a sudo pip3 install package_name python3 >>> import package_name","title":"\u4e13\u9898\uff1amatplotlib \u5305"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch8","text":"Abstract \u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c \u9010\u5b57\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee \u8fde\u63a5 \u5207\u7247 \u67e5\u627e\u5b50\u4e32 \u91cd\u590d \u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5 \u6d4b\u8bd5 \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362 \u5206\u5272 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 for \u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u4e00\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684 \u526f\u672c \u3002\u7d22\u5f15\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u8ba1\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u51fa\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77 IndexError \u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\uff1a len() \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6 + \u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c += \u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5de6\u4fa7\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u7247\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684 Python \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002 in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002 not in \u68c0\u67e5\u5b50\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002","title":"Ch8. \u6df1\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch9","text":"Abstract \u5b57\u5178 \u96c6\u5408 \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e8f\u5217\u5316","title":"Ch9. \u5b57\u5178\u4e0e\u96c6\u5408"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch10","text":"Abstract \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b \u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b \u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u601d\u60f3\u5728 C++ \u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u516c\u5171\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002","title":"Ch10. \u7c7b\u4e0e\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#ch11","text":"\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7528\u8bcd \u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a \u8d85\u7c7b = \u57fa\u7c7b \u5b50\u7c7b = \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b \u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd is a \u5173\u7cfb \uff0c\u5373\u5b50\u7c7b\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u540d\u540e\u8ddf\u4e0a\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u540d\u5373\u53ef\uff1a class Car ( Automobile ): def __init__ ( self , ... ): Automobile . __init__ ( self , ... ) self . __xxx = xxx \u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u8c03\u7528\u8d85\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002","title":"Ch.11 \u7ee7\u627f"},{"location":"books/Archive/SOP4/#_46","text":"\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c 12\u300113 \u5f20\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9012\u5f52\u548c GUI \u7f16\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u8bf7\u79fb\u6b65\u81f3\uff1a Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5","title":"\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/","text":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5730\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u7f16\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9884\u4fee\u8981\u6c42\u662f\uff1a \u5bf9 C/C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u5bf9 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u7ecf\u9a8c \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a\u8ddf\u7740\u505a\uff0c\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u89e3\u51b3\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u6bcf\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u9644\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8282\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ee3\u7801\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u3002","title":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/#_1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5730\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u7f16\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9884\u4fee\u8981\u6c42\u662f\uff1a \u5bf9 C/C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u5bf9 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3 \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u7ecf\u9a8c \u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a\u8ddf\u7740\u505a\uff0c\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u89e3\u51b3\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u6bcf\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u9644\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8282\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ee3\u7801\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u3002","title":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter1/","text":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5feb\u901f\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u521d\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u6ca1\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e00\u5c55\u5f00 \u3002 Amdahl \u5b9a\u5f8b \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u901f\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a \\[ S=\\frac1{(1-\\alpha)+\\alpha/k} \\] \u5176\u4e2d \\(S\\) \u662f\u52a0\u901f\u524d\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(\\alpha\\) \u662f\u6240\u52a0\u901f\u90e8\u5206\u5360\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(k\\) \u662f\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\u548c\u5e76\u884c \u4e66\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a \u5e76\u53d1\uff08concurrency\uff09\u6307\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002 \u5e76\u884c\uff08parallelism\uff09\u6307\u4f7f\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002 \u66f4\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e76\u884c\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5728 \u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u4e92\u4e0d\u5e72\u6270 \u7684\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u5b89\u6392\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f7c\u6b64\u7a7f\u63d2\u7740\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5e76\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e70\u83dc\u3001\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u53bb\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8def\u9014\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u4f60\u7684\u786e\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u505a\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1b\u4f46\u8fdb\u83dc\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u63a5\u5a03\u4e09\u8005\u662f\u4e92\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u53ea\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4ef6\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5141\u8bb8\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e72\u6270\u3002 \u4e32\u884c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e76\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u5b89\u6392\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u884c\u201d\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u6267\u884c\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u4e86\u89e3\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\uff1a \u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ea7\u5e76\u53d1 \u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b \u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f \u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u72ec\u5360\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3001\u4e3b\u5b58\u548c I/O \u8bbe\u5907\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 \u5e76\u53d1 \u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u9519\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362 \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 \u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u90fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c \u5171\u4eab\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u5168\u5c40\u6570\u636e \u3002 \u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u6ee1\u8db3\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5728 \u591a\u5904\u7406\u5668 \u53ef\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u6781\u5927\u63d0\u5347\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002 \u8d85\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u53c8\u79f0\u540c\u65f6\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff0c\u6307 CPU \u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\u662f CPU \u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u786c\u4ef6\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter1/#ch1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5feb\u901f\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u521d\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u6ca1\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e00\u5c55\u5f00 \u3002 Amdahl \u5b9a\u5f8b \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u901f\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a \\[ S=\\frac1{(1-\\alpha)+\\alpha/k} \\] \u5176\u4e2d \\(S\\) \u662f\u52a0\u901f\u524d\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(\\alpha\\) \u662f\u6240\u52a0\u901f\u90e8\u5206\u5360\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\uff0c \\(k\\) \u662f\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\u548c\u5e76\u884c \u4e66\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a \u5e76\u53d1\uff08concurrency\uff09\u6307\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002 \u5e76\u884c\uff08parallelism\uff09\u6307\u4f7f\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002 \u66f4\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e76\u884c\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5728 \u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u4e92\u4e0d\u5e72\u6270 \u7684\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u5e76\u53d1\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u5b89\u6392\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f7c\u6b64\u7a7f\u63d2\u7740\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5e76\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e70\u83dc\u3001\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u53bb\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8def\u9014\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u4f60\u7684\u786e\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u505a\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1b\u4f46\u8fdb\u83dc\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u63a5\u5a03\u4e09\u8005\u662f\u4e92\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u53ea\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4ef6\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5141\u8bb8\u4e24\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e72\u6270\u3002 \u4e32\u884c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e76\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u5b89\u6392\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u884c\u201d\u662f \u4efb\u52a1\u6267\u884c\u8005 \u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u4e86\u89e3\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\uff1a \u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ea7\u5e76\u53d1 \u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b \u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f \u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u72ec\u5360\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3001\u4e3b\u5b58\u548c I/O \u8bbe\u5907\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 \u5e76\u53d1 \u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u9519\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5207\u6362 \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 \u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u90fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c \u5171\u4eab\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u5168\u5c40\u6570\u636e \u3002 \u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u6ee1\u8db3\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5728 \u591a\u5904\u7406\u5668 \u53ef\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u80fd\u6781\u5927\u63d0\u5347\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002 \u8d85\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff1a\u53c8\u79f0\u540c\u65f6\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff0c\u6307 CPU \u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\u662f CPU \u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u786c\u4ef6\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3002","title":"Ch1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 \u00b6 2.1 \u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u7f16\u7801\u6709\u5173\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u9605\u8bfb\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002 \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff1a \u719f\u8bb0 A, C, F \u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u5bf9\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u505a\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u501f\u4f4d\uff1f \u5b57\u957f \u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5b57\u957f\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u79f0\u957f\u5ea6\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u6216\u201c64 \u4f4d\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002 gcc \u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 -m32 \u548c -m64 \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u957f\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f C \u6807\u51c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8303\u56f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e0b\u754c\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0a\u754c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 C99 \u5f15\u5165\u7684 int32_t \u548c int64_t \u7b49\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\uff0c char \u7c7b\u578b\u672a\u4f5c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u5bfb\u5740\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f \u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740\u662f\u6240\u5360\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002 Intel \u673a\u5668\u4e00\u822c\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\u5b57\u8282\u653e\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 0x123456 \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u987a\u5e8f\u653e\u7f6e\u4e3a 56 34 12 \u3002 Android \u548c iOS \u90fd\u53ea\u80fd\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 ARM \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5927\u7aef/\u5c0f\u7aef\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u9001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u7f16\u5199\u89c4\u907f \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u4e66\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 show_bytes \u4f8b\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u3002 Note \u6307\u9488\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u544a\u8bc9 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u5f85\u8be5\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e66\u672c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6240\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 \u638c\u63e1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5e03\u5c14\u8fd0\u7b97\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u201c\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002 \u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u7f16\u7801\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\u9898\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u7528 a^a=0 \u6027\u8d28\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u4e09\u53d8\u91cf\u4ea4\u6362\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4f46\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6307\u9488\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6362\u65f6\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6784\u9020\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u771f\u503c\u8868\u5bfb\u627e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b80\u8bb0\uff1a\u53f3\u79fb\u65f6\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u8865 0\uff0c\u7b97\u6570\u8865\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u3002\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\u53d6\u6a21\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u4f4e\u4e8e\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002 2.2 \u6574\u6570\u8868\u793a \u00b6 \u8df3\u8fc7\uff01 2.3 \u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6","title":"Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#ch2","text":"","title":"Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#21","text":"Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u7f16\u7801\u6709\u5173\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u9605\u8bfb\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002 \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff1a \u719f\u8bb0 A, C, F \u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u5bf9\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u505a\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u501f\u4f4d\uff1f \u5b57\u957f \u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5b57\u957f\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u79f0\u957f\u5ea6\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u201c32 \u4f4d\u201d\u6216\u201c64 \u4f4d\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002 gcc \u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 -m32 \u548c -m64 \u9009\u9879\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u957f\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f C \u6807\u51c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8303\u56f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e0b\u754c\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0a\u754c\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 C99 \u5f15\u5165\u7684 int32_t \u548c int64_t \u7b49\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\uff0c char \u7c7b\u578b\u672a\u4f5c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u5bfb\u5740\u548c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f \u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740\u662f\u6240\u5360\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002 Intel \u673a\u5668\u4e00\u822c\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\u5b57\u8282\u653e\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 0x123456 \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u987a\u5e8f\u653e\u7f6e\u4e3a 56 34 12 \u3002 Android \u548c iOS \u90fd\u53ea\u80fd\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u7aef\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u5728 ARM \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u5927\u7aef/\u5c0f\u7aef\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u9001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u7f16\u5199\u89c4\u907f \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u4e66\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 show_bytes \u4f8b\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u987a\u5e8f\u3002 Note \u6307\u9488\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u544a\u8bc9 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u5f85\u8be5\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e66\u672c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6240\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 \u638c\u63e1\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5e03\u5c14\u8fd0\u7b97\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u201c\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002 \u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u7f16\u7801\u3002 \u7ec3\u4e60\u9898\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u7528 a^a=0 \u6027\u8d28\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u4e09\u53d8\u91cf\u4ea4\u6362\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4f46\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6307\u9488\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6362\u65f6\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6784\u9020\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u771f\u503c\u8868\u5bfb\u627e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b80\u8bb0\uff1a\u53f3\u79fb\u65f6\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u8865 0\uff0c\u7b97\u6570\u8865\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u3002\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\u53d6\u6a21\u3002 \u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u4f4e\u4e8e\u52a0\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002","title":"2.1 \u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#22","text":"\u8df3\u8fc7\uff01","title":"2.2 \u6574\u6570\u8868\u793a"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter2/#23","text":"","title":"2.3 \u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5b66\u4e60\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u7ae0\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u638c\u63e1\u7f16\u8bd1\u3001\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u9605\u8bfb\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u3002 \u672c\u7ae0\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177 \u00b6 gcc -Og -S test.c -S : \u8c03\u7528 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210 \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801 \uff08 .s \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -c : \u8c03\u7528 \u6c47\u7f16\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210\u672a\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u6ca1\u586b\u5165\u5168\u5c40\u503c\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff09\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 \u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \uff08 .o \u6216 .obj \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -o : \u6307\u5b9a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \u540d\uff08 .exe \u6216\u65e0\u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -Og : \uff08\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\uff09\u751f\u6210\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u59cb C \u4ee3\u7801\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u5177\u3002 -O1, -O2 : \u8f83\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4f18\u5316 objdump -d test.o -f : display file header information GDB \u8c03\u8bd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u4ee3\u7801 \u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u786e\u5b9a\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 (gdb) x/14xb multstore 3.1 \u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u70b9 \u00b6 Intel \u5904\u7406\u5668\u7cfb\u5217\u79f0\u4e3a x86 \u3002 x86-64 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00 \uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\u548c\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002 \u5b83\u517c\u5bb9\u5b83\u7684 32 \u4f4d\u524d\u8eab\u2014\u2014 IA32 \uff08INtel Architecture 32-bit\uff09\u3002 8086 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5355\u82af\u7247\u300116 \u4f4d\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 i386 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u6269\u5c55\u5230 32 \u4f4d\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 \u5e73\u5766\u5bfb\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f \uff0cLinux \u548c Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 3.2 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u7801 \u00b6 \u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7f16\u7a0b\u524d\uff0c\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e24\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u67b6\u6784\u548c\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u67b6\u6784/\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784 \uff08Instruction Set Architecture, ISA\uff09\uff1a\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u7406\u5668\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u6307\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u6307\u4ee4\u5bf9\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 ISA \u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u786c\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\u8fdc\u6bd4\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u6267\u884c\u8bb8\u591a\u6307\u4ee4\u3002 \u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740 \uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u6a21\u578b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u800c\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u9645\u5b9e\u73b0\u662f\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7ec4\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u7f16\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u89c1\u5230 C \u5bf9\u4f60\u9690\u85cf\u7684 \u5904\u7406\u5668\u72b6\u6001 \uff1a \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\uff08Program Counter\uff09\uff1a %rip \uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0b\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002 \u6574\u6570 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u5305\u542b 16 \u4e2a\u547d\u540d\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5b58\u50a8 64 \u4f4d \u503c\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u5730\u5740\uff08\u6307\u9488\uff09\u6216\u6574\u6570\u6570\u636e\u3002 \u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u7a0b\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e34\u65f6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 \u6761\u4ef6\u7801 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a\u6700\u8fd1\u6267\u884c\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0 \u63a7\u5236\u6216\u6570\u636e\u6d41 \u4e2d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u5316 \u4e00\u7ec4 \u5411\u91cf \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6574\u6570/\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u3002 \u4ece C \u5230\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a \u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u5c06\u5185\u5b58\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u770b\u4f5c \u6309\u5b57\u8282\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u6570\u7ec4 \u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740 \u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5185\u5b58\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u9700\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684 \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6808 \uff0c\u7528\u6237\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u5757\uff08malloc\uff09\u3002 \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ffb\u8bd1\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u5185\u5b58\u7269\u7406\u5730\u5740 \u3002 \u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4\u4ec5\u6267\u884c\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u76f8\u52a0\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9001\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u5230\u65b0\u6307\u4ee4\u5730\u5740 \u3002\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u7279\u6027\uff1a x86-64 \u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u957f\u5ea6\uff1a1-15 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u4e0d\u7b49\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u6240\u9700\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u8f83\u5c11 \u6307\u4ee4\u8bbe\u8ba1\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a\u67d0\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b57\u8282\u53ef\u4ee5\u552f\u4e00\u89e3\u7801\u6210\u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u5982\u53ea\u6709 pushq %rbx \u662f\u4ee5\u5b57\u8282\u503c 53 \u5f00\u5934 \u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\uff1a\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u5e8f\u5217\u786e\u5b9a\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\uff1b\u6307\u4ee4\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e GCC \u6709\u4e9b\u7ec6\u5fae\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 GCC \u7701\u7565\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6307\u4ee4\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684 q\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540e\u7f00\u662f \u5927\u5c0f\u6307\u793a\u7b26 \uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565 \u5bf9 \u4e00\u7ec4\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6 \u8fd0\u884c\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u7ec8\u6b62\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u548c\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u4ee3\u7801 \u94fe\u63a5\u540e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5de6\u4fa7\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u5c06\u5730\u5740\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\uff1b\u4e14\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u586b\u5145\u4e86 callq \u6307\u4ee4\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff08\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u627e\u5230\u5339\u914d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09 nop(hex = 90) \u6307\u4ee4\uff1a\u5bf9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u53d8\u4e3a 16 \u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u653e\u7f6e\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a . \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u884c\u90fd\u662f\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u548c \u94fe\u63a5\u5668 \u7684\u4f2a\u6307\u4ee4 \u4e66\u672c\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u57fa\u4e8e ATT \uff0c\u4e0e GCC\u3001OBJDUMP \u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u76f8\u540c Intel \u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u88ab Microsoft \u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6240\u91c7\u7528 \u7701\u7565\u6307\u793a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u540e\u7f00\u5982 q \u7701\u7565\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u524d\u7684 % \u63cf\u8ff0\u5185\u5b58\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c \u5217\u51fa\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0e ATT \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u5f15\u8d77\u6781\u5927\u56f0\u60d1 \u5728 C \u4e2d\u5d4c\u5165\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a \u7528\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u5199\u6574\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728 \u94fe\u63a5 \u9636\u6bb5\u5408\u5e76 \u5229\u7528 GCC \u76f4\u63a5\u5728 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d \u5d4c\u5165\u4ee3\u7801\uff08\u5185\u8054\u6c47\u7f16 inline assembly\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 asm \u4f2a\u6307\u4ee4\u5728 C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u3002 \u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u76f8\u5173 3.3 \u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f \u00b6 \u672f\u8bed\uff1a \u5b57\u8282 byte: 8 \u4f4d \u5b57 word\uff1a16 \u4f4d \u53cc\u5b57 double words\uff1a32 \u4f4d\uff0832 \u4f4d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u957f\u5b57 long word\uff09 \u56db\u5b57 quad words\uff1a64 \u4f4d C \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b Intel \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u540e\u7f00 \u5927\u5c0f(byte) \u5927\u5c0f(bit) char \u5b57\u8282 b 1 8 short \u5b57 w 2 16 int \u53cc\u5b57 l 4 32 long \u56db\u5b57 q 8 64 \u6307\u9488 \u56db\u5b57 q 8 float \u5355\u7cbe\u5ea6 s 4 double \u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6 l 8 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9001\u6307\u4ee4\u6709\uff1a movb, movw, movl, movq \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4 \u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 3.4 \u8bbf\u95ee\u4fe1\u606f \u00b6 Summary: x86-64 \u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 \u901a\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a16 \u4e2a\u5b58\u50a8 64 \u4f4d\u503c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5 %r \u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u540d\u662f\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u5316\u9020\u6210\u7684 %rsp %esp %sp %spl : \u6808\u6307\u9488\u6700\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\uff0c\u6307\u660e\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6808\u7684 \u7ed3\u675f\u4f4d\u7f6e \uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u660e\u786e\u8bfb\u5199\u8be5\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 %rax %eax %ax %al : \u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u7528 %rbx %ebx %bx %bl : \u8c03\u7528\u8005\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002c,d \u662f\uff0c\u7b2c 4\u30013 \u4e2a\u53c2\u6570 %rdi %edi %di %dil : \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f s \u6761\u4ef6\u7801\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a PF(parity flag) : \u5947\u5076\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5f53\u6267\u884c\u7b97\u672f\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f97\u5230 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c \u7684\u4f4e 8 \u4f4d\u4e2d\u6709\u5076\u6570\u4e2a 1\uff0c\u8be5\u4f4d\u7f6e 1\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u7f6e 0\u3002\u5728 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u8ba1\u7b97\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981 7 \u6b21\u4f4d\u79fb\u3001\u63a9\u7801\u3001\u5f02\u6216\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002 \u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5c0f\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206 \u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5b57\u8282 \u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u89c4\u5219\uff1a1\u30012 \u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\uff0c 4 \u5b57\u8282\u6307\u4ee4\u5c06\u9ad8\u4f4d\u5168\u90e8\u7f6e 0 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ece IA32 \u5230 x86-64 \u6269\u5c55\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u7684 \u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u00b6 \u6570\u636e\u8bfb\u51fa\uff1a\u5e38\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58\uff1b\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u653e\uff1a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58 \u7acb\u5373\u6570 \uff1a\u8868\u793a\u5e38\u6570\u503c\uff1a $0x1F \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6 C \u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u8868\u793a\u6574\u6570\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u6307\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u7acb\u5373\u6570 \u503c\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u540c \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \uff1a r_a \u8868\u793a\u4efb\u610f\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0c R[r_a] \u8868\u793a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u503c \u5185\u5b58\u5f15\u7528 \uff1a \u6839\u636e \u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u8bbf\u95ee\u67d0\u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 M_b[Addr] \uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u4ece Addr \u5f00\u59cb\u7684 \\(b\\) \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5e38\u7701\u53bb\u4e0b\u6807 \\(b\\) \u5185\u5b58\u5f15\u7528 \u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u56db\u5b57\u957f\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7ed9\u51fa \uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6216\u53cc\u5b57 \u5bfb\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f \uff1a Imm(r_b, r_i, s) = M[Imm + R[r_b] + R[r_i]*s] \u6bd4\u4f8b\u53d8\u5740\u5bfb\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\u901a\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f Imm : \u7acb\u5373\u6570\u504f\u79fb R[r_b] : \u57fa\u5740\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0864 \u4f4d\uff09 R[r_i] : \u53d8\u5740\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0864 \u4f4d\uff09 s : \u6bd4\u4f8b\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f \\(1,2,4,8\\) \u4f8b\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97 260(%rax,%rdx,4) \u7684\u503c \u6307\u4ee4 \u00b6 \u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u6307\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u6bcf\u4e00\u7c7b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684 \u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8981\u6c42 \u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684 \u8bbf\u95ee\u4fe1\u606f \u00b6 \u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9001 \uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6e90/\u76ee\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u6267\u884c\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u76f8\u540c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6267\u884c\u5212\u4e3a\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0d\u540c MOV S,D \u7c7b \uff1a\u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u4ece S \u5230 D movb, movw, movl, movq, movabsq S\uff08\u6e90\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff09 \u5e94\u5f53\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a \u7acb\u5373\u6570 \uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d D\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff09 \u5e94\u5f53\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u8005\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 \u4e24\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5185\u5b58 \uff1a \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8f7d\u5165\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0c\u518d\u5199\u5165\u76ee\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e movq %rax, -12(%rbp) \\\\register--memory 8bytes movb (%rdi, %rcx),%al \\\\memory--register 1bytes movabsq : \u5904\u7406 64 \u4f4d \u7acb\u5373\u6570\u6570\u636e \uff0c\u4ec5\u4ee5 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5e38\u89c4 movq \u4ec5\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4e3a 32 \u4f4d\u8865\u7801\u6570\u5b57 \u7684\u7acb\u5373\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6e90\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55\u5f97\u5230 64 \u4f4d\u503c\uff08\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f \u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55 \uff1f\uff09 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u79fb\u52a8\u6307\u4ee4\u5c06\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6e90\u503c\u590d\u5236\u5230\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u6e90\uff0c \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684 \u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u7f00\u6307\u793a\u6e90\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6307\u793a\u76ee\u7684\u5927\u5c0f MOVZ \u96f6\u6269\u5c55\uff08zero-extend\uff09\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u4f4d\u586b\u5145 0 movzbw, movzbl, movzwl, movzbq, movzwq \u6ca1\u6709 movzlq \u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 movl \u5b9e\u73b0 MOVS \u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55\uff08sign-extend\uff09\uff0c\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u590d\u5236 movsbw, movsbl, movswl, movsbq, movswq, movslq, cltq cltq : \u5c06 %eax \u7b26\u53f7\u6269\u5c55\u5230 %rax \uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e movslq %eax,%rax \u6570\u636e\u4f20\u9001\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u793a\u4f8b long exchange ( long * xp , long y ){ long x = * xp ; * xp = y ; return x ; } exchange: movq (%rdi), %rax movq %rsi, (%rdi) ret \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u70b9\uff1a \u6307\u9488\u5c31\u662f\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u6307\u9488\u653e\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u95f4\u63a5\u5bfb\u5740\uff09\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u901a\u5e38\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u5f97\u591a \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7b26\u53f7/\u96f6\u6269\u5c55\uff08\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6570\u636e\u79fb\u52a8\u6307\u4ee4 \u6280\u80fd\uff1aGCC \u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0a\u6709\u540e\u7f00\uff0c\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u662f\uff1a \u901a\u8fc7\u8bc6\u522b\u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u540e\u7f00 \u538b\u5165\u548c\u5f39\u51fa\u6808\u6570\u636e \uff1a\u6808 \u5411\u4e0b\uff08\u5c0f\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff09\u589e\u957f \uff0c\u6808\u9876\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5730\u5740\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6808\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u5730\u5740\u6700\u4f4e\u7684 pushq, popq pushq %rbp \u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\uff1a subq $8, %rsp; movq %rbq,(%rsp) \uff0c\u5148\u9012\u51cf\u6808\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u503c\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u4f4d\u7f6e \u3010Question\u3011 movq 8(%rsp),%rdx \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f \u7b97\u672f\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u64cd\u4f5c \u00b6 \u5206\u6210\u56db\u7ec4\uff1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5740\u3001\u4e00\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u4e8c\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u79fb\u4f4d leaq INC,DEC,NEG,NOT ADD,SUB,IMUL,XOR,OR,AND SAL,SHL,SAR,SHR \u52a0\u8f7d\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5740\uff08load effective address\uff09\uff1a \u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8bfb\u5165\u6570\u636e \uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5c06\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5740\u5199\u5165* \u76ee\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff09 leaq 7(%rdx,%rdx,4),%rax leaq \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7075\u6d3b\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u5e38\u5e38\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c \u52a0\u6cd5\u548c\u6709\u9650\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e58\u6cd5 \uff0c\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u7b80\u5355\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u5904 \u4e00\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u6e90\u53c8\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6216\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 \u4e8c\u5143\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u65e2\u662f\u6e90\u53c8\u662f\u76ee\u7684 \uff0c\u6e90\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u7acb\u5373\u6570\u3001\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u4f4d\u7f6e \uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u4f4d\u7f6e \u5f53\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u65f6\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8bfb\u51fa\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u518d\u5199\u56de \u79fb\u4f4d\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u7ed9\u51fa \u79fb\u4f4d\u91cf\uff08\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u7acb\u5373\u6570\u6216\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u5355\u5b57\u8282 %cl \u4e2d\uff09 \uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9879\u662f\u8981\u79fb\u4f4d\u7684\u6570 \u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u79fb\u4f4d\u8303\u56f4\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86 255 \u5bf9 \\(w\\) \u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u79fb\u4f4d\u91cf\u662f\u7531 %cl \u7684\u4f4e \\(\\log_2 w\\) \u4f4d\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u9ad8\u4f4d\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565 \u4f8b\uff1a %cl = 0xFF \u65f6\uff0c salb \u79fb\u52a8 \\(7\\) \u4f4d\uff0c salq \u79fb\u52a8 \\(63\\) \u4f4d \u5de6\u79fb\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684 \u3010\u8ba8\u8bba\u3011 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u8fd0\u7b97\u548c \u8865\u7801\u8fd0\u7b97 \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8865\u7801\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u56e0 \u53ea\u6709 \u53f3\u79fb \u64cd\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206\u6709\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7","title":"Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/#ch3","text":"Abstract \u672c\u7ae0\u5b66\u4e60\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u672c\u7ae0\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u638c\u63e1\u7f16\u8bd1\u3001\u53cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u9605\u8bfb\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801\u3002","title":"Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/#_1","text":"gcc -Og -S test.c -S : \u8c03\u7528 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210 \u6c47\u7f16\u4ee3\u7801 \uff08 .s \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -c : \u8c03\u7528 \u6c47\u7f16\u5668 \uff0c\u751f\u6210\u672a\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u6ca1\u586b\u5165\u5168\u5c40\u503c\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff09\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 \u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \uff08 .o \u6216 .obj \u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -o : \u6307\u5b9a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\uff09 \u540d\uff08 .exe \u6216\u65e0\u540e\u7f00\uff09\u3002 -Og : \uff08\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\uff09\u751f\u6210\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u59cb C \u4ee3\u7801\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u5177\u3002 -O1, -O2 : \u8f83\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4f18\u5316 objdump -d test.o -f : display file header information GDB \u8c03\u8bd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u4ee3\u7801 \u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5668\u786e\u5b9a\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u957f\u5ea6 (gdb) x/14xb multstore","title":"\u672c\u7ae0\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5230\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177"},{"location":"books/CSAPP/Chapter3/#31","text":"Intel \u5904\u7406\u5668\u7cfb\u5217\u79f0\u4e3a x86 \u3002 x86-64 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u673a\u5668\u8bed\u8a00 \uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\u548c\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002 \u5b83\u517c\u5bb9\u5b83\u7684 32 \u4f4d\u524d\u8eab\u2014\u2014 IA32 \uff08INtel Architecture 32-bit\uff09\u3002 8086 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5355\u82af\u7247\u300116 \u4f4d\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 i386 \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u6269\u5c55\u5230 32 \u4f4d\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 \u5e73\u5766\u5bfb\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f \uff0cLinux \u548c Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002","title":"3.1 \u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u70b9"},{"location":"books/FOCS/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 \u00b6 Foundations Of Computer Science (4 th Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Behrouz A. Forouzan 2022 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u91c7\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u3002\u4ec5\u5728\u672c\u6982\u8ff0\u90e8\u5206\u5217\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587\u76ee\u5f55 \u7ae0\u8282\u76ee\u5f55 \u00b6 \u7b2c 1 \u7ae0 \u7eea\u8bba Introduction \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c 2 \u7ae0 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf Number Systems \u7b2c 3 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8 \u7b2c 4 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u786c\u4ef6 \u7b2c 5 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210 \u7b2c 6 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u56e0\u7279\u7f51 \u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6 \u7b2c 7 \u7ae0 \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf \u7b2c 8 \u7ae0 \u7b97\u6cd5 \u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00 Programming Language \u7b2c 10 \u7ae0 \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b \u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61 \u7b2c 11 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 12 \u7ae0 \u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7b2c 13 \u7ae0 \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 14 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 15 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29 \u7b2c 16 \u7ae0 \u5b89\u5168 \u7b2c 17 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba \u7b2c 18 \u7ae0 \u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd \u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 19 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5bfc\u8bba \u7b2c 20 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898 \u9644\u5f55 \u9644\u5f55 A Unicode \u9644\u5f55 B UML \u9644\u5f55 C \u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801 \u9644\u5f55 D \u7ed3\u6784\u56fe \u9644\u5f55 E \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7535\u8def \u9644\u5f55 F C\u3001C++ \u548c Java \u7a0b\u5e8f\u793a\u4f8b \u9644\u5f55 G \u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6 \u9644\u5f55 H \u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u7ea0\u6b63 \u9644\u5f55 I \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u6574\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u9644\u5f55 J \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 Ch1. \u7eea\u8bba \u00b6 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u901a\u7528 \u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210 \u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c \u3002 \u56fe\u7075\u57281936\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 \u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3 \u539f\u59cb\u8bba\u6587\uff1aOn Computable Numbers\uff0cwith an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem \u672c\u4e66\u4e3e\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff1a\u7531\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u8f83\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7531 4 \u4e2a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u3001\u7b97\u672f\u903b\u8f91\u5355\u5143\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5355\u5143\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5355\u5143\u3002 \u6307\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5386\u53f2 \u673a\u68b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\uff1a1930 \u5e74\u4ee5\u524d \u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1930~1950 \u5e74 \u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1950 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca \u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1959~1965\uff1a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1965~1975\uff1a\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def \u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1975~1985\uff1a\u5fae\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc \u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1985~\uff1a\u638c\u4e0a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u53f0\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u5b58\u50a8\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u865a\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e... \u9644\u5f55 B\uff1aUML \u56fe \u00b6 UML \u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u5efa\u6a21\u8bed\u8a00 Unified Modeling Language\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u89c6\u56fe\u3002 \u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\uff1a \u72b6\u6001\u56fe\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e94\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7 Ch.2 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f \u719f\u6089\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u548c\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u7b97\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0cCSAPP \u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002 CSAPP\uff1a\u5efa\u8bae\u4f60\u53cd\u590d\u9605\u8bfb\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4f60\u5bf9\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6709\u4e86 \u7262\u56fa\u7684\u76f4\u89c9 \u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u975e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7f57\u9a6c\u6570\u5b57\u7b49\uff09 \u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u7528 UML \u56fe\u8868\u793a\uff09 \u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u9664 \u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u4e58 \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a \\(n\\) \u4f4d\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u8ba1\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff1f Ch.3 \u6570\u636e\u50a8\u5b58 \u00b6 \u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u6587\u672c\u3001\u97f3\u9891\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u9605\u76f8\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6587\u6863\u3002 \u63cf\u8ff0\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b58\u50a8\u6574\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u54ea\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\uff1f\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u6ea2\u51fa\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\uff1f \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u539f\u7801\uff09 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u672c\u4e66\u672a\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff09 CSAPP\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u628a\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u770b\u4f5c\u6743\u91cd\u4e3a \\(-2^{w-1}\\) \u7684\u4f4d \u5c1d\u8bd5\u7ed9\u51fa\u53cd\u7801\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u7801\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u5efa\u7684\uff1f \u6ce8\u610f \u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c \u548c \u6574\u6570\u7684\u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a 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\u8fd8\u539f\uff1a\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u89e3\u7801\u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf\uff0c\u53bb\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u5c3e\u6570\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u8f6c\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7b26\u53f7 \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u4e0a\u6ea2\u548c\u4e0b\u6ea2 \uff1a\u4e3e\u4f8b\u5355\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u6700\u5927\u8d1f\u503c\u4e3a \\(-(1-2^{-24})\\times 2^{+128}\\) \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3e\u6570 23 \u4f4d\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u4e3a \\(2^{24}-1\\) \uff0c\u6307\u6570 8 \u4f4d\u4f59\u7801\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u4e3a \\(2^{8-1}=128\\) \u3002\u6700\u5c0f\u8d1f\u503c\u4e3a \\(-(1-2^{-1})\\times 2^{-127}\\) \u96f6\u7684\u7ea6\u5b9a\uff1a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f \u622a\u65ad\u9519\u8bef \uff1f \u5b58\u50a8\u6587\u672c \u00b6 \u8865\u5145\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1aASCII \u548c Unicode \u7f16\u7801\u7c7b\u578b \u4f4d\u6570 ASCII 7 \u6269\u5c55 ASCII 8 Unicode 32 UNICODE \u7684\u7f16\u7801\u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 \u6bcf\u4e2a Unicode \u7f16\u7801\u4ee5\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a\u4e3a U-XXXXXXXX \u524d 16 \u4f4d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e73\u9762 \u540e 16 \u4f4d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26 ASCII \u5360\u636e Unicode \u4e2d\u524d 128 \u4e2a\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u5373 U-00000000 ~ U-0000007F ASCII \u8868\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6 \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7b26 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236 \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236 \u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26 0 00 \u7a7a\u683c 32 20 0 48 30 9 57 39 A 65 41 Z 90 5A a 97 61 z 122 7A \u5220\u9664 127 7F \u5b58\u50a8\u97f3\u9891 \u00b6 \u6587\u672c\u662f \u6570\u5b57 \u6570\u636e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u97f3\u9891\u662f \u6a21\u62df \u6570\u636e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002 \u91c7\u6837 \u91c7\u6837\u7387 \u91cf\u5316\uff1a\u622a\u53d6\u4e3a\u6700\u8fd1\u6574\u6570\u503c \u7f16\u7801 \u4f4d\u6df1\u5ea6\uff1a\u6bcf\u6837\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u4f4d\u6570 \u4f4d\u7387\uff1a\u6bcf\u79d2\u97f3\u9891\u4f4d\u6570\uff08\u4f4d\u7387\uff09=\u6df1\u5ea6 x \u6bcf\u79d2\u6837\u672c\u6570 $ R = B \\times S$ \u58f0\u97f3\u7f16\u7801\u6807\u51c6\uff1aMP3\uff08MPEG Layer3\uff09\uff0cS=44100\uff0cB=16\uff0cR=705600b/s\uff0c\u518d\u53bb\u6389\u4eba\u8033\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u538b\u7f29 \u5b58\u50a8\u56fe\u50cf \u00b6 \u5149\u6805\u56fe\u6216\u77e2\u91cf\u56fe \u5149\u6805\u56fe \u00b6 \u91c7\u6837\u79f0\u4e3a \u626b\u63cf \uff0c\u6837\u672c\u79f0\u4e3a\u50cf\u7d20 \u89e3\u6790\u5ea6\uff1a\u626b\u63cf\u7387\uff0c\u6bcf\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u65b9\u5757\u8bb0\u5f55\u591a\u5c11\u50cf\u7d20\u3002 \u8272\u5f69\u6df1\u5ea6\uff1a \u771f\u5f69\u8272\uff1a24 \u4f4d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e09\u539f\u8272 RGB \u8868\u793a\u4e3a 8 \u4f4d\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u8272\u5f69\u90fd\u7531 0~255 \u4e4b\u95f4\u8868\u793a \u7d22\u5f15\u8272\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u7d22\u5f15\u8272\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5efa\u7acb\u7d22\u5f15 \u56fe\u50cf\u7f16\u7801\u6807\u51c6\uff1a JPEG \u4f7f\u7528\u771f\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4f46\u538b\u7f29\u56fe\u50cf\u51cf\u5c11\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u91cf GIF \u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u8272\u6a21\u5f0f \u77e2\u91cf\u56fe \u00b6 \u7531\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4f55\u7ed8\u5236\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u547d\u4ee4\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8981\u663e\u793a\u56fe\u50cf\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f9d\u636e\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u5927\u5c0f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u7ed8\u5236\u56fe\u5f62\u3002 TrueType\uff0cPostScript \u548c CAD\uff08\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u77e2\u91cf\u56fe \u5b58\u50a8\u89c6\u9891 \u00b6 \u89c6\u9891\u662f\u968f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u5355\u4e2a\u56fe\u50cf\uff09\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fe\u50cf\uff09\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8868\u73b0 Ch4. \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97 \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u4f4d\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97 \u975e\u3001\u4e0e\u3001\u6216\u548c\u5f02\u6216 \u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u6a21\u62df\u5f02\u6216\uff1f\u5f02\u6216\u7684\u7279\u6027 \u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\uff1a\u6c42\u53cd\u3001\u4f7f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u590d\u4f4d\uff08\u7f6e 0\uff09\u3001\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f4d\uff08\u7f6e 1\uff09\u3001\u4f7f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u53cd\u8f6c \u63a9\u7801 \u79fb\u4f4d\uff08Shift\uff09\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u903b\u8f91\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4e0d\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u6570\u7684\u7b26\u53f7 \u586b 0 \u6216\u5faa\u73af\u79fb\u4f4d\uff08\u65cb\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7b97\uff09 \u7b97\u6570\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97 \u5047\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801 \u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u3002 \u7b97\u6570\u53f3\u79fb\u5bf9\u6574\u6570\u9664\u4e8c\uff0c\u7b97\u6570\u5de6\u79fb\u5bf9\u6574\u6570\u4e58\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd0\u7b97\u672c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6539\u53d8\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d \u7b97\u6570\u53f3\u79fb\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u590d\u5236\u5165\u53f3\u4fa7\u4f4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fdd\u5b58\u7b26\u53f7 \u7b97\u6570\u5de6\u79fb\uff1a\u4e22\u5f03\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5de6\u8fb9\u4e3a\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65b0\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u4e0e\u539f\u5148\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u8fd0\u7b97 \u6210\u529f \uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53d1\u751f\u6ea2\u51fa \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97 \u00b6 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\u4e2d\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u9047\u5230\u51cf\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u52a0\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6570\u6c42\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8865 \u52a0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38 \u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u539f\u7801\uff0c\u53cd\u7801\uff0c\u8865\u7801\u7684\u539f\u7406 \u00b6 \u82b1\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7406\u89e3\u8865\u7801\u7684\u6784\u9020\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u903b\u8f91\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ea\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u51cf\u6cd5 \u7531\u4e8e\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u52a0\u6cd5\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c \u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0b\u7684\u52a0\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ed\u73af \u7531\u4e0a\u9762\u4e09\u6761\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u95ed\u73af\u4e2d\u7528\u52a0\u6cd5\u6a21\u62df\u51cf\u6cd5 \u6570\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(\\omega\\) \u7684\u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6a21\u4e3a \\(2^{\\omega}\\) \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u5728\u957f\u5ea6 \\(0\\sim 2^{\\omega}-1\\) \u7684\u73af\u5185 \u8981\u7528\u52a0\u6cd5\u6a21\u62df\u51cf\u6cd5 \\(a - b = c\\) \uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u627e\u5230 \\(d\\) \u4f7f\u5f97 $ (a + d)mod 2^\\omega = c$ \u753b\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u51fa\u52a0\u5230 \\(c\\) \u548c\u51cf\u5230 \\(c\\) \u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7ed5\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5708\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a \\(d = 2^\\omega - b\\) \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b49\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4ece\u8d1f\u6570 \\(-b\\) \u5230 \\(x_d\\) \u7684\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6620\u5c04\u628a\u8d1f\u6574\u6570 \\(b\\) \u6620\u5c04\u4e3a \\(d = 2^\\omega - b\\) \u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c \\(d\\) \u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f \\(-b\\) \u7684\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u5c31\u662f\u8865\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u5148\u53d6\u53cd\u7801\u518d+1 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u518d\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5 0110 - 0010 = 0100 \u5373 6-2=4 \u4e3a\u4f8b \\(x\\) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u6570 \u627e\u5230 \\(d=10000-0010=1110\\) \u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a \\(d\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53d6\u53cd\u7801\u518d+1 \u7684\u627e\u5230 \u3002 \u539f\u7406\uff1a \\( \\({|x|}_\u53cd+|x| = 2^\\omega-1\\) \\) \\(0110 + 1110 = 10100\\) \u53d6\u6a21\u540e\u5373\u4e3a \\(0100\\) \u539f\u7406\uff1a\u8d1f\u6570\u7684\u8865\u7801\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u52a0\u7b49\u4e8e\u6a21\uff08\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u95ed\u73af\u5185\u7ed5\u4e00\u5708\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09 \\[2^\\omega = x_\u8865 + |x| \\] \u7531\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u7801\u548c\u8865\u7801\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a \\(x_\u8865={|x|}_\u53cd+1\\) \u8981\u628a \\(1110\\) \u6620\u5c04\u4e3a \\(-2\\) \uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u628a\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a \\(-8\\) \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u628a\u6700\u5de6\u4fa7\u4f4d\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a \\(-8\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u5462\uff1f \u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86 \\(-16\\) \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u8f6c\u4e86\u4e00\u5708 \u3002 \\(14-16=-2\\) \u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u9898\u76ee\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f ~x \u7684\u503c\u662f\u591a\u5c11\uff1f \u5199\u51fa\u4e09\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u6570\u5b57\u5230\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\uff0c\u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u6570\u5b57\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u5206\u6bb5\u51fd\u6570\u5206\u7c7b\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u5230\uff0c ~x = \\(-1-x\\) \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\uff08\u539f\u7801\uff09\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u4e00\u5171\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651 8 \u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u52a0\u6cd5 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u7528\u5f02\u6216\u68c0\u67e5\u4e24\u6570\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027 \u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a\u82e5\u7b26\u53f7\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u52a0\uff1b\u82e5\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u51cf\uff08\u51cf\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8865\u7801\u52a0\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u7b26\u53f7 \u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u4e0a\u6ea2\uff1a\u5982\u679c \\(A\\geq B\\) \u5219\u6709\u4e0a\u6ea2\uff08\u6a21\u8fd0\u7b97\u540e\u820d\u5f03\uff09 \u5982\u679c \\(A < B\\) \u5219\u65e0\u4e0a\u6ea2\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u53d6\u5176\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u90e8\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8865\u7801\u5f0f\u7684\u51cf\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u53d6\u8865\u7801\u5c31\u662f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5148\u524d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u56de\u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8868\u793a\uff09 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u4f4d\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u5206\u5f00\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51cf\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7b97\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0e\u8865\u7801\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a17-22\uff0c $ 0010001-0010110 = 0010001 + 1101010 = 1111011$\uff0c\u6240\u5f97\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u8865\u7801\u4ee5\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u5c06\u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a \u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u5bf9\u9f50\u540e\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u683c\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u4e24\u6574\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u6cd5\u548c\u51cf\u6cd5 \u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u52a0\u6cd5 \u53bb\u89c4\u8303\u5316 \u4f7f\u6307\u6570\u76f8\u7b49 \u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4e0a\u6ea2 \u89c4\u8303\u5316 \u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165\uff0c\u505c\u6b62 Ch.5 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210 \u00b6 \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u5b58\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf CPU \u00b6 CPU \u7531\u54ea\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u4f60\u80fd\u8bf4\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f PC\uff0cIR \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u4e3b\u5b58 \u00b6 \u5b57\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5730\u5740\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f64kb\uff0c1b \u5b57\u957f\u7684\u4e3b\u5b58\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1f Note \u5355\u4f4d \u786e\u5207\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570 \u8fd1\u4f3c KB \\(2^{10}\\) 1024 \\(10^3\\) megabyte \\(2^{20}\\) 1048576 \\(10^6\\) gigabyte \\(2^{30}\\) 1073741824 \\(10^{9}\\) \u4e00\u4e2a\u6709 N \u5b57\u7684\u4e3b\u5b58\u9700\u8981\u591a\u957f\u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u5730\u5740\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0 RAM\uff08SRAM\uff0cDRAM\uff09\u548c ROM \u7535\u8111\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff1f\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u5462\uff1f ROM\u3001PROM\u3001EPROM\u3001EEPROM\u3001Flash Memory \u5206\u522b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u8865\u5145\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u7535\u8def\u6807\u8bc6 \u7b80\u8ff0\u975e\u95e8\u3001\u4e0e\u975e\u95e8\u3001\u6216\u975e\u95e8\u7684\u7535\u8def\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u7528\u51e0\u4e2a\u7535\u63a7\u5f00\u5173\uff1f \u518d\u6b21\u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5f02\u6216\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u95e8\u6216\u95e8\u6a21\u62df\uff1f \u6211\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a \\(x XOR y = (x OR y) AND (NOT(xANDy))\\) \u8fd9\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0e\u95e8\u6216\u95e8\u771f\u503c\u8868\u540e\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u7684 \\(xORy=((NOTx)ANDy)OR(xAND(NOTy))\\) \u8fd9\u662f\u601d\u8003\u5f02\u6216\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5c31\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e0e\u95e8\u5224\u65ad \u8865\u5145\uff1a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u90e8\u5206-\u300a\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u300b \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u4e0e\u547d\u9898\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u8865-\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u548c-\u6790\u53d6\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u79ef-\u5408\u53d6 \u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u53d8\u5143\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97 \u601d\u8003\uff1a\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 n \u5143\u5e03\u5c14\u51fd\u6570\uff1f \u5438\u6536\u5f8b\uff1a \u00b6 \u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a $ x \\cdot(x^\\prime+y) = x \\cdot y$ \u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u5206\u914d\u5f8b\u5f97 \\((x \\cdot x^\\prime)+(x\\cdot y)\\) \u5de6\u4fa7\u662f 0\uff0c\u6d88\u53bb \u300a\u79bb\u6563\u6570\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a \\(x+xy=x;x(x+y)=x\\) \u901a\u8fc7\u771f\u503c\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u5e03\u5c14\u548c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86 x \u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u79ef\u524a\u5f31\u4e86 y \u7684\u4f5c\u7528 \u771f\u503c\u8868\u4e0e\u5230\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u4e92\u5316\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5316\u7b80 \u00b6 \u548c\u4e4b\u79ef\u6cd5\u4e0e\u79ef\u4e4b\u548c\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e92\u8865\u9879\u5408\u5e76\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8fd0\u7b97\u5b8c\u5907\u6027\u8bc1\u660e \u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u534f\u4f5c \u00b6 \u4e09\u6761\u603b\u7ebf\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5730\u5740\u3001\u547d\u4ee4 IO \u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u63a5\u5165\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u5668","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#_1","text":"Foundations Of Computer Science (4 th Edition) \u51fa\u7248\u793e \u4f5c\u8005 \u5e74\u4efd \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e Behrouz A. Forouzan 2022 \u672c\u4e66\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u91c7\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u3002\u4ec5\u5728\u672c\u6982\u8ff0\u90e8\u5206\u5217\u51fa\u4e2d\u6587\u76ee\u5f55","title":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#_2","text":"\u7b2c 1 \u7ae0 \u7eea\u8bba Introduction \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c 2 \u7ae0 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf Number Systems \u7b2c 3 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8 \u7b2c 4 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u786c\u4ef6 \u7b2c 5 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210 \u7b2c 6 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u56e0\u7279\u7f51 \u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6 \u7b2c 7 \u7ae0 \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf \u7b2c 8 \u7ae0 \u7b97\u6cd5 \u7b2c 9 \u7ae0 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00 Programming Language \u7b2c 10 \u7ae0 \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b \u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61 \u7b2c 11 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 12 \u7ae0 \u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7b2c 13 \u7ae0 \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784 \u7b2c 14 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u5e93 \u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 15 \u7ae0 \u6570\u636e\u538b\u7f29 \u7b2c 16 \u7ae0 \u5b89\u5168 \u7b2c 17 \u7ae0 \u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba \u7b2c 18 \u7ae0 \u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd \u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9898 \u7b2c 19 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5bfc\u8bba \u7b2c 20 \u7ae0 \u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898 \u9644\u5f55 \u9644\u5f55 A Unicode \u9644\u5f55 B UML \u9644\u5f55 C \u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801 \u9644\u5f55 D \u7ed3\u6784\u56fe \u9644\u5f55 E \u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7535\u8def \u9644\u5f55 F C\u3001C++ \u548c Java \u7a0b\u5e8f\u793a\u4f8b \u9644\u5f55 G \u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6 \u9644\u5f55 H \u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u7ea0\u6b63 \u9644\u5f55 I \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u6574\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5 \u9644\u5f55 J \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5","title":"\u7ae0\u8282\u76ee\u5f55"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch1","text":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u901a\u7528 \u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210 \u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c \u3002 \u56fe\u7075\u57281936\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 \u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3 \u539f\u59cb\u8bba\u6587\uff1aOn Computable Numbers\uff0cwith an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem \u672c\u4e66\u4e3e\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff1a\u7531\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u8f83\u56fe\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d\u3002 \u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7531 4 \u4e2a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u3001\u7b97\u672f\u903b\u8f91\u5355\u5143\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5355\u5143\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5355\u5143\u3002 \u6307\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002 \u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5386\u53f2 \u673a\u68b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\uff1a1930 \u5e74\u4ee5\u524d \u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1930~1950 \u5e74 \u57fa\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a1950 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca \u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1959~1965\uff1a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1965~1975\uff1a\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def \u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1975~1985\uff1a\u5fae\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc \u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a 1985~\uff1a\u638c\u4e0a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u53f0\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u5b58\u50a8\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u865a\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e...","title":"Ch1. \u7eea\u8bba"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#buml","text":"UML \u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u5efa\u6a21\u8bed\u8a00 Unified Modeling Language\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u89c6\u56fe\u3002 \u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u56fe\uff1a \u72b6\u6001\u56fe\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e94\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7","title":"\u9644\u5f55 B\uff1aUML \u56fe"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch2","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f \u719f\u6089\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u548c\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u7b97\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0cCSAPP \u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002 CSAPP\uff1a\u5efa\u8bae\u4f60\u53cd\u590d\u9605\u8bfb\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u793a\u4f8b\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4f60\u5bf9\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6709\u4e86 \u7262\u56fa\u7684\u76f4\u89c9 \u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u975e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7f57\u9a6c\u6570\u5b57\u7b49\uff09 \u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u7528 UML \u56fe\u8868\u793a\uff09 \u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u9664 \u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8fde\u4e58 \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a \\(n\\) \u4f4d\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u8ba1\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff1f","title":"Ch.2 \u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch3","text":"\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8981 \u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u6587\u672c\u3001\u97f3\u9891\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u9700\u8981\u67e5\u9605\u76f8\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6587\u6863\u3002 \u63cf\u8ff0\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b58\u50a8\u6574\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u54ea\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\uff1f\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u6ea2\u51fa\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\uff1f \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u7b26\u53f7\u52a0\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u539f\u7801\uff09 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u672c\u4e66\u672a\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff09 CSAPP\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u8865\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u628a\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u770b\u4f5c\u6743\u91cd\u4e3a \\(-2^{w-1}\\) \u7684\u4f4d \u5c1d\u8bd5\u7ed9\u51fa\u53cd\u7801\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u7801\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u5efa\u7684\uff1f \u6ce8\u610f \u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c \u548c \u6574\u6570\u7684\u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a \u3002\u53cd\u7801\u8868\u793a\u7684\u6574\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8d1f\u6570\u624d\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u7801\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u50a8\u5b58\uff1a\u6d6e\u70b9\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff08\u5177\u6709 \u5f88\u5927\u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5f88\u5c0f\u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6570 \uff09\uff1a\u7b26\u53f7\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf\u548c\u5b9a\u70b9\u6570 \u89c4\u8303\u5316\uff1a\u5b9a\u70b9\u6570\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u5de6\u4fa7\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u96f6\u6570\u7801\u3002\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u540e\uff0c\u5de6\u4fa7\u7684 1 \u9690\u542b\u4e86\u3002 \u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d6e\u70b9\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 \u5c3e\u6570\uff1a\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8be5\u6570\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u6570\u5b58\u50a8 \u6307\u6570\uff1a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 \u4f59\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf \uff1a\u504f\u79fb\u91cf \\((2^{m-1}-1)\\) \u88ab\u52a0\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u4e2d\uff08m \u4e3a\u5185\u5b58\u5355\u5143\u5927\u5c0f\uff09\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u79fb\u5230\u975e\u8d1f\u7684\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u5982 4 \u4f4d\u5b58\u50a8\u5355\u5143\u4f7f\u7528\u4f59 7 \u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6574\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6216\u8fd0\u7b97\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 IEEE \u6807\u51c6\uff1a\u5355\u8fdb\u5ea6\u4e3a 1\uff0c8\uff0c23\uff1b\u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e3a 1\uff0c11\uff0c52 \u50a8\u5b58\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u8f6c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u5316\uff0c\u50a8\u5b58\u6307\u6570\u548c\u5c3e\u6570\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206 \u8fd8\u539f\uff1a\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u89e3\u7801\u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf\uff0c\u53bb\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u5c3e\u6570\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u8f6c\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7b26\u53f7 \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u4e0a\u6ea2\u548c\u4e0b\u6ea2 \uff1a\u4e3e\u4f8b\u5355\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u6700\u5927\u8d1f\u503c\u4e3a \\(-(1-2^{-24})\\times 2^{+128}\\) \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3e\u6570 23 \u4f4d\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u4e3a \\(2^{24}-1\\) \uff0c\u6307\u6570 8 \u4f4d\u4f59\u7801\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u4e3a \\(2^{8-1}=128\\) \u3002\u6700\u5c0f\u8d1f\u503c\u4e3a \\(-(1-2^{-1})\\times 2^{-127}\\) \u96f6\u7684\u7ea6\u5b9a\uff1a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f \u622a\u65ad\u9519\u8bef \uff1f","title":"Ch.3 \u6570\u636e\u50a8\u5b58"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch4","text":"\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u79fb\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97","title":"Ch4. \u6570\u636e\u8fd0\u7b97"},{"location":"books/FOCS/#ch5","text":"\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u5b58\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf","title":"Ch.5 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ec4\u6210"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits \u00b6 Boolean Algebra \u00b6 ' NOT . AND + OR Logic Gate \u00b6 A logic gate is an electronic device that normally takes 1 to N inputs and creates one output. Implementation of gates \u00b6 The most common implementation uses only three gates: NOT, NAND, and NOR. Because a NAND gate uses fewer componenets than an AND gate. A transistor, when used in gates, behaves like a switch. Several different technologies are used to implement these transistors, include the most known MOSFET.","title":"Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#appendix-e-boolen-algebra-and-logic-circuits","text":"","title":"Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#boolean-algebra","text":"' NOT . AND + OR","title":"Boolean Algebra"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#logic-gate","text":"A logic gate is an electronic device that normally takes 1 to N inputs and creates one output.","title":"Logic Gate"},{"location":"books/FOCS/AppE/#implementation-of-gates","text":"The most common implementation uses only three gates: NOT, NAND, and NOR. Because a NAND gate uses fewer componenets than an AND gate. A transistor, when used in gates, behaves like a switch. Several different technologies are used to implement these transistors, include the most known MOSFET.","title":"Implementation of gates"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation \u00b6 These contents are closely related, so I put them together in one note. Abstract Main Topic are these: Model of computer Outline for this book Storing Data Data Operation Ch1. Introduction \u00b6 Turing Model \u00b6 Turing model is a mathematical and philosophical definition of computation. We only care about the philosophical definition here. He defined these things: Data processor: accepts input data, process the data, and creates output data. Program: a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data. Info Turing's thesis can be found here: On Computable Numbers\uff0cwith an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem In the thesis, he presented a mathematical description of the universal Turing machine than can perform all computation. A Chinese explanation can be found here: \u300a\u8bba\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3 Von Neumann Model \u00b6 Today's computers are based on the von Neumann model . The main difference bewtween Turing model and von Neumann model is that while Turing model stores data in its memory, von Neumann model also stores programs in its memory. The von Neumann model consists of four subsystem: Input/Output Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): calculation and logical operations take place Memory Control Unit: controls all other subsystem Main concepts: Programs and data are stored in memory as binary patterns . Sequential execution of instructions. Computer Componenets \u00b6 This section briefly describes the three parts of computer: hardware, software and data . Please refer to the book. History \u00b6 Ignored. Outline of the course \u00b6 As described in the index note . Ch2. Number Systems \u00b6 In this chapter your main task is to understand the binary, hexadecimal and octal systems, and know how to convert number from one system to another. Any base to decimal conversion \u00b6 Simply multiply each digit with its place value in the source system and add the results to get the number. Decimal to any base \u00b6 Integral part and fractional part are handled differently. Integral part Repetitively divide the source to get the quotient and the remainder. The remainder is inserted to the left of the destination. Until quotient is zero. Fractional part Repetitively multiply the source to get the result. The intergral part is inserted to the right of the destination. Until fractional part is zero or destination digits are enough. Number of digits Given a positional number system with base \\(b\\) , find the number of digits of an integer N. Note The answer is \\(\\left \\lceil \\log_b{N} \\right \\rceil\\) . If we are using \\(K\\) digits in base \\(b_1\\) , we need to know the minimum number of digits \\(x\\) we need in the destination system with base \\(b_2\\) . Note The answer is \\(\\left \\lceil K \\times (\\log_{b_2}b_1) \\right \\rceil\\) . Nonpositional number systems \u00b6 Ignored. Ch3. Data Storage \u00b6 Storing Numbers \u00b6 Integers \u00b6 For representations below, you need to know: how to store, retrieve numbers, overflow situation, application. Unsigned representation Sign-and-magnitude representation Two's complement representation Reals \u00b6 We use floating-point representation to represent reals. It consists of three parts: Sign Shifter Fixed-point number Tip You can compare scientific method with floating-point method. Normalization: Decimal: d.xxxxx , d is 1-9 while x is 0-9. Binary: 1.yyyyy , y is 0 or 1. Then extract three pieces of information: Sign Exponent Mantissa (\u5c3e\u6570): the point and bit 1 to the left of the fixed-point section are not stored. The exponent can be positive and negative. We use Excess system to represent: Add a bias to shift positive or negative numbers uniformly to the nonnegative side. The value of this bias is \\(2^{m-1}-1\\) , \\(m\\) is the size of the memory location to store the exponent.","title":"Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch-1-4-intro-number-data-and-operation","text":"These contents are closely related, so I put them together in one note. Abstract Main Topic are these: Model of computer Outline for this book Storing Data Data Operation","title":"Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch1-introduction","text":"","title":"Ch1. Introduction"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch2-number-systems","text":"In this chapter your main task is to understand the binary, hexadecimal and octal systems, and know how to convert number from one system to another.","title":"Ch2. Number Systems"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter1-4/#ch3-data-storage","text":"","title":"Ch3. Data Storage"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter9/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Ch9. Programming Language \u00b6 Abstract The aim of this chapter is to compare and contrast different languages. Evolution of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages. Interpreter and compiler. Four computer language paradigms\uff08\u8303\u5f0f\uff09. Understand the procedural paradigm and object-oriented paradigm. 9.1 Evolution \u00b6","title":"Ch9. Programming Language"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter9/#ch9-programming-language","text":"Abstract The aim of this chapter is to compare and contrast different languages. Evolution of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages. Interpreter and compiler. Four computer language paradigms\uff08\u8303\u5f0f\uff09. Understand the procedural paradigm and object-oriented paradigm.","title":"Ch9. Programming Language"},{"location":"books/FOCS/Chapter9/#91-evolution","text":"","title":"9.1 Evolution"},{"location":"courses-outside/","text":"\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u5206\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u5f55 \u00b6 \u5df2\u5b8c\u6210 \u00b6 \u6b63\u5728\u7f16\u8f91 \u00b6 CMU 15-213","title":"\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-outside/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u5206\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002","title":"\u6821\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-outside/#_2","text":"","title":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u5f55"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/","text":"CMU 15-213 \u00b6 Abstract \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u300a\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u300b\u53ca CMU 15-213 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u4e66\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c6\u9891\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 [\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08\u6700\u65b0\uff09]\uff08http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213/\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee \u4e66\u7c4d\u82f1\u6587\u7248 \u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff08gitbook\uff09 \u8fdb\u5ea6\u8868 \u00b6 Fall 2015 Schedule \u5168\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6301\u7eed 14 \u5468\uff0c\u6bcf 1-2 \u5468\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a Lab\u3002 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 L0(cprogramminglab)\u3002 \u65e5\u671f \u5185\u5bb9 03.13 Lecture 01: Course Overview 03.16 Complete C language note for Structure 03.18 Complete C language note for ADT(especially for linked lists) 03.20 Lab 0 due 03.21 Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git \u76ee\u5f55 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 Lecture 01: Course Overview Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point \u4e66\u672c\u6458\u8981 \u00b6 \u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf Chapter01. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f2b\u6e38 Chapter02. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 Chapter03. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bb0\u5f55 \u00b6 C Programming Lab: Assessing Your C Programming Skills Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git","title":"CMU 15-213"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/#cmu-15-213","text":"Abstract \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u300a\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u300b\u53ca CMU 15-213 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u4e66\u672c\u7f51\u7ad9 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c6\u9891\uff08Fall 2015\uff09 [\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08\u6700\u65b0\uff09]\uff08http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213/\uff09 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee \u4e66\u7c4d\u82f1\u6587\u7248 \u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff08gitbook\uff09","title":"CMU 15-213"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/#_1","text":"Fall 2015 Schedule \u5168\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6301\u7eed 14 \u5468\uff0c\u6bcf 1-2 \u5468\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a Lab\u3002 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 L0(cprogramminglab)\u3002 \u65e5\u671f \u5185\u5bb9 03.13 Lecture 01: Course Overview 03.16 Complete C language note for Structure 03.18 Complete C language note for ADT(especially for linked lists) 03.20 Lab 0 due 03.21 Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git","title":"\u8fdb\u5ea6\u8868"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/#_2","text":"","title":"\u76ee\u5f55"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/BC1/","text":"Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git \u00b6 Abstract \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f Lab\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 Linux \u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002 \u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u67e5\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b54\u6848\u3002 Lab \u7b54\u6848 Phase 1 ~/start/free_the/university_center Phase 2 rmdir capture_the Phase 3 pineapple Phase 4 cat evil24.txt Phase 5 touch release.txt Phase 6 42 Phase 7 free the university center stones we tried to release them but no one listened","title":"Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/BC1/#bootcamp-1-linux-command-line-git","text":"Abstract \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f Lab\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 Linux \u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002 \u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u67e5\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b54\u6848\u3002 Lab \u7b54\u6848 Phase 1 ~/start/free_the/university_center Phase 2 rmdir capture_the Phase 3 pineapple Phase 4 cat evil24.txt Phase 5 touch release.txt Phase 6 42 Phase 7 free the university center stones we tried to release them but no one listened","title":"Bootcamp 1: Linux, Command Line, Git"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/","text":"Lab0: C Programming Lab \u00b6 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u63d0\u9192 \u8bf7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u624b\u518c\u3002 \u672c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u961f\u5217\u3002\u8be5 Lab \u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730 \u8003\u8651\u5404\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5 \u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9 \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8282\u70b9\u589e\u5220\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6d45\u8bb0\u5f55\u81ea\u5df1\u8e29\u8fc7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5751\uff1a \u539f\u5730\u53cd\u8f6c\u94fe\u8868 \u00b6 void queue_reverse ( queue_t * q ) { if ( ! q ) return ; /* You need to write the code for this function */ if ( ! q -> head ) return ; if ( q -> n == 1 ) return ; list_ele_t * prev , * next ; prev = q -> tail = q -> head ; next = prev -> next ; while ( next ) { q -> head = next ; next = next -> next ; q -> head -> next = prev ; prev = prev -> next ; //Wrong Code } q -> tail -> next = NULL ; } \u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 3 \u4ee5\u5185\u65f6\u90fd\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u82e5\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7 3\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u94fe\u8868\u7adf\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u7684\u5934\u5c3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6807\u6ce8 Wrong Code \u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8282\u70b9\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u5904\u7406 tail \u65f6\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u884c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f prev \u8282\u70b9\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u56fa\u5b9a\u5728 tail \u3002\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u5168\u90fd\u6307\u5411 tail \uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u5269\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e86\u3002 \u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u6539\u4e3a prev = q->head \u3002 \u5c0f\u5fc3\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f \u00b6 \u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u5751\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a \u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u7684\u5904\u7406 \u00b6 \u672c\u9898\u8c03\u7528 malloc() \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u8282\u70b9\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8c03\u7528 malloc() \u5931\u8d25\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u9000\u51fa\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91ca\u653e\u9884\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u8282\u70b9 newh \u3002 \u603b\u4e4b\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u9996\u5148\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u9000\u51fa\u65f6\u5185\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u6210\u529f\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5185\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u3002 \u5220\u9664\u8282\u70b9\u65f6\u7684\u5904\u7406 \u00b6 bool queue_remove_head ( queue_t * q , char * buf , size_t bufsize ){ if ( ! q ) return false ; if ( ! q -> head ) return false ; if ( buf ) { strncpy ( buf , q -> head -> value , bufsize - 1 ); buf [ bufsize - 1 ] = 0 ; } free ( q -> head -> value ); q -> head = q -> head -> next ; q -> n -- ; return true ; } \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u91ca\u653e\u5220\u53bb\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u9732\u3002 \u5b9e\u9a8c\u89e3\u6790\u548c\u7b54\u6848 \u77e5\u4e4e\uff1aCSAPP:Lab0-C Programming Lab","title":"Lab0: C Programming Lab"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/#lab0-c-programming-lab","text":"\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u63d0\u9192 \u8bf7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u624b\u518c\u3002 \u672c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u961f\u5217\u3002\u8be5 Lab \u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730 \u8003\u8651\u5404\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5 \u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9 \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8282\u70b9\u589e\u5220\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6d45\u8bb0\u5f55\u81ea\u5df1\u8e29\u8fc7\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5751\uff1a","title":"Lab0: C Programming Lab"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/#_1","text":"void queue_reverse ( queue_t * q ) { if ( ! q ) return ; /* You need to write the code for this function */ if ( ! q -> head ) return ; if ( q -> n == 1 ) return ; list_ele_t * prev , * next ; prev = q -> tail = q -> head ; next = prev -> next ; while ( next ) { q -> head = next ; next = next -> next ; q -> head -> next = prev ; prev = prev -> next ; //Wrong Code } q -> tail -> next = NULL ; } \u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 3 \u4ee5\u5185\u65f6\u90fd\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u82e5\u94fe\u8868\u957f\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7 3\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u94fe\u8868\u7adf\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u53cd\u8f6c\u540e\u7684\u5934\u5c3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6807\u6ce8 Wrong Code \u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\uff1a\u53cd\u8f6c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8282\u70b9\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u672b\u5c3e\u5904\u7406 tail \u65f6\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u884c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f prev \u8282\u70b9\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u56fa\u5b9a\u5728 tail \u3002\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u5168\u90fd\u6307\u5411 tail \uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u5269\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e86\u3002 \u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u6539\u4e3a prev = q->head \u3002","title":"\u539f\u5730\u53cd\u8f6c\u94fe\u8868"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lab/L0/#_2","text":"\u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u5751\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a","title":"\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture1/","text":"Lecture 01: Course Overview \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u662f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 CSAPP \u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u62bd\u8c61\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a Ints are not Integers, Floats are not Reals \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7b97\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 You've Got to Know Assembly \u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u3002 Memory Matters \u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u5e38\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u68d8\u624b\u7684 bug\u3002C \u548c C++ \u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5b58\u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236\u3002 There's more to performance than asymptotic complexity \u5728\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u6e10\u8fd1\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6027\u80fd\u3002 Computers do more than execute programs \u9664\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5916\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002","title":"Lecture 01: Course Overview"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture1/#lecture-01-course-overview","text":"\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u662f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 CSAPP \u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u62bd\u8c61\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a Ints are not Integers, Floats are not Reals \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7b97\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 You've Got to Know Assembly \u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u3002 Memory Matters \u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u5e38\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u68d8\u624b\u7684 bug\u3002C \u548c C++ \u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5b58\u4fdd\u62a4\u673a\u5236\u3002 There's more to performance than asymptotic complexity \u5728\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u6e10\u8fd1\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6027\u80fd\u3002 Computers do more than execute programs \u9664\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5916\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002","title":"Lecture 01: Course Overview"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture2/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point \u00b6 \u628a\u8bb2\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u4e09\u8282\u8bfe\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e86\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe \u00b6 \u4f4d\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u8fdb\u5236 \u7b80\u5355\u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 C \u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b \u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf <0 \u6216 > \u5b57\u957f\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684 \u6574\u6570\u7f16\u7801 \u00b6 \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u548c\u8865\u7801\u6570\u503c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u8868\u793a\u8303\u56f4 <limits.h> \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f7f\u7528 \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 cast cast \u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u5199\u51fa T2U \u4e0e U2T \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u5e38\u91cf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c U \u540e\u7f00\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u3002 \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u6709/\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u6df7\u6742\uff0c\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u3002 \u4f4d\u6269\u5c55 extension \u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u6269\u5c55 \u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u6269\u5c55","title":"Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture2/#lecture-02-bits-bytes-and-ints-floating-point","text":"\u628a\u8bb2\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u4e09\u8282\u8bfe\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e86\u3002","title":"Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point"},{"location":"courses-outside/CMU-15-213/Lecture/Lecture2/#_1","text":"\u4f4d\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u8fdb\u5236 \u7b80\u5355\u5e03\u5c14\u4ee3\u6570 C \u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u8fd0\u7b97 \u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b \u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf <0 \u6216 > \u5b57\u957f\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684","title":"\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/","text":"Web.Lab \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 \u603b\u8ff0 \u00b6 MIT Web Crush Course \u5927\u81f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u6bcf\u5e74\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8868\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09\uff1a Web \u4e09\u5251\u5ba2\uff1aHTML\u3001CSS\u3001JavaScript Web \u5f00\u53d1\u6846\u67b6\uff1aReact\u3001Node.js \u6570\u636e\u5e93 Chatbook \u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5 \u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u7f72 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u6253\u901a\u4e86 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u524d\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u5165\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u5404\u6a21\u5757\u7b14\u8bb0\u7d22\u5f15 \u00b6","title":"Web.Lab \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/#weblab","text":"","title":"Web.Lab \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/#_1","text":"MIT Web Crush Course \u5927\u81f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u6bcf\u5e74\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8868\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09\uff1a Web \u4e09\u5251\u5ba2\uff1aHTML\u3001CSS\u3001JavaScript Web \u5f00\u53d1\u6846\u67b6\uff1aReact\u3001Node.js \u6570\u636e\u5e93 Chatbook \u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5 \u9879\u76ee\u90e8\u7f72 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u6253\u901a\u4e86 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u524d\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684 Web \u5f00\u53d1\u5165\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002","title":"\u603b\u8ff0"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/#_2","text":"","title":"\u5404\u6a21\u5757\u7b14\u8bb0\u7d22\u5f15"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/","tags":["Ongoing"],"text":"HTML \u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u81ea\u300aHead First HTML\u300b W3C \u9a8c\u8bc1\u5de5\u5177 \u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6 \u00b6 \u6982\u5ff5 \u00b6 \u5c5e\u6027 \uff1a\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u53ea\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u9884\u5b9a\u4e49 \u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002 HTML5 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\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u50cf\u7d20\u6307\u5b9a\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c \u5c5e\u6027\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7528\u5904\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8868\u73b0\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528 CSS \u3002 <ul> , <ol> , <dl> \u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u5d4c\u5957 <li> \u5b9a\u4e49\u5217\u8868\u4f7f\u7528 <dt> \uff08\u672f\u8bed\uff09\u548c <dd> \uff08\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09 <em> , <strong> , <pre> , <code> <time> <del> <ins> \u8868\u683c \u00b6 <table> <tr> table row <th> table head <td> table data rowspan=\"2\" \u8be5\u5355\u5143\u683c\u5c06\u8de8\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c colspan \u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u8de8\u884c\u8de8\u5217 <caption> \u8868\u683c\u6807\u9898 \u8868\u683c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5d4c\u5957\uff08\u600e\u4e48\u6307\u5b9a\u6837\u5f0f\u5462\uff1f\u60f3\u8c61\u5b50\u5b59\u9009\u62e9\u5668\uff09 \u73b0\u4ee3 HTML \u7ed3\u6784 \u00b6 <div> \u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7ed3\u6784\u3002HTML \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u7279\u5b9a\u3001\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u3002 article nav header footer time aside section video mark audio canvas progress meter figure \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u6807\u7b7e\uff1f \u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3001\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u5c4f\u5e55\u9605\u8bfb\u5668\u80fd\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4fe1\u606f <time> \u5982\u679c\u5143\u7d20\u5185\u5bb9\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7528 Internet \u65e5\u671f/\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u5199\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6709 datetime \u5c5e\u6027 internet time 2012-02-18 2012-02 2012-02-18 09:00 2012-02-18 18:00 05:00 2012-02-18 05:00Z\uff08UTC\u65f6\u95f4\uff09 <video> \u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a controls autoplay loop \uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027 \uff09 width height src poster preload \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a none \uff0c\u64ad\u653e\u524d\u4e0d\u81ea\u52a8\u4e0b\u8f7d\u89c6\u9891\uff1b metadata 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\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6587\u672c\u3002\u8ddf\u968f\u5728\u8868\u5355\u63a7\u4ef6\u540e\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8868\u5355\u5143\u7d20\u589e\u52a0 id \u5c5e\u6027\u3002 for=id \u8868\u660e\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6807\u7b7e <fieldset> \u5c06\u516c\u5171\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u9009\u6846\u7b49\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff09 <legend> \u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u7ec4\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6587\u672c\u3002 \u63a7\u4ef6\u6982\u8ff0\uff1a \u6bcf\u4e2a\u63a7\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709 name \uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b value \u4ee5\u4fbf\u811a\u672c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 <input> \u5355\u884c\u63a7\u4ef6\uff0cvoid \u5185\u8054\u5143\u7d20 type=\"\" \u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u8f93\u5165 text \u6587\u672c submit \u63d0\u4ea4\u6309\u94ae\uff0c \u5b83\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6587\u672c radio \u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6309\u94ae\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684 name \u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 value chechbox \u590d\u9009\u6846\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u590d\u9009\u6846\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684 name \u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 value \u590d\u9009\u6846\u7684\u503c\u88ab & \u5408\u5e76 number \u6570\u5b57\u8f93\u5165 range \u6ed1\u52a8\u6761\uff08\u8303\u56f4\u8f93\u5165\uff09 color \u989c\u8272\u8f93\u5165 date \u65e5\u671f\u8f93\u5165 password \u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5c06\u88ab\u63a9\u7801 file - email tel \u7535\u8bdd url \u540e\u9762\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4f60\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u76d8 value \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c placeholder \u63d0\u793a\u4fe1\u606f required \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u793a\u57df\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002 min max step maxlength checked \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9009\u9879 <select> \u83dc\u5355 multiple \u5e03\u5c14\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u591a\u9009\u83dc\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u83dc\u5355\u4ece\u4e0b\u62c9\u5f0f\u53d8\u4e3a\u6eda\u52a8\u5f0f\u3002\u6309\u4f4f Ctrl \u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002 <option> \u5185\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9009\u9879\u7684\u663e\u793a value <textarea> \u591a\u884c\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u521d\u59cb\u6587\u672c\u3002 rows \u591a\u5c11\u884c cols \u591a\u5c11\u5217 maxlength - method \u4e2d\u7684 HTTP \u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a GET \u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\u8ffd\u52a0\u5230 URL \u7684\u6700\u540e \u4f8b\uff1a http://web.com/contest.php?firstname=buck&lastname=banzai \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u6237\u80fd\u5bf9\u63d0\u4ea4\u540e\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\u52a0\u4e66\u7b7e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 GET \u65b9\u6cd5 POST \u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u9001 \u4f8b\uff1a http://web.com/contest.php \u5982\u679c\u6709\u79c1\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u9009\u62e9 POST \u65b9\u6cd5 \u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 <textarea> \uff0c\u4e5f\u9009\u62e9 POST \u65b9\u6cd5 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528","title":"HTML \u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#html","text":"\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u81ea\u300aHead First HTML\u300b W3C \u9a8c\u8bc1\u5de5\u5177","title":"HTML \u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#_1","text":"","title":"\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#_9","text":"Web \u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\uff1a\u8ba1\u5212\u3001 <div> \u548c <span>","title":"\u5143\u7d20\u624b\u518c"},{"location":"courses-outside/web.lab/HTMLBasic/#href","text":"<style> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 HTML \u4e2d\u63d2\u5165 CSS \u53ef\u9009\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a type=\"text/css\" <body>","title":"href"},{"location":"courses-zju/","text":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u63a7\u5236\u8bba\uff082022-2023 \u6625\u590f\uff09","title":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-zju/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u63a7\u5236\u8bba\uff082022-2023 \u6625\u590f\uff09","title":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/","text":"\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\uff08Cybernetics\uff09\uff08\u901a\u8bc6\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\uff09 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u5b66\u671f\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u6625\u590f\u5b66\u671f \u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bc4\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\uff1a \u5e73\u65f6\u5206 50% \u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4 5-6 \u4eba\uff0c\u62bd\u7b7e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c0f\u7ec4 pre \u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u3002 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\u7535\u8def\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u5c14\u970d\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ \\begin{cases} u(t) = Ri(t) + L\\frac{di(t)}{dt} + \\frac{1}{C}\\int_{0}^{t}i(\\tau)d\\tau \\\\ y(t) = i(t) \\end{cases} \\] \u4ee3\u5165\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ LC\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2} + RC\\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + y(t) = u(t) \\] \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u673a\u68b0\u4f4d\u79fb\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ \\begin{cases} F_1=ky(t)\\\\ F_2=f\\frac{dy(t)}{dt}\\\\ a=\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2}\\\\ F(t)-F_1-F_2=ma \\end{cases} \\] \u6574\u7406\u5f97\u5230\uff1a \\[ m\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2}+f\\frac{dy(t)}{dt}+ky(t)=F(t) \\] \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\uff1a \\[ a\\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2}+b\\frac{dy(t)}{dt}+cy(t)=u(t) \\] \u7cfb\u7edf\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e9e\u5927\uff0c\u673a\u7406\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d7\u963b\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u79ef\u7d2f\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 \u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5 \u3002PPT \u4ee5 \u4e3b\u5143\u5206\u6790\u6cd5 \u4e3a\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002 \u4e3b\u5143\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u901a\u8fc7 \u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5 \u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6307\u6807\uff08\u9ad8\u7ef4\u8f6c\u4f4e\u7ef4\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d6 \u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u6807\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e3b\u5143 \u3002\u7528\u7ebf\u6027\u4ee3\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u503c\u6c42\u89e3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5 \u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u591a\u5143\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4e3b\u5143\u5206\u6790\u3001\u504f\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u7b49 \u4fe1\u53f7\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u5085\u91cc\u53f6\u53d8\u6362\u3001\u8c31\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5c0f\u6ce2\u53d8\u6362\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49 \u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\uff1a\u76f8\u5173\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8d8b\u52bf\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5173\u8054\u89c4\u5219\u6316\u6398\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u6790\u7b49 \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\uff1a\u805a\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49 \u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u4eff\u751f\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49 \u6570\u636e\u5efa\u6a21\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff1a \u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528 \u7b2c 4 \u8bb2 \u53cd\u9988\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u672c\u8bb2\u91cd\u70b9 \u638c\u63e1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002 \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20 \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784-\u4e32\u8054\u548c\u5e76\u8054 \u4e32\u8054\uff1a \\(G(s) = G_1(s)G_2(s)\\) \u5e76\u8054\uff1a \\(G(s) = G_1(s) + G_2(s)\\) \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784-\u53cd\u9988 \u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a \\(Y=(\\frac{G}{1+GH})U\\) \u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a \\(Y=(\\frac{G}{1-GH})U\\) \uff08\u5c31\u662f\u6c42\u548c\u70b9\u53d8\u53f7\u4e86\u800c\u5df2\uff09 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u597d\uff1f \u65b9\u5757\u56fe\u5316\u7b80-\u70b9\u7684\u79fb\u52a8 \u6c42\u548c\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8 \u5f15\u51fa\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8 \u5411\u524d\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(Hs\\) \uff0c\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(\\frac{1}{H}s\\) \u76f8\u90bb\u6c42\u548c\u70b9\u53ef\u4efb\u610f\u6362\u4f4d\u3002 \u5411\u524d\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(\\frac{1}{H}s\\) \uff0c\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\uff1a \\(Hs\\) \u76f8\u90bb\u5f15\u51fa\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4efb\u610f\u6362\u4f4d\u3002 \u4f8b\u9898\uff1a\u6c42\u89e3\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5173\u7cfb \u9898\u76ee Step 1\uff1a\u8bc6\u522b\u53cd\u9988\u7ed3\u6784 Step 2\uff1a\u5f15\u51fa\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8 Step 3: \u53cd\u9988\u3001\u5e76\u8054\u3001\u4e32\u8054 \u4fe1\u53f7\u6d41\u56fe \u5927\u6982\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u65b9\u6846\u753b\u6210\u7ebf\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u4fe1\u53f7\u6d41\u56fe\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u6885\u900a\u589e\u76ca\u516c\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5316\u7b80\u3002 \u4fe1\u53f7\u6d41\u56fe\u7684\u7ed3\u6784 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6885\u900a\u516c\u5f0f\u5316\u7b80\u7684\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u8bb2\u4e86\u3002 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee \u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0b\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u603b\u589e\u76ca\uff1a \u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u5173\u8054\u6027\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u5e73\u8861\u6027\u3001\u65f6\u5e8f\u6027\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7b80\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\u7684\u5355\u95ed\u73af\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf \u53cd\u9988\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u82e5 \\(u=3\\) \uff0c\u6c42 \\(y\\) \u3002 \u67d0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6846\u56fe\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f93\u5165 \\(u=4\\) \uff0c\u6c42\u8f93\u51fa \\(y\\) \u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u67d0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6846\u56fe\u5982\u4e0a\u56fe\uff0c\u8f93\u5165 \\(u=2\\) \uff0c\u8bd5\u6c42\u8f93\u51fa \\(y\\) \u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u7531\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5355\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5355\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7b2c 5 \u8bb2 \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \u00b6 \u672c\u8bb2\u6458\u8981 \u672c\u8bb2\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u9650\u5dee\u8ddd\u4e5f\u62c9\u5f97\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u8bb2\u4e00\u5806\u5e9f\u8bdd\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u201c\u786c\u6838\u9009\u5b66\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u53c8\u9700\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u529f\u5e95\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u7ebf\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f97\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u6211\u5b66\u5b8c\u6574\u95e8\u8bfe\u90fd\u6ca1\u641e\u61c2\u62c9\u5f0f\u53d8\u6362\u3002 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u94b1\u5b66\u68ee\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u7acb\u300a\u5de5\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u300b\uff1f\u5b83\u4e0e\u7ef4\u7eb3\u7684\u300a\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u300b\u533a\u522b\u4e0e\u8054\u7cfb\uff1f \u7b2c 6 \u8bb2 \u65f6\u57df\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u672c\u8bb2\u6458\u8981 \u4ece\u672c\u8bb2\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u5728\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5e94\u7528\u2014\u2014\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u57df\u548c\u9891\u57df\u5206\u6790\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e0e\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5230 PID \u63a7\u5236\u2014\u2014\u6700\u4e3a\u6cdb\u7528\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u3002 \u672c\u8bb2\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u57df\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5 - \u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u9636\u8dc3\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u8109\u51b2\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u9891\u7387\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u7a33\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u7b49\u3002 - \u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e \u5178\u578b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u4fe1\u53f7 \u00b6 \u51e0\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u4fe1\u53f7 \u9636\u8dc3\u4fe1\u53f7 \u659c\u5761\u4fe1\u53f7 \u8109\u51b2\u4fe1\u53f7 \u629b\u7269\u7ebf\u4fe1\u53f7 \u6b63\u5f26\u4fe1\u53f7 \u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u54c1\u8d28 \u00b6 \u9636\u8dc3\u8f93\u5165\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u8c03\u8282\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u54c1\u8d28\u6307\u6807 \u5728\u4e0a\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff1a - \u7a33\u6001\u8bef\u5dee \\(\\delta(\\infty)\\) - \u6700\u5927\u8d85\u8c03\u91cf \\(\\sigma_p=\\frac{y(t_p)-y(\\infty)}{y(\\infty)}\\) \uff1a\u54cd\u5e94\u66f2\u7ebf\u504f\u79bb\u7a33\u6001\u503c\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u503c\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8bf4\u660e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 - \u5ef6\u6ede\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_d\\) \uff1a\u5230\u8fbe\u7a33\u6001\u503c 50% \u6240\u9700\u65f6\u95f4 - \u5cf0\u503c\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_p\\) \uff1a\u5230\u8fbe\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5cf0\u503c\uff08\u6700\u5927\u8d85\u8c03\u91cf\uff09\u6240\u9700\u65f6\u95f4 - \u4e0a\u5347\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_r\\) \uff1a\u591a\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a33\u6001\u503c\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4 - \u4ece 10% \u5230 90% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u632f\u8361\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 - \u4ece 5% \u5230 95% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4 - \u4ece 0 \u5230 100% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u632f\u8361\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 - \u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u95f4 \\(t_s\\) \uff1a\u4ece 0 \u5230\u8fdb\u5165\u7a33\u6001\u503c\u5728 95%~105% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4 \u7ebf\u6027\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u00b6 \u52a0\u70ed\u7535\u7089\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u63a8\u5bfc \u770b PPT \u5427\u3002 \u6c42\u89e3\u7ebf\u6027\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b \u00b6 \u7ebf\u6027\u5e38\u7cfb\u6570\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3 \u7ebf\u6027\u5e38\u7cfb\u6570\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3\u662f\u7531 \u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u89e3 \u52a0\u4e0a \u9f50\u6b21\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u901a\u89e3 \u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002 \u901a\u5e38\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u89e3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u89e3\uff0c\u9f50\u6b21\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u901a\u89e3\u4e3a\u6682\u6001\u89e3\u3002 \u4ece\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001 \u5982\u679c\u7279\u5f81\u6839\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u6216\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u5b9e\u90e8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u89e3\u662f\u6536\u655b\u7684\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e \u00b6 \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6781\u70b9\u662f\u5426\u5728\u53f3\u534a\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u53f3\u534a\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 \u52b3\u65af\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u7a33\u5b9a\u5224\u636e \u6309\u964d\u6b21\u5e42\u5217\u51fa\u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f \\[ D(\\lambda)=a_n\\lambda^n+a_{n-1}\\lambda^{n-1}+\\cdots+a_1\\lambda+a_0=0 \\] \u6839\u636e\u7cfb\u6570\u5217\u51fa\u52b3\u65af\u8868 \\[ \\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c} \\lambda^n & a_n & a_{n-2} & a_{n-4} & \\cdots & a_0 \\\\ \\lambda^{n-1} & a_{n-1} & a_{n-3} & a_{n-5} & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\lambda^{n-2} & b_1 & b_2 & b_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\lambda^{n-3} & c_1 & c_2 & c_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\\\ \\lambda^1 & e_1 & e_2 & e_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\lambda^0 & f_1 & f_2 & f_3 & \\cdots & 0 \\\\ \\end{array} \\] \u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\u8d77\uff0c\u5404\u5143\u7d20\u6309\u4e0b\u5217\u516c\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c42\u51fa \\(n+1\\) \u884c\u3002 \\[ \\begin{aligned} b_1 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n} & a_{n-2} \\\\ a_{n-1} & a_{n-3}\\end{array}\\right|}{a_{n-1}} \\\\ b_2 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n} & a_{n-4} \\\\ a_{n-1} & a_{n-5}\\end{array}\\right|}{a_{n-1}} \\\\ c_1 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n-1} & a_{n-3} \\\\ b_{1} & b_{2}\\end{array}\\right|}{b_1} \\\\ c_2 &=\\frac{-\\left|\\begin{array}{cc}a_{n-1} & a_{n-5} \\\\ b_{1} & b_{3}\\end{array}\\right|}{b_1} \\\\ \\end{aligned} \\] \u7ebf\u6027\u5b9a\u5e38\u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7cfb\u6570\u5747\u4e3a\u6b63\uff0c\u52b3\u65af\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u6570\u5747\u4e3a\u6b63\u3002 \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u4f8b\u9898 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee \u6839\u636e\u7089\u6e29\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u5224\u65ad\u88ab\u63a7\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u57df\u5206\u6790\uff1f \u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \\[ D(\\lambda) = \\lambda^4+6\\lambda^3+9\\lambda^2+8\\lambda+6=0 \\] \u95ed\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \\[ D(\\lambda) = 2\\lambda^4+5\\lambda^3+4\\lambda^2+7\\lambda+1=0 \\] \u7b2c 7 \u8bb2 \u9891\u57df\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u7b2c 8 \u8bb2 \u79bb\u6563\u65f6\u95f4\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u578b\u53f7\u3001\u79bb\u6563\u4fe1\u53f7\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\uff1f\u65f6\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u79bb\u6563\u5316\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7\u91c7\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u539f\u5148\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1f \u7b2c 9 \u8bb2 PID \u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u53d9\u8ff0 PID \u63a7\u5236\u4e2d P\u3001I\u3001D \u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528 \u7b80\u8981\u89e3\u91ca PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u4e2d\u53c2\u6570 KP\u3001KI\u3001KD \u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8c08\u8c08\u9488\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u73af\u5883 PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6539\u8fdb\u6216\u62d3\u5c55\u3002 \u53d9\u8ff0 PID \u63a7\u5236\u4e2d P\u3001I\u3001D \u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u7b2c 10 \u8bb2 \u673a\u5668\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u30103 \u6b21\u3011\u706b\u7bad\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u7740\u9646\u5e73\u53f0\u8fdb\u884c\u5782\u76f4\u7740\u9646\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u706b\u7bad\u7740\u9646\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u63aa\u65bd\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u6210\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f \u7b2c 11 \u8bb2 \u81ea\u4e3b\u8f66\u8f86\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f\uff1f \u7b2c 12 \u8bb2 \u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u8bf7\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002 \u5de5\u4e1a 4.0 \u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201d\uff0c\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08\u5de5\u4e1a\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0e\u533a\u522b\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f \u7b2c 13 \u8bb2 \u5148\u8fdb\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u7b2c 14 \u8bb2 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236 \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u9762\u6846\u56fe\u5206\u6790\u95ed\u73af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236 \u5206\u6790\u4e0b\u9762\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u503c\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u6270\u52a8\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e09\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u514b\u670d\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u7b2c 15 \u8bb2 \u751f\u7269\u63a7\u5236\u8bba \u00b6 \u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a 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\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u540e\u63d0\u95ee\u3002 \u6bcf\u4f4d\u540c\u5b66\u90fd\u6709 2 \u6b21\u4e3b\u8bb2\u673a\u4f1a\u3002 \u671f\u672b\u8003 50% \u5f00\u5377\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u3001\u7b14\u8bb0\u3001\u6253\u5370\u8bfe\u4ef6\u3002 \u600e\u4e48\u51c6\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u7684\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\uff1f \u4e3b\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u4e24\u4e2a\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a \u52b3\u65af\u5224\u636e\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u65b9\u6846\u56fe\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u5176\u4f59\u90fd\u9760\u6253\u5370 PPT\u3002 \u8003\u524d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6d4f\u89c8\u4e00\u904d\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u6240\u6709\u9898\u76ee\uff0cPPT \u4e0a\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9 ChatGPT \u7b54\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56de\u7b54\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u8bdd\u6253\u5370\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u76f4\u63a5\u6284\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u7684\u51e0\u9053\u8003\u9898\u90fd\u662f PPT 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\u9891\u57df\u5206\u6790"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#8","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u578b\u53f7\u3001\u79bb\u6563\u4fe1\u53f7\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\uff1f\u65f6\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u79bb\u6563\u5316\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7\u91c7\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u539f\u5148\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 8 \u8bb2 \u79bb\u6563\u65f6\u95f4\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#9-pid","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u53d9\u8ff0 PID \u63a7\u5236\u4e2d P\u3001I\u3001D \u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528 \u7b80\u8981\u89e3\u91ca PID \u63a7\u5236\u5668\u4e2d\u53c2\u6570 KP\u3001KI\u3001KD 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\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#11","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u63a7\u5236\u6280\u672f\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 11 \u8bb2 \u81ea\u4e3b\u8f66\u8f86\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#12","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u8bf7\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002 \u5de5\u4e1a 4.0 \u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201d\uff0c\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08\u5de5\u4e1a\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0e\u533a\u522b\uff1f \u7b80\u8ff0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 12 \u8bb2 \u667a\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#13","text":"","title":"\u7b2c 13 \u8bb2 \u5148\u8fdb\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#14","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u9762\u6846\u56fe\u5206\u6790\u95ed\u73af\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236 \u5206\u6790\u4e0b\u9762\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7ed9\u5b9a\u503c\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u6270\u52a8\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e09\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u514b\u670d\u6270\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002","title":"\u7b2c 14 \u8bb2 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236"},{"location":"courses-zju/control-theory/#15","text":"\u5386\u5e74\u9898\u76ee\uff1a \u8bd5\u53d9\u8ff0\u4eba\u4f53\u7ad9\u7acb\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8499\u4f4f\u53cc\u773c\u548c\u5355\u817f\u7ad9\u7acb\u65f6\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff1f","title":"\u7b2c 15 \u8bb2 \u751f\u7269\u63a7\u5236\u8bba"},{"location":"courses-zju/general-physics-1/","text":"\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66 I \uff08H\uff09 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u6625\u590f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1aMichael Smidman\u3001\u8def\u6b23 \u5206\u6570\u6784\u6210\uff1a \u4f5c\u4e1a 30% \u671f\u4e2d\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u8bfe\u540e Quiz 30% \u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5 40% \u6388\u8bfe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u53cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66 \u4e2a\u4eba\u8bc4\u4ef7 \u5728\u5916\u6559\u73ed\u4e0a\u5b66\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9047\u5230\u7684\u969c\u788d\u5c31\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u540c\u5b66\u5728\u542c\u5b8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f00\u542f\u81ea\u5b66\u3002 \u5916\u6559\u73ed\u7684\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6388\u8bfe\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u300aPhysics\u300b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe \u8ba9\u4f60\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3 \u3002\u4ece\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bfe\u540e\u7684 Quiz \u548c\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u7ade\u8d5b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8003\u5bdf\u5f97\u4f1a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e86\u5982\u4e8e\u5fc3\u3002 \u8003\u524d\u8865\u5929 \u00b6 \u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba \u00b6 \u89e3\u51b3\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a \u9759\u6b62\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb \u56fa\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u56fa\u6709\u957f\u5ea6 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9 \u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\uff1a\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e0b\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5f0f\u90fd\u80fd\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff1a $$ \\gamma=\\frac1{\\sqrt{1-u 2/c 2}}\\ x'=\\gamma(x-ut)\\ t'=\\gamma(t-ux/c^2) $$ \u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u6362\uff1a $$ v_x'=\\frac{\\Delta x'}{\\Delta t'}\\ v_y'=\\frac{\\Delta y'}{\\Delta t'} $$ \u949f\u6162\u6548\u5e94\uff1a\u949f\u8868\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u65f6 \\(\\Delta t_0\\) \u4e0e\u4f60\u6d4b\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u95f4 \\(\\Delta t\\) \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u949f\u6240\u5728\u9759\u6b62\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u949f\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u7684 \\(\\Delta t\\) \uff0c\u5730\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u949f\u79fb\u52a8\u4e86\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u70b9\u7684\uff08\u90fd\u662f\u949f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a\u56fa\u6709\u65f6 \\(\\Delta t_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ 0=\\gamma(\\Delta x - u\\Delta t)\\ \\Delta t_0 = \\gamma(\\Delta t - u\\Delta x / c^2) $$ \u6d88\u53bb \\(\\Delta x\\) \u5f97\u5230\u7ed3\u679c \\(\\Delta t = \\gamma \\Delta t_0\\) \u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e8c\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u949f\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u7684 \\(\\Delta t\\) \u3002 \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u70b9\u7684\uff0c \\(\\Delta x = 0\\) \uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u4e3a \\(\\Delta t_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ \\Delta t = \\gamma(\\Delta t_0 - u\\Delta x/c^2) = \\gamma\\Delta t_0 $$ \u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u5c3a\u7f29\u6548\u5e94\uff1a\u4e00\u6839\u6746\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u957f\u5ea6 \\(L_0\\) \u4e0e\u4f60\u6d4b\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 \\(L\\) \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d4b\u91cf\u8005\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9759\u6b62\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u6746\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u6746\u5934\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u6746\u5c3e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \\(\\Delta t = 0\\) \uff0c \\(\\Delta L\\) \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u7684\u91cf\u3002 \u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u770b\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e3a \\(\\Delta L_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ \\Delta L_0 = \\gamma(\\Delta L - u \\Delta t) = \\gamma\\Delta L $$ \u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e8c\uff1a\u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\uff0c\u6746\u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u9759\u6b62\u3002 \u4f60\u5728 \\(S'\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u6746\u5934\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u6746\u5c3e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \\(\\Delta t' = 0\\) \uff0c \\(\\Delta L\\) \u662f\u4f60\u8981\u7684\u91cf\u3002 \u5728 \\(S\\) \u7cfb\u4e2d\u770b\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e3a \\(\\Delta L_0\\) \u3002 \u4ee3\u5165\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u516c\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\uff1a $$ \\Delta L = \\gamma(\\Delta L_0 - u\\Delta t)\\ \\Delta t' = 0 = \\gamma(\\Delta t - u\\Delta L_0/c^2) $$ \u6d88\u53bb \\(\\Delta t\\) \u5f97\u5230\u7ed3\u679c \\(\\Delta L = \\frac{\\Delta L_0}{\\gamma}\\) \u5149\u7684\u591a\u666e\u52d2\u6548\u5e94\uff1a \u5149\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u65b9\u5411\u4e0e\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u540c\u65f6\uff1a \\[ f=f_0\\sqrt{\\frac{1-u/c}{1+u/c}} \\] \u82e5\u76f8\u5bf9\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u5219\u7528 \\(-u\\) \u4ee3\u66ff\u3002 \u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u52a8\u529b\u5b66 \u52a8\u91cf $$ \\mathbf{p}=\\frac{m_0}{\\sqrt{1-(v/c)^2}}\\mathbf{v} $$ \u8d28\u91cf $$ m=\\frac{m_0}{\\sqrt{1-(v/c)^2}} $$ \u5149\u5b50\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u662f $$ m_\\phi=\\frac{hv}{c^2} $$ \u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u52a8\u91cf\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f $$ E 2=c 2p 2+E_0 2=c 2p 2+m_0 2c 4 $$ \u5206\u5b50\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53 \u00b6 \\[ T_{tr}=273.16\\mathrm{K}\\\\ T_C=T-273.15\\\\ \\] Ideal gas law: $$ pV=NkT=nRT $$ Boltzmann constant \\(k=1.38\\times10^{-23}\\mathrm{J/K}\\) Molar gas constant \\(R=8.31\\mathrm{J/mol\\cdot K}\\) Thermal Expansion: \\[ \\Delta L = \\alpha L \\Delta T \\] \\(\\alpha\\) is the coefficient of linear expansion. For many solids, called isotropic, the percent change in length for a given temperature change is the same for all lines in the solid. So we have volume expansion: \\[ \\Delta V = \\beta V \\Delta T = 3 \\alpha V \\Delta T\\\\ \\Rightarrow \\beta = 3 \\alpha \\] Pressure \u00b6 Molecular View of Pressure: Average impulsive force exerted by on molecule: \\(F_x=\\frac{mv_x^2}{L}\\) Change in momentum: \\(2mv_x\\) Time required to cross the cube: \\(\\frac{L}{v_x}\\) Total force on face of cube : \\(\\rho=Nm/L^3\\) is density. \\[ p = \\frac1{L^2}\\frac{\\sum mv^2_{ix}}{L} = \\rho(\\frac{\\sum^2_{ix}}{N})=\\rho(v^2_x)_{av}=\\frac13\\rho(v^2)_{av} \\] rms is root-mean-square \\[ \\Rightarrow v_{\\mathrm{rms}}=\\sqrt{(v^2)_{av}}=\\sqrt{\\frac{3p}{\\rho}} \\] Root-mean-square speed of the molecules is useful measure of average molecualr speed. Mean Free Path \u00b6 Mean free path \\(\\lambda\\) is the average value of straight-line distance our chosen molecule travels between collisions. All molecules of the gas have the same mean free path. $$ \\lambda=\\frac{kT}{\\sqrt2\\pi d^2 p} $$ Distribution of molecular speeds \u00b6 Maxwell speed distribution: $$ N(v)=4\\pi N(\\frac{m}{2\\pi kT}) {3/2}v 2e {-mv 2/2kT} $$ Consequences: Most probable speed \\(v_p =\\sqrt\\frac{2kT}{m}\\) Average speed \\(v_{av} =\\sqrt{\\frac{8kT}{\\pi m}}\\) Root-mean-square speed \\(v_{rms} = \\sqrt\\frac{3kT}{m}\\) Average translational kinetic energy \\(K_{trans}=\\frac32 kT\\) Real Gases \u00b6 \\[ (p+\\frac{a}{V_m^2})(V_m-b)=RT \\] \u70ed\u529b\u5b66 \u00b6 \u56db\u5927\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7b49\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08isochoric\uff09 \u7b49\u538b\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08isobaric\uff09 \u7b49\u6e29\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08isothermal\uff09\uff0c\u7b49\u6e29\u7ebf\uff08isotherm\uff09 \u7edd\u70ed\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08adiabatic\uff09\uff0c\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4e3a\u7edd\u70ed\uff08in thermal isolation\uff09 \u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u7a0b \\[ \\Delta E = 0, Q = A \\] \u70ed\u673a\uff08heat engine\uff09 \u987a\u65f6\u9488\u65b9\u5411 \\[ \\eta = \\frac{A}{Q_1} \\] \u5236\u51b7\u673a\uff08refrigerator\uff09 \u9006\u65f6\u9488\u65b9\u5411 \\[ \\omega=\\frac{Q_2}{A} \\] \u5361\u8bfa\u5faa\u73af\uff08Carnot Cycle\uff09 \u4e24\u6052\u6e29\u70ed\u6e90\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e24\u4e2a\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7edd\u70ed\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7b49\u6e29\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u6709\u6b63\u3001\u9006\u5faa\u73af \\[ \\eta_C=1-\\frac{Q_2}{Q_1}=1-\\frac{T_2}{T_1}\\\\ \\omega = \\frac{T_2}{T_1-T_2} \\] \u5361\u8bfa\u5b9a\u7406\uff1a\u53ef\u9006\u673a\u6548\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e3a\uff1a $$ \\eta = 1 - \\frac{T_2}{T_1} $$ \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b \u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5355\u4e00\u70ed\u6e90\u5438\u70ed\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u800c\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u5176\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u70ed\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u4ece\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u4f20\u5411\u9ad8\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u3002 \u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b \u51c6\u9759\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b+\u65e0\u8017\u6563\u4f5c\u7528=\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a \u6469\u64e6\uff1a\u529f\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u70ed\u3002\u7531\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u70ed\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u3002 \u70ed\u91cf\u4ece\u9ad8\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5411\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\uff1a\u540c\u4e0a\u3002 \u6c14\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u81a8\u80c0\uff1a\u7528\u6d3b\u585e\u5c06\u6c14\u4f53\u538b\u56de\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6c14\u4f53\u505a\u529f\uff0c\u529f\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6c14\u4f53\u5411\u5916\u754c\u653e\u51fa\u7684\u70ed\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u8f6c\u5316\u56de\u529f\u3002 \u6c14\u4f53\u8fc5\u901f\u81a8\u80c0\uff1a\u6d3b\u585e\u9644\u8fd1\u6c14\u4f53\u538b\u5f3a\u5c0f\u4e8e\u6c14\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u538b\u5f3a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u7528\u6d3b\u585e\u63a8\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u6d3b\u585e\u9644\u8fd1\u538b\u5f3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c0f\u4e8e\u6c14\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u538b\u5f3a\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8981\u591a\u505a\u529f\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u6c14\u4f53\u5185\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ed\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f\u653e\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u8f6c\u5316\u56de\u529f\u3002 \u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002 \u71b5 \u71b5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0e\u521d\u672b\u72b6\u6001\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e0\u5173\u3002 \u71b5\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a $$ \\Delta S = \\int^2_1(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T})_{\u53ef\u9006} $$ \u5728\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c \\(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T}\\) \u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u53d8\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5047\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5176\u521d\u672b\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u7528\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002 \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9006\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\uff0c\u71b5\u53d8\u7b49\u4e8e \\(0\\) \u3002 \u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5 \u81ea\u7531\u81a8\u80c0 \u6b64\u65f6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06 \\(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T}=0\\) \u770b\u4f5c\u71b5\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u3002 \u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u521d\u672b\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u7b49\u6e29\u81a8\u80c0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u79ef\u5206\u540e\u5f97 \\(\\Delta S = \\frac{m}{M}R\\ln{\\frac{V_2}{V_1}}>0\\) \u3002 \u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc \u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8bbe \\(T_1>T_2\\) \u3002 \u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u71b5\u53d8\u4e3a \\(\\frac{\\delta Q}{T_2}-\\frac{\\delta Q}{T_1} > 0\\) \u3002 \u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u539f\u7406\uff1a \u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u71b5\u53ea\u5728\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002 \u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a \\(S=k\\ln W\\) \u3002\u5176\u4e2d \\(W\\) \u662f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u5373\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u3002","title":"\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66 I \uff08H\uff09"},{"location":"courses-zju/general-physics-1/#i-h","text":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u6625\u590f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1aMichael Smidman\u3001\u8def\u6b23 \u5206\u6570\u6784\u6210\uff1a \u4f5c\u4e1a 30% \u671f\u4e2d\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u8bfe\u540e Quiz 30% \u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5 40% \u6388\u8bfe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u53cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66 \u4e2a\u4eba\u8bc4\u4ef7 \u5728\u5916\u6559\u73ed\u4e0a\u5b66\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9047\u5230\u7684\u969c\u788d\u5c31\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u540c\u5b66\u5728\u542c\u5b8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f00\u542f\u81ea\u5b66\u3002 \u5916\u6559\u73ed\u7684\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6388\u8bfe\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u300aPhysics\u300b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe \u8ba9\u4f60\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3 \u3002\u4ece\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bfe\u540e\u7684 Quiz \u548c\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u7ade\u8d5b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8003\u5bdf\u5f97\u4f1a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e86\u5982\u4e8e\u5fc3\u3002","title":"\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66 I \uff08H\uff09"},{"location":"courses-zju/general-physics-1/#_1","text":"","title":"\u8003\u524d\u8865\u5929"},{"location":"courses-zju/discrete-math/","text":"","title":"Index"},{"location":"courses-zju/probability-and-statistics/","text":"","title":"Index"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/","text":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u5217\u8868 \u00b6 \u2705\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210 \u00b6 \u270f\ufe0f\u6b63\u5728\u7f16\u8f91 \u00b6 C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b HPC-101","title":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u653e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002","title":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b14\u8bb0"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/#_2","text":"","title":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5217\u8868"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/","text":"C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb \u00b6 \u8be5\u7b14\u8bb0\u5171\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08FP\uff0cFundamentals of Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u8bb8\u7aef\u6e05 \u6559\u6750\uff1aThe C Programming Language. 2 nd Edition. Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie. C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u9898\uff08LCP\uff0cLectures on C Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u6625\u590f\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u7fc1\u607a \u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u6559\u6750\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 K&R C\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a K&R C \u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u53c2\u8003\u624b\u518c\u201d\u800c\u975e\u5165\u95e8\u4e66\u7c4d\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u66f4\u63a8\u8350 \u51c6\u5907\u4fee\u8bfb\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684 \u540c\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u5165\u95e8\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u539a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83 \u5185\u5bb9\u5168\u9762 \uff0c \u4f8b\u5b50\u4e30\u5bcc \uff0c\u8ddf\u7740\u5b83\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u904d\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u826f\u597d\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002 \u7b14\u8bb0\u5185\u5bb9 \u00b6 \u6211\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u4e13\u9898\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7eb3\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e0e\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u5386\u5e74\u5377\u6574\u7406","title":"C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/#c","text":"","title":"C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/#_1","text":"\u8be5\u7b14\u8bb0\u5171\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7840\uff08FP\uff0cFundamentals of Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u8bb8\u7aef\u6e05 \u6559\u6750\uff1aThe C Programming Language. 2 nd Edition. Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie. C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u9898\uff08LCP\uff0cLectures on C Programming\uff09 \u5f00\u8bfe\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2022-2023 \u5b66\u5e74 \u6625\u590f\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u7fc1\u607a \u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7684\u6559\u6750\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 K&R C\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a K&R C \u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u53c2\u8003\u624b\u518c\u201d\u800c\u975e\u5165\u95e8\u4e66\u7c4d\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u66f4\u63a8\u8350 \u51c6\u5907\u4fee\u8bfb\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684 \u540c\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u5165\u95e8\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u539a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83 \u5185\u5bb9\u5168\u9762 \uff0c \u4f8b\u5b50\u4e30\u5bcc \uff0c\u8ddf\u7740\u5b83\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u904d\u4f60\u80fd\u517b\u6210\u826f\u597d\u7684 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002","title":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/#_2","text":"\u6211\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u4e13\u9898\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7eb3\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e0e\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u5386\u5e74\u5377\u6574\u7406","title":"\u7b14\u8bb0\u5185\u5bb9"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/c-standard-library-and-graphic-library/","text":"","title":"C standard library and graphic library"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/","tags":["todo"],"text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u94fe\u8868 \u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217 \u9012\u5f52\u601d\u60f3 \u67e5\u627e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5 \u4e09\u5927\u57fa\u7840\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f \u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u00b6 \u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5c06 \u4f7f\u7528 \u548c \u5b9e\u73b0 \u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 ADT \u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u80fd\u505a\u54ea\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd ADT\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5982 length() \u3001 substr() \u3001 find() \u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 string \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0 ADT\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API\uff08Application Programming Interface\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u793a\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cAPI \u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86 ADT \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u7684 API\uff1a \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd int length() \u65e0 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 string substr(string str, int start, int len) start \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e len \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32 int find(string substr) substr \uff1a\u5f85\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u5b50\u4e32 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684 API\u3002\u5b83\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API \u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u3001\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u7b49 ADT \u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282\u3002 \u94fe\u8868 \u00b6 \u53d1\u660e\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5f25\u8865\u6570\u7ec4\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u7ec4\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u6392\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u623f\u5b50\u90fd\u6709\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5730\u5740\u627e\u5230\u623f\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u5728\u8fd9\u6392\u623f\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u680b\u65b0\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u540e\u9762\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u90fd\u5f80\u540e\u632a\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u5f88\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u3002\u800c\u94fe\u8868\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e32\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6263\uff0c \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u5f00\u4e24\u4e2a\u94a5\u5319\u6263\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6263 \uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u632a\u52a8\u540e\u9762\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6263\u3002 \u94fe\u8868\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9 Node \u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u636e Data \u548c\u6307\u5411\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u6307\u9488 Next \u3002 \u94fe\u8868 API \u00b6 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd LinkedList create() \u65e0 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u94fe\u8868 void destroy(LinkedList list) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 \u9500\u6bc1\u94fe\u8868 void insert(LinkedList list, int index, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 index \uff1a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7d22\u5f15 data \uff1a\u5f85\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5728\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u540e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u8282\u70b9 void append(LinkedList list, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 data \uff1a\u5f85\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5728\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u8282\u70b9 void delete(LinkedList list, int index) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 index \uff1a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7d22\u5f15 \u5220\u9664\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8282\u70b9 void deleteValue(LinkedList list, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 data \uff1a\u5f85\u5220\u9664\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5220\u9664\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e3a data \u7684\u8282\u70b9 int length(LinkedList list) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 \u8fd4\u56de\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 Node get(LinkedList list, int index) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 index \uff1a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7d22\u5f15 \u8fd4\u56de\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8282\u70b9 Node search(LinkedList list, int data) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 data \uff1a\u5f85\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u6570\u636e \u8fd4\u56de\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e3a data \u7684\u8282\u70b9 void print(LinkedList list) list \uff1a\u94fe\u8868 \u6253\u5370\u94fe\u8868 \u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 \u00b6 \u57fa\u672c\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u518d\u4f5c\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u57fa\u7840\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 linked_list.c typedef struct Node { int data ; struct Node * next ; } Node ; typedef struct LinkedList { Node * head ; int length ; } LinkedList ; LinkedList * create () { LinkedList * list = ( LinkedList * ) malloc ( sizeof ( LinkedList )); list -> head = NULL ; list -> length = 0 ; return list ; } int length ( LinkedList * list ) { return list -> length ; } Node * get ( LinkedList * list , int index ) { if ( index < 0 || index >= list -> length ) { printf ( \"Index out of range \\n \" ); return NULL ; } Node * p = list -> head ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < index ; i ++ ) { p = p -> next ; } return p ; } void insert ( LinkedList * list , int index , int data ) { if ( index < 0 || index > list -> length ) { printf ( \"Index out of range \\n \" ); return ; } Node * new_node = ( Node * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Node )); new_node -> data = data ; new_node -> next = NULL ; if ( index == 0 ) { new_node -> next = list -> head ; list -> head = new_node ; } else { Node * p = get ( list , index - 1 ); new_node -> next = p -> next ; p -> next = new_node ; } list -> length ++ ; } \u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u94fe\u8868\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5904\u7406\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7b49\u8fb9\u754c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5224\u65ad\u94fe\u8868\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a \u3002 \u7a7a\u6307\u9488 \u4f7f\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u5316\u5904\u7406\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5934\u90e8\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u8282\u70b9\uff08\u54d1\u8282\u70b9\uff09 dummy \uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5934\u90e8\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u7a7a\u4e86\u3002\u865a\u62df\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u7ef4\u62a4 length \u5b57\u6bb5\u4e86\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u53cc\u5411\u94fe\u8868\u548c\u5faa\u73af\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5176 API \u4e5f\u4f1a\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ed9\u51fa\u5176\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u8bf7\u81ea\u884c\u8003\u8651\u5176 API \u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a \u6808 \u00b6 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6808\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u5806\u4e66\u672c\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u53d6\u8d70\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u4e66\u653e\u5728\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u540e\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa \uff08Last In First Out\uff0cLIFO\uff09\u3002 \u6808 API \u00b6 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd Stack create() \u65e0 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6808 void destroy(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u9500\u6bc1\u6808 void push(Stack stack, int data) stack \uff1a\u6808 data \uff1a\u5f85\u5165\u6808\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5165\u6808 int pop(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u5c06\u6808\u9876\u6570\u636e\u51fa\u6808\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de int peek(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u8fd4\u56de\u6808\u9876\u6570\u636e int isEmpty(Stack stack) stack \uff1a\u6808 \u5224\u65ad\u6808\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a \u6808\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 \u00b6 \u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u6808\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 stack.c typedef struct Stack { int * data ; int top ; int capacity ; } Stack ; Stack * create () { Stack * stack = ( Stack * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Stack )); stack -> data = ( int * ) malloc ( sizeof ( int ) * 10 ); stack -> top = -1 ; stack -> capacity = 10 ; return stack ; } void destroy ( Stack * stack ) { free ( stack -> data ); free ( stack ); } void push ( Stack * stack , int data ) { if ( stack -> top == stack -> capacity - 1 ) { printf ( \"Stack overflow \\n \" ); return ; } stack -> data [ ++ stack -> top ] = data ; } int pop ( Stack * stack ) { if ( stack -> top == -1 ) { printf ( \"Stack underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } return stack -> data [ stack -> top -- ]; } int peek ( Stack * stack ) { if ( stack -> top == -1 ) { printf ( \"Stack underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } return stack -> data [ stack -> top ]; } int isEmpty ( Stack * stack ) { return stack -> top == -1 ; } \u6808\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u8f83\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u961f\u5217 \u00b6 \u961f\u5217\u662f\u4e00\u79cd \u5148\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa \uff08First In First Out\uff0cFIFO\uff09\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u6392\u961f\u4e70\u7968\u3002\u961f\u5217\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7aef\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u961f\u5934\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u961f\u5c3e\u3002\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u961f\u5c3e\u5165\u961f\uff0c\u4ece\u961f\u5934\u51fa\u961f\u3002 \u961f\u5217 API \u00b6 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd Queue create() \u65e0 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u961f\u5217 void destroy(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u9500\u6bc1\u961f\u5217 void enqueue(Queue queue, int data) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 data \uff1a\u5f85\u5165\u961f\u7684\u6570\u636e \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5165\u961f int dequeue(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u5c06\u961f\u5934\u6570\u636e\u51fa\u961f\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de int peek(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u8fd4\u56de\u961f\u5934\u6570\u636e int isEmpty(Queue queue) queue \uff1a\u961f\u5217 \u5224\u65ad\u961f\u5217\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a \u961f\u5217\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0 \u00b6 \u961f\u5217\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u94fe\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u5728\u961f\u5c3e\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u5728\u961f\u5934\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u961f\u5217\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5b9e\u73b0 queue.c typedef struct Queue { int data ; struct Queue * next ; } Queue ; Queue * create () { Queue * queue = ( Queue * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Queue )); queue -> next = NULL ; return queue ; } void destroy ( Queue * queue ) { Queue * tmp ; while ( queue ) { tmp = queue ; queue = queue -> next ; free ( tmp ); } } void enqueue ( Queue * queue , int data ) { Queue * tmp = queue ; while ( tmp -> next ) { tmp = tmp -> next ; } tmp -> next = ( Queue * ) malloc ( sizeof ( Queue )); tmp -> next -> data = data ; tmp -> next -> next = NULL ; } int dequeue ( Queue * queue ) { if ( ! queue -> next ) { printf ( \"Queue underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } Queue * tmp = queue -> next ; int data = tmp -> data ; queue -> next = tmp -> next ; free ( tmp ); return data ; } int peek ( Queue * queue ) { if ( ! queue -> next ) { printf ( \"Queue underflow \\n \" ); return -1 ; } return queue -> next -> data ; } int isEmpty ( Queue * queue ) { return ! queue -> next ; } \u5206\u5272\u7ebf\u4e0b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6682\u672a\u6574\u7406 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba9\u6570\u7ec4\u4ee5\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217 Selection sort \u00b6 \u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5230\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u4e86\u67e5\u627e\u6700\u503c\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u7ea6 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void selection_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , min , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { //The wall begins at 0 and ends at len-1 min = i ; for ( j = i + 1 ; j < len ; j ++ ) { //Find the minimum element in the unsorted array if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ min ]) { min = j ; } } if ( min != i ) { //Swap tmp = arr [ i ]; arr [ i ] = arr [ min ]; arr [ min ] = tmp ; } } } Bubble sort \u00b6 \u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0a\u6d6e\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u524d\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5c0f\uff0c\u5219\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5373\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0a\u6d6e\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0b\u6c89\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u5de6\u4fa7\uff0c\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a n \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 n-1 \u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } } Insertion sort \u00b6 \u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u5d4c\u5165\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6392\u5217\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u4e14\u4e3b\u952e\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N-1\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(0\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void insertion_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 1 ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j > 0 && arr [ j - 1 ] > tmp ; j -- ) { //Find the correct position arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } } \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f \u00b6 void merge ( int * arr , int * tmp , int left , int mid , int right ) { int i , j , k ; for ( i = left , j = mid + 1 , k = left ; i <= mid && j <= right ; k ++ ) { if ( arr [ i ] <= arr [ j ]) { tmp [ k ] = arr [ i ++ ]; } else { tmp [ k ] = arr [ j ++ ]; } } while ( i <= mid ) { tmp [ k ++ ] = arr [ i ++ ]; } while ( j <= right ) { tmp [ k ++ ] = arr [ j ++ ]; } for ( i = left ; i <= right ; i ++ ) { arr [ i ] = tmp [ i ]; } } void merge_sort ( int * arr , int * tmp , int left , int right ) { if ( left < right ) { int mid = ( left + right ) / 2 ; merge_sort ( arr , tmp , left , mid ); merge_sort ( arr , tmp , mid + 1 , right ); merge ( arr , tmp , left , mid , right ); } } \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f \u00b6 int partition ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { int pivot = arr [ left ]; while ( left < right ) { while ( left < right && arr [ right ] >= pivot ) { right -- ; } arr [ left ] = arr [ right ]; while ( left < right && arr [ left ] <= pivot ) { left ++ ; } arr [ right ] = arr [ left ]; } arr [ left ] = pivot ; return left ; } void quick_sort ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { if ( left < right ) { int pivot = partition ( arr , left , right ); quick_sort ( arr , left , pivot - 1 ); quick_sort ( arr , pivot + 1 , right ); } } \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f \u00b6 void shell_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp , gap ; for ( gap = len / 2 ; gap > 0 ; gap /= 2 ) { for ( i = gap ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j >= gap && arr [ j - gap ] > tmp ; j -= gap ) { arr [ j ] = arr [ j - gap ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } } }","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u94fe\u8868 \u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217 \u9012\u5f52\u601d\u60f3 \u67e5\u627e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5 \u4e09\u5927\u57fa\u7840\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_2","text":"\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08ADT\uff0cAbstract Data Type\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5c06 \u4f7f\u7528 \u548c \u5b9e\u73b0 \u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 ADT \u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u80fd\u505a\u54ea\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd ADT\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5982 length() \u3001 substr() \u3001 find() \u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002 string \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0 ADT\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API\uff08Application Programming Interface\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u793a\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cAPI \u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86 ADT \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 string \u7684 API\uff1a \u8fd4\u56de\u503c \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d \u53c2\u6570 \u529f\u80fd int length() \u65e0 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 string substr(string str, int start, int len) start \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e len \uff1a\u5b50\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32 int find(string substr) substr \uff1a\u5f85\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u5b50\u4e32 \u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u4e32\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684 API\u3002\u5b83\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528 API \u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u3001\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u7b49 ADT \u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282\u3002","title":"\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_9","text":"\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba9\u6570\u7ec4\u4ee5\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217","title":"\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#selection-sort","text":"\u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5230\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u4e86\u67e5\u627e\u6700\u503c\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u7ea6 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void selection_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , min , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { //The wall begins at 0 and ends at len-1 min = i ; for ( j = i + 1 ; j < len ; j ++ ) { //Find the minimum element in the unsorted array if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ min ]) { min = j ; } } if ( min != i ) { //Swap tmp = arr [ i ]; arr [ i ] = arr [ min ]; arr [ min ] = tmp ; } } }","title":"Selection sort"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#bubble-sort","text":"\u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0a\u6d6e\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4ece\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u524d\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5c0f\uff0c\u5219\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5373\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0a\u6d6e\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u201c\u4e0b\u6c89\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u5de6\u4fa7\uff0c\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a n \u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 n-1 \u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } }","title":"Bubble sort"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#insertion-sort","text":"\u6570\u7ec4\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u548c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\uff0c\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u5d4c\u5165\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6392\u5217\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(N\\) \u4e14\u4e3b\u952e\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/4\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(N^2/2\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981 \\(N-1\\) \u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c \\(0\\) \u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u3002 void insertion_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 1 ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j > 0 && arr [ j - 1 ] > tmp ; j -- ) { //Find the correct position arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } }","title":"Insertion sort"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_11","text":"int partition ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { int pivot = arr [ left ]; while ( left < right ) { while ( left < right && arr [ right ] >= pivot ) { right -- ; } arr [ left ] = arr [ right ]; while ( left < right && arr [ left ] <= pivot ) { left ++ ; } arr [ right ] = arr [ left ]; } arr [ left ] = pivot ; return left ; } void quick_sort ( int * arr , int left , int right ) { if ( left < right ) { int pivot = partition ( arr , left , right ); quick_sort ( arr , left , pivot - 1 ); quick_sort ( arr , pivot + 1 , right ); } }","title":"\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-structure-and-algorithm/#_12","text":"void shell_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp , gap ; for ( gap = len / 2 ; gap > 0 ; gap /= 2 ) { for ( i = gap ; i < len ; i ++ ) { tmp = arr [ i ]; for ( j = i ; j >= gap && arr [ j - gap ] > tmp ; j -= gap ) { arr [ j ] = arr [ j - gap ]; } arr [ j ] = tmp ; } } }","title":"\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/","tags":["doing"],"text":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u00b6 Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u3002 \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 Abstract \u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a \u6574\u578b\uff1a int \u3001 long \u3001 short \u3001 char \u3001 unsigned \u3001 signed \u7b49\u3002 \u7ed3\u6784 \u6570\u636e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u00b6 todo: \u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b\u89e3\u60d1 \u6216\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f1a\u548c\u6211\u540c\u6837\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\uff1a \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 \u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f int \u4e14\u957f\u5ea6\u662f 4 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\uff1f \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 getchar() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \u800c\u4e0d\u662f char \uff1f \u5bbd\u5b57\u7b26\u3001\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u5b57\u7b26\u548c Unicode \u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\uff1f \u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u89e3\u91ca\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u505a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u770b \u6742\u9879 \u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f int \uff1f \u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\uff08Multicharacter constants\uff09\u7ee7\u627f\u4e8e C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u524d\u8eab B \u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u7f16\u5199\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u591a\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c 'abcd' \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a 32 \u4f4d\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002 \u5728 C \u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\uff0c \u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b \uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u662f 4 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u5728 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e \u8c03\u8bd5\u76ee\u7684 \u800c\u5d4c\u5165\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684 \u9b54\u6570\uff08Magic Numbers\uff09 \uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 0xfeedbeef \u548c 0xdeadbeef \u800c\u4e0d\u662f NULL \u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u6307\u9488\u7684 \u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316 \u548c \u5df2\u5220\u9664 \u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u597d\u5904\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9b54\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4f4d\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6 \u5e94\u5f53\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u591a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e38\u91cf\u4ece int \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982 char a = 'ABCD' \uff0c\u5728 gcc\u3001clang\u3001msvc \u4e0a\u5747\u4e3a a = 'D' \uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728 armcc \u4e0a\u4e3a a = 'A' \u3002 getchar() \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8fd4\u56de int \u7c7b\u578b\uff1f \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de EOF \uff0c\u800c EOF \u5728\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a (int)-1 \u3002 This macro is an integer value that is returned by a number of narrow stream functions to indicate an end-of-file condition, or some other error situation. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1f\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c EOF \u5e94\u5f53 \u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u503c\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c \u3002 (char)-1 \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c char \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u80fd\u8868\u793a\u5b57\u7b26\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4f5c EOF \uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 (int)-1 \uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5bbd\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u7684\u5728\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684 \u6574\u5f62\u63d0\u5347 \u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba9 getchar() \u8fd4\u56de (char)-1 \uff0c\u5f53\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u5230 (char)-1 \u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u4ece\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u5230\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684 char \uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fd4\u56de (int)255 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e EOF \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c char \u3001 signed char \u4e0e unsigned char \u76f4\u63a5\u4e24\u4e24\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1 char \u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6570\u7531\u5b9e\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\uff1a What is the purpose of multi character constants in C? - Quora Character constant - cppreference.com int c = getchar()? Why int? : C_Programming (reddit.com) Implicit conversions - cppreference.com \u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u00b6 \u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u64b0\u5199\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e \u00b6 Info \u672c\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u300aC \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b\u300b\u7b2c 3 \u7ae0\u201c\u5206\u6790 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u201d\u3002 \u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u4f7f\u7528 typedef \u9010\u6b65\u5408\u6210\u58f0\u660e\u3002 One good way to synthesize declarations is in small steps with typedef . K&R C, 5.12 . \u300aC \u4e13\u5bb6\u7f16\u7a0b\u300b\u548c\u300aC \u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u7f3a\u9677\u300b\u90fd\u63d0\u51fa\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\uff1a \u58f0\u660e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f8\u4f3c \u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u662f\u7c7b\u578b+\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c\u5c06 \u5f97\u5230\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b \u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 \u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50 \u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a int *p p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u58f0\u660e\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f *p \uff08\u89e3\u5f15\u7528 p \uff09\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u6c42\u503c\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a int \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c\u3002 \u518d\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a char (*(*x[3])())[5] x \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u58f0\u660e\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f x[3] \u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002 \u628a (*(*x[3])())[5] \u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u5185\u5411\u5916\u6309\u7167\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u7ed3\u5408\u5f8b\u5bf9\u5176\u6c42\u503c\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a char \u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6c42\u503c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u6b21\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u4e86 char \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 K&R \u5bf9 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb Todo \u5bf9\u4e8e \u58f0\u660e \u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a \u603b\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5728\u54ea\u91cc \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e \u5f62\u5f0f\u53c2\u6570 \u3001 typedef \u3001 sizeof \u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u7b26\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u540d\u5b57 \uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u4e0d\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff1a\u4ece\u6700\u5185\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7\u5f00\u59cb\u8bfb\u3002 \u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a ( * ( void ( * )()) 0 )(); \u4ece\u6700\u5185\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7\u5f00\u59cb\u8bfb\uff1a void(*)() \u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u662f void \uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e3a\u7a7a\u3002 \u4e00\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7\u628a void(*)() \u5305\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f \u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a 0 \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a void(*)() \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u6700\u540e\u5c31\u5269\u4e0b (*fp)() \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u3002 \u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u9996\u5730\u5740\u4e3a 0 \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\uff1a typedef void ( * funcptr )(); ( * ( funcptr ) 0 )(); C \u8bed\u8a00\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\u7b49\u4f4d\u7f6e\u586b\u5199\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u3002\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003 \u5386\u5e74\u5377\u603b\u7ed3 \u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u9898\u3002 \u5206\u5272\u7ebf\u4e0b\u65b9\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8fd8\u672a\u6574\u7406 \u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 \u00b6 C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u75db\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u638c\u63e1\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5199\u51fa\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26 \u00b6 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u88ab\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u503c\u90fd\u5360\u7528\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u79f0\u4e3a \u5bf9\u8c61 \u3002\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u50a8\u5b58\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u3002 \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u4e49 \u201c\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6307\u7684\u662f\u201c\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a \u6807\u8bc6\u7b26 \uff0c\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u786c\u4ef6\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u6307\u9488 \u4e0e\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002 \u5de6\u503c \u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u5de6\u503c \u3002 entity \u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u662f\u5de6\u503c *pt \u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5de6\u503c 2 * entity \u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5de6\u503c *(pt + 2) \u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5de6\u503c \u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5de6\u503c\u6539\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u79f0\u4e3a \u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5de6\u503c \u3002 const char * pc = \"xxxx\" ; pc \u662f\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5de6\u503c *pc \u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5de6\u503c \u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u548c\u94fe\u63a5 \u00b6 Note \u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u548c\u94fe\u63a5 \u63cf\u8ff0\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u00b6 C \u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a \u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u5757\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u53c2\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5728\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u5916\u90e8\uff09\u3002 Note \u5728 C99 \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5757\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u58f0\u660e\u3002 \u4e5f\u662f\u5728 C99\uff0c \u5757 \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u653e\u5bbd\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u8bed\u53e5\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u5faa\u73af\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u5757\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\uff09\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a for ( int i = 0 ;;) function (); i \u5177\u6709\u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff0c\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u66f4\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u5faa\u73af\u4f53\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u5b50\u5757\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\u5b83\uff1a { for ( int i ;;) { int i ; } } \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u540c\u540d\u53d8\u91cf i \u4e0d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 Tip \u540c\u540d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u8986\u76d6\u5916\u90e8\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u57df goto \u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6807\u7b7e\u5728\u5185\u5c42\u7684\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e5f\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u3002\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002 \u53ea\u5728\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 VLA \u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u987a\u5e8f\uff1a void use_VLA ( int n , int m , ar [ n ][ m ]); \u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u79f0\u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143 \u4f60\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u9884\u5904\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u63d2\u5165\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5b83 include \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u521a\u624d\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7684 \u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728 \u6574\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u53ef\u89c1 \u3002 \u94fe\u63a5 \u00b6 \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 \u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7531 static \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e\u3002 \u7528\u8bed \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528 \u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u6307\u4ee3\u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u7528 \u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df \u6307\u4ee3\u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\u3002 \u65e0\u94fe\u63a5 \u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u539f\u578b\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3002 \u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u00b6 \u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u6574\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 static \u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u58f0\u660e\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7ebf\u7a0b\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u4ece\u58f0\u660e\u5904\u5230\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4f7f\u7528 _Thread_local \u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002 \u81ea\u52a8\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u5165\u5757\u65f6\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u5757\u65f6\u91ca\u653e\u3002\u5757\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 VLA \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5230\u5757\u672b\u5c3e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\uff08\u6bd5\u7adf\u5230\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u5927\u5c0f\uff09\u3002 \u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u5b58\u50a8\u671f \u603b\u7ed3 \u00b6 \u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5e76\u53d1\u7f16\u7a0b\uff0cC \u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e94\u79cd\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8bf7\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u94fe\u63a5\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u81ea\u52a8 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668 \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u53d8\u91cf\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u5b83\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4 double \u957f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u80fd\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u9759\u6001\u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 extern \u58f0\u660e\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5728\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u540d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u8986\u76d6\u9759\u6001\u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cd\u540d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 auto \u6ce8\u660e\u3002 \u9759\u6001\u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 \u9759\u6001\u65e0\u94fe\u63a5 \u4ec5\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u82e5\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a 0 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7528\u8c03\u8bd5\u5668\u8c03\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u597d\u50cf\u201c\u8df3\u8fc7\u201d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u3002 Note - \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 auto \u663e\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u52a8\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4f46\u5728 C++ \u4e2d\u5b83\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002 \u00b6","title":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#_1","text":"Abstract \u672c\u8282\u8bb2\u89e3 C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u3002","title":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#_2","text":"Abstract \u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a \u6574\u578b\uff1a int \u3001 long \u3001 short \u3001 char \u3001 unsigned \u3001 signed \u7b49\u3002 \u7ed3\u6784","title":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#_6","text":"C \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u75db\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u638c\u63e1\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5199\u51fa\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002","title":"\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/data-type-and-memory-management/#-auto-c","text":"","title":"- \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 auto \u663e\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u52a8\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4f46\u5728 C++ \u4e2d\u5b83\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/","text":"C \u5927\u7a0b\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u6574\u7406 \u00b6 \u611f\u8c22\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6574\u7406\u7684 uu \u4eec\uff1a Anston Sun\u300145gfg9\u3001sanaka\u3001TH \u8ba0 NK\u3001cxy \u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898 \u00b6 \u600e\u4e48\u8bfb\u58f0\u660e\uff1f \u00b6 \u8be6\u89c1\uff1a Reading C type declarations (unixwiz.net) \u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u00b6 Author\uff1a45gfg9\u3001Anston Sun \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u60f9\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7684\u5c0f\u5bb6\u4f19\u3002 int function ( int arg ) { return 2 * arg ; } \u4e00\u822c\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\uff0c \u7c7b\u578b\u662f int (int) \u3002 int ( * func_ptr )( int ); \u829d\u58eb\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u829d\u58eb\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c \u7c7b\u578b\u662f int (*)(int) \u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5bb6\u4f19\u80fd\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f func_ptr = & function ; func_ptr = function ; \u524d\u8005\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u5e73\u5e73\u65e0\u5947\u7684\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6d12\u6d12\u6c34\u5566\u3002 \u540e\u8005\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u67d0\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5947\u6280\u6deb\u5de7\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6307\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u6307\u9488\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u4ee3\u5668 function \u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 func_ptr \uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u574f\u4e86\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u64ad\u653e\u5988\u5988\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u8981\u6253\u9ad8\u7aef\u5c40\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f60\u5148\u522b\u6025\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u4e91\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0e\u524d\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u6548\u3002C \u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5fcd\u5fc3\u770b\u5230\u88ab\u51fd\u6570\u7ed5\u6655\u7684\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u9762\u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u63aa\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684 \u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362 \u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u6362 \u00b6 \u4efb\u4f55\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u4ee3\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u7528\u4e8e \u5f02\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5217\u8bed\u5883 \u65f6 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d6\u5740\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u4f5c\u4e3a sizeof \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570 \u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u5230\u6307\u5411 \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6240\u6307\u4ee3\u51fd\u6570 \u7684\u6307\u9488\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc function \u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u53d8\u6210 &function \u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u8f6c\u6362\u5e76\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u503c\uff0c\u800c \u7c7b\u578b\u4ece int (int) \u53d8\u6210 int (*)(int) \u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5427\u3002 \u8bf7\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a // \u8bd5\u8bd5\u770b\uff01 ( * ( void ( * )()) 0 )(); \u597d\u5427\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6216\u8bb8\u5bf9\u4f60\u6765\u8bf4\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\u65e9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u70b9\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002 function ( 20 ); ( function )( 20 ); ( *& function )( 20 ); ( & function )( 20 ); ( * function )( 20 ); ( *********** function )( 20 ); // \u4e0d\u7528\u6570\u4e86\uff0c11 \u4e2a \u5148\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u770b\u524d\u4e94\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u719f\u6089\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u755c\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u770b\u7740\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u2026\u2026\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6837\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5462\uff1f\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u518d\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u51fa\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u3002\u8fde\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u90fd\u4f1a\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u4f18\u5316\u6389\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u5f00\u59cb\u5947\u602a\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u5e76\u975e\u7c97\u5fc3\u5927\u610f\uff0c\u5b83\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u73a9\u8f6c\u6307\u9488\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u4e0e\u60ec\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u634d\u536b\u6307\u9488\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002\u9274\u4e8e C \u6807\u51c6\u5141\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570 \uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u89c1\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u6362\u4e86\u79cd\u6298\u78e8\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u806a\u660e\u5982\u4f60\u65e9\u5df2\u6599\u5230\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5f15\u8a00\u5b9a\u771f\uff0c\u9274\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u60ef\u7684\u3002\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362 \uff0c *function \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e *&function \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0b\u770b\u61c2\u4e86\u3002 \u73b0\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bf9 function \u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u8feb\u4f7f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c06\u5b83\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f60\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u5947\u602a\u7656\u597d\u3002 \u8fd8\u662f\u770b\u770b\u8fdc\u5904\u7684 func_ptr \u5427\u5bb6\u4eba\u4eec\u3002 ( * func_ptr )( 20 ); func_ptr ( 20 ); ( **** func_ptr )( 20 ); ( & func_ptr )( 20 ); \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u6307\u9488\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\uff0c\u4eba\u755c\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6574\u6574\u4e09\u56de\u554a\u4e09\u56de\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8ddf\u4f60\u7206\u4e86 \u3002\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u662f\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u62c6\u5f00\u770b\u770b\uff1a int ( * func_ptr )( int ) = & function ; // \u8fd9\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684 int ( ** second_ptr )( int ) = & func_ptr ; // \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684 second_ptr ( 20 ); // \u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8fd9\u6837 \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c second_ptr \u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e2a\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6307\u9488\u4e86\u3002 \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5b83\u662f\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ea7\u6307\u9488\uff09\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5730\u5740\u503c\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e \u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6307\u9488\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u662f function \u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u800c\u662f func_ptr \u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u8fd9\u8fd8\u5f97\u4e86\uff0c\u9a97\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u9a97\u5144\u5f1f\u4e5f\u5c31\u7b97\u4e86\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u4e0d\u5403\u4f60\u8fd9\u5957\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u770b\u70b9\u4e0d\u592a\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff1a int func_two ( int a , int f ( int arg )) { return 3 * f ( a ); } \u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a // function \u5982\u4e0a\u6587\u5b9a\u4e49 int function ( int arg ); int a = 1 ; int b = func_two ( a , function ); \u76f8\u4fe1\u806a\u660e\u7684\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u731c\u5230\u4e86\uff0c b \u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f 6\u3002\u6865\u8c46\u9ebb\u888b\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u6709\u54ea\u91cc\u4e0d\u592a\u5bf9\u52b2\u3002 func_two \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u5206\u522b\u662f int \u548c int (int) \uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u5374\u4f20\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u5417\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f \u53c8\u662f\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\uff1fBingo\uff01\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u53d1\u751f\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 func_two \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5f62\u53c2\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f int (*)(int) \uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684 int (int) \u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u548c void f(int a[]) \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f void f(int *a) \u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u8282\u7ea6\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u773c\u4e2d\u7684 func_two \u662f int func_two(int a, int (*f)(int) \u3002\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u5c31\u987a\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u4e86\u3002 \u7ecf\u8fc7\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece \u51fd\u6570\u5230\u6307\u9488\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362 \u89c4\u5b9a\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u60c5\u666f\u5e76\u975e\u96be\u4e8b\u3002\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7684\u754f\u60e7\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u8f6c\u6362\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6216\u53d7\u590d\u6742\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u8bed\u6cd5\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bc6\u522b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u719f\u7ec3\u5ea6\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4f60\u81ea\u4fe1\u8fd0\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3002 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u00b6 \u7b80\u8981\u6574\u7406\u4e00\u4e0b libgraphics \u7528\u6cd5\uff1a \u5fc5\u5907\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u56fe\u5f62\u4e0e\u6587\u5b57 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff1a libgraphics \u7684\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e ACLLib \u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u524d\u8005\u4ee5\u5de6\u4e0b\u89d2\u4e3a\u539f\u70b9\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u4ee5\u5de6\u4e0a\u89d2\u4e3a\u9876\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7a97\u53e3\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 void InitGraphics(void) \uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u8c03\u7528 void MovePen(double x, double y) \uff1a\u5c06\u7b14\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u67d0\u70b9\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u79fb\u52a8\uff09 void DrawLine(double dx, double dy) \uff1a\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u70b9 \\((x,y)\\) \u753b\u5230 \\((x+dx, y+dy)\\) \u7684\u7ebf\uff0c\u753b\u7b14\u968f\u4e4b\u79fb\u52a8 void DrawArc(double r, double start, double sweep) \uff1a\u4ee5\u5f53\u524d\u70b9\u4e3a\u5706\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ece \\(\\phi=start\\) \u89d2\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u753b\u534a\u5f84\u4e3a \\(r\\) \uff0c\u5706\u5fc3\u89d2\u4e3a \\(\\Delta\\phi=sweep\\) \u7684\u5706\u5f27\u3002 double GetWindowWidth(void) \uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u7a97\u53e3\u5bbd\u5ea6 double GetWindowHeight(void) double GetCurrentX(void) \uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u753b\u7b14\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e double GetCurrentY(void) void DrawTextString(string text) \uff1a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6253\u5370\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 double TextStringWidth(string text) \uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u8be5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6253\u5370\u65f6\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6 \u5173\u4e8e SetEraseMode() \u548c GetEraseMode() \u6211\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u6ce8\u91ca\u8d34\u5728\u8fd9\u4e86\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u5427\uff1a /* * Function: SetEraseMode * Usage: SetEraseMode(TRUE); * SetEraseMode(FALSE); * --------------------------- * The SetEraseMode function sets the value of the internal * erasing flag. Setting this flag is similar to setting the * color to \"White\" in its effect but does not affect the * current color setting. When erase mode is set to FALSE, * normal drawing is restored, using the current color. */ void SetEraseMode ( bool mode ); /* * Function: GetEraseMode * Usage: mode = GetEraseMode(); * ----------------------------- * This function returns the current state of the erase mode flag. */ bool GetEraseMode ( void ); \u8fd8\u662f\u9644\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5427\uff1aSetEraseMode \u51fd\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5185\u90e8\u64e6\u9664\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u503c\u3002\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u503c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5c31\u50cf\u628a\u989c\u8272\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u201c\u767d\u8272\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u989c\u8272\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u5f53\u64e6\u9664\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3aFALSE\u65f6\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5230\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u7ed8\u753b\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3002 \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u4ea4\u4e92\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u5728 simpio.h \u4e2d void InitConsole(void) \uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 stdio.h \u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u8bb0\u5f97\u5199\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u3002 int GetInteger(void) \uff1a\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u8bfb\u5165\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9047\u5230\u610f\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u6237\u91cd\u65b0\u8f93\u5165\u3002\u6e90\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a int GetInteger ( void ) { string line ; int value ; char termch ; while ( TRUE ) { line = GetLine (); if ( line == NULL ) Error ( \"GetInteger: unexpected end of file\" ); switch ( sscanf ( line , \" %d %c\" , & value , & termch )) { case 1 : FreeBlock ( line ); return ( value ); case 2 : printf ( \"Unexpected character: '%c' \\n \" , termch ); break ; default : printf ( \"Please enter an integer \\n \" ); break ; } FreeBlock ( line ); printf ( \"Retry: \" ); } } double GetReal(void) \uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u540c\u4e0a\u3002 string GetLine(void) string ReadLine(FILE *infile) \uff1a\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u5165\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u5b9a\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u56de\u8c03 \u00b6 Author: Anston Sun \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7528\u4e8e\u5ef6\u65f6\u6216\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u540c\u7c7b\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u949f\u8868\u7b49\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u8ba1\u65f6\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u65e5\u7a0b\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u6bcf\u7ecf\u8fc7 \u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u957f \uff0c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4fbf\u4f1a \u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u673a\u5236 \uff0c\u6267\u884c \u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6307\u4ee4 \u3002 libgraphics \u5e93\u901a\u8fc7 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236 \u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9a\u65f6\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236\u6b64\u5904\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668 \u00b6 \u4e0e\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a void startTimer(int timerID, int interval) void cancelTimer(int timerID) \u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5206\u522b\u7528\u4e8e\u542f\u52a8\u4e0e\u7ec8\u6b62\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u3002 interval \u662f \u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u957f \uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e24\u6b21\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u3002 timerID \u4e3a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u4e13\u7528\u540d\u79f0\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u591a\u9879\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u5206\u522b\u542f\u52a8\u591a\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5747\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1 TimerEvent \uff0c\u5728\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 timerID \u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u3002 \u56de\u8c03\u6ce8\u518c\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback) \uff1a\u6ce8\u518c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002 TimerEventCallback \u7c7b\u578b\u89c1\u4e0b\u3002 \u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 typedef void (*TimerEventCallback)(int timerID) TimerEventCallback \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5047\u8bbe\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a func \uff09\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a void func(int timerID) \u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u4efb\u4e00\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5230\u8fbe\u8bbe\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u5747\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528 func \u51fd\u6570\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u5165\u7684 timerID \uff0c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684\u89e6\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002 \u8865\u5145\u601d\u8003 \u00b6 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5747\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5ef6\u65f6\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5373\u5728 \u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u957f \u540e\u6267\u884c \u7279\u5b9a\u6b21\u6570 \u7684 \u7279\u5b9a\u64cd\u4f5c \u3002\u7ed3\u5408 cancelTimer \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u600e\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u3002 \u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 typedef void ( * KeyboardEventCallback ) ( int key , int event ); typedef void ( * CharEventCallback ) ( char c ); typedef void ( * MouseEventCallback ) ( int x , int y , int button , int event ); typedef void ( * TimerEventCallback ) ( int timerID ); void registerKeyboardEvent ( KeyboardEventCallback callback ); void registerCharEvent ( CharEventCallback callback ); void registerMouseEvent ( MouseEventCallback callback ); void registerTimerEvent ( TimerEventCallback callback ); void startTimer ( int id , int timeinterval ); \u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5728 graphics \u5e93\u4e2d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\uff0c\u8bfe\u4e0a\u90fd\u8bb2\u8fc7\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u7528\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\uff1a\u4ee5 20 \u5e74\u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a\u7b2c 3 \u9898\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff1a void Main () { InitGraphics (); registerTimerEvent ( TimerEventProcess ); //... startTimer ( TIMER_CURSOR , 500 ); /*start 500ms cursor blinking timer*/ } void TimerEventProcess ( int timerID ) { bool erasemode ; if ( TIMER_CURSOR == timerID ) { //... } } \u4ece\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4f8b\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u70b9\uff1a \u4f7f\u7528 void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback callback) \u6ce8\u518c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570 callback \u540e\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7528 void startTimer(int id,int timeinterval) \u8bbe\u5b9a\u5e76\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684 id \u548c timeinterval \u3002 \u6bcf\u5f53\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5230\u8fbe\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\uff0c\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u5c31\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u63a5\u6536\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u7684 id \u5e76\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f TimerEventProcess \u51fd\u6570\u4e2d if \u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u4e3b\u51fd\u6570\u662f void Main() \u522b\u5199\u9519\u4e86 \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff1a #include <stdio.h> #include \"graphics.h\" void Main ( void ) { InitGraphics (); MovePen ( 1.5 , 1.0 ); DrawArc ( 0.5 , 0 , 360 ); } New() \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u5411\u4e0b\u7ffb\uff0c\u627e\u5230 2019 \u5e74\u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a\u7b2c 3 \u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u00b6 \u8bb0\u4f4f\uff1a\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e24\u9879\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u6709\u5173\uff1a \u6bd4\u8f83 \u548c \u4ea4\u6362 \u3002 \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba1\u6570\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8ba9\u5b83 ++ \uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a int count = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < n ; ++ i ) { for ( int j = 0 ; j < n ; ++ j ) { for ( int k = 0 ; k < m ; ++ k ) { count ++ ; } } } \u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c count = n*n*m \uff0c\u5219\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n^2m)\\) \u3002 \u8bb0\u4f4f\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3001\u6700\u4f18\u3001\u6700\u5dee\u60c5\u51b5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff1a \u6765\u6e90\uff1a \u5e38\u7528\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u603b\u7ed3\u5bf9\u6bd4 | \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u7cfb\u5217\u6559\u7a0b\uff08\u7b14\u8bb0\uff09 (zq99299.github.io) \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u00b6 \u8fd9\u4e1c\u897f\u524d\u4e24\u4e09\u5e74\u90fd\u8003\u4e86\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6811\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6c42\u503c - OI Wiki (oi-wiki.org) \u6811\u57fa\u7840 - OI Wiki (oi-wiki.org) \u5728\u524d\u7f00\u3001\u4e2d\u7f00\u3001\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u4e2d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u5373 \u5de6\u3001\u6839\u3001\u53f3 a+b*(c-d)-(e/f) \u524d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u8fdb\u884c\u5148\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u5373 \u6839\u3001\u5de6\u3001\u53f3 -+a*b-cd/ef \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u8fdb\u884c\u540e\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u5373 \u5de6\u3001\u53f3\u3001\u6839 \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5de6\u53f3\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u6bd4\u6839\u5148\u904d\u5386\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u8def\u5f80\u4e0b\u627e\u5230\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5411\u4e0a\u89e3\u6790\u3002 abcd-*+ef/- \u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5177\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff1a \u8ba1\u7b97\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6808\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u5c31\u53d6\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u6808\u9876\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u91cd\u65b0\u538b\u5165\u6808\u4e2d\u3002 \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6811\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u62ec\u53f7\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 2020-2021 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 typedef \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 typedef struct{char * name;} *T; \u628a T \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a struct{char * name;}*; \u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u5373\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf t \u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 A\uff1a char * B\uff1a\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e3a &(t->name[0]) \uff0c\u5373 char * \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 C\uff1a char * D\uff1a *(t.name) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4f7f\u7528 . \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u6210\u5458\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 3 \u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b \u51fd\u6570\u540d\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u9488\u54e6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u3002 A\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d B\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d C\uff1a p \u662f\u6307\u5411 int[5] \u7684\u6307\u9488 D\uff1a p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e00\u5171\u6709 5 \u4e2a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a auto \uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u3002 register \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 CPU \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5feb\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 extern \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 static \uff1a \u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 _Thread_local \uff1a\u4e0d\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e typedef \u6309\u8bed\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u3002 \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e const \u3001 volatile \u3001 restrict \u7b49 \u7c7b\u578b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u89c1 2019 \u5e74\u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u901a\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8bd5\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.1 \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5bf9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e8c\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6362\u5e8f\u7684\uff08 \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e2d\u7684 ^ \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u53f3\u7ed3\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u62ec\u53f7\u540e\u53d8\u6210 d^(e^f) \u800c\u4e0d\u662f (d^e)^f \uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f def^^ \uff0c\u800c fed^^ \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5168\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6 \u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b ztgg \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u4f9d\u65e7\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\uff08\u6279\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n^2)\\) \uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \uff0c\u524d\u8005\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff09\u3002 \u6700\u4f73\u60c5\u51b5\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u79fb\u52a8\u539f\u6765\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u53ea\u6709\u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c \u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u8bfb\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u627e\u540c\u5b66/\u8001\u5e08\u95ee\u6e05\u695a\u634f\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u9010\u4e2a malloc() \u5462\uff1f \u4e2d\u95f4\u90a3\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u6709\u70b9\u8ff7\u60d1\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5c06 eQueue \u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5230 dQueue \u65f6\u540c\u65f6\u628a\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6362\u5230\u961f\u5c3e\u53bb\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u80fd\u505a\u5bf9\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u7a7a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\uff1a InitGraphics() \u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8bb0\u5f97 \u8bb0\u4f4f\u51e0\u79cd\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback callback) \u4e0e void startTimer(int id,int timeinterval) \u914d\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u610f\u4e49\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u5199\uff1f \u53c2\u6570 timerID \u662f\u7528\u6765\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff1f \u7b2c 14 \u7a7a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u753b\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u68c0\u67e5 \u753b\u7b14\u4f4d\u7f6e \u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ed8\u5236\u5206\u5f62\u56fe\u5f62\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u94fe\u8868\u5faa\u73af\u68c0\u6d4b \u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u8c1c\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8d70\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u624d\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u9b3c\u6253\u5899\uff08\u5373\u5728\u539f\u8def\u7ed5\u5708\uff09 \uff1f \u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u5feb\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u6162\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u6709\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u5148\u8d70\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5148\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u770b\u89c1\u4f60\u3002 LoopDetect() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 fast \u548c late \uff0c fast \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e24\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\uff0c late \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a fast \u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6b65\u8fdb\u6216 fast \u5728\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u770b\u89c1 late \u3002\u524d\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6709\u5faa\u73af\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u539f\u5730\u53bb\u91cd \u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4f60\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8d77\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53bb\u7a7a\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff1f char * a ; for ( int i = 0 , j = 0 ; i < length ; i ++ ){ if ( a [ i ] != ' ' ) a [ j ++ ] = a [ i ]; } \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u53bb\u91cd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6761\u4ef6\u6362\u6210 a[i]!=a[j] \u4e86\u800c\u5df2\u3002 2019-2020 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570 D \u9879 \u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4f4d\u4e8e \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\uff08Stack Segment\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u9020\u6210 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff08Segmentation Fault\uff09 \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u6808\u5e27\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\uff08Stack Overflow\uff09 \u3002\u5806\u6808\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 2 \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u3002 The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff1a\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u7740\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u66ff\u6362\u6210 (*pf) \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982 void ToUpper(char *) \u6539\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 void (*pf)(char *) \u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5b83\uff0c \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\uff1a pf = ToUpper \uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f pf = ToUpper() \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a (*pf)(mis) \u548c pf(mis) \uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cK&R C \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u63a8\u8350\u5927\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5148\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8def\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u6362\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u53d6\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a f \u548c &f \u3002 C \u9879 \u6216\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u7406\u89e3 (*cmd) \u4e0e cmd \u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f StackOverflow \u4e2d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a c++ - What does void f(void()) mean? - Stack Overflow \u3002 As mentioned in dcl.fct of the working draft (emphasis mine): The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] Because of that, the following function: void f ( void ()); Has the same type of: void f ( void ( * )()); Thus the definitions below are identical: void f ( void ( g )()); void f ( void ( * g )()); Correct me if I'm wrong, AFAIK function names are pointers just like array names so in the first example you are passing function object and compiler does implicit conversion , in the second example you are directly passing function pointer which is explicit conversion. \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u540c\u6837\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u80fd\u591f\u9009\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570 \u6211\u89c9\u5f97 D \u9879\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5f88\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u5982\u679c\u4e3a void \u5c31\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u63a5\u6536\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f void \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u8bf4\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a void \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u201d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u8bf7 WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u53bb\u770b\u8f85\u5b66\u7fa4\u91cc\u5176\u4ed6\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u8bfe\u4ef6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 10 \u8fd8\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff1a F \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int (int) \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a F \u7684\u51fd\u6570 g \u548c h \u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f int g(int a) \u548c int h(int a) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 p \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f int (*)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u4e0e F \u7b49\u4ef7\uff09\u3002\u5e76\u7528 g \u548c h \u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5185\u5f80\u5916\u8bfb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a p \u662f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5411\u53f3 [] \u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5411\u5de6 * \u8868\u793a\u5176\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u53f3 (int) \u8868\u793a\u5176\u6240\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7 int \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u5de6 int \u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u7528 g \u548c h \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c g \u548c h \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u56de\u987e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570 q \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f F* \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373 int (*)(int) \u3002\u6545\u51fd\u6570 q \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a int (**)(int) \u3002 A \u9879\uff1a\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5c31\u662f\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4e3a int (**)(int) \uff0c\u5339\u914d\u3002 C \u9879\uff1a\u663e\u7136\u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u53d6\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5f97\u5230 int (*)(int) \uff0c\u4e0e int (**)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1 \u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u5c31\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u5199\u201c\u8be5\u6bb5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5931\u8d25\u201d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u90e8\u5206\u53bb\u91cd\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u91cd\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b main() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a \u5916\u5c42\uff1a ((H)\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f )(100); \uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\uff1a h(0) \u3002\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86 h \uff0c\u5373\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a void * \u7c7b\u578b\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u5916\u5c42\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e h(100) \u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a h \u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 geblib.h WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u5e94\u5f53\u8865\u5145\u9605\u8bfb libgraphics \u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u6e90\u7801\u5427\uff1a New() \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\uff1a Usage: p = New(pointer-type); The New pseudofunction allocates enough space to hold an object of the type to which pointer-type points and returns a pointer to the newly allocated pointer. Note that \"New\" is different from the \"new\" operator used in C++; the former takes a pointer type and the latter takes the target type. \u6e90\u7801\uff1a void * GetBlock ( size_t nbytes ); #define New(type) ((type) GetBlock(sizeof *((type) NULL))) \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8c03\u7528 New(char*) \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a ((char*) GetBlock(sizeof *((char*) NULL))) GetBlock() \u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u9700\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5206\u914d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u540e\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u53c2\u6570\uff0c NULL \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a char* \u968f\u540e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4ecd\u4e3a char \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a char* \u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 FreeBlock() \u51fd\u6570\uff1a \u539f\u578b\uff1a void FreeBlock(void *ptr) \u4e0e free() \u529f\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u7b2c 15 \u7a7a\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c FreeBlock(PopStack(stack)) \u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5199\u6cd5\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5206\u5f62 \u8fd9\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u7b80\u6d01\u600e\u4e48\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5 OI \u7801\u98ce\u53bb\u5199\u662f\u6700\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u53c2\u8003\uff08 \u7406\u89e3\u9519\u9898\u610f\u4e86\uff0c\u539f\u6765 order \u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u5411\u800c\u662f\u5206\u5f62\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002 \u57fa\u51c6\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u957f\u5ea6\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u67d0\u503c\u3002 \u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u753b\u4e00\u6839\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0b\u4e00\u652f\u7684 length \u548c order \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53 \u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u4f4d \u3002 #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include \"graphics.h\" #define MIN_LEN .1 double toRadius ( double deg ) { return deg * 3.1415926 / 180 ; } void DrawBranch ( double len , double deg ) { DrawLine ( len * cos ( toRadius ( deg )), len * sin ( toRadius ( deg ))); if ( len * 0.75 < MIN_LEN ) return ; DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg - 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg - 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg - 15 ))); //\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 DrawLine \u5b9e\u73b0 DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg + 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg + 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg + 15 ))); } int main ( void ) { double length ; char order ; printf ( \"Please enter initial length: \" ); scanf ( \"%lf\" , & length ); getchar (); printf ( \"Please enter order (u)pper, (d)own, (r)ight, (l)eft: \" ); scanf ( \"%c\" , & order ); double deg ; switch ( order ) { case 'u' : deg = 90 ; break ; case 'd' : deg = -90 ; break ; case 'r' : deg = 0 ; break ; case 'l' : deg = 180 ; break ; default : printf ( \"error. \\n \" ); return 1 ; } InitGraphics (); MovePen ( GetWindowWidth () / 2 , GetWindowHeight () / 2 ); DrawBranch ( length , deg ); return 0 ; } \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u5217\u8868\u53d8\u5e8f \u5c31\u7528\u6807\u7b54\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5076\u6570\u8282\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u518d\u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u3002 2018-2019 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97 \u50cf\u8fd9\u79cd\u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5c31\u8001\u8001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u9012\u5f52\u5c55\u5f00\u5427\u3002\u5c55\u5f00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f97\u4f9d\u6b21\u8bb0\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b8c\u7684 f(0) \u3001 f(1) \u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u633a\u5947\u8469\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u53ea\u8981\u5168\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f\u4e00\u904d \\(O(N\\log N)\\) \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 \\(O(1)\\) \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5934\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u3001\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u5417\uff08doge \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u524d\u7f00\u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5148\u9012\u589e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.2 \u672c\u9898\u82f1\u6587\u6709\u70b9\u70eb\u5634\uff0c\u6211\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a \u4e3a\u4e86\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c T p \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 p \uff0c\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b T \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536 (char *, double) \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a int * \u3002 \u8bfb\u61c2\u9898\u76ee\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5566\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 2 \u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u5b57\u8282 \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a xx-bit system\uff08n \u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 \u6307\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6307\u9488\u957f\u5ea6\u6709 \\(n\\) \u6bd4\u7279\uff0c \\(8\\) \u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u6545\u672c\u9898\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6307\u9488\u90fd\u662f \\(4\\) \u5b57\u8282\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5404\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a StudentInfo \uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 + \u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 = \\(12 + 20 + 4 = 36\\) PtrStudentInfo \uff1a \\(4\\) pStudent->name \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 \\(=20\\) pStudent->photo \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a void* \u6307\u9488 \\(=4\\) \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u518d\u6b21\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u7b54\u6848\u611f\u89c9\u6709\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u554a\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u65f6\u5019 p \u6307\u5411 \\(2\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u5c31\u7b97\u5bf9\u4e86\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u8bf4 node \u90a3\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u7528\u5427\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u5427\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5408\u5e76\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u6309\u5347\u5e8f\u5408\u5e76\u3002 HEAD \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u54d1\u8282\u70b9\u3002 \u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6307\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c l1 \u4ecd\u7136\u6307\u5411 \\(1\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6 l1 \u540e\u9762\u94fe\u4e0a\u4e86\u4ece l2 \u5408\u5e76\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u94fe\u8868\u201d l1 \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u53cc\u5411\u6808 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u7684\u6808\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u5165/\u51fa\u6808\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528 Tag \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\u3002\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c Top1 \u662f\u5de6\u8fb9\uff08\u5934\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\uff0c Top2 \u662f\u53f3\u8fb9\uff08\u5c3e\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\u3002 \u8bfb\u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u63a8\u8350\u5148\u8bfb main() \u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u89c2\u5bdf\u9898\u76ee\u7ed9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u662f \u600e\u4e48\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 \u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u53bb\u770b\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u4e00\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\uff1a \u5148\u770b main() \u4e2d\u7684 Push() \uff0c\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u6bd4\u5e73\u5e38\u7684 Push() \u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5462\uff1f \u518d\u770b\u7c7b\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a Top \uff1f\u56de\u60f3 main() \u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a -1 \u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a MaxSize \u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u6808\u4e86\u3002 Push() \u548c Pop() \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u4e86\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u5f97\u5230\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u6700\u591a\u518d\u591a\u770b\u4e00\u773c if(Tag == 1) \u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e2a\u503c\u5bf9\u5e94\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4fdd\u9669\u8d77\u89c1\u63a8\u8350\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\u51e0\u6b21\u540e\u4f60\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u4e86\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u7ec4 a[k] \u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5c0f\uff0c\u53f3\u4fa7\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5927\u3002\u6700\u540e\u8fd4\u56de a[k] \u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f \u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6bcf\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\u628a\u7b2c a[k] \u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a x \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 i \u548c j \u5206\u522b\u4ece\u5de6\u53f3\u904d\u5386\u5e76\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6570\u3002\u4ea4\u6362\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4 x \u5927\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u5feb\u6392\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u76f4\u63a5\u820d\u5f03\u201d\u7684\u5feb\u6392\u3002\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u672c\u6765\u5feb\u6392\u533a\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u9897\u6811\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u53ea\u8d70\u4e00\u6761\u8def\uff0c\u53ea\u6392 a[k] \u6240\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u533a\u95f4\u5957\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u5206\u578b \u753b\u4e2a\u5750\u6807\u8f74\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6e05\u6670\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u540e Main() \u91cc\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e09\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u7684\u6c42\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u5206\u6790\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7528\u4e09\u89d2\u51fd\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u592e\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u7ed9\u4e2a\u5f88\u8349\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1a \u753b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5148\u753b\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5404\u8fb9\u53d6\u4e2d\u70b9\u3002\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u548c\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e2d\u70b9\u6784\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4e09\u89d2\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u5b9e\u73b0 \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u5b9e\u73b0\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u672c\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53bb\u7f51\u4e0a\u641c\u4e00\u641c\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u6cd5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5168\u90e8\u8981\u5957\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u53d6\u6a21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u9898\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 -> \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684 rear \u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5e94\u8be5\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5982\u679c\u672c\u9898\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019 Q->rear = maxsize - 1 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5462\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u53c2\u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93-\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5bfb\u627e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u8282\u70b9 \u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\uff1a\u8fd8\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7ad9\u5728\u9898\u76ee\u6240\u793a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5c3d\u5feb\u627e\u5230\u4f1a\u5408\u70b9\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u79bb\u7ec8\u70b9\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u8fdc\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5148\u76f8\u5bf9\u7ec8\u70b9\u5bf9\u9f50\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u5904\u4f1a\u5408\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002 \u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\uff0c lPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c sPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c numLeftNodes \u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u94fe\u8868\u8282\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u5dee\u503c\uff0c lPtr=lPtr->next \u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u9f50\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5faa\u73af\u7ec8\u6b62\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4eba\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u5c3d\u5934 NULL \uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u4eba\u76f8\u9047 lPtr==sPtr \u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u7ec8\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u4e8c\u5206\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9898\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\u6f0f\u4e86\u68c0\u67e5 minPos == rh \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u8fd9\u6837\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u679c\uff1f 2017-2018 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u64cd\u4f5c C \u9879\uff1a strcpy() \u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u636e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u7684 \\0 \u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u505c\u6b62\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b9c\u7528\u4e8e\u6b64\u60c5\u5883\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u6bcf\u6b21 *pc2++ = *pc1++ \uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c06 pc1 \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230 pc2 \u6307\u5411\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a char \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e p1 \u548c p2 \u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u90fd\u662f \\(8+8=16\\) \u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u9009\u7684\u662f D \u9879\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } } \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u666e\u904d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f18\u5316\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684 Bubble \u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u540e\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u5f00\u5934\u6dfb\u52a0 bool flag = 0; \uff0c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0 if(!flag)break; \uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 flag=true \u5373\u53ef\u5c06\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5\u4f18\u5316\u81f3 \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 D \u9879\uff1a static \u6b64\u5904\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u662f\u6307\u9488 p \u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411 static int \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002 static \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e \u5148\u60f3\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a fun \u51fd\u6570\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230 void \u7c7b\u578b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff1a fun(int) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff1a (*fun(int))(int) \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 (*fp)() \u5f62\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\uff1a void (*fun(int))(int) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u548c \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u5b50\u5217\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u548c\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u8005 \u3002\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u641c\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8bf7\u53bb\u770b\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u770b\u5b8c\u5c31\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u4e86\u3002 thisp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c maxp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f \u57fa\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u90fd\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u5230 \u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n)\\) \u5427\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97 \u8fd9\u9898\u86ee\u5751\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u4e86\u597d\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u624d\u660e\u767d\u7b2c (7)(8) \u7a7a\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u628a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u6b21\u9879\u63d0\u516c\u56e0\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u540e\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed9\u5b83\u6574\u4f53\u4e58\u4e0a \\(x\\) \u3002\u6bd4\u5982 \\(3x^4+2x^2+1\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a \\((((3x)x^2)+2x)x + 1\\) \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e58\u79ef\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002 \u540c\u6837\u6ce8\u610f -> \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 2016-2017 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u5012\u5e8f\u6808 \u6ce8\u610f\u9898\u76ee\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86 \u6808\u9876\u6307\u9488\u4f4d\u4e8e N \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6808\u662f\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b80\u5355\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bb0\uff1a typedef \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b (*\u65b0\u540d\u5b57)(\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868) \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u5947\u5076\u6392\u5e8f \u548c\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\uff0c\u6709\u5e8f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u904d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u4f18\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u94fe\u8868\u987a\u5e8f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\u3002\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 root \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5e26\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7684\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 pivot \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5408\u5e76\u540e\u7684\u94fe\u8868\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u56e0\u6570\u5206\u89e3 \u672c\u9898\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ece\u5c0f\u5230\u8fbe\u6c42\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u7ea6\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u6c42\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56e0\u6570...\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u904d\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f \u6392\u5e8f\u539f\u7406\u9898\u76ee\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e0b\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a count \u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u5148\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u7528\u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 output_array[count[input_array[i]]] = input_array[i] \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u62c6\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a intput_array[i] \u5c31\u662f\u7b2c i \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5230 count[] \u5c31\u80fd\u67e5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u7f6e\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c 4 \u7a7a\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u9012\u589e\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u5dee\u96c6 \u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u90fd\u662f\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u6574\u904d\u5386 \\(A\\) \u3002 2015-2016 \u5e74\u5377 \u00b6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u5b8f\u7684\u5c55\u5f00 \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6587\u672c\u66ff\u6362\u3002 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 DD \u5f97\u5230 SQ(2*3) - SQ(2+3) \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 SQ \u5f97\u5230 DD(x, y) = x * x - y * y \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u987a\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u5f53\u4e00\u81f4\u3002","title":"C \u5927\u7a0b\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u6574\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#c","text":"\u611f\u8c22\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6574\u7406\u7684 uu \u4eec\uff1a Anston Sun\u300145gfg9\u3001sanaka\u3001TH \u8ba0 NK\u3001cxy","title":"C \u5927\u7a0b\u5386\u5e74\u5377\u7b80\u5355\u6574\u7406"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#_1","text":"","title":"\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2020-2021","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 typedef \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 typedef struct{char * name;} *T; \u628a T \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a struct{char * name;}*; \u7684\u522b\u540d\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u5373\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf t \u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 A\uff1a char * B\uff1a\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e3a &(t->name[0]) \uff0c\u5373 char * \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 C\uff1a char * D\uff1a *(t.name) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4f7f\u7528 . \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u6210\u5458\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 3 \u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b \u51fd\u6570\u540d\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u9488\u54e6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u3002 A\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d B\uff1a p \u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d C\uff1a p \u662f\u6307\u5411 int[5] \u7684\u6307\u9488 D\uff1a p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e00\u5171\u6709 5 \u4e2a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u8bf7\u56de\u5fc6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a auto \uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u3002 register \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 CPU \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5feb\u8bbf\u95ee\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 extern \uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 static \uff1a \u7528\u4e8e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 _Thread_local \uff1a\u4e0d\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e typedef \u6309\u8bed\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u3002 \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e const \u3001 volatile \u3001 restrict \u7b49 \u7c7b\u578b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u89c1 2019 \u5e74\u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u901a\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u6808\u3001\u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8bd5\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.1 \u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5bf9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e8c\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6362\u5e8f\u7684\uff08 \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e2d\u7684 ^ \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u53f3\u7ed3\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u62ec\u53f7\u540e\u53d8\u6210 d^(e^f) \u800c\u4e0d\u662f (d^e)^f \uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u540e\u7f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f def^^ \uff0c\u800c fed^^ \u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5168\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6 \u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b ztgg \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a \u5e73\u5747\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u4f9d\u65e7\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\uff08\u6279\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n^2)\\) \uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \uff0c\u524d\u8005\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff09\u3002 \u6700\u4f73\u60c5\u51b5\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u79fb\u52a8\u539f\u6765\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u597d\u5e8f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u63d2\u5165\u53ea\u6709\u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a \\(O(n\\log n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u961f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c \u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u8bfb\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u627e\u540c\u5b66/\u8001\u5e08\u95ee\u6e05\u695a\u634f\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5f88\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002\u8bf7\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u9010\u4e2a malloc() \u5462\uff1f \u4e2d\u95f4\u90a3\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\u6709\u70b9\u8ff7\u60d1\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5c06 eQueue \u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5230 dQueue \u65f6\u540c\u65f6\u628a\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6362\u5230\u961f\u5c3e\u53bb\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u80fd\u505a\u5bf9\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u7a7a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\uff1a InitGraphics() \u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8bb0\u5f97 \u8bb0\u4f4f\u51e0\u79cd\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c void registerTimerEvent(TimerEventCallback callback) \u4e0e void startTimer(int id,int timeinterval) \u914d\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u610f\u4e49\u3002 \u8ba1\u65f6\u5668\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u5199\uff1f \u53c2\u6570 timerID \u662f\u7528\u6765\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff1f \u7b2c 14 \u7a7a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u753b\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u68c0\u67e5 \u753b\u7b14\u4f4d\u7f6e \u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ed8\u5236\u5206\u5f62\u56fe\u5f62\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u94fe\u8868\u5faa\u73af\u68c0\u6d4b \u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u8c1c\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8d70\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u624d\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u9b3c\u6253\u5899\uff08\u5373\u5728\u539f\u8def\u7ed5\u5708\uff09 \uff1f \u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u5feb\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d70\u6162\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u6709\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u5148\u8d70\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5148\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u770b\u89c1\u4f60\u3002 LoopDetect() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 fast \u548c late \uff0c fast \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e24\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\uff0c late \u6bcf\u6b21\u6b65\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a fast \u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6b65\u8fdb\u6216 fast \u5728\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u770b\u89c1 late \u3002\u524d\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8868\u660e\u6709\u5faa\u73af\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u539f\u5730\u53bb\u91cd \u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4f60\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8d77\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53bb\u7a7a\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u7a0b\uff1f char * a ; for ( int i = 0 , j = 0 ; i < length ; i ++ ){ if ( a [ i ] != ' ' ) a [ j ++ ] = a [ i ]; } \u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u53bb\u91cd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6761\u4ef6\u6362\u6210 a[i]!=a[j] \u4e86\u800c\u5df2\u3002","title":"2020-2021 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2019-2020","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570 D \u9879 \u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4f4d\u4e8e \u5806\u6808\u6bb5\uff08Stack Segment\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u9020\u6210 \u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff08Segmentation Fault\uff09 \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u6808\u5e27\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a \u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\uff08Stack Overflow\uff09 \u3002\u5806\u6808\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740 \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 2 \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u53c2\u81ea\u52a8\u9000\u5316\u6210\u6307\u9488\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u3002 The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff1a\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u7740\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8981\u6307\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u66ff\u6362\u6210 (*pf) \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982 void ToUpper(char *) \u6539\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 void (*pf)(char *) \u3002 \u58f0\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5b83\uff0c \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740 \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\uff1a pf = ToUpper \uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f pf = ToUpper() \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a (*pf)(mis) \u548c pf(mis) \uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cK&R C \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u63a8\u8350\u5927\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5148\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8def\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u6362\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u53d6\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a f \u548c &f \u3002 C \u9879 \u6216\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u7406\u89e3 (*cmd) \u4e0e cmd \u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f StackOverflow \u4e2d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a c++ - What does void f(void()) mean? - Stack Overflow \u3002 As mentioned in dcl.fct of the working draft (emphasis mine): The type of a function is determined using the following rules. [...] After determining the type of each parameter, any parameter of type \u201carray of T\u201d or of function type T is adjusted to be \u201cpointer to T\u201d . [...] Because of that, the following function: void f ( void ()); Has the same type of: void f ( void ( * )()); Thus the definitions below are identical: void f ( void ( g )()); void f ( void ( * g )()); Correct me if I'm wrong, AFAIK function names are pointers just like array names so in the first example you are passing function object and compiler does implicit conversion , in the second example you are directly passing function pointer which is explicit conversion. \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u540c\u6837\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u89e3\u80fd\u591f\u9009\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 8 \u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570 \u6211\u89c9\u5f97 D \u9879\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5f88\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u5982\u679c\u4e3a void \u5c31\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u63a5\u6536\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f void \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u9879\u4e2d\u8bf4\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a void \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u201d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u8bf7 WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u53bb\u770b\u8f85\u5b66\u7fa4\u91cc\u5176\u4ed6\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93\u8bfe\u4ef6 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 10 \u8fd8\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\uff1a F \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a int (int) \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a F \u7684\u51fd\u6570 g \u548c h \u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f int g(int a) \u548c int h(int a) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4 p \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f int (*)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u4e0e F \u7b49\u4ef7\uff09\u3002\u5e76\u7528 g \u548c h \u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5185\u5f80\u5916\u8bfb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a p \u662f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5411\u53f3 [] \u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5411\u5de6 * \u8868\u793a\u5176\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u53f3 (int) \u8868\u793a\u5176\u6240\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7 int \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u5de6 int \u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u7528 g \u548c h \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c g \u548c h \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff08\u56de\u987e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09\u3002 \u7b2c\u56db\u884c\uff1a\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570 q \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de int \uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f F* \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373 int (*)(int) \u3002\u6545\u51fd\u6570 q \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a int (**)(int) \u3002 A \u9879\uff1a\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5c31\u662f\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4e3a int (**)(int) \uff0c\u5339\u914d\u3002 C \u9879\uff1a\u663e\u7136\u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u53d6\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5f97\u5230 int (*)(int) \uff0c\u4e0e int (**)(int) \u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1 \u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u5c31\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u5199\u201c\u8be5\u6bb5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5931\u8d25\u201d\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5408\u5e76\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u90e8\u5206\u53bb\u91cd\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a while \u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u91cd\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b main() \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1a \u5916\u5c42\uff1a ((H)\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f )(100); \uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u5185\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\uff1a h(0) \u3002\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86 h \uff0c\u5373\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a void * \u7c7b\u578b\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u5185\u5c42\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u5916\u5c42\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e h(100) \u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a h \u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f H \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 geblib.h WK \u73ed\u540c\u5b66\u5e94\u5f53\u8865\u5145\u9605\u8bfb libgraphics \u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u6e90\u7801\u5427\uff1a New() \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\uff1a Usage: p = New(pointer-type); The New pseudofunction allocates enough space to hold an object of the type to which pointer-type points and returns a pointer to the newly allocated pointer. Note that \"New\" is different from the \"new\" operator used in C++; the former takes a pointer type and the latter takes the target type. \u6e90\u7801\uff1a void * GetBlock ( size_t nbytes ); #define New(type) ((type) GetBlock(sizeof *((type) NULL))) \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8c03\u7528 New(char*) \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a ((char*) GetBlock(sizeof *((char*) NULL))) GetBlock() \u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u9700\u8981\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5206\u914d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u540e\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u53c2\u6570\uff0c NULL \u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a char* \u968f\u540e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4ecd\u4e3a char \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a char* \u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002 FreeBlock() \u51fd\u6570\uff1a \u539f\u578b\uff1a void FreeBlock(void *ptr) \u4e0e free() \u529f\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002 \u7b2c 15 \u7a7a\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff0c FreeBlock(PopStack(stack)) \u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5199\u6cd5\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5206\u5f62 \u8fd9\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u7b80\u6d01\u600e\u4e48\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5 OI \u7801\u98ce\u53bb\u5199\u662f\u6700\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u53c2\u8003\uff08 \u7406\u89e3\u9519\u9898\u610f\u4e86\uff0c\u539f\u6765 order \u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u5411\u800c\u662f\u5206\u5f62\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002 \u57fa\u51c6\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u957f\u5ea6\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u67d0\u503c\u3002 \u9012\u5f52\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u753b\u4e00\u6839\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0b\u4e00\u652f\u7684 length \u548c order \u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53 \u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u4f4d \u3002 #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include \"graphics.h\" #define MIN_LEN .1 double toRadius ( double deg ) { return deg * 3.1415926 / 180 ; } void DrawBranch ( double len , double deg ) { DrawLine ( len * cos ( toRadius ( deg )), len * sin ( toRadius ( deg ))); if ( len * 0.75 < MIN_LEN ) return ; DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg - 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg - 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg - 15 ))); //\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 DrawLine \u5b9e\u73b0 DrawBranch ( len * 0.75 , deg + 15 ); MovePen ( GetCurrentX () - len * 0.75 * cos ( toRadius ( deg + 15 )), GetCurrentY () - len * 0.75 * sin ( toRadius ( deg + 15 ))); } int main ( void ) { double length ; char order ; printf ( \"Please enter initial length: \" ); scanf ( \"%lf\" , & length ); getchar (); printf ( \"Please enter order (u)pper, (d)own, (r)ight, (l)eft: \" ); scanf ( \"%c\" , & order ); double deg ; switch ( order ) { case 'u' : deg = 90 ; break ; case 'd' : deg = -90 ; break ; case 'r' : deg = 0 ; break ; case 'l' : deg = 180 ; break ; default : printf ( \"error. \\n \" ); return 1 ; } InitGraphics (); MovePen ( GetWindowWidth () / 2 , GetWindowHeight () / 2 ); DrawBranch ( length , deg ); return 0 ; } \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u5217\u8868\u53d8\u5e8f \u5c31\u7528\u6807\u7b54\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5076\u6570\u8282\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u518d\u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u3002","title":"2019-2020 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2018-2019","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 4 \u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97 \u50cf\u8fd9\u79cd\u9012\u5f52\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5c31\u8001\u8001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u9012\u5f52\u5c55\u5f00\u5427\u3002\u5c55\u5f00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f97\u4f9d\u6b21\u8bb0\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b8c\u7684 f(0) \u3001 f(1) \u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 6 \u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u5206\u6790 \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u633a\u5947\u8469\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u53ea\u8981\u5168\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f\u4e00\u904d \\(O(N\\log N)\\) \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 \\(O(1)\\) \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5934\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u3001\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u5417\uff08doge \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u524d\u7f00\u9012\u589e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5148\u9012\u589e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.2 \u672c\u9898\u82f1\u6587\u6709\u70b9\u70eb\u5634\uff0c\u6211\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a \u4e3a\u4e86\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c T p \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 p \uff0c\u8bf7\u5199\u51fa\u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b T \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 p \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536 (char *, double) \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a int * \u3002 \u8bfb\u61c2\u9898\u76ee\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5566\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 2 \u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u5b57\u8282 \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a xx-bit system\uff08n \u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09 \u6307\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6307\u9488\u957f\u5ea6\u6709 \\(n\\) \u6bd4\u7279\uff0c \\(8\\) \u6bd4\u7279\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u3002\u6545\u672c\u9898\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6307\u9488\u90fd\u662f \\(4\\) \u5b57\u8282\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5404\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a StudentInfo \uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 + \u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488 = \\(12 + 20 + 4 = 36\\) PtrStudentInfo \uff1a \\(4\\) pStudent->name \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a char \u6570\u7ec4 \\(=20\\) pStudent->photo \uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a void* \u6307\u9488 \\(=4\\) \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u518d\u6b21\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u7b54\u6848\u611f\u89c9\u6709\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u554a\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u65f6\u5019 p \u6307\u5411 \\(2\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u5c31\u7b97\u5bf9\u4e86\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u8bf4 node \u90a3\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u7528\u5427\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u5427\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5408\u5e76\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u6309\u5347\u5e8f\u5408\u5e76\u3002 HEAD \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u54d1\u8282\u70b9\u3002 \u8c03\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6307\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c l1 \u4ecd\u7136\u6307\u5411 \\(1\\) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6 l1 \u540e\u9762\u94fe\u4e0a\u4e86\u4ece l2 \u5408\u5e76\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8282\u70b9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u94fe\u8868\u201d l1 \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u53cc\u5411\u6808 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u7684\u6808\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u5165/\u51fa\u6808\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528 Tag \u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\u3002\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c Top1 \u662f\u5de6\u8fb9\uff08\u5934\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\uff0c Top2 \u662f\u53f3\u8fb9\uff08\u5c3e\u90e8\uff09\u90a3\u5934\u3002 \u8bfb\u8fd9\u79cd\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u63a8\u8350\u5148\u8bfb main() \u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u89c2\u5bdf\u9898\u76ee\u7ed9\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u662f \u600e\u4e48\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 \u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u53bb\u770b\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u4e00\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\uff1a \u5148\u770b main() \u4e2d\u7684 Push() \uff0c\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u6bd4\u5e73\u5e38\u7684 Push() \u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5462\uff1f \u518d\u770b\u7c7b\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a Top \uff1f\u56de\u60f3 main() \u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a -1 \u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4e3a MaxSize \u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5411\u6808\u4e86\u3002 Push() \u548c Pop() \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u770b\u4e86\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u5f97\u5230\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u6700\u591a\u518d\u591a\u770b\u4e00\u773c if(Tag == 1) \u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e2a\u503c\u5bf9\u5e94\u54ea\u4e00\u5934\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u4e86\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4fdd\u9669\u8d77\u89c1\u63a8\u8350\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u624b\u5de5\u6a21\u62df\u51e0\u6b21\u540e\u4f60\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u4e86\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u540e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u7ec4 a[k] \u5de6\u4fa7\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5c0f\uff0c\u53f3\u4fa7\u90fd\u6bd4 a[k] \u5927\u3002\u6700\u540e\u8fd4\u56de a[k] \u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 \u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f \u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6bcf\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\u628a\u7b2c a[k] \u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a x \uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528 i \u548c j \u5206\u522b\u4ece\u5de6\u53f3\u904d\u5386\u5e76\u4ea4\u6362\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6570\u3002\u4ea4\u6362\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4 x \u5927\u7684\u6570\u90fd\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u5feb\u6392\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u76f4\u63a5\u820d\u5f03\u201d\u7684\u5feb\u6392\u3002\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u672c\u6765\u5feb\u6392\u533a\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u9897\u6811\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u53ea\u8d70\u4e00\u6761\u8def\uff0c\u53ea\u6392 a[k] \u6240\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u533a\u95f4\u5957\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u5206\u578b \u753b\u4e2a\u5750\u6807\u8f74\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6e05\u6670\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u540e Main() \u91cc\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e09\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u7684\u6c42\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u5206\u6790\u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7528\u4e09\u89d2\u51fd\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u592e\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u7ed9\u4e2a\u5f88\u8349\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1a \u753b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5148\u753b\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5404\u8fb9\u53d6\u4e2d\u70b9\u3002\u5927\u4e09\u89d2\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u548c\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e2d\u70b9\u6784\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4e09\u89d2\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u5b9e\u73b0 \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u5b9e\u73b0\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u672c\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53bb\u7f51\u4e0a\u641c\u4e00\u641c\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u6cd5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5168\u90e8\u8981\u5957\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u53d6\u6a21\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u9898\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 -> \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u961f\u5217\u7684 rear \u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5e94\u8be5\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u6807\u5fd7\u961f\u5217\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5982\u679c\u672c\u9898\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u65f6\u5019 