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<h1 id="title" class="title">Introduction to Web Sustainability</h1>
<p id="w3c-state">
<a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#reports">Draft Community Group Report</a>
<time class="dt-published" datetime="2024-04-11">11 April 2024</time>
</p>
<dl>
<dt>Latest published version:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://w3c.github.io/sustyweb/intro.html">https://w3c.github.io/sustyweb/intro.html</a>
</dd>
<dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt><dd><a href="https://w3c.github.io/sustyweb/intro.html">https://w3c.github.io/sustyweb/intro.html</a></dd>
<dt>Editors:</dt><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="49702">
<a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://alexanderdawson.com/">Alexander Dawson</a>
</dd><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="62394">
<a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://www.mightybytes.com/">Tim Frick</a> (<span class="p-org org h-org">Mightybytes</span>)
</dd>
<dt>Feedback:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/sustyweb/">GitHub w3c/sustyweb</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/w3c/sustyweb/pulls/">pull requests</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/sustyweb/issues/new/choose">new issue</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/sustyweb/issues/">open issues</a>)
</dd>
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<p class="copyright">
<a href="https://www.w3.org/policies/#copyright">Copyright</a>
©
2024
the Contributors to the Introduction to Web Sustainability
Specification, published by the
<a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/cg/sustyweb">Sustainable Web Design Community Group</a> under the
<a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/">W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA)</a>. A human-readable
<a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla-deed/">summary</a>
is available.
</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<section id="abstract" class="introductory"><h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>This document provides an introduction to the subject of Web Sustainability, acting as the "what" and "why" elements to the "how" provided by the <a href="https://w3c.github.io/sustyweb/">Web Sustainability Guidelines</a> (<abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSG</abbr>) 1.0 specification.</p>
<p>It aims to be a helpful entry point for individuals and stakeholders who have an interest in digital sustainability and the work undertaken by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/cg/sustyweb">Sustainable Web Design Community Group</a>.</p>
<p>This is a supplementary document created to showcase the need for such guidance, helping individuals and organizations better understand the current Web landscape and how it is affected by sustainability issues. It also provides answers to common questions which may help those looking to become more environmentally friendly utilize the <abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSGs</abbr> and gain a broader awareness of the subject and its relevance to the Internet.</p>
<p>Help improve this page by sharing your ideas, suggestions, or comments via <a href="https://github.com/w3c/sustyweb/issues/">GitHub issues</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd" class="override introductory"></section><nav id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#what-is-web-sustainability"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>What is Web Sustainability?</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#the-importance-of-web-sustainability"><bdi class="secno">2. </bdi>The Importance of Web Sustainability</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#emissions-vs-esg"><bdi class="secno">3. </bdi>Emissions vs. <abbr title="Environmental, Social, Governance">ESG</abbr></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#the-current-landscape"><bdi class="secno">4. </bdi>The Current Landscape</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#the-web-sustainability-guidelines"><bdi class="secno">5. </bdi>The Web Sustainability Guidelines</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#incorporating-the-guidelines-into-your-work"><bdi class="secno">6. </bdi>Incorporating the Guidelines Into Your Work</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#resources"><bdi class="secno">7. </bdi>Resources</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><bdi class="secno">A. </bdi>References</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><bdi class="secno">A.1 </bdi>Informative references</a></li></ol></li></ol></nav>
<section id="what-is-web-sustainability"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x1-what-is-web-sustainability"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>What is Web Sustainability?</h2><a class="self-link" href="#what-is-web-sustainability" aria-label="Permalink for Section 1."></a></div>
<p>Sustainability, as defined by the United Nations [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-un" title="Sustainability">UN</a></cite>], focuses on "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Web Sustainability is the digital equivalent of this. It's an approach to designing digital products and services that puts people and the planet first [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-manifesto" title="Sustainable Web Manifesto">MANIFESTO</a></cite>].</p>
<p>Web sustainability addresses more than just environmental issues. It's about making the Web—and the world—a better place for everyone.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-importance-of-web-sustainability"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x2-the-importance-of-web-sustainability"><bdi class="secno">2. </bdi>The Importance of Web Sustainability</h2><a class="self-link" href="#the-importance-of-web-sustainability" aria-label="Permalink for Section 2."></a></div>
