wget https://github.com/ghoti143/eosio-builds/raw/master/EOS.IO-DAWN-2018-01-31-ALPHA-Linux.deb
sudo dpkg -i EOS.IO-DAWN-2018-01-31-ALPHA-Linux.deb
It puts all the contract skeleton files into /usr/share/skeleton for you, so eoscpp can find them, and it puts eosc, eosd, eoscpp, launcher, and eos-walletd in /usr/bin for you, so they're in the path.
It does include header and library files, unlike most Debian packages that don't have -dev in the name.
apt remove eos.io works to remove it from your system if you need to.
ht @jgiszczak