Q->rear = maxsize - 1 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5462\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u56fe\u5f62\u5e93 \u53c2\u89c1\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898-\u56fe\u5f62\u5e93-\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 1 \u5bfb\u627e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u8282\u70b9 \u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\uff1a\u8fd8\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7ad9\u5728\u9898\u76ee\u6240\u793a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5c3d\u5feb\u627e\u5230\u4f1a\u5408\u70b9\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u79bb\u7ec8\u70b9\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u8fdc\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u76f8\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5148\u76f8\u5bf9\u7ec8\u70b9\u5bf9\u9f50\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u5904\u4f1a\u5408\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u516c\u5171\u5b50\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u5904\u3002 \u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\uff0c lPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c sPtr \u6307\u5411\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u94fe\u8868\uff0c numLeftNodes \u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u94fe\u8868\u8282\u70b9\u6570\u7684\u5dee\u503c\uff0c lPtr=lPtr->next \u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u9f50\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u5faa\u73af\u7ec8\u6b62\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4eba\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u5c3d\u5934 NULL \uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u4eba\u76f8\u9047 lPtr==sPtr \u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u7ec8\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1 2 \u4e8c\u5206\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9898\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u53c2\u7b54\u4e2d\u6f0f\u4e86\u68c0\u67e5 minPos == rh \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u8fd9\u6837\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u679c\uff1f","title":"2018-2019 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2017-2018","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u64cd\u4f5c C \u9879\uff1a strcpy() \u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u636e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u7684 \\0 \u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u505c\u6b62\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b9c\u7528\u4e8e\u6b64\u60c5\u5883\u3002 D \u9879\uff1a\u6bcf\u6b21 *pc2++ = *pc1++ \uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c06 pc1 \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230 pc2 \u6307\u5411\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a char \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e p1 \u548c p2 \u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u90fd\u662f \\(8+8=16\\) \u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 7 \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f \u8fd9\u9053\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u9009\u7684\u662f D \u9879\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a void bubble_sort ( int * arr , int len ) { int i , j , tmp ; for ( i = 0 ; i < len - 1 ; i ++ ) { for ( j = len - 1 ; j > i ; j -- ) { //Bubble if ( arr [ j ] < arr [ j - 1 ]) { tmp = arr [ j ]; arr [ j ] = arr [ j - 1 ]; arr [ j - 1 ] = tmp ; } } } } \u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f \\(O(n^2)\\) \u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u666e\u904d\u4f1a\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f18\u5316\uff1a \u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684 Bubble \u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u540e\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5916\u5faa\u73af\u5f00\u5934\u6dfb\u52a0 bool flag = 0; \uff0c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0 if(!flag)break; \uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 flag=true \u5373\u53ef\u5c06\u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5\u4f18\u5316\u81f3 \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u9009\u62e9\u9898 9 \u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26 D \u9879\uff1a static \u6b64\u5904\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u662f\u6307\u9488 p \u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411 static int \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002 static \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u7c7b\u522b\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ba1\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u671f\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e \u5148\u60f3\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a fun \u51fd\u6570\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230 void \u7c7b\u578b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff1a fun(int) \u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff1a (*fun(int))(int) \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528 (*fp)() \u5f62\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u3002 \u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\uff1a void (*fun(int))(int) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u548c \u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1a \u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u5b50\u5217\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u548c\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u8005 \u3002\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u641c\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8bf7\u53bb\u770b\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u770b\u5b8c\u5c31\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u4e86\u3002 thisp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c maxp \u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5b50\u5217\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 6 \u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f \u57fa\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u90fd\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u5230 \u6700\u4f18\u60c5\u51b5 \u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a \\(O(n)\\) \u5427\uff1f \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 2 \u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97 \u8fd9\u9898\u86ee\u5751\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u4e86\u597d\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\u624d\u660e\u767d\u7b2c (7)(8) \u7a7a\u5728\u5e72\u561b\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5148\u628a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u6b21\u9879\u63d0\u516c\u56e0\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u540e\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed9\u5b83\u6574\u4f53\u4e58\u4e0a \\(x\\) \u3002\u6bd4\u5982 \\(3x^4+2x^2+1\\) \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a \\((((3x)x^2)+2x)x + 1\\) \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e58\u79ef\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002 \u540c\u6837\u6ce8\u610f -> \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002","title":"2017-2018 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2016-2017","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 1 \u5012\u5e8f\u6808 \u6ce8\u610f\u9898\u76ee\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86 \u6808\u9876\u6307\u9488\u4f4d\u4e8e N \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6808\u662f\u4ece\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 1.(2) \u5199\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7b80\u5355\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bb0\uff1a typedef \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b (*\u65b0\u540d\u5b57)(\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868) \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 3 \u5947\u5076\u6392\u5e8f \u548c\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u4f8f\u5112\u6392\u5e8f\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\uff0c\u6709\u5e8f\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u904d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u4f18\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f \\(O(n)\\) \u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 4 \u94fe\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c \u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u94fe\u8868\u987a\u5e8f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\u3002\u6bd4 x \u5c0f\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 root \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5e26\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7684\u4f9d\u6b21\u79fb\u52a8\u5230 pivot \u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u54e8\u5175\u94fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5408\u5e76\u540e\u7684\u94fe\u8868\u3002 \u7b80\u7b54\u9898 5 \u56e0\u6570\u5206\u89e3 \u672c\u9898\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ece\u5c0f\u5230\u8fbe\u6c42\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u7ea6\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u6c42\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56e0\u6570...\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u904d\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 1 \u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f \u6392\u5e8f\u539f\u7406\u9898\u76ee\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e0b\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a count \u6570\u7ec4\uff1a\u5148\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u7528\u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 output_array[count[input_array[i]]] = input_array[i] \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u62c6\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a intput_array[i] \u5c31\u662f\u7b2c i \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5230 count[] \u5c31\u80fd\u67e5\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u7f6e\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c 4 \u7a7a\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u9012\u589e\u5566\u3002 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u586b\u7a7a 3 \u5dee\u96c6 \u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u94fe\u8868\u90fd\u662f\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u6574\u904d\u5386 \\(A\\) \u3002","title":"2016-2017 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/exam/#2015-2016","text":"\u9009\u62e9\u9898 5 \u5b8f\u7684\u5c55\u5f00 \u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6587\u672c\u66ff\u6362\u3002 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 DD \u5f97\u5230 SQ(2*3) - SQ(2+3) \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u5148\u5c55\u5f00 SQ \u5f97\u5230 DD(x, y) = x * x - y * y \uff0c\u5f97\u5230 2 * 3 * 2 * 3 - 2 + 3 * 2 + 3 \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u987a\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u5f53\u4e00\u81f4\u3002","title":"2015-2016 \u5e74\u5377"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/","tags":["Todo"],"text":"\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 Abstract \u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb2\u89e3\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u518d\u53d9\u8ff0 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b C \u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u578b \u00b6 \u7f13\u51b2 \u00b6 \u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165 \u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u88ab\u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff08buffer\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c \u6309\u4e0b Enter \u952e\u540e \u7a0b\u5e8f\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5b8c\u5168\u7f13\u51b2\uff1a\u4ec5\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u586b\u6ee1\u65f6\u624d\u53d1\u9001\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e \u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165 \u3002 \u884c\u7f13\u51b2\uff1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u65f6\u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e \u952e\u76d8\u8f93\u5165 \u3002 \u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u65e0\u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u80fd\u591f\u7acb\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 C \u6807\u51c6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a \u8f93\u5165\u662f\u7f13\u51b2\u7684 \u3002 \u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u8f93\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f\u5417\uff1f UNIX \u5e93\u4e2d\u6709 ioctl() \u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5f85\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e C \u6807\u51c6\u3002 ANSI C \u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 setbuf() \u548c setvbuf() \u63a7\u5236\u7f13\u51b2\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002 \u6d41 \u00b6 C \u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u65b9\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a \u6807\u51c6 I/O \uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684 \u5e95\u5c42 I/O \u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u5e95\u5c42 I/O \u4e4b\u95f4\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a \u5404\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5dee\u5f02 \u5dee\u5f02 UNIX Windows MacOS \u6362\u884c\u7b26 \\n LF \\r\\n CRLF \\n (\u8f83\u65e9\u7684 MacOS \u4f7f\u7528 \\r ) LF \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26 ^D ^Z ^D \u6ce8\uff1a\u5982 ^Z \u4ee3\u8868 Ctrl+Z \uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u7ec4\u5408\u952e\u7ed3\u675f\u952e\u76d8\u8f93\u5165\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7531\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cUNIX \u7cfb\u7edf\u50a8\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u4fe1\u606f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u3002 \u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u770b\uff0cC \u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f \u6d41 \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u7531\u5c5e\u6027\u66f4\u7edf\u4e00\u7684 \u6d41 \u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u6d41 \u6d41\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u3002 \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u628a \u6d41\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u8054 \uff0c\u8bfb\u5199\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6d41\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002 getchar() \u548c scanf() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u8bfb\u53d6\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u65f6\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u503c EOF \uff0c\u5728 stdio.h \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\uff1a #define EOF (-1) \u4f60\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e3a -1 \u5417\uff1f \u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 \u51fd\u6570\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u80fd \u529f\u80fd \u51fd\u6570 \u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de\u503c int getchar(void) int getc(FILE *stream) int fgetc(FILE *stream) \u5355\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165 EOF char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f93\u5165 NULL int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream) \u653e\u56de\u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165 EOF \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4ece\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4e2d\u7684 unsigned char \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u9020\u6210 EOF \u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5b57\u7b26\u5462\uff1f \u5173\u4e8e getchar() \u51fd\u6570 \u5b83\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f int \u7c7b\u578b\u800c\u975e char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u3002 \u6362\u884c\u7b26\u95ee\u9898 \u00b6 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a scanf() \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 %c \u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26\uff08\u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u548c\u56de\u8f66\uff09\u3002 \u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u51fd\u6570 char * s_gets ( char * st , int n ) { char * ret_val ; int i = 0 ; ret_val = fgets ( st , n , stdin ); if ( ret_val ) { while ( st [ i ] != '\\n' && st [ i ] != '\\ 0 ) i ++ ; if ( st [ i ] == '\\n' ) st [ i ] = '\\0' ; else //must have words[i] == '\\0' while ( getchar () != '\\n' ) continue ; } return ret_val ; } \u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e66\u4e2d 13 \u7ae0\u4ee5\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u793a\u8303\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5b89\u5168\u7684 fgets() \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76 \u5c06\u8f93\u5165\u7edf\u4e00 \uff0c\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u884c\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7edf\u4e00\u884c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5904\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26 \uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u68c0\u67e5\u8f93\u5165 \u00b6 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a scanf() \u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002 \u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa \u00b6 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93 \u00b6 C standard library \u00b6 History of I/O model \u00b6 Before the UNIX system, UNIX system designed I/O method isolated about devices. It treats all text stream using standard internal format. - ioctl is used to edit text stream for output. \u00b6 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u827a\u672f \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u672c\u8282\u7ed3\u5408 <stdio.h> \u5e93\u548c C \u6807\u51c6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5 \u00b6 C \u628a\u6587\u4ef6\u770b\u4f5c\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u90fd\u80fd\u88ab\u5355\u72ec\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002C \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5f00\u5934\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002 \u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5b8f \u00b6 \u5728 <stdio.h> \u4e2d\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5b8f\uff1a FILE \u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u63a7\u5236 \u6d41 \u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b26\u3001\u6307\u5411\u76f8\u5173\u7f13\u51b2\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u6307\u793a\u7b26\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\u3002 \u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a2\u7d22 FILE * \u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u89c1\u57df\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u62f7\u8d1d\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u4ee3\u66ff\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a \u5b9e\u73b0\u5047\u5b9a\u77e5\u9053\u6d41\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5730\u5740 \u3002 fpos_t \u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u542b\u6709\u552f\u4e00\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 stderr , stdin , stdout \u90fd\u662f FILE* \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002 EOF \u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u7684\u6574\u503c\u5e38\u91cf\u3002 NULL SEEK_CUR \u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e SEEK_END \u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u4f4d\u7f6e SEEK_SET \u6587\u4ef6\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e \u51fd\u6570 \u00b6 \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a int remove (const char *filename) int rename (const char *old, const char *new) FILE *tmpfile(void) char * tmpnam(char *s) \u6587\u4ef6\u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a int fclose(FILE *stream) \u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6e05\u7a7a\u6d41\uff08\u6e05\u7a7a\u6d41\u5c31\u662f\u4f20\u9012\u7f13\u51b2\u6570\u636e\uff09\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u7f13\u51b2\u3002 int fflush(FILE *stream) \u7acb\u5373\u5199\u5165\uff08\u8981\u6c42\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u8f93\u51fa\uff09\u3002 FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) FILE *freopen(const char *filename, const char *mode, FILE *stream) void setbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf) int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size) mode \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a flag meaning r read w write (new or cut) a append (new or append) b binary + update \u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0a\u9762\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0cupdate \u548c append \u80fd\u5199\u5165\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002 append \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b \u6240\u6709\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c \u5f3a\u5236\u52a0\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u5904\u3002 update \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u8c03\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u76f8\u4e92\u7d27\u8ddf\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e UNIX \u8fd9\u79cd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e26 b \u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002 C11 \u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 x \uff0c\u5e26\u8be5\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u5199\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u52a0\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u5141\u8bb8\u72ec\u5360\u3002 \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a fprintf fscanf vfprintf vprintf vsprintf \u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a fgetc fgets fputc fputs getc getchar [DECPRATED] gets putc putchar puts ungetc \u5176\u4e2d\uff0c fgetc() \u4e0e getc() \u8fd9\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3a\u5b8f\u3002 \u76f4\u63a5 I/O\uff1a size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) \u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff1a int fseek(FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence) long int ftell(FILE *stream) void rewind(FILE *stream) \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u66f4\u5927\u578b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff08 long \u65e0\u6cd5\u8868\u793a\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u503c\uff09 int fgetpos(FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos) int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos) \u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u7565 \u6d41\u548c\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6 C \u6807\u51c6\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u6d41\u7684\uff1a \u6587\u672c\u6d41\uff1a\u7ec4\u6210\u6587\u672c\u884c\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u7531\u96f6\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u52a0\u4e0a\u6807\u5fd7\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3001\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u6b63\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u662f\u5426\u5728\u8bfb\u53d6\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7b49\u3002 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6d41\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1a \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u6d41\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6 \u5173\u8054 \u3002 \u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u4e22\u5f03\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u548c\u6d41\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b26\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 \u9644\u52a0\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7531\u5b9e\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002 \u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u79fb\u52a8 \u00b6 offset \u5e94\u8be5\u7531 ftell \u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6 \u00b6","title":"\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_1","text":"Abstract \u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u300aC Primer Plus\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb2\u89e3\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u518d\u53d9\u8ff0 C \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002","title":"\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#c","text":"","title":"\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b C \u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6a21\u578b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_4","text":"\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u80fd \u529f\u80fd \u51fd\u6570 \u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de\u503c int getchar(void) int getc(FILE *stream) int fgetc(FILE *stream) \u5355\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165 EOF char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f93\u5165 NULL int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream) \u653e\u56de\u7f13\u51b2\u8f93\u5165 EOF \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4ece\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4e2d\u7684 unsigned char \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b\u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u9020\u6210 EOF \u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5b57\u7b26\u5462\uff1f \u5173\u4e8e getchar() \u51fd\u6570 \u5b83\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f int \u7c7b\u578b\u800c\u975e char \u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u3002","title":"\u5b57\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_7","text":"","title":"\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_8","text":"","title":"\u6807\u51c6\u5e93"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#c-standard-library","text":"","title":"C standard library"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#-ioctl-is-used-to-edit-text-stream-for-output","text":"","title":"- ioctl is used to edit text stream for output."},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_9","text":"","title":"\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u827a\u672f"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/io-and-file/#_10","text":"\u672c\u8282\u7ed3\u5408 <stdio.h> \u5e93\u548c C \u6807\u51c6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002","title":"\u6587\u4ef6"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/linguish/","text":"\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5 \u00b6 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 \u00b6 C \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 - cppreference.com \u7b80\u5355\u5f52\u7eb3\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u8bbf\u95ee\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u5982 [] \u4e0b\u6807\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 . \u3001\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 -> \u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee () \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3001 (type) \u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u540e\u7f00\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a ++ \u3001 -- \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a + \u3001 - \u4e00\u5143\u52a0\u51cf\u3001 ! \u3001 ~ \u4e00\u5143\u903b\u8f91\u3001 ++ \u3001 -- \u524d\u7f00\u3001 * \u3001 & \u5f15\u7528\u4e0e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3001 sizeof \u3001 _Alignof \u53d6\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9f50 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ea7~\u7b2c\u56db\u7ea7\uff1a * \u3001 / \u3001 % \u4e58\u9664\u53d6\u4f59 + \u3001 - \u52a0\u51cf \u7b2c\u4e94\u7ea7\uff1a << \u3001 >> \u5de6\u79fb\u53f3\u79fb \u7b2c\u516d\u7ea7\uff1a < \u3001 <= \u3001 > \u3001 >= \u6bd4\u8f83 \u7b2c\u4e03\u7ea7\uff1a == \u3001 != \u76f8\u7b49\u4e0e\u4e0d\u7b49","title":"\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/linguish/#_1","text":"","title":"\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/linguish/#_2","text":"C \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7 - cppreference.com \u7b80\u5355\u5f52\u7eb3\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u8bbf\u95ee\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u5982 [] \u4e0b\u6807\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 . \u3001\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001 -> \u95f4\u63a5\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee () \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3001 (type) \u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 \u540e\u7f00\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a ++ \u3001 -- \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ea7\uff1a \u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a + \u3001 - \u4e00\u5143\u52a0\u51cf\u3001 ! \u3001 ~ \u4e00\u5143\u903b\u8f91\u3001 ++ \u3001 -- \u524d\u7f00\u3001 * \u3001 & \u5f15\u7528\u4e0e\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3001 sizeof \u3001 _Alignof \u53d6\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9f50 \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ea7~\u7b2c\u56db\u7ea7\uff1a * \u3001 / \u3001 % \u4e58\u9664\u53d6\u4f59 + \u3001 - \u52a0\u51cf \u7b2c\u4e94\u7ea7\uff1a << \u3001 >> \u5de6\u79fb\u53f3\u79fb \u7b2c\u516d\u7ea7\uff1a < \u3001 <= \u3001 > \u3001 >= \u6bd4\u8f83 \u7b2c\u4e03\u7ea7\uff1a == \u3001 != \u76f8\u7b49\u4e0e\u4e0d\u7b49","title":"\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/","text":"\u6742\u9879 \u00b6 Win 32 \u7f16\u7a0b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5 \u00b6 \u56fd\u9645\u5316\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b \u00b6","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/#_1","text":"","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/#win-32","text":"","title":"Win 32 \u7f16\u7a0b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/misc/#_2","text":"","title":"\u56fd\u9645\u5316\uff1a\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/program-structure-and-compilation/","tags":["todo"],"text":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u00b6 \u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u8282\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a C \u8bed\u8a00\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784 \u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1 \u5b8f \u5934\u6587\u4ef6","title":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/c-programming/program-structure-and-compilation/#_1","text":"\u7b80\u4ecb \u672c\u8282\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a C \u8bed\u8a00\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784 \u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1 \u5b8f \u5934\u6587\u4ef6","title":"\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/data-structures/","text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u57fa\u7840 \u00b6 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f \u5b66\u5e74\uff1a2023-2024 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u5e72\u7ea2\u534e","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/data-structures/#_1","text":"\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f \u5b66\u5e74\uff1a2023-2024 \u79cb\u51ac\u5b66\u671f \u6388\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u5e72\u7ea2\u534e","title":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u57fa\u7840"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/digital-logic/","text":"","title":"Index"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/","text":"HPC101-2023 \u00b6 Course information Course Time: 2023 Summer Website Related Book Notes: An Introduction to parallel programming Prereading These notes are written completely in English. Contents for this course are: Overview of High Performance Computing Architecture of High Performance Computuers Operation and maintainance of High Performance Computers Design and implementation of High Performance Computing Applications Basics of Vectorized Programming CUDA C Heterogeneous Programming Fundamentals Compilation optimization techniques Machine Learning System Optimization I recommend you to read the following materials before the course: Introductino to High Performance Computing for Scientists and Engineers An Introduction to Parallel Programming Lecture Note \u00b6 Labs Archive \u00b6 Lab1: Construct simple cluster","title":"HPC101-2023"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/#hpc101-2023","text":"Course information Course Time: 2023 Summer Website Related Book Notes: An Introduction to parallel programming Prereading These notes are written completely in English. Contents for this course are: Overview of High Performance Computing Architecture of High Performance Computuers Operation and maintainance of High Performance Computers Design and implementation of High Performance Computing Applications Basics of Vectorized Programming CUDA C Heterogeneous Programming Fundamentals Compilation optimization techniques Machine Learning System Optimization I recommend you to read the following materials before the course: Introductino to High Performance Computing for Scientists and Engineers An Introduction to Parallel Programming","title":"HPC101-2023"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/#lecture-note","text":"","title":"Lecture Note"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/#labs-archive","text":"Lab1: Construct simple cluster","title":"Labs Archive"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/","text":"Lab1 Construct simple cluster \u00b6 Keep in mind Always redirect the output of your commands to a file. It helps to store informations in files. You may need them later to get information or debug. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files command > stdout.log 2 > stderr.log If you want to see the information in your terminal, you can use tee to print the output to both stdout and files. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files and print them to terminal command 2 > & 1 | tee stdout.log stderr.log 0. Create a virtual machine \u00b6 Procedures of installation are skipped. If you can't bear low display resolution in terminals, see Configuring Network and SSH to use SSH to connect to the virtual machine. 1. Build and install OpenMPI from source \u00b6 Follow the official tutorial OpenMPI: FAQ:Building Open MPI to install OpenMPI. wget https://download.open-mpi.org/release/open-mpi/v4.1/openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz tar -xvf openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz cd openmpi-4.1.1 ./configure --prefix = /usr/local make all install You may need sudo privilege to execute make all install because it needs to change /usr/local/ . After installation, the binary files are in /usr/local/bin and you don't need to change PATH. Remember directory paths You'll need to configure paths to OpenMPI when compiling and running MPI programs. In my case, the paths are: binary: /usr/local/bin/ header files: /usr/local/include hostfile: /usr/local/etc/openmpi-default-hostfile After I've done the lab, I understood that I should have used an independent path to save the OpenMPI files and other components, so that they can be found more easily. For example, I can use /usr/local/openmpi-4.1.1 to save the files. Test your OpenMPI installation You can test your OpenMPI installation by executing mpirun : mpirun --version If you see the version information, then you've installed OpenMPI successfully. If you want to test the compilation and execution of MPI programs, you can try to compile and run the hello.c . Follow the instructions on Using MPI with C 2. Build and install BLAS and CBLAS \u00b6 Prepare tools: sudo apt install build-essential gfortran cmake Get the source code and extract them: wget \"https://netlib.org/benchmark/hpl/hpl-2.3.tar.gz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas-3.11.0.tgz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blast-forum/cblas.tgz\" tar xvf hpl-2.3.tar.gz -C hpl tar xvf blas-3.11.0.tgz -C blas tar xvf cblas.tgz -C cblas Install BLAS \u00b6 cd blas make Then you'll Find the line BLASLIB = ../../blas$(PLAT).a and change it to BLASLIB = /usr/local/lib/libblas.a . Then save and exit. Then execute make , get the binary file cblas_LINUX.a in the folder. Copy it to /usr/local/lib : cp blas_LINUX.a /usr/local/lib/libblas.a Run the test program for BLAS and passed: Install CBLAS \u00b6 cd ../cblas more README Read the instructions in README to install CBLAS. cp Makefile.LINUX Makefile.in vim Makefile.in Find the line BLASLIB = ../../blas$(PLAT).a and change it to BLASLIB = /usr/local/lib/libblas.a . Then save and exit. Then execute make , get the binary file cblas_LINUX.a in the folder. Copy it to /usr/local/lib : make cp cblas_LINUX.a /usr/local/lib/libcblas.a Error when compiling CBLAS If you encountered the same error when executing make in CBLAS folder and stopped at testing process, receiving the error message like: Error: rank mismatch in argument 'strue1' at (1) (rank-1 and scalar) The reason is that there are some old-fashioned code deprecated by recent version of gcc-10. You can try to modify the Makefile in test folder, adding -std=legacy or -fallow-argument-mismatch to the flags. Here are more information: GitHub: Compilation error using gfortran-10? GitHub: Compilation error with GCC 10 After edit, run make again and you'll see the test passed. 3. Build HPL \u00b6 There are some difference between the experiment manual and INSTALL file, you should follow the manual. cp setup/Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS Make.test Edit some lines in Make.test : # diff from Make.test and Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS 64c64 < ARCH = test --- > ARCH = Linux_PII_CBLAS 84,86c84,86 < MPdir = < MPinc = -I/usr/local/include < MPlib = /usr/local/lib/libmpi.so --- > MPdir = /usr/local/mpi > MPinc = -I$(MPdir)/include > MPlib = $(MPdir)/lib/libmpich.a 95,97c95,97 < LAdir = < LAinc = #/home/bowling/CBLAS/include < LAlib = /usr/local/lib/libcblas.a /usr/local/lib/libblas.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.a --- > LAdir = $(HOME)/netlib/ARCHIVES/Linux_PII > LAinc = > LAlib = $(LAdir)/libcblas.a $(LAdir)/libatlas.a 169c169 < CC = /usr/local/bin/mpicc --- > CC = /usr/bin/gcc 176c176 < LINKER = $(CC) --- > LINKER = /usr/bin/g77 Error in linking You may encounter the error message like this: Search the web and you'll find the libs containing missing symbols. They are: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libm.a Searching for the missing library was hard, because it happens everywhere. Solutions to others may not take effect on you. I'm still wondering why these libraries were not linked automatically, they are in the default PATH . After make, you'll get the binary file xhpl in the folder bin/test . 4. Configuring network and SSH \u00b6 To construct a cluster, we need to use NAT network to connect them together. The host cannot connect to virtual machine inside NAT network directly, but we can use port forwarding: Now we can ssh into the master machine: ssh -p 3022 bowling@localhost 5. Experiment \u00b6 Error: cannot open file HPL.dat You may encounter error like this: Refer to this issue: HPL Segmentation Fault Final result: Bonus: Docker \u00b6 Using docker, we can skip the process of building everything. We only need to configure SSH connection and write HPL.dat , then enjoy. DOCKERS ARE AWESOME. Find docker \u00b6 I use the docker from ashael/hpl - Docker Image | Docker Hub , which contains configured hpl-2.2 . Here I've opened 4 containers from the same image: Setting up connection \u00b6 Dockers are connected within a bridge by default. Attach to each of them and get their ip address: Select the host of 172.17.0.5 as master, 172.17.0.4 - 172.17.0.2 as slaves. In master: ssh-keygen cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub In slaves: mkdir /var/run/sshd vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config find these lines: #ListenAddress :: #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 #AuthorizedKeyFile %h/.ssh/authorized_keys uncomment them and save. Then add master's public key to authorized_keys and start sshd . Succeeded. Execute experiment \u00b6 I found the computing speed in dockers is much faster then clusters. DOCKERS ARE EXTREMELY AWESOME. Extended \u00b6 Later in the course, instructors mentioned we can try to modify HPL.dat to get better performance and configure NFS to share files between nodes. I also tried to do these things. Tuning HPL.dat \u00b6 Refer to HPL Tuning . Configuring NFS File System \u00b6 NFS uses RPC protocol to share files between server and client. Setup NFS Server and Client \u00b6 Please refer to this passage: How to Set Up an NFS Mount on Debian 11 | DigitalOcean . More details about NFS can be seen in: NFS - ArchWiki Have a test \u00b6 First install nfs-common and create mount point on clients: sudo apt install nfs-common sudo mkdir /hpc mount error If you encounter the following error: mount: bad option ; for several filesystems ( e.g. nfs, cifs ) you might need a /sbin/mount.<type> helper program. You need to install nfs-common on clients. Add the following line to clients: /etc/fstab 10.0.2.15:/hpc /hpc nfs auto,nofail,noatime,nolock,intr,tcp,actimeo=1800 0 0 Then run the program and get the result: Related links \u00b6 45gfg9's Note","title":"Lab1 Construct simple cluster"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#lab1-construct-simple-cluster","text":"Keep in mind Always redirect the output of your commands to a file. It helps to store informations in files. You may need them later to get information or debug. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files command > stdout.log 2 > stderr.log If you want to see the information in your terminal, you can use tee to print the output to both stdout and files. # Redirect stdout and stderr to files and print them to terminal command 2 > & 1 | tee stdout.log stderr.log","title":"Lab1 Construct simple cluster"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#0-create-a-virtual-machine","text":"Procedures of installation are skipped. If you can't bear low display resolution in terminals, see Configuring Network and SSH to use SSH to connect to the virtual machine.","title":"0. Create a virtual machine"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#1-build-and-install-openmpi-from-source","text":"Follow the official tutorial OpenMPI: FAQ:Building Open MPI to install OpenMPI. wget https://download.open-mpi.org/release/open-mpi/v4.1/openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz tar -xvf openmpi-4.1.1.tar.gz cd openmpi-4.1.1 ./configure --prefix = /usr/local make all install You may need sudo privilege to execute make all install because it needs to change /usr/local/ . After installation, the binary files are in /usr/local/bin and you don't need to change PATH. Remember directory paths You'll need to configure paths to OpenMPI when compiling and running MPI programs. In my case, the paths are: binary: /usr/local/bin/ header files: /usr/local/include hostfile: /usr/local/etc/openmpi-default-hostfile After I've done the lab, I understood that I should have used an independent path to save the OpenMPI files and other components, so that they can be found more easily. For example, I can use /usr/local/openmpi-4.1.1 to save the files. Test your OpenMPI installation You can test your OpenMPI installation by executing mpirun : mpirun --version If you see the version information, then you've installed OpenMPI successfully. If you want to test the compilation and execution of MPI programs, you can try to compile and run the hello.c . Follow the instructions on Using MPI with C","title":"1. Build and install OpenMPI from source"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#2-build-and-install-blas-and-cblas","text":"Prepare tools: sudo apt install build-essential gfortran cmake Get the source code and extract them: wget \"https://netlib.org/benchmark/hpl/hpl-2.3.tar.gz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas-3.11.0.tgz\" wget \"http://www.netlib.org/blas/blast-forum/cblas.tgz\" tar xvf hpl-2.3.tar.gz -C hpl tar xvf blas-3.11.0.tgz -C blas tar xvf cblas.tgz -C cblas","title":"2. Build and install BLAS and CBLAS"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#3-build-hpl","text":"There are some difference between the experiment manual and INSTALL file, you should follow the manual. cp setup/Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS Make.test Edit some lines in Make.test : # diff from Make.test and Make.Linux_PII_CBLAS 64c64 < ARCH = test --- > ARCH = Linux_PII_CBLAS 84,86c84,86 < MPdir = < MPinc = -I/usr/local/include < MPlib = /usr/local/lib/libmpi.so --- > MPdir = /usr/local/mpi > MPinc = -I$(MPdir)/include > MPlib = $(MPdir)/lib/libmpich.a 95,97c95,97 < LAdir = < LAinc = #/home/bowling/CBLAS/include < LAlib = /usr/local/lib/libcblas.a /usr/local/lib/libblas.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.a --- > LAdir = $(HOME)/netlib/ARCHIVES/Linux_PII > LAinc = > LAlib = $(LAdir)/libcblas.a $(LAdir)/libatlas.a 169c169 < CC = /usr/local/bin/mpicc --- > CC = /usr/bin/gcc 176c176 < LINKER = $(CC) --- > LINKER = /usr/bin/g77 Error in linking You may encounter the error message like this: Search the web and you'll find the libs containing missing symbols. They are: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libgfortran.