<p>Most people are aware of "green" issues. However, fewer understand that digital products and services directly contribute to the climate crisis. With the Internet producing more emissions than the entire aviation industry, anyone with an online presence can get involved and make a difference.</p>
<p>Collectively, by focusing on web sustainability, we have a real chance to make a global impact on the climate crisis going forward. Digital impacts are often proportional, with the biggest websites requiring the most change. However, larger organizations also have more resources to make that change. Plus, the Web often beats the physical world to solutions due to a focus on agility and continuous improvement.</p>
</section>
<section id="emissions-vs-esg"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x3-emissions-vs-esg"><bdi class="secno">3. </bdi>Emissions vs. <abbr title="Environmental, Social, Governance">ESG</abbr></h2><a class="self-link" href="#emissions-vs-esg" aria-label="Permalink for Section 3."></a></div>
<p>Many sustainability guidelines follow what are often referred to as <abbr title="Environmental, Social, Governance">ESG</abbr> principles.</p>
<p>Sustainability's three pillars include:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Environmental</strong>: Protecting planetary ecosystems.</li>
<li><strong>Social</strong>: protecting people, communities, and society as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>Economic</strong> (also referred to as Governance): practices grounded in equitable and shared prosperity.</li>
</ul>
<p>While environmental factors cover planetary issues like emissions and waste, it's also critical to consider other intersectional issues related to people and society, such as accessibility, privacy, security, and so on. In other words, investing in people correlates to positive effects on sustainability:</p>
<ul>
<li>For example, good Web performance can improve user-experience while also reducing the physical impact of a site in terms of size, loading, rendering times, etc.</li>
<li>Similarly, good governance and ethical economic practices improve organizations. In turn, these organizations can also outperform their more traditional counterparts on a variety of indicators, including sustainability and long-term financial performance.</li>
</ul>
<p>With that being said, emissions accounting is challenging in any industry. This is exacerbated by the fact that it is still an emerging discipline. With the Internet, this becomes especially difficult.</p>
<p>Many data gaps exist when measuring emissions across the Internet stack. While we do have some information on electrical usage for servers, device usage, and, to an extent, rendering, we don't have a complete picture of the entire web ecosystem. In addition to emissions, we also come up short on data related to other important impacts like mineral waste, water waste, e-waste, and so on.</p>
<p>The Internet is anything but simplistic in how its infrastructure works. Because of this, we must take a holistic approach to sustainability, including web sustainability. In other words, restricting our focus to the obvious causes of electrical waste—otherwise referred to as "carbon tunnel vision"—sabotages our ability to consider the impact of the entire system.</p>
<p>Notably, as one issue can impact another, a "butterfly effect" of unintended consequences that undermine long-term sustainability efforts or beneficial side effects that enrich people and the planet can result from the choices we make. This is why it pays to consider all forces that might be affected by our work and decisions.</p>
<p>More research is needed to help us collectively understand how best to achieve web sustainability goals. Creating consensus on terms and the language we use to describe these goals is a step in the right direction.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-current-landscape"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x4-the-current-landscape"><bdi class="secno">4. </bdi>The Current Landscape</h2><a class="self-link" href="#the-current-landscape" aria-label="Permalink for Section 4."></a></div>
<p>Every part of the Internet has some sort of environmental impact from the developer's machine, to web service providers, to the physical infrastructure that carries data, right through to hosting and consumer devices. Aiming to reduce the impact of these different mechanisms, where possible, is as much a part of an individual or organization's responsibility as driving sales or improving customer service.</p>
<p>Increasingly, through awareness of green issues, the public and press have placed pressure upon industries to become more ethically aware and push for sustainable change. With several governments seeking regulatory enforcement in this area, the need to make our products and services match such a requirement will increase.</p>
<p>Whether you work in hosting, back-end development, front-end development, user-experience design, information architecture, content authoring, user-interface design, run a business, manage a product or service, or have another role, there are many opportunities to create meaningful change: performance optimizations, waste reduction techniques, emissions measurement, impact reporting practices, or other as yet unknown tactics, to name just a few.</p>
<p>We need champions within industries and organizations to spearhead web sustainability practices and meet these challenges head-on.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-web-sustainability-guidelines"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x5-the-web-sustainability-guidelines"><bdi class="secno">5. </bdi>The Web Sustainability Guidelines</h2><a class="self-link" href="#the-web-sustainability-guidelines" aria-label="Permalink for Section 5."></a></div>
<p>The <a href="https://w3c.github.io/sustyweb/">Web Sustainability Guidelines</a> (<abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSGs</abbr>) were created to help individuals and businesses more easily obtain implementable advice that would have a sustainable benefit on their digital products and services. Previously, best practices were scattered and not easy to find with new resources appearing regularly. In this environment, keeping tabs on the latest information is challenging.</p>
