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<h2 id="toc-title">Table of contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#aim" id="toc-aim" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#aim">Aim</a></li>
<li><a href="#results" id="toc-results" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#results">Results</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#general-characteristics" id="toc-general-characteristics" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#general-characteristics"><strong>General characteristics</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="#geographical-diversity" id="toc-geographical-diversity" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#geographical-diversity">Geographical diversity</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#first-authors" id="toc-first-authors" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#first-authors">First authors</a></li>
<li><a href="#corresponding-authors" id="toc-corresponding-authors" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#corresponding-authors">Corresponding authors</a></li>
<li><a href="#last-authors" id="toc-last-authors" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#last-authors">Last authors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#gender-diversity" id="toc-gender-diversity" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#gender-diversity">Gender diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="#diversity-among-review-groups" id="toc-diversity-among-review-groups" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#diversity-among-review-groups">Diversity among review groups</a></li>
</ul></li>
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<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
<header id="title-block-header" class="quarto-title-block default">
<div class="quarto-title">
<h1 class="title">Cochrane authors diversity project</h1>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Author</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p>Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<section id="aim" class="level1">
<h1>Aim</h1>
<p>We aimed to determine the level of country, region, language, and gender diversity in Cochrane Reviews’ authorship.</p>
</section>
<section id="results" class="level1">
<h1>Results</h1>
<p>First, loading the needed packages:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pacman<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">p_load</span>(knitr,</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> lubridate,</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ggplot2,</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> dplyr,</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> tidyr,</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> stringr,</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> lme4)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>And then, loading the datasets:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cochrane <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="st">"data/cochraneauthors_db_final.csv"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="general-characteristics" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="general-characteristics"><strong>General characteristics</strong></h2>
<p>The number of citations retrieved from the Cochrane Library on November 6, 2023 was 9,153. Adding previous versions of the reviews to the database increased the sample size to 22,681 articles:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">nrow</span>(cochrane)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 22681</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>The highest number of authors belonged to two reviews with 41 authors by Philipp Schuetz and Sarah Burdett from Acute Respiratory Infections and Lung Cancer Groups:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(cochrane[<span class="fu">which</span>(<span class="fu">is.na</span>(cochrane<span class="sc">$</span>aff41) <span class="sc">==</span> F), <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">6</span>)])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;"></th>
<th style="text-align: right;">X</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">type</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">X.1</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">stage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">2955</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2955</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Intervention</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2955</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Review</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">4757</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4757</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Intervention</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4757</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Review</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>Now, let’s take a look at the publication years:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cochrane <span class="ot">=</span> cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">year =</span> <span class="fu">year</span>(date))</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(year) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(<span class="at">count =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">percentage =</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(count <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(count) <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: right;">year</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">count</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">percentage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">1995</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">1996</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">60</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.26</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">1997</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">47</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">1998</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">131</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.58</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">1999</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">207</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2000</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">345</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.52</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2001</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">531</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.34</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2002</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">666</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.94</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2003</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">864</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.81</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2004</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">838</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.69</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2005</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">868</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.83</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2006</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">959</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.23</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2007</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1038</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.58</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2008</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">959</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.23</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2009</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1241</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5.47</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2010</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1231</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5.43</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2011</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1174</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5.18</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2012</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1508</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.65</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2013</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1457</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.42</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2014</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1284</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5.66</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2015</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1381</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.09</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2016</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1145</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5.05</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2017</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1050</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.63</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2018</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">856</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.77</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2019</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">741</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.27</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2020</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">731</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.22</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2021</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">619</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.73</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2022</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">373</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.64</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2023</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">376</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.66</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>It’s always good to have a graphical look as well:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> year) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_bar</span>(<span class="at">fill=</span><span class="st">"steelblue"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">title =</span> <span class="st">"Number of Cochrane reviews in each year"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Year"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Count"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">axis.text.x =</span> <span class="fu">element_text</span>(<span class="at">angle =</span> <span class="dv">45</span>, <span class="at">vjust =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="at">hjust=</span><span class="dv">1</span>)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_minimal</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<p><img src="cochrane_authors_analysis_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" class="img-fluid" width="672"></p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Review types:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(type) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(<span class="at">count =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">percentage =</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(count <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(count) <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(count)))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">type</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">count</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">percentage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Intervention</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">21965</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">96.84</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Diagnostic</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">358</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.58</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Overview</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">140</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.62</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Methodology</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">110</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.48</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Qualitative</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">44</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.19</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Prognosis</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">36</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.16</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Rapid</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.07</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Prototype</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">13</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.06</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>Review stages:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(stage) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(<span class="at">count =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">percentage =</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(count <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(count) <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(count)))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">stage</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">count</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">percentage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Review</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15524</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">68.44</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Protocol</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7157</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">31.56</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>Let’s see how many article each review group has produced:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(group) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(<span class="at">count =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">percentage =</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(count <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(count) <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(count)))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 85%">
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 9%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">group</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">count</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">percentage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1634</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7.20</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Neonatal Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1118</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.93</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Airways Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">873</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">785</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.46</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">765</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.37</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">750</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.31</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">672</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.96</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">629</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.77</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Gut Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">628</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.77</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">604</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.66</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Oral Health Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">588</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.59</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Heart Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">586</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.58</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">580</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.56</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Stroke Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">577</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.54</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Vascular Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">563</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.48</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">557</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.46</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Schizophrenia Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">556</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.45</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Anaesthesia Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">493</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">484</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.13</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">480</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.12</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Wounds Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">477</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">474</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.09</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">463</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.04</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Neuromuscular Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">426</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.88</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">423</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.86</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">414</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.83</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">400</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.76</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane ENT Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">385</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.70</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Injuries Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">371</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.64</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Epilepsy Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">361</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.59</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">326</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.44</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Colorectal Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">312</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.38</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">299</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.32</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Skin Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">298</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.31</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Incontinence Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">266</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.17</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">259</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Fertility Regulation Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">250</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">231</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Back and Neck Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">224</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.99</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Haematology Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">219</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.97</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Hypertension Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">211</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.93</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Breast Cancer Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">208</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.92</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Urology Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">204</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.90</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">182</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.80</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">155</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.68</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Movement Disorders Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">149</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.66</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Emergency and Critical Care Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">139</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.61</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Public Health Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">124</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.55</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Childhood Cancer Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">118</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Lung Cancer Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">109</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.48</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Work Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">108</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.48</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Methodology Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">104</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.46</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">47</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane ENT GroupCochrane Oral Health Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Infectious Diseases GroupCochrane Haematology Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Back and Neck GroupCochrane Musculoskeletal Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Heart GroupCochrane Stroke Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Methodology GroupCochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Common Mental Disorders GroupCochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer GroupCochrane Childhood Cancer Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer GroupCochrane Haematology Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility GroupCochrane Incontinence Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Heart GroupCochrane Vascular Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Cochrane Public Health GroupCochrane Heart Group</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.00</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="geographical-diversity" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="geographical-diversity">Geographical diversity</h2>
