diff --git a/docs/BoundingBox.md b/docs/BoundingBox.md index 275b81b..aa196e0 100644 --- a/docs/BoundingBox.md +++ b/docs/BoundingBox.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -## Bounding Boxes +# Bounding Boxes We want to investigate how bounding boxes behave in higher dimensions. Bounding boxes are rectangular N-dimensional boxes encompassing an ensemble of M (random) points, fullfilling some (likelihood) constraint. - +See our paper [Kester and Mueller (2021)](./references.md/#kester8). We will plot 100 random points inside 4 N-balls of radius 1.0, for resp N = [2,4,6,8], in black, red, green and blue. And their bounding boxes. @@ -15,22 +15,21 @@ rejected. For an 8-ball only one in 73 points are OK. The random points tend to concentrate to the middle. - | ndim | nsamples | rejected | -|-:|-:|-:| +|:-:|:-:|:-:| | 2 | 100 | 22 | | 4 | 100 | 233 | | 6 | 100 | 991 | | 8 | 100 | 7306 | +  ![png](images/BB_4_1.png) -This will not get us to a 1000-ball. +This will not get us to a 1000-ball. We try something different. - -We try something else to get to a 1000-ball. +## Distribution We calculate the distribution of points thrown randomly into an N-ball, as projected on a line through the center. It is obvious that this @@ -43,11 +42,15 @@ For a 3-ball (cannonball) there is the volume of a circle present at every x. It is proportional to
    d3( x ) ~ ( 1 - x * x ) = d2( x ) 2 -For a 4-ball (hyperball) there the projection is a 3-ball, proportional to
+For a 4-ball (hyperball) there the projection is a 3-ball present at every x. +It is proportional to
    d4( x ) ~ d2( x ) 3 Etc. +In the figure below we plotted the distribution for powers of, upto 1024. +They are all scaled to a maximum of 1. + ![png](images/BB_6_0.png) @@ -68,13 +71,15 @@ for an ensemble of M points will miss on average 1/M volume area. N-balls (and other objects) in higher dimensions are quite couterintuitive. -Below we do some sanity checks, whether the distributions conform a +## Sanity check + +Below we investigate, whether the distributions conform a random ensemble of M=5000 points -In the figure below, we have M/N points in N (=2,3,4,8,10) dimensions. +In the figure below, we have 5000 points in N (=2,3,4,8,10) dimensions. In green we see the calculated distribution scaled to a maximum of 1.0. In red we have a histogram of the ensemble projected on each of the -dimensional axes. M*5000 point in all, scaled to the same volume. +dimensional axes. N*5000 point in all, scaled to the same volume. On the right hand side we plot the moments of the distributions as @@ -100,8 +105,10 @@ standard on uniformity. (made by rejection sampling). The experiment follows the theory quite well. +## More checks + Next we check the distribution of random points in 10 N-dim shells of -equal volume and in 8 perpendicular sectors. We take 10000 points +equal volume and in 8 perpendicular sectors. We take 10000 points, random in spheres of 2,3,4,6, and 8 dimensions, by rejection sampling. We expect 1000 points in each shell and 1250 in each sector. @@ -115,8 +122,6 @@ The sectors are defined when ndim >= 3 and then dividing dimensions 1, 2, and 3 in its positive and negative values. - - ![png](images/BB_12.png)