<p>Plus, many of these resources do not weigh cited evidence with regulatory references that are aligned with common sustainability reporting standards. This makes it difficult for organizations to include the impact of digital products and services in reports they're already working on.</p>
<p>If you are aware of the World Wide Web Consortium's (<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-wcag22" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2">WCAG22</a></cite>], it may not surprise you to know that the <abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSGs</abbr> were inspired by them. As such, these guidelines can be considered very similar, except that our goal is to make the web more sustainable. Equally, if you've read a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> specification, the <abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSGs</abbr> will look familiar.</p>
<p>The <abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSGs</abbr> are not only evidence-backed wherever possible but the work is also aligned with open standards from the Global Reporting Initiative (<abbr title="Global Reporting Initiative">[<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-gri" title="Global Reporting Initiative">GRI</a></cite>]</abbr>), in readiness for helping organizations meet compliance targets. This is especially relevant for upcoming legislation in the <abbr title="European Union">EU</abbr> (<abbr title="Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive">[<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-csrd" title="Corporate sustainability reporting">CSRD</a></cite>]</abbr>), alongside additional standards and laws we aligned our work with. Hopefully, this will prove useful to drive change as part of a wider portfolio of evidence to reduce emissions and improve sustainability.</p>
</section>
<section id="incorporating-the-guidelines-into-your-work"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x6-incorporating-the-guidelines-into-your-work"><bdi class="secno">6. </bdi>Incorporating the Guidelines Into Your Work</h2><a class="self-link" href="#incorporating-the-guidelines-into-your-work" aria-label="Permalink for Section 6."></a></div>
<p>When utilizing the Web Sustainability Guidelines, a progress-over-perfection approach is advised. The specification is very long and may appear quite intimidating. However, if you examine the accompanying quick reference, the guidelines are a lot less dense than they might initially appear. The best way to get started is to scroll through the categories (picking which suits your skillset) and choose items that you feel you can make a mark on easily.</p>
<p>Also, the guidelines are written from the perspective of those who work on the web. For example, advisory guidelines in the web development section use technical terms common to that industry. User-experience design guidelines adopt the terminology of this discipline. And so on.</p>
<p>If the description, success criteria, or examples are confusing, expandable resources can help you delve into each topic with third parties providing explanatory details of how to implement and accomplish such tasks.</p>
<p>Finally, these guidelines are meant to help you get started quickly on a journey of continuous learning and improvement. You don't need to read or adopt them in a specific order or all at once.</p>
<p>Don't worry about getting things wrong or even if you can only do a couple of things—if we all made a few small changes to our own little corner of the web, this would make a huge difference! If you can scope out the time to drop in some more sustainability improvements later, great. If you can design sustainability into your process from the start, even better. However, it's something that will constantly evolve and need work.</p>
<p>Here are answers to some common questions about the guidelines.</p>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="what-can-people-do">What can people do?</h3><a class="self-link" href="#what-can-people-do" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<p>Speak out on and learn about sustainability issues! If your organization isn't yet doing anything, propose an initiative and offer to train coworkers. If you work with partner organizations that could use help, offer to be that resource. Just be sure to meet them where they are. Web sustainability can be intimidating to newcomers. Offer to help get them started on their learning path.</p>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="what-can-designers-of-new-web-platform-features-do">What can designers of new web platform features do?</h3><a class="self-link" href="#what-can-designers-of-new-web-platform-features-do" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<p>Make sure that tooling is accessible, performant, private by design, secure, non-exploitative, and powered by renewable energy. If your product or service is for the public good, ensure its infrastructure is tightly optimized and meets the <abbr title="Web Sustainability Guidelines">WSGs</abbr>. In turn, this will help you get a leg up on potential regulatory requirements down the line.</p>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="what-can-browsers-do">What can browsers do?</h3><a class="self-link" href="#what-can-browsers-do" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<p>Browser makers have a few key opportunities: optimize their rendering processes as much as possible, reduce resource utilization, don't do anything unethical within a product, and keep improving developer tooling!</p>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="what-can-hardware-vendors-do">What can hardware vendors do?