- Author(s): @Vagabond, @andymck, @abhay
- Start Date: 2022-02-03
- Category: Technical
- Original HIP PR: #359
- Tracking Issue: #362
This HIP proposes a change to how Proof-of-Coverage (PoC) Challenges are generated and submitted to the Helium blockchain to allow for further network scalability and to lower the hardware complexity/cost of Hotspots. Specifically, it moves the responsibility of PoC Challenge creation to Validators and consequently proposes moving the economic reward for creating Challenges to this group as well.
Originally Hotspots were the only kind of entity on the network; they were responsible for block production, Challenges/Witnesses, etc. With the switch to Validators we moved beyond that model for block production, but we still have significant computational overhead and complexity on Hotspots as a result of the old design and constraints of Proof-of-Coverage.
This complexity has become a significant pain point, Hotspots must now keep up with a blockchain that is produced on significantly more powerful hardware and they must contend with an enormous peer-to-peer (p2p) network to route Challenges and witness reports. The global chip shortage have also made it harder to source capable hardware for building Hotspots that can meet these requirements.
To address these issues the core developers have been working on design and implementation of an alternative PoC Challenge mechanism we call Validator Challenges. In brief, Validator Challenges move the role of generating Challenges to the Validator pool. This not only allows us to free Hotspots from the burden of following the blockchain but it also moves the entities initiating Challenges to machines with much more stable and predictable networking which reduces the likelihood of connectivity failures. Hotspots can become clients of Validators to learn about blockchain updates in general, whether or not they're currently being challenged, and where to deliver Witness receipts.
Hotspot and Validator owners/operators.
It is useful to recapitulate the current challenge process. First refer to the Detailed Explanation section of HIP-54: H3Dex-based PoC Targeting which describes how a challenge is constructed and submitted to the blockchain.
- Once the PoC Request has appeared on the blockchain and the Challengee has been selected, the Hotspot attempts to connect to it over p2p (potential failure point). If successful it sends the challengee the data to transmit.
- The Challengee then consults its local blockchain ledger to see if the PoC is active. This is another potential failure point if the Challengee is not synced.
- The Challengee then transmits the packet and sends a receipt to the Challenger over the same connection from the Challenger. This is another potential p2p failure.
- Any Hotspots observing the challenge packet then consults their local blockchain ledger to see if they can find the Challenger based on the packet they received and Challenge data on the blockchain. This is another potential failure point if the witness is not in sync with the blockchain.
- If the Challenger is found, the Witnessing Hotspot attempts to dial them over p2p, another potential failure point.
- Once the Challenger has decided enough blocks have passed it submits the
poc_receipttransaction to the blockchain to report on the information gathered (if any). The final, potential failure point is if the Challenger is lagging behind the blockchain and takes so long to submit the receipt that the PoC has expired.
So, as can be seen from above there are a number of potential failure points in this process. These failures are all related to the speed/size of the blockchain and the size of the p2p network. When the network was smaller this was much less of an issue, but with over 500,000 Hotspots on the network now and larger blocks, these failures are becoming more and more common.
An important aspect of this system is that the actual challenge entropy is kept secret until the receipt transaction is published. This requires Hotspots to observe the actual data from the Challenger to correctly respond to the challenge and prevents poisoning attacks. However Hotspots can verify the challenge information against the blockchain once they see it.
Light Hotspots will maintain a durable gRPC (Google Remote Procedure Call) connection to one (or many) Validators. The target Validator(s) could be random or specified. Via the first durable connection, Light Hotspots will be streamed chain related data, events and notifications. Additional connections can be considered ephemeral and used for lookup requests if needed.
All messages sent to a Light Hotspot from a Validator will be wrapped in a top level message (Protocol buffer schema provided below). This message includes metadata which serves as an attestation on behalf of the sending Validator. The attestation data includes:
- Signed payload of the message
- Block age, height, and time when the payload was signed
Today, each block on the blockchain includes metadata (BBA seen, timestamps, etc) and transactions.