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libquadmath.a /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gun/10/libm.a Searching for the missing library was hard, because it happens everywhere. Solutions to others may not take effect on you. I'm still wondering why these libraries were not linked automatically, they are in the default PATH . After make, you'll get the binary file xhpl in the folder bin/test .","title":"3. Build HPL"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#4-configuring-network-and-ssh","text":"To construct a cluster, we need to use NAT network to connect them together. The host cannot connect to virtual machine inside NAT network directly, but we can use port forwarding: Now we can ssh into the master machine: ssh -p 3022 bowling@localhost","title":"4. Configuring network and SSH"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#5-experiment","text":"Error: cannot open file HPL.dat You may encounter error like this: Refer to this issue: HPL Segmentation Fault Final result:","title":"5. Experiment"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#bonus-docker","text":"Using docker, we can skip the process of building everything. We only need to configure SSH connection and write HPL.dat , then enjoy. DOCKERS ARE AWESOME.","title":"Bonus: Docker"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#extended","text":"Later in the course, instructors mentioned we can try to modify HPL.dat to get better performance and configure NFS to share files between nodes. I also tried to do these things.","title":"Extended"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab1/#related-links","text":"45gfg9's Note","title":"Related links"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab2/","text":"Lab2 Vector Calculation \u00b6 Basic usage of NumPy \u00b6 Conda \u00b6 Actually this may be our first time to manage Python project. So a package management system is needed. Let's learn Conda first. Most used conda commands: conda create -n myenv : create a new environment conda activate myenv : activate an environment conda deactivate : deactivate current environment conda install numpy : install a package conda list : list all packages installed in current environment conda remove numpy : remove a package conda update numpy : update a package conda search numpy : search a package conda env export > environment.yml : export an environment conda env create -f environment.yml : create an environment from a file conda env remove -n myenv : remove an environment conda env list : list all environments Idea \u00b6 Vectorization and broadcasting are two important concepts in NumPy. They are the key to make NumPy faster than pure Python. Vectorization describes the absence of any explicit looping, indexing, etc., in the code. Broadcasting is the term used to describe the implicit element-by-element behavior of operations. Check it \u00b6 You should learn: Array creation Indexing on ndarrays I/O with NumPy Data types Broadcasting Copies and views Structured arrays Universal functions (ufuncs) basics Array \u00b6 Some terminology in NumPy: vector: 1d array matrix: 2d array tensor: 3d or higher dimensional array axes: dimensions Attributes of array: dtype : data type ndim : number of dimensions shape : a tuple of integers, indicating the size of the array in each dimension Create an array: np.array(list) : create an array from a list np.zeros(n) : create an n-dimensional array full of zeros np.ones(n) : create an n-dimensional array full of ones np.empty(n) : create an n-dimensional array full of random numbers np.arange(start, end, step) : create an array from start to end with step np.linspace(start, end, num=) : create an array from start to end with num elements Use dtype keyword argument to specify the data type of the array. For example, np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float32) . Manipulate \u00b6 Operating on arrays with different types will upcast to the more precise one. Arithmetic operations: usually element-wise . + , - , * , / , ** , % , // inplace operations: += , -= , *= , /= , **= , %= , //= Matrix product: @ operator: a @ b dot function: A.dot(B) Sorting: np.sort(arr) : sort an array, return a sorted copy np.argsort() np.lexsort() np.searchsorted() : find elements in a sorted array np.partition() : partial sort Concatenate: Vectors: np.concatenate((a1, a2, ...)) : concatenate arrays Multidimensional arrays: np.concatenate((a1, a2, ...), axis=) : concatenate arrays along a specific axis. Note: You can only concatenate arrays on existing axes. Info: ndarray.ndim : number of dimensions ndarray.size : total number of elements ndarray.shape : mentioned above Reshape: - arr.reshape(shape) - np.reshape(arr, newshape=(,), order='C') - newshape : a tuple of integers - order : - C : row-major, C-like index order - F : column-major, Fortran-like index order - A : if a is Fortran contiguous then Fortran-like, otherwise row-major","title":"Lab2 Vector Calculation"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab2/#lab2-vector-calculation","text":"","title":"Lab2 Vector Calculation"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lab2/#basic-usage-of-numpy","text":"","title":"Basic usage of NumPy"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/","text":"Lecture 1~2 \u00b6 Lec 1 Introduction to HPC \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/03 Introduction to course Scores: Class: 10% Labs: 65% Teamwork: 25% Introduction to ZJUSCT Basic knowledge of computers: System Network Contents in this lecture can be found in FOCS . Lec 2 Computer Systems \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/04 Based on CMU 15-213 15-418 Contents are: ISA x86 Processor Architecture Memory Hierarchy Concurrency Basics x86 Microarchitecture Single Instruction Multiple Data Multicore and Multi-socket Memory Mainly discussed in CSAPP . \u8fd9\u8282\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u5927\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u539f\u7406\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u53ea\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u6162\u6162\u8865\u5145\u3002 Lec 3 HPC Methodology \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/05 Lec 4 Operations on clusters \u00b6 Date: 2023/07/06 Performance \u00b6 CPU: GFlops = (CPU freq, GHz) * (FP ops) * (core number) * (CPU numbers) GPU: GFlops = (boost clock) * (core number)","title":"Lecture 1~2"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lecture-12","text":"","title":"Lecture 1~2"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-1-introduction-to-hpc","text":"Date: 2023/07/03 Introduction to course Scores: Class: 10% Labs: 65% Teamwork: 25% Introduction to ZJUSCT Basic knowledge of computers: System Network Contents in this lecture can be found in FOCS .","title":"Lec 1 Introduction to HPC"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-2-computer-systems","text":"Date: 2023/07/04 Based on CMU 15-213 15-418 Contents are: ISA x86 Processor Architecture Memory Hierarchy Concurrency Basics x86 Microarchitecture Single Instruction Multiple Data Multicore and Multi-socket Memory Mainly discussed in CSAPP . \u8fd9\u8282\u8bfe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u5927\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u539f\u7406\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u53ea\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u6162\u6162\u8865\u5145\u3002","title":"Lec 2 Computer Systems"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-3-hpc-methodology","text":"Date: 2023/07/05","title":"Lec 3 HPC Methodology"},{"location":"courses-zjucs/hpc101/lec1/#lec-4-operations-on-clusters","text":"Date: 2023/07/06","title":"Lec 4 Operations on clusters"},{"location":"misc/","text":"\u6742\u9879 \u00b6 \u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u6211\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"misc/#_1","text":"\u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u533a\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002 \u6211\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41","title":"\u6742\u9879"},{"location":"misc/QA/","text":"\u96f6\u788e\u95ee\u9898\u6536\u96c6 \u00b6 \u5199\u4ee3\u7801 \u00b6 C/C++ \u00b6 Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570 \u6bd4\u5982 How to print time difference in accuracy of milliseconds and nanoseconds from C in Linux? \u4e2d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528 clock_gettime() \u5176\u5c5e\u4e8e POSIX \u89c4\u8303\uff0cWindows \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5728 POSIX \u7248 Mingw32-gcc \u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728 Windows \u7248 Mingw32-gcc \u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u66f4\u6362\u4e3a POSIX \u7248\u4ee5\u517c\u5bb9\u66f4\u591a\u7c7b Linux \u7279\u6027\u3002 \u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 Linux \u00b6 \u786c\u4ef6 \u00b6 \u9047\u5230\u56fa\u4ef6\u95ee\u9898\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u67e5\u770b\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u624b\u518c\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u89e3\u51b3\u56fa\u4ef6\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u3002 \u66f4\u65b0 BIOS \u7248\u672c\u3002 \u66f4\u65b0 Linux \u5185\u6838\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u9a71\u52a8\u68c0\u67e5\u5de5\u5177\u3002 Debian \u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u65e0\u6cd5\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u62a5\u9519 hdaudio hdaudioC0D2: Unable to configure, disabling \u7b49\u3002 Debian \u4f7f\u7528\u7684 Linux \u5185\u6838\u592a\u8001\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u65b0\u6838\u82af\u663e\u5361\u3002 \u5728 Grub \u7684\u5185\u6838\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0 nomodeset \u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\uff0c\u5347\u7ea7 Linux \u5185\u6838\u5230\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u7248\u672c\u3002 sudo apt install linux-image-<flavour> \u76f8\u5173\u7684 Linux \u5185\u6838\u539f\u7801 Github if ( ! IS_ENABLED ( CONFIG_MODULES ) || ! request_module ( \"i915\" )) { /* 60s timeout */ wait_for_completion_timeout ( & bind_complete , msecs_to_jiffies ( 60 * 1000 )); } \u8fd9 1 \u5206\u949f\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u9519\u8bef\u5728 2019 \u5e74\u5f97\u5230\u4fee\u590d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 Debian \u7248\u672c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7528\u4fee\u590d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5185\u6838\u3002 Debian Wiki \u5173\u4e8e\u663e\u5361\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b80\u8981\u63d0\u793a\uff1a If you get a fixed low resolution (like 1024 x 768) with no choice of higher resolution in GUI and/or xorg-server log errors with missing device (like (EE) open /dev/dri/Card0 no such file or device) and/or non starting display manager (sddm etc), make sure that your kernel is up to date (as the kernel has to recognize the graphics device) . Also make sure that the appropriate firmware packages are up to date. \u6ce8\u610f\uff1aLinux \u5185\u6838\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bc6\u522b\u663e\u5361\u3002 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 Debian Wiki: GraphicsCard Debian Wiki: HowToUpgradeKernel \u58f0\u5361\u4e0d\u8bc6\u522b\u6216\u58f0\u97f3\u8bbe\u5907\u4ec5\u6709 dummy output \u5347\u7ea7 BIOS\u3002 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 Unix & Linux: Realtek ALC1220 audio chipset on Linux Mint 18.1 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 root \u5199\u6587\u4ef6 \u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\u4e86 root \u7528\u6237\u4e0b \u5728\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u4e0b\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a $ ls -lah drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30 Mar 27 20 :47 ./ \u5e76\u4e14\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528 chown \u66f4\u6539\u76ee\u5f55\u6240\u6709\u8005 \u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\uff1a\u66f4\u6539 fstab \u6587\u4ef6 \u5728 OPTION \u5217\u6dfb\u52a0 uid=1000 \u5373\u53ef\u5c06\u78c1\u76d8\u6302\u8f7d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7528\u6237\u4e0b\u3002 Windows \u00b6 \u7cfb\u7edf\u7f8e\u5316 \u00b6 TranslucentTB \u5931\u6548 Windows11 \u9650\u5236\u4e86 Feature ID \u7f16\u53f7\u4e3a 26008830 \u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4efb\u52a1\u680f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4fee\u590d\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c2\u8003 \u77e5\u4e4e \u8f6f\u4ef6 \u00b6 Git \u00b6 git \u591a\u5e73\u53f0\u7edf\u4e00\u6362\u884c\u7b26 \u589e\u52a0\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 .gitattributes \u867d\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86 git \u5168\u5c40\u53c2\u6570\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6b63\u786e\u914d\u597d\u4e86\u3002git \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86.gitattributes \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u65b0\u5efa.gitattributes \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a * text eol=lf \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u907f\u514d\u6709\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e core.autocrlf \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u5165\u7248\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u3002 \u53e6\u5916\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981 .gitattributes \u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u540c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u8003\u8651\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u9879\u76ee\u5df2\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u8f6c\u6362\u6362\u884c\u7b26 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u9879\u76ee\u5df2\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\u5462\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 dos2unix \u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u786e\u4fdd\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b63\u786e\u3002 ssh \u8fde\u63a5\u88ab\u62d2 Connection refused \u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u88ab GFW \u5899\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u6216\u8005 VPN\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f 22 \u7aef\u53e3\u88ab\u5c01\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 git:// \u94fe\u63a5\u6539\u4e3a ssh:// \u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u8d70 443 \u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a ssh://git@ssh.github.com:443/yourname/reponame.git \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b ssh \u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u786e\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5728\uff1a ssh -vT -p 443 git@ssh.github.com .gitignore \u65e0\u6548 Syncthing \u00b6 Is putting a Git workspace in a synced folder really a good idea? I\u2019ve put my whole documents folder in syncthing and this includes a couple of git workspaces. Never had any problems. It might cause problems if you switch between computers very quickly, but as long as syncthing has time to sync it shouldn\u2019t cause problems. One of the advantages I found is that when you switch between computers you are always in the same branch. And like you said you can commit when it actually make sense instead of everytime you leave your computer. VSCode \u00b6 Compile multiple .c and .h files Your filepath has a space ( ) in it, so you will need to surround the full command in quotes, but doing so will escape the * and it will not be used as a wildcard. I cant seem to find a way to escape the spaces in ${fileDirname}, but that will fix the command. Markdown \u00b6 Obsidian \u914d\u5408 Typora \u4f7f\u7528 \u5728 Markdown \u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u5185\u5bb9 < details >< summary > \u63d0\u793a </ summary > \u7b54\u6848 </ details >","title":"\u96f6\u788e\u95ee\u9898\u6536\u96c6"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_1","text":"","title":"\u96f6\u788e\u95ee\u9898\u6536\u96c6"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_2","text":"","title":"\u5199\u4ee3\u7801"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_3","text":"","title":"\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"misc/QA/#_7","text":"","title":"\u8f6f\u4ef6"},{"location":"misc/blog/","text":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c \u00b6 \u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a \u00b6 \u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 CSDN\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a + PicGo \u914d\u7f6e + Typora \u603b\u7ed3","title":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c"},{"location":"misc/blog/#_1","text":"","title":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u9a8c"},{"location":"misc/blog/#_2","text":"\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599 CSDN\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a + PicGo \u914d\u7f6e + Typora \u603b\u7ed3","title":"\u642d\u5efa\u56fe\u5e8a"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/","text":"\u4f7f\u7528 Hyper-V \u5728 Windows \u4e0a\u642d\u5efa OpenWRT \u8f6f\u8def\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf \u00b6 \u524d\u8a00 \u00b6 \u51c6\u5907 OpenWRT \u955c\u50cf \u00b6 \u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u6709\u4f17\u591a OpenWRT \u955c\u50cf\u53ef\u4f9b\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6211\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e86 OpenWRT \u539f\u7248\u955c\u50cf\u548c iStoreOS\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u914d\u7f6e\u6210\u529f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5 iStoreOS \u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u754c\u9762\u548c\u539f\u7248 OpenWRT \u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u3002 \u4ece\u5b98\u7f51\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5f97\u5230\u955c\u50cf istoreos-22.03.4-2023070715-x86-64-squashfs-combined-efi.img \u3002 \u4f7f\u7528 StarWind V2V Converter \u5c06\u955c\u50cf\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a .vhdx \u683c\u5f0f\u4f9b Hyper-V \u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u6e90\u955c\u50cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u955c\u50cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5747\u9009\u62e9 Local 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\u4e00\u4e2a External Network\uff1aOpenWRT \u7684 WAN \u53e3\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4f60\u63a5\u5165 WAN \u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u5141\u8bb8\u7ba1\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5171\u4eab\u6b64\u7f51\u7edc\u9002\u914d\u5668\u201d\u3002\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u5931\u53bb\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u547d\u540d\u4e3a WAN \u3002 \u4e3a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7528\u4f5c LAN \u53e3\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u9010\u4e00\u521b\u5efa External Network\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u5141\u8bb8\u7ba1\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5171\u4eab\u6b64\u7f51\u7edc\u9002\u914d\u5668\u201d\u3002\u547d\u540d\u4e3a LAN1 \u3001 LAN2 \u7b49\u3002 \u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f60\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u5c06\u5168\u7531 OpenWRT \u7cfb\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u5728\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u7248 - 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\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u542f\u7528\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8\u201d\u3002 \u68c0\u67e5\u70b9 - \u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u542f\u7528\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u201d\u3002 \u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8 - \u6309\u9700\u52fe\u9009\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\u3002 \u5b8c\u6210\u8bbe\u7f6e\u540e\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u542f\u52a8\u865a\u62df\u673a\u3002","title":"\u521b\u5efa Hyper-V \u865a\u62df\u673a"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/#_3","text":"\u6253\u5f00\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee 192.168.100.1 \u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4 root \u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a password \uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u7ba1\u7406\u9875\u9762\u540e\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u4fee\u6539\u8d26\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u3002 \u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u865a\u62df\u673a \u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u672a\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u5230 OpenWRT \u7684 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u677f\u4e2d\u67e5\u770b\u865a\u62df\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u5f80\u5f80\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u672a\u8bc6\u522b\uff0cIP \u5730\u5740\u4e3a 16 \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u5730\u5740\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5730\u5740\u662f Windows \u7cfb\u7edf\u5728 DHCP \u8bf7\u6c42\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u54cd\u5e94\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u81ea\u52a8\u5206\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002 \u200b \u624b\u52a8\u5c06 IP \u5730\u5740\u66f4\u6539\u5230 192.168.100.0/24 \u7f51\u6bb5\uff0c\u7f51\u5173\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 192.168.100.1 \u5373\u53ef\u3002 ![image-20230708001421419](openwrt.assets/image-20230708001421419.png)","title":"\u767b\u5f55\u865a\u62df\u673a"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/#wan","text":"\u5728\u7f51\u7edc - \u63a5\u53e3\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u63a5\u53e3 lan \u3002 \u5173\u95ed OpenWRT\uff0c\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u5907 WAN \uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5f00\u542f OpenWRT \u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u7ba1\u7406\u9875\u9762\u3002 \u5728\u7f51\u7edc - \u63a5\u53e3\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a wan \uff0c\u534f\u8bae\u9009\u62e9 DHCP \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff08\u6b64\u65f6 wan \u7684\u4e0a\u6e38\u5e94\u5f53\u6709 DHCP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5907\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a eth1 \u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6240\u5728\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u652f\u6301 IPv6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u518d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a wan6 \u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u534f\u8bae\u9009\u62e9 DHCPv6\uff0c\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u6837\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a eth1 \u3002 \u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u5728 ZJU\uff0c\u6821\u5185\u7f51\u7ad9\u89e3\u6790\u5c06\u5f97\u5230 10.0.0.0/8 \u5f00\u5934\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e22\u5f03\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u51fa\u73b0\u65e0\u6cd5 ping \u901a\u6821\u5185\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5728 \u7f51\u7edc - DHCP/DNS - \u5e38\u89c4\u8bbe\u7f6e \u9875\u9762\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u201c\u91cd\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u540e\u5373\u53ef ping \u901a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7 IPv6 \u8bbf\u95ee\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u5728 \u7f51\u7edc - DHCP/DNS - \u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bbe\u7f6e \u9875\u9762\u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009 \u8fc7\u6ee4 IPv6 AAAA \u8bb0\u5f55 \u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u6b64\u65f6\u5728\u5bbf\u4e3b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u672c\u5730\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002","title":"\u914d\u7f6e WAN \u8fde\u63a5"},{"location":"misc/openwrt/#l2tp","text":"OpenWRT \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5e26 xl2tp \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6b64\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u6821\u5185\u955c\u50cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9 opkg \u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6362\u6e90\u5373\u53ef\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002 \u5728 \u7cfb\u7edf - \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305 \u9875\u9762\u70b9\u51fb \u914d\u7f6e OPKG \uff0c\u5728 /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf \u4e2d\u66f4\u6362\u7f51\u5740\uff0c\u5c06 /etc/opkg/compatfeeds.conf \u4e2d iStoreOS \u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6e90\u6ce8\u91ca\u6389\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u65f6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u5916\u7f51\uff09\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u70b9\u51fb \u66f4\u65b0\u5217\u8868 \u3002 \u5728\u7b5b\u9009\u5668\u4e2d\u8f93\u5165 xl2tp \u627e\u5230\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u5b89\u88c5\u3002\u5b89\u88c5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u5728 \u7cfb\u7edf-\u91cd\u542f \u9875\u9762\u91cd\u542f OpenWRT \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 \u91cd\u542f\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u5728 \u7f51\u7edc - \u63a5\u53e3 \u70b9\u51fb \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u63a5\u53e3 \uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u534f\u8bae\u4e3a L2TP \uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u63a5\u53e3\u3002L2TP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e3a lns.zju.edu.cn \uff0c\u586b\u5199\u7528\u6237\u540d\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u5207\u6362\u5230 \u9632\u706b\u5899\u8bbe\u7f6e \u9009\u9879\u9875\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u914d\u5230 wan \u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5728\u8be5\u63a5\u53e3\u770b\u5230\u5206\u914d\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u5c1d\u8bd5 ping \u767e\u5ea6\u7b49\u7f51\u7ad9\u5e94\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u8fde\u63a5\u3002","title":"\u4f7f\u7528 L2TP \u767b\u5f55\u6821\u56ed\u7f51"},{"location":"misc/remote/","text":"\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b \u00b6 \u51c6\u5907 \u00b6 \u51c6\u5907 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248 \u8bf7\u5148\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7248\uff0c \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u53ea\u6709 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7248\u672c\u652f\u6301 \u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728 \u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762 \u6b65\u9aa4\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7a97\u683c\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\uff1a\u653e\u5728\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u8fde\u4e0a\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c2\u89c1 \u6821\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5\u6307\u5357 - \u56fe\u7075 2022 \u5b66\u957f\u7ec4\u8d44\u6599\u6c47\u603b \uff09\u6216\u8005 ZJUWLAN-Secure \u3002 \u79fb\u52a8\u7aef \u5b89\u88c5 Microsoft Remote Desktop \u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5fae\u8f6f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u6700\u597d\u3002 \u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u84dd\u7259\u952e\u9f20\u7684\u5e73\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u89e6\u63a7\u7b14\u4e5f\u53ef\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e \u00b6 Quote \u53c2\u8003 98 \u5e16\u5b50\uff1a \u6821\u5916\u4f7f\u7528rvpn\u8fde\u63a5\u5185\u7f51Windows 10\u7535\u8111 \u6e29\u99a8\u63d0\u9192 \u70b9\u51fb\u56fe\u7247\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5927\u67e5\u770b~ 01 \u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u6309 Win + R \uff0c\u8f93\u5165 SystemPropertiesRemote.exe \uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002 02 \u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00 PowerShell \uff1a\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u8f93\u5165 Windows PowerShell \uff0c\u53f3\u952e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 03 \u66f4\u6539\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1a\u9010\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u5e76\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0b\u9762 03 \u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 3390 \u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\u4e3a 65535 \u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u6570\uff09\u3002 04 \u83b7\u53d6\u7535\u8111\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e-\u7f51\u7edc-\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff08\u6709\u7ebf\uff09\u6216 WLAN \u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002 03 $portvalue = 3390 Set-ItemProperty -Path 'HKLM:\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Terminal Server\\WinStations\\RDP-Tcp' -name \"PortNumber\" -Value $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-TCP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol TCP -LocalPort $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-UDP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol UDP -LocalPort $portvalue \u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1f \u51fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5c4f\u853d\u4e86\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff1f \u5728\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7f51\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5b50\u7f51\u6bb5\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e92\u8fde\u3002\u4f46 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6821\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6b64\u5916 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7684\u79df\u671f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002 \u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e \u00b6 \u4ee5\u5b89\u5353\u5e73\u677f\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u7406\u3002 01 \u6253\u5f00 Remote Desktop \u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684 + \u53f7\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002 02 \u586b\u5165 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\uff1a [xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx]:12345 \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff1aIPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002 03 \u6dfb\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7535\u8111\u767b\u5f55\u4e86\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u6216\u672c\u5730\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u3002 04 \u4e0b\u62c9\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u7535\u8111\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5f00\u542f\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u5171\u4eab\u5373\u53ef\uff08\u5728\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5e73\u677f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u526a\u8d34\u677f\uff09\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u521a\u521a\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u521d\u6b21\u8fde\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f39\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b66\u544a\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u52fe\u9009\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u9192\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u4eab\u53d7\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u4f53\u9a8c\u5427\uff01 \u5982\u679c\u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7535\u8111\u7aef IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u5730\u5740\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c \u00b6 \u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7f51\u5e76\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u5e26\u5bbd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u9519\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u7389\u6cc9\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5728\u53e4\u7c4d\u9986\u3001\u6ee1\u4eba\u7684\u94f6\u6cc9\u9910\u5385\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e3a 2560*1600 \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ecd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u5361\u987f\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6d41\u7545\u529e\u516c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8499\u6c11\u4f1f\u697c\u7b49\u4e0d\u652f\u6301 WiFi6 \u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u4eba\u6570\u8f83\u591a\u65f6\u6781\u4e3a\u5361\u987f\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u5173\u4e4e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u4e8e\u5e73\u677f\u7aef\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\uff1a\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u9f20\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5e73\u677f\u7684\u952e\u76d8\u952e\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5168\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e60\u60ef\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c3a\u5bf8\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u592a\u53cb\u597d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u534e\u4e3a Matepad11 \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u53f3\u4fa7 Ctrl \u548c Shift \u662f\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\uff0c\u6309\u5982 Ctrl + ` \u8fd9\u7c7b\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u65f6\u5f88\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u952e\u76d8\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u5165\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7535\u8111\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5148\u7ecf\u8fc7\u534e\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\u6cd5\u518d\u88ab\u53d1\u9001\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f93\u5165 Ctrl + ` \u65f6\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5207\u6362\u5230\u82f1\u6587\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u561b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982 Word\uff0cPPT \u90a3\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u522b\u3002","title":"\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_1","text":"","title":"\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u6559\u7a0b"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_2","text":"\u51c6\u5907 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248 \u8bf7\u5148\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7248\uff0c \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u53ea\u6709 Windows \u4e13\u4e1a\u7248\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7248\u672c\u652f\u6301 \u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236 \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728 \u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762 \u6b65\u9aa4\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7a97\u683c\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u7684 Windows \u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u8fdc\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u7535\u8111\u7aef\uff1a\u653e\u5728\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u8fde\u4e0a\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c2\u89c1 \u6821\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5\u6307\u5357 - \u56fe\u7075 2022 \u5b66\u957f\u7ec4\u8d44\u6599\u6c47\u603b \uff09\u6216\u8005 ZJUWLAN-Secure \u3002 \u79fb\u52a8\u7aef \u5b89\u88c5 Microsoft Remote Desktop \u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5fae\u8f6f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4f53\u9a8c\u6700\u597d\u3002 \u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u84dd\u7259\u952e\u9f20\u7684\u5e73\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u89e6\u63a7\u7b14\u4e5f\u53ef\u3002","title":"\u51c6\u5907"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_3","text":"Quote \u53c2\u8003 98 \u5e16\u5b50\uff1a \u6821\u5916\u4f7f\u7528rvpn\u8fde\u63a5\u5185\u7f51Windows 10\u7535\u8111 \u6e29\u99a8\u63d0\u9192 \u70b9\u51fb\u56fe\u7247\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5927\u67e5\u770b~ 01 \u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u6309 Win + R \uff0c\u8f93\u5165 SystemPropertiesRemote.exe \uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002 02 \u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00 PowerShell \uff1a\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u8f93\u5165 Windows PowerShell \uff0c\u53f3\u952e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 03 \u66f4\u6539\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1a\u9010\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u5e76\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0b\u9762 03 \u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 3390 \u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\u4e3a 65535 \u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u6570\uff09\u3002 04 \u83b7\u53d6\u7535\u8111\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff1a\u5728\u8bbe\u7f6e-\u7f51\u7edc-\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\uff08\u6709\u7ebf\uff09\u6216 WLAN \u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002 03 $portvalue = 3390 Set-ItemProperty -Path 'HKLM:\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Terminal Server\\WinStations\\RDP-Tcp' -name \"PortNumber\" -Value $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-TCP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol TCP -LocalPort $portvalue New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'RDPPORTLatest-UDP-In' -Profile 'Public' -Direction Inbound -Action Allow -Protocol UDP -LocalPort $portvalue \u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff1f \u51fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5c4f\u853d\u4e86\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6539\u3002 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\uff1f \u5728\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7f51\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5b50\u7f51\u6bb5\u7684 IPv4 \u5730\u5740\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e92\u8fde\u3002\u4f46 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6821\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6b64\u5916 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7684\u79df\u671f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002","title":"\u7535\u8111\u7aef\u8bbe\u7f6e"},{"location":"misc/remote/#_4","text":"\u4ee5\u5b89\u5353\u5e73\u677f\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u7406\u3002 01 \u6253\u5f00 Remote Desktop \u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684 + \u53f7\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\u3002 02 \u586b\u5165 IPv6 \u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\uff1a [xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx]:12345 \u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff1aIPv6 \u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\u3002 03 \u6dfb\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7535\u8111\u767b\u5f55\u4e86\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u6216\u672c\u5730\u8d26\u6237\uff08\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u5fae\u8f6f\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u3002 04 \u4e0b\u62c9\u9009\u62e9\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u7535\u8111\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5f00\u542f\u526a\u8d34\u677f\u5171\u4eab\u5373\u53ef\uff08\u5728\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5e73\u677f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u526a\u8d34\u677f\uff09\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002 \u70b9\u51fb\u521a\u521a\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u4e3b\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u521d\u6b21\u8fde\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f39\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b66\u544a\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u52fe\u9009\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u9192\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4\u5373\u53ef\u3002 \u4eab\u53d7\u8fdc\u7a0b\u684c\u9762\u4f53\u9a8c\u5427\uff01 \u5982\u679c\u79fb\u52a8\u7aef\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7535\u8111\u7aef IPv6 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Typora\uff1a\u8f85\u52a9\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7eaf Markdown \u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u989d\u5916\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u7528\u5b83\u80fd\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4f60\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4f60\u80fd\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u7f16\u8f91\u8868\u683c\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u56fe\u7247\u3001\u5bfc\u51fa\u6210\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684 PDF \u6587\u6863\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6269\u5c55\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u597d Markdown \u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u6587\u6863\u6211\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 Typora \u64b0\u5199\u5e76\u5bfc\u51fa\u3002 Obsidian\uff1a\u7b14\u8bb0\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\uff0cObsidian \u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4f53\u9a8c\u6700\u597d\u7684 Markdown 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\u6211\u66fe\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684 Obsidian\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u53cc\u5411\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u601d\u7ef4\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u65b0\u9896\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u63d2\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5b9a\u5236\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u575a\u6301\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u8fc7\u4e8e\u788e\u7247\u5316\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u672c\u79d1\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8f83\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u66f4\u52a0\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u6784\u5efa\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u800c Obsidian \u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u601d\u7ef4\u66f4\u52a0\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u788e\u7247\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0\u3001\u7075\u611f\u8bb0\u5f55\u7b49\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6765\u8bf4\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u6253\u4e71\u601d\u7ef4\u3002","title":"\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf"},{"location":"misc/workflow/#_7","text":"\u6211\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u5f88\u591a\uff1a\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u3001\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\u3001\u624b\u673a\u3001\u5e73\u677f\u3002\u6211\u7684\u6587\u6863\u3001\u7b14\u8bb0\u3001\u4e66\u672c\u3001\u76f8\u7247\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u5907\u4e4b\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u9605\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6d41\u7545\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002 \u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8de8\u8bbe\u5907\u540c\u6b65\u8f6f\u4ef6\u662f Syncthing \uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u6e90\u7684\u3001\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540c\u6b65\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u4e4b\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u3002 \u8de8\u7ec8\u7aef\u540c\u6b65\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 macOS \u70e6\u4eba\u7684 .DS_Store \u6587\u4ef6\uff0cWindows \u7684 Thumbs.db \u6587\u4ef6\uff0cLinux \u7684 .directory \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u6c61\u67d3 Git \u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u9020\u6210\u591a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u540c\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\u548c Git \u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u3002","title":"\u6587\u4ef6\u540c\u6b65"},{"location":"tags/","text":"\u6807\u7b7e \u00b6 \u672c\u9875\u9762\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u9875\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4efb\u52a1\u770b\u677f\u3002 Ongoing \u00b6 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5 Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe \u7cbe\u901a Git Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation Ch9. Programming Language Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point HTML \u57fa\u7840 Todo \u00b6 Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6 doing \u00b6 \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 todo \u00b6 \u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b","title":"\ud83d\udd16\u6807\u7b7e"},{"location":"tags/#_1","text":"\u672c\u9875\u9762\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u9875\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4efb\u52a1\u770b\u677f\u3002","title":" \u6807\u7b7e"},{"location":"tags/#ongoing","text":"\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u81ea\u9876\u5411\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5 Linux \u5e94\u7528\u5927\u5168\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u67b6\u8bbe \u7cbe\u901a Git Ch2. \u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5904\u7406 Ch3. \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ea7\u8868\u793a \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09 Appendix E: Boolen Algebra and Logic Circuits Ch. 1-4 Intro, Number, Data and Operation Ch9. Programming Language Lecture 02: Bits, Bytes, and Ints; Floating Point HTML \u57fa\u7840","title":"Ongoing"},{"location":"tags/#todo","text":"Python \u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6","title":"Todo"},{"location":"tags/#doing","text":"\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406","title":"doing"},{"location":"tags/#todo_1","text":"\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b","title":"todo"}]}
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diff --git a/sitemap.xml.gz b/sitemap.xml.gz
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GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/stack/index.html b/stack/index.html
index 970c3c56..5494bd2b 100755
--- a/stack/index.html
+++ b/stack/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
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diff --git a/stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css b/stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..29e97369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css
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.nt-group-8{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-8)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-9{background-color:var(--nt-color-9)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-10{background-color:var(--nt-color-10)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-11{background-color:var(--nt-color-11)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-12{background-color:var(--nt-color-12)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-13{background-color:var(--nt-color-13)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-14{background-color:var(--nt-color-14)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-15{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-15)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-16{background-color:var(--nt-color-16)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-17{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-17)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-18{background-color:var(--nt-color-18)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-19{background-color:var(--nt-color-19)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-20{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-20)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-21{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-21)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-22{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-22)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-23{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-23)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-24{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-24)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-25{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-25)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-26{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-26)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-27{background-color:var(--nt-color-27)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-28{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-28)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-29{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-29)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-30{background-color:var(--nt-color-30)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-31{background-color:var(--nt-color-31)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-32{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-32)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-33{background-color:var(--nt-color-33)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-34{background-color:var(--nt-color-34)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-35{background-color:var(--nt-color-35)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-36{background-color:var(--nt-color-36)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-37{background-color:var(--nt-color-37)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-38{background-color:var(--nt-color-38)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-39{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-39)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-40{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-40)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-41{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-41)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-42{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-42)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-43{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-43)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-44{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-44)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-45{background-color:var(--nt-color-45)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-46{color:#000;background-color:var(--nt-color-46)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-47{background-color:var(--nt-color-47)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-48{background-color:var(--nt-color-48)}.nt-contribs .nt-group-49{background-color:var(--nt-color-49)}
diff --git a/tags/index.html b/tags/index.html
index 803d0b8f..ac13b1e3 100755
--- a/tags/index.html
+++ b/tags/index.html
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     
       <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/flink.css">
     
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/neoteroi-mkdocs.css">
+    
     <script>__md_scope=new URL("..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>