</h3><a class="self-link" href="#what-can-hardware-vendors-do" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<p>Hardware vendors can improve software efficiency with their products, reduce production waste through circular economy practices, and increase product life cycles with a greater focus on maintenance.</p>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="what-can-regulators-do">What can regulators do?</h3><a class="self-link" href="#what-can-regulators-do" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<p>Regulators can ensure that digital sustainability has a prominent role to play in both climate change modeling (due to its impact) and climate reduction targets (due to the significant economic and cultural force it has on the world's current and future population).</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="resources"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x7-resources"><bdi class="secno">7. </bdi>Resources</h2><a class="self-link" href="#resources" aria-label="Permalink for Section 7."></a></div>
<p>Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement is implied.</p>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="books">Books</h3><a class="self-link" href="#books" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<details>
<summary>Show / Hide available resources.</summary>
<ul class="resources">
<li><a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/building-green-software/9781098150617/">Building Green Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.apc.org/sites/default/files/Community_networks_-_the_Internet_by_the_people_for_the_people_0.pdf">Community networks: The internet by the people, for the people</a> (<em>PDF</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://decarbonise.digital/">Decarbonise Digital</a></li>
<li><a href="https://designaftercapitalism.org/">Design after Capitalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://rosenfeldmedia.com/books/design-is-the-problem/">Design Is the Problem</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nathan.com/design-is-the-solution/">Design is the Solution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/designing-for-sustainability/9781491935767/">Designing for Sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/digital-technology-and-the-planet/digital-technology-and-the-planet-report.pdf">Digital technology and the planet</a> (<em>PDF</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://ecoconceptionweb.com/">Ecoconception web: les 115 bonnes pratiques</a> (<em>French</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://altreconomia.it/prodotto/ecologia-digitale/">Ecologia digitale</a> (<em>Italian</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-19322-4">Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/printed-books/ethical-design-handbook/">Ethical Design Handbook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://inthecloud.withgoogle.com/go-green-software/software-guide.html">Google Go Green Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.lulu.com/shop/green-code-lab/green-patterns-manuel-d%C3%A9co-conception-des-logiciels/ebook/product-18848920.html?page=1&pageSize=4">Green Patterns - Manuel d'éco-conception des logiciels</a> (<em>French</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://hpbn.co/">High Performance Browser Networking</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/little-book-green-nudges">Little Book of Green Nudges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-41093-3">Nachhaltige Websites</a> (<em>German</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Packaging+Sustainability%3A+Tools%2C+Systems+and+Strategies+for+Innovative+Package+Design-p-9781119103868">Packaging Sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Rare-Metals-War-transition-technologies/dp/1912854260">Rare Metals War: the dark side of clean energy and digital technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080916072444/http://www.usability.gov/pdfs/guidelines.html">Research-Based Web Design and Usability Guidelines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://theecommmanager.com/sustainable-ecommerce-handbook/">Sustainable Ecommerce Handbook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Sustainable+Graphic+Design%3A+Tools%2C+Systems+and+Strategies+for+Innovative+Print+Design+-p-9780470640272">Sustainable Graphic Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://abookapart.com/products/sustainable-web-design">Sustainable Web Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-7714-3">Sustainable Web Ecosystem Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://gerrymcgovern.com/books/world-wide-waste/buy-the-book/">World Wide Waste</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="magazines-discussion">Magazines / Discussion</h3><a class="self-link" href="#magazines-discussion" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
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<summary>Show / Hide available resources.</summary>
<ul class="resources">
<li><a href="https://branch.climateaction.tech/issues/">Branch</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wholegraindigital.com/curiously-green/">Curiously Green</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greensoftware.foundation/">Green Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greeningdigital.substack.com/">Greening Digital</a></li>
<li><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/green-software">IEEE Spectrum</a> (Article)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/e-impact">IETF E-Impact Discussion</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="courses">Courses</h3><a class="self-link" href="#courses" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<details>
<summary>Show / Hide available resources.</summary>
<ul class="resources">