With this change, each Validator will generate a set of ephemeral key pairs and a hash of the public
keys will be included in Validator heartbeat txns whilst the private key will be saved to local
state on the generating Validator. During absorb of a heartbeat txn, if the proposed keys do not
belong to a Consensus Group member they will be added to a local cache 'poc_key_proposals'. We
propose a fixed poc_challenge_rate parameter to be added to the chain that defines the target
number of Challenges per block. Each Consensus Group member will deterministically select a certain
number of keys from the 'poc_key_proposals' cache in order to ensure that we will meet this target.
Assuming there are a minimum of 2f+1 nodes participating in a block, we are able to reach
poc_challenge_rate if each Validator in the Group can select enough Challenges to fulfill this
formula:
The set of agreed on public keys hashes will then be deterministically truncated (in case there are
more than 2f+1 participating to poc_challenge_rate and form part of the block metadata. Selected
keys will be removed from the 'poc_key_proposals' cache. The advantage of a fixed
poc_challenge_rate is that regardless of Hotspot growth, this value can remain fixed unless
changed through governance and can be adjusted based on the ability for Validators to serve the
capacity needs of the network. This avoids the need for periodic changes to poc_challenge_interval
as we do today in order to reduce load on the network.
Upon handling a block, each Validator will inspect the public keys in the block, identify any of their own keys, and for each, initiate a new PoC. The public key hash will be used with the block hash to generate entropy to generate an H3 region for the Challenge. Entropy from a combination of the associated private key hash and the block hash will then be used to identify the target within the region to generate the Challenge itself. The region, challenge, and target will be persisted locally on the Challenger Validator.
All Validators, whether they are in consensus or not, sync blocks normally to keep up with the blockchain. As a part of normal processing, they will pull the public key hashes from the block metadata and, with the block hash, generate the same entropy as the Challenger Validator to identify the target H3 region. The Validators will then pull a list of all Hotspots within that region and send each Hotspot connected to them a notification message informing them of a challenge within their region. The notification provides the onion key hash of the Challenge and, more importantly, the necessary routing data (public key and IP) to enable the Light Hotspot to connect to the Challenger Validator.
All Hotspots, upon receipt of a challenge notification, will send a request over gRPC to the Challenger Validator to check if they are the target.
The request will be signed by the Challengee and also include the onion key hash it received from their Validator. The Challenger will verify the signature of the requesting Hotspot and, if it is indeed the target, a Challenge onion payload will be returned.
Upon receipt of the Challenge payload, the Challengee will then transmit the Challenge packet as described above and as currently exists in the Helium network.
Any Light Hotspot hearing the transmitted packet will serve as a Witness as we have today on the Helium network. However, rather that submit their Witness report over libp2p, they will now submit over gRPC. The Witnessing Hotspot uses the Validator(s) they are connected to as a client to lookup the Challenger Validator by the hash of the PoC packet. The Light Hotspot then uses this routing information to directly submit the Witness receipt to the Challenger. Please see the Attestation section below on how the Validator providing data to Light Hotspots can be verified.
The Challenger, after the poc_timeout number of blocks, will create a
blockchain_txn_poc_receipts_v2 transaction, using received Challengee receipts and Witness
reports, and submit it to the blockchain thereby completing the PoC challenge.
All messages originating from a Validator containing an assertion about the blockchain will be attested. This includes messages not described in this document.
If a Light Hotspot receives a message from a Validator and needs to act on it (e.g., contacting a Challenger Validator to submit receipts) the Light Hotspot will include the attestation in its request to that Challenger Validator. The attestation provides evidence on behalf of the Light Hotspot to the Challenger Validator that it received the instruction and/or data that resulted in the said action.