<p>The number of countries detected successfully:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cochrane<span class="sc">$</span>first_author_country[cochrane<span class="sc">$</span>first_author_country <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">""</span>] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">NA</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sum</span>(<span class="fu">table</span>(cochrane<span class="sc">$</span>first_author_country))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 22363</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<section id="first-authors" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="first-authors">First authors</h3>
<p>The overall number of countries:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">length</span>(<span class="fu">unique</span>(cochrane<span class="sc">$</span>first_author_country))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 102</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Countries with the highest number of first authors:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>top_first <span class="ot">=</span> cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(<span class="sc">!</span><span class="fu">is.na</span>(first_author_country)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(first_author_country) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(<span class="at">count =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">percentage =</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(count <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(count) <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb15-6"><a href="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(count))</span>
<span id="cb15-7"><a href="#cb15-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb15-8"><a href="#cb15-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">names</span>(top_first)[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"country"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb15-9"><a href="#cb15-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb15-10"><a href="#cb15-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(top_first[<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">10</span>,])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">country</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">count</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">percentage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">United Kingdom</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7426</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">33.21</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Australia</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2595</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">11.60</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">United States</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1559</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.97</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Canada</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1475</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.60</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">China</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1048</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.69</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Netherlands</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1005</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.49</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Germany</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">652</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.92</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Italy</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">566</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.53</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Brazil</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">565</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.53</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">New Zealand</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">450</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.01</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>World heat map:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Loading the world map</span></span>
<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>world_map <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">map_data</span>(<span class="st">"world"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>world_map <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">subset</span>(world_map, region <span class="sc">!=</span> <span class="st">"Antarctica"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Some modifications are needed</span></span>
<span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as.character</span>(top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country)</span>
<span id="cb16-7"><a href="#cb16-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country[top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"United States"</span>] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"USA"</span></span>
<span id="cb16-8"><a href="#cb16-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country[top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"United Kingdom"</span>] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"UK"</span></span>
<span id="cb16-9"><a href="#cb16-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">as.factor</span>(top_first<span class="sc">$</span>country)</span>
<span id="cb16-10"><a href="#cb16-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb16-11"><a href="#cb16-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Drawing the map</span></span>
<span id="cb16-12"><a href="#cb16-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(top_first) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb16-13"><a href="#cb16-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_map</span>(</span>
<span id="cb16-14"><a href="#cb16-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">dat =</span> world_map, <span class="at">map =</span> world_map, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">map_id =</span> region),</span>
<span id="cb16-15"><a href="#cb16-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"white"</span>, <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="st">"#7f7f7f"</span>, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="fl">0.25</span></span>
<span id="cb16-16"><a href="#cb16-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb16-17"><a href="#cb16-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_map</span>(<span class="at">map =</span> world_map, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">map_id =</span> country, <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="fu">log10</span>(count)), <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="fl">0.25</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb16-18"><a href="#cb16-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_fill_gradient</span>(<span class="at">low =</span> <span class="st">"snow2"</span>, <span class="at">high =</span> <span class="st">"red2"</span>, <span class="at">name =</span> <span class="st">"Total first authors (log10 scale)"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb16-19"><a href="#cb16-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">expand_limits</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> world_map<span class="sc">$</span>long, <span class="at">y =</span> world_map<span class="sc">$</span>lat) <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">legend.position=</span><span class="st">"bottom"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb16-20"><a href="#cb16-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">axis.line=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb16-21"><a href="#cb16-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">axis.text=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb16-22"><a href="#cb16-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">axis.ticks=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb16-23"><a href="#cb16-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">axis.title=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb16-24"><a href="#cb16-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">panel.background=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb16-25"><a href="#cb16-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">panel.border=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb16-26"><a href="#cb16-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">panel.grid=</span><span class="fu">element_blank</span>())</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<p><img src="cochrane_authors_analysis_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" class="img-fluid" width="672"></p>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ggsave("figures/Fig2A.png", width = 10, height = 5, dpi = 300)</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="world-bank-income-regions" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="world-bank-income-regions">World Bank Income Regions</h4>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">kable</span>(cochrane <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(<span class="sc">!</span><span class="fu">is.na</span>(first_author_region_income)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(first_author_region_income) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarize</span>(<span class="at">count =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb19-5"><a href="#cb19-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">percentage =</span> <span class="fu">round</span>(count <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(count) <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb19-6"><a href="#cb19-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">desc</span>(count)))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">first_author_region_income</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">count</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">percentage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">1. High income: OECD</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">18049</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">80.11</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">3. Upper middle income</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3146</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">13.96</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">4. Lower middle income</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1047</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.65</td>
</tr>