<li><a href="https://www.accessibilityassociation.org/s/certification">Certified Professional in Web Accessibility (CWPA)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://online.unschools.co/collections/circular-economy">Circular Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.programmes.gaiaeducation.uk/design-for-sustainability-en">Design for Sustainability & Regeneration (GEDS)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/environmental-impacts-of-digital-technologies/">Environmental impacts of digital technologies MOOC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.greengraphicdesigncourse.com/">Green Graphic Designer (Certified)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.hmntycntrd.com/self-paced-masterclass">Humanity-Centered Masterclass</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.dev/learn/accessibility/">Learn Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.dev/learn/performance">Learn Performance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sdgacademy.org/masters-pathway-in-foundations-of-sustainable-development/">SDG Masters Pathway</a></li>
<li><a href="https://online.unschools.co/collections/sustainability">Sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.isit-academy.org/">Sustainable IT MOOC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.tomorrow.university/bachelors/product-management/b-a-sustainable-product-management">Sustainable Product Management (BA)</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="events">Events</h3><a class="self-link" href="#events" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<details>
<summary>Show / Hide available resources.</summary>
<ul class="resources">
<li><a href="https://bits-und-baeume.org/">Bits & Bäume</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ieee-sustech.org/">IEEE Sustech</a></li>
<li><a href="https://computingwithinlimits.org/">Limits</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="media">Media</h3><a class="self-link" href="#media" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
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<ul class="resources">
<li><strong>Media</strong><ul>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tGSe_XxW8g">Digital Earth Experience Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEsKI41s6O0">EuroDIG 2017 - Drowning in data</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-d3d8DgqVA">Future Ethics with Cennydd Bowles at SustainableUX</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quLFLH36Lro">How to be a djangonaut in a climate emergency</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dLmecsuwEY">How to make digital services more sustainable</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL8qpr9P4nE">Save Our World with Progressive Enhancement & Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qW75oJszcws">Sustainability and the Web: Are We Tweeting Our Way to a Warmer Planet?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-eE6qKGeIE">Understanding Sustainable Web Design</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Podcast</strong><ul>
<li><a href="https://podcast.greensoftware.foundation/">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greenio.gaelduez.com">Green IO Podcast</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greentheweb.com/podcast/">Green The Web</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sustainwp.com/">Sustain WP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.greenelement.co.uk/podcasts/">Sustainability Solved</a></li>
<li><a href="https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/suxpodcast">Sustainable UX</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dr-beyer.de/news/podcast.php">Web, But Green!</a> (<em>German</em>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Episode</strong><ul>
<li><a href="https://mattreport.com/can-wordpress-save-the-planet/">Can WordPress save the planet?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://constantvariables.co/episodes/74">Creating Sustainable Digital Products with Tom Greenwood of Wholegrain Digital</a></li>
<li><a href="https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/sustrain-daily/episodes/EP-10-Digital-Carbon-Footprint-eigvvv">Digital Carbon Footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/sustainabilityexplored/episodes/Digital-Carbon-Footprint--How-to-Measure-It--Interview-with-Frank-Meehan-from-Equilibrium-World-el95r9">Digital Carbon Footprint & How to Measure It</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.teamhuman.fm/episodes/david-jensen-eliane-ubalijoro">Éliane Ubalijoro & David Jensen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://irlpodcast.org/season5/episode3/">Internet's Carbon Footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://talkingdrupal.com/373">Performance, Privacy, and the Open Web</a></li>
<li><a href="https://talkingdrupal.com/348">Website's Carbon Footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://shoptalkshow.com/606/">Web Sustainability with Michelle Barker</a></li>
<li><a href="https://insidedatacentre.buzzsprout.com/1223072/9954954-john-booth-carbon3it-ltd-what-is-sustainability">What is sustainability?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/tech-tip-tuesdays/episodes/Why-should-you-care-about-your-digital-carbon-footprint-eubdok">Why should you care about your digital carbon footprint?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://play.acast.com/s/climate-podcast/yourdigitshaveafootprint">Your digits have a footprint</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Presentation</strong><ul>
<li><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1XWdCVYAzTuUDi--SVd8Je8hiKpITNuCM/edit">How to design a green digital product</a></li>
<li><a href="https://archive.fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/energy_power_profiling_firefox/">Power profiling with the Firefox Profiler</a></li>
<li><a href="https://noti.st/er1p/vaFRbG/sustainability-all-the-way-down">Sustainability All The Way Down</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1OTXaz3RuV0HWgM754PRMUC7d2KYVHH974s5hnAt53wk/edit">Sustainable UX in VR</a></li>
<li><a href="https://oursustainablewp.org/">Sustainable WP</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="websites">Websites</h3><a class="self-link" href="#websites" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