If the Challenger Validator member determines the instruction/data was spurious in nature, unsolicited, or otherwise untrustworthy then the member can decide to act on this. This allows for future implementations where the verifiably false assertion is published, with the malicious Validator's attestation, to allow for slashing of the Validator's stake.
Similarly, Light Hotspots themselves, if they determine the message received from a Validator is untrustworthy, can build their own untrusted list of Validators.
Today, the Hotspots creating PoC Challenges and submitting receipts to the blockchain are rewarded with 0.9% of HNT rewarded per epoch. We propose that this subsidy be moved to the Validator Challenger that is creating and collecting Challenge data and submitting this information to the blockchain. We don't recommend any other changes at this time as it would increase the scope of implementation. Please refer to HIP-10 or docs.helium.com for the details of the current reward scheme for PoC and specifically for Challengers.
We believe that there could be a future iteration of Validator Challengers that could introduce a separate group responsible for Challenges only but this is also too complex as an initial design. This would also remove the ability to piggy back Challenges onto existing block production (which will massively lower the blockchain's transaction rate).
poc_challenger_type: This chain variable allows us to control if Validators are responsible for creating challenges on the network. Activating this HIP requires setting this value tovalidator.poc_challenge_rate: This chain variable represents the target number of challenges per block. We propose an initial value of:TODOpoc_timeout: This chain variable represents the number of blocks a Challenger will wait before collecting all available Challengee and Witness data and submitting a receipt transaction to the blockchain. We propose an initial value ofTODOpoc_receipts_absorb_timeout: This chain variable represents the number of blocks after the timeout where public PoC data will remain on the local ledger of Validators. This allows Validators to garbage collect this data so it can conserve space for future Challenges but ensures that the information is available to allow sufficient time for absorbing the transaction. We propose an initial value ofTODO
This is a fairly extensive change to the network and may be disruptive if not executed well. This also somewhat disturbs the economics of the system by moving the Challenger rewards (currently 0.9% of rewards) from Hotspots to Validators. By moving PoC Challenges away from the Hotspots, we also lose a potential "liveness" check that can be used to determine whether or not a Hotspot is online and instead we must rely solely on Data Transfer and PoC activity.
Simpler designs would include retaining the Hotspot initiating the Challenge, just via information submitted/received via a Validator. This would involve less change but it would not remove the reliance on p2p routing.
Other designs include proposals like "self beaconing" but those create a significantly weaker security model and enables more opportunity for collusion. Such a design also would not allow for further enhancements to how PoC packets are transmitted.
This plan does consider and allow for Validator slashing to the extent the data payloads exchanged between the Light Hotspots and the Validators will include attestation data. This can enable a slashing mechanism. It does not however propose the slashing implementation itself, that could be proposed in a future HIP.
This plan also allows for an establishment of tracking which Validators that Hotspots are using for their source of blockchain information but it does not propose what to use that information for, like affinity or delegation. We leave this for a future proposal as well.
This plan, finally, allows for a change to how Challenges work and would allow for multiple challengees to be involved in transmitting packets. This could reduce the scope for collusion between a Challengee and Witnesses and also obtain better positional information as a result of the Challenge. This has been described in other forums as "Region" or "Multi-Hotspot" Challenges. This is out of scope for this HIP but we imagine future work in this direction could be possible.
Overall users should see more reliable Challenge behaviour, less data use on the Hotspot (which makes cellular/satellite backhaul Hotspots more feasible) and effectively immediate onboarding of new Hotspots (no need to sync the chain or load a snapshot in order to participate in PoC or transfer Data on the Helium Network).
Hardware costs for Hotspots could potentially go down as the hardware requirements can be relaxed to reflect the lower demands of the new challenge model.
Documentation will need to be updated to explain the new model, this HIP can serve as a reference.
The activation would be done via a set of chain variables which would switch the system over to this new model, before that happens we need the new code to be merged, deployed to the fleet (routers, Hotspots, validators, node users) and this HIP needs to be ratified.