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<ul class="resources">
<li><a href="https://anotherdesign11.wixsite.com/website">Another Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://climateaction.tech/">Climate Action.tech</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.climatedesigners.org/">Climate Designers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.codes.global/">CODES</a></li>
<li><a href="https://css-irl.info/tags/web-sustainability/">CSS: In Real Life</a></li>
<li><a href="https://davidmytton.blog/">David Mytton</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.designgigsforgood.org/">Design Gigs For Good</a></li>
<li><a href="https://designsustainably.eu/">Design Sustainably</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dodonut.com/category/sustainability/">DoDonut</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ecofriendlyweb.org/">Eco Friendly Web Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://unep.ecoinnovation.org/activities/">Eco Innovation Manual</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ethicaldesignnetwork.com/">Ethical Design Network</a></li>
<li><a href="https://gauthierroussilhe.com/en/articles">Gauthier Roussilhe</a> (<em>French</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://gerrymcgovern.com/">Gerry McGovern</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.greendesign.io/">Green Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://thegreenpages.bima.co.uk/">Green Pages</a></li>
<li><a href="https://linktr.ee/digitalfuturestold">Green Software Carbon Hack 24</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greentheweb.com/">Green The Web</a></li>
<li><a href="https://climate-tech.getoutline.com/s/2f3c5ad4-fee5-490b-8ecc-740c6f048ac8">Greener Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/greenernhs/">Greener NHS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greenspector.com/en/blog-2/">Greenspector</a></li>
<li><a href="https://indieweb.org/green_computing">IndieWeb Green Computing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://amsterdameconomicboard.com/en/initiative/leap/">LEAP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mightybytes.com/blog/sustainable-web-design/">MightyBytes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nachhaltiges-webdesign.jetzt/">Nachhaltiges Webdesign</a> (<em>German</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://permacomputing.net/Principles/">PermaComputing Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.piano-d.it/category/sostenibilita-digitale/">Piano D</a> (<em>Italian</em>)</li>
<li><a href="https://stevesouders.com/">Steve Souders</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sustainabledesignhandbook.com/">Sustainable Design Handbook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://the-sustainable.dev/">Sustainable Dev</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sdialliance.org/roadmap/">SDIA Roadmap</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sustainableuxmanifesto.com/">Sustainable UX Playbook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sustainablevirtualdesign.wordpress.com/">Sustainable Virtual Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://tomjarrett.earth/">Tom Jarrett</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wholegraindigital.com/blog/">Wholegrain Digital</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="tools">Tools</h3><a class="self-link" href="#tools" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
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<summary>Show / Hide available resources.</summary>
<ul class="resources">
<li><strong>Assessment</strong><ul>
<li><a href="https://www.deque.com/axe/">aXe Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://aremythirdpartiesgreen.com/">Are My Third Parties Green?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://digitalbeacon.co/">Beacon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://builtwith.com/">Built With</a></li>
<li><a href="https://carbonneutralwebsite.org/">Carbon Neutral Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/lfwa/carbontracker">Carbon Tracker</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cloudcarbonfootprint.org/">Cloud Carbon Footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/co2-js/">Co2.js</a></li>
<li><a href="https://codecarbon.io/">Code Carbon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dataviz.boavizta.org/">Datavizta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/">Carbon Footprint Calculator</a></li>
<li><a href="https://audits.digital/">Digital Sustainability Audits</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ecograder.com/">Ecograder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ecoindex.fr/">EcoIndex</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ecoping.earth/">Ecoping</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/">Green Host Checker</a></li>
<li><a href="https://greenframe.io/">GreenFrame</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/cnumr/GreenIT-Analysis">GreenIT Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/thegreenwebfoundation/web-extension">Green Web Extension</a></li>
<li><a href="https://app.greenweb.org/directory/">GWF Directory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.imagecarbon.com/">Image Carbon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://if.greensoftware.foundation/">Impact Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="https://kastor.green/">Kastor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/lighthouse/blipmdconlkpinefehnmjammfjpmpbjk">Lighthouse</a></li>
<li><a href="https://mlco2.github.io/impact/">ML Co2 Impact</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.privacytools.io/">Privacy Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="https://readabilityformulas.com/readability-scoring-system.php">Readability Checker</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.webfx.com/tools/read-able/">Readable</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sitigreen.it/">SitiGreen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://unlighthouse.dev/">Unlighthouse</a></li>
<li><a href="https://validator.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Markup Validator</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wave.webaim.org/">WAVE Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://webhint.io/">WebHint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.webpagetest.org/">WebPageTest</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.websitecarbon.com/">Website Carbon</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Utilities</strong><ul>
<li><a href="https://opensustain.tech/">Open Sustainable Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Boavizta/cloud-scanner">Cloud Scanner</a></li>
<li><a href="https://datavizta.boavizta.org/">Datavizta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ecosia.org/">Ecosia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://app.electricitymaps.com/map?solar=false&remote=true&wind=false">Electricity Maps</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Boavizta/Energizta">Energizta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sustainability/emissions-impact-dashboard">Emissions Impact Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ethical.net/resources/?resource-category=web-hosting">Ethical</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ethicalrevolution.co.uk/">Ethical Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://globemallow.io/">Globemallow</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Adora-Foundation/awesome-green-extensions">Green Extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/lowwebtech/low-web-extension">Low Web Extension</a></li>
<li><a href="https://lune.co/">Lune</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/hubblo-org/scaphandre">Scaphandre</a></li>
<li><a href="https://scope3.com/">Scope3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wikirate.org/">Wikirate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.utilitybidder.co.uk/business-electricity/zoom-emissions/">Zoom Emissions</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
<section class="notoc"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="metrics">Metrics</h3><a class="self-link" href="#metrics" aria-label="Permalink for this Section"></a></div>
<details>
<summary>Show / Hide available resources.</summary>
<ul class="resources">
<li><a href="https://www.etsy.com/codeascraft/cloud-jewels-estimating-kwh-in-the-cloud">Cloud Jewels: Estimating kWh in the Cloud</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/news/data-sources-for-calculating-digital-emissions/">Data Sources For Calculating Digital Emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://marmelab.com/blog/2022/04/05/greenframe-compare.html">Digital Carbon Footprint: The Current State of Measuring Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ecoindex.fr/comment-ca-marche/">EcoIndex: How it works?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sustainablewebdesign.org/calculating-digital-emissions/">Estimating Digital Emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://fershad.com/writing/improving-the-accuracy-of-website-carbon-emissions-estimates/">Improving the accuracy of website carbon emissions estimates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.the-public-good.com/web-development/measuring-the-web">Measuring The Web</a></li>
<li><a href="https://circleid.com/posts/20170321_shedding_light_on_how_much_energy_internet_and_ict_consume/">Shedding Light on How Much Energy the Internet and ICTs Consume</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Green-Software-Foundation/sci/blob/main/Software_Carbon_Intensity/Software_Carbon_Intensity_Specification.md">Software Carbon Intensity (SCI) Specification</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
</section>
</section>
<section id="references" class="appendix"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="a-references"><bdi class="secno">A. </bdi>References</h2><a class="self-link" href="#references" aria-label="Permalink for Appendix A."></a></div><section id="informative-references"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="a-1-informative-references"><bdi class="secno">A.1 </bdi>Informative references</h3><a class="self-link" href="#informative-references" aria-label="Permalink for Appendix A.1"></a></div>
<dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-csrd">[CSRD]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en"><cite>Corporate sustainability reporting</cite></a>. European Commission. 05 January 2023. Informational. URL: <a href="https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en">https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-gri">[GRI]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/"><cite>Global Reporting Initiative</cite></a>. GRI. Informational. URL: <a href="https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/">https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-manifesto">[MANIFESTO]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.sustainablewebmanifesto.com/"><cite>Sustainable Web Manifesto</cite></a>. Sustainable Web Manifesto. Informational. URL: <a href="https://www.sustainablewebmanifesto.com/">https://www.sustainablewebmanifesto.com/</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-un">[UN]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/sustainability"><cite>Sustainability</cite></a>. United Nations. Informational. URL: <a href="https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/sustainability">https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/sustainability</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-wcag22">[WCAG22]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Andrew Kirkpatrick; Alastair Campbell; Rachael Bradley Montgomery; Charles Adams. W3C. 5 October 2023. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/</a>
</dd></dl>
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