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---
references:
- id: agrawal2006
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 4
day: 13
author:
- family: Agrawal
given: Anurag A.
- family: Fishbein
given: Mark
citation-key: agrawal2006
container-title: Ecology
container-title-short: Ecology
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[132:PDS]2.0.CO;2
ISSN: 0012-9658
issue: sp7
issued:
- year: 2006
month: 7
language: en
license: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1
page: S132-S149
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: PLANT DEFENSE SYNDROMES
type: article-journal
URL: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[132:PDS]2.0.CO;2
volume: '87'
- id: agrawal2011
abstract: |-
Summary
1.
In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community ecology with specific tests of classic evolutionary hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge.
2.
The microevolution of defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments of differentiated plant populations while simultaneously manipulating the presence of the herbivore(s) hypothesized to be the agent(s) of natural selection.
3.
Although there is continued interest in the costs of defence, I argue that some empirical approaches to estimating costs (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into evolutionary processes.
4.
Essentially all plants employ several different lines of defence against herbivory. It is thus time to abandon searching for single silver bullet traits and the simple trade‐off model (where traits are arbitrarily expected to negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations are most effective and have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, some of our prominent theories (e.g. a predicted trade‐off between direct and indirect defence) need to be revised.
5.
Studies of the macroevolution of plant defence are enjoying renewed interest due to available phylogenies and analytical methods. Although general trends are not currently surmisable, we will soon have strong case studies evaluating both biotic and abiotic drivers of convergent evolution in defence strategies and the role of defence evolution in the adaptive radiation of plant lineages.
6.
The evolution of specificity is proposed as a final frontier in understanding complexity in plant–herbivore interactions. Although it is abundantly clear that plants can deploy highly specific defensive responses that are differentially perceived by herbivore species, how such responses evolve and are physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies are now available to close the loop between plant perception of herbivory, hormonal responses, and production of defensive end‐products across genotype or species.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 4
day: 13
author:
- family: Agrawal
given: Anurag A.
citation-key: agrawal2011
container-title: Functional Ecology
container-title-short: Functional Ecology
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01796.x
ISSN: 0269-8463, 1365-2435
issue: '2'
issued:
- year: 2011
month: 4
language: en
license: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor
page: 420-432
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence
type: article-journal
URL: >-
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01796.x
volume: '25'
- id: anderson2010
abstract: >-
The analysis of plant–pathogen interactions is a rapidly moving research
field and one that is very important for productive agricultural systems.
The focus of this review is on the evolution of plant defence responses and
the coevolution of their pathogens, primarily from a molecular-genetic
perspective. It explores the evolution of the major types of plant defence
responses including pathogen associated molecular patterns and effector
triggered immunity as well as the forces driving pathogen evolution, such as
the mechanisms by which pathogen lineages and species evolve. Advances in
our understanding of plant defence signalling, stomatal regulation, R
gene–effector interactions and host specific toxins are used to highlight
recent insights into the coevolutionary arms race between pathogens and
plants. Finally, the review considers the intriguing question of how plants
have evolved the ability to distinguish friends such as rhizobia and
mycorrhiza from their many foes.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 1
day: 31
author:
- family: Anderson
given: Jonathan P.
- family: Gleason
given: Cynthia A.
- family: Foley
given: Rhonda C.
- family: Thrall
given: Peter H.
- family: Burdon
given: Jeremy B.
- family: Singh
given: Karam B.
citation-key: anderson2010
container-title: Functional Plant Biology
container-title-short: Functional Plant Biol.
DOI: 10.1071/FP09304
ISSN: 1445-4408
issue: '6'
issued:
- year: 2010
language: en
page: '499'
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: 'Plants versus pathogens: an evolutionary arms race'
title-short: Plants versus pathogens
type: article-journal
URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=FP09304
volume: '37'
- id: anderson2017
abstract: >-
PERMANOVA is a computer program for testing the simultaneous response of one
or more variables to one or more factors in an ANOVA experimental design on
the basis of any distance measure, using permutation methods. These notes
for users assume knowledge of multi-factorial ANOVA, which has the same
basic logic in multivariate as in univariate analysis, and an understanding
of what it means to test a multivariate hypothesis. A more complete
description of the method is given in Anderson (2001a) and McArdle &
Anderson (2001). The program includes: choice of appropriate transformation
and/or standardization of the data; choice of 19 distance (or dissimilarity)
measures to use as the basis of the analysis; option to rank the distances
in the distance matrix before the analysis; analysis and partitioning of the
total sum of squares according to the full model, including appropriate
treatment of factors that are fixed or random, crossed (orthogonal) or
nested (hierarchical), and all interaction terms; correct calculation of an
appropriate distance-based pseudo F-statistic for each term in the model,
based on expected mean squares as in univariate ANOVA (Winer et al. 1991,
Searle et al.1992); correct permutation procedures to obtain P-values for
each term in the model, using the correct permutable units (Anderson & ter
Braak 2003); choice of permutation method: raw data units or residuals under
either a reduced or a full model (Anderson 2001b, Anderson & Legendre 1999,
Anderson & Robinson 2001); correct P-values also obtained through Monte
Carlo random draws from the asymptotic permutation distribution (Anderson &
Robinson 2003); option to include one or more covariables (i.e., to perform
ANCOVA or MANCOVA); pair-wise a posteriori comparisons of levels for single
factors, including within individual levels of other factors in the case of
significant interactions and the use of correct permutable units in each
case.
author:
- family: Anderson
given: Marti J.
citation-key: anderson2017
container-title: 'Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online'
DOI: 10.1002/9781118445112.stat07841
issued:
- year: 2017
month: 11
day: 15
page: 1-15
publisher: Wiley
title: Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA)
type: chapter
- id: arnold2000
abstract: >-
Fungal endophytes are ubiquitous fungi that inhabit healthy plant tissues
without causing disease. Endophytes have been found in every plant species
examined to date and may be important, but often overlooked, components of
fungal biodiversity. In two sites in a lowland, moist tropical forest of
central Panama, we quantified endophyte colonization patterns, richness,
host preference, and spatial variation in healthy leaves of two
co-occurring, understory tree species [Heisteria concinna (Olacaceae) and
Ouratea lucens (Ochnaceae)]. From 83 leaves, all of which were colonized by
endophytes, we isolated 418 endophyte morphospecies (estimated 347
genetically distinct taxa), most of which were represented by only a single
isolate (59%). Among morphospecies encountered in more than one leaf
(nonsingletons), we found evidence of host preference and spatial
heterogeneity using both morphospecies frequencies and presence/absence
records. Based on these data, we postulate that tropical endophytes
themselves may be hyperdiverse and suggest that extrapolative estimates that
exclude them will markedly underestimate fungal species diversity.
author:
- family: Arnold
given: A. Elizabeth
- family: Maynard
given: Zuleyka
- family: Gilbert
given: Gregory S.
- family: Coley
given: Phyllis D.
- family: Kursar
given: Thomas A.
citation-key: arnold2000
container-title: Ecology Letters
DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00159.x
issue: '4'
issued:
- year: 2000
page: 267-274
title: Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse?
type: article-journal
volume: '3'
- id: arnold2003
abstract: >-
Every plant species examined to date harbors endophytic fungi within its
asymptomatic aerial tissues, such that endophytes rep-resent a ubiquitous,
yet cryptic, component of terrestrial plant communities. Fungal endophytes
associated with leaves of woody angiosperms are especially diverse; yet,
fundamental aspects of their interactions with hosts are unknown. In
contrast to the relatively species-poor endophytes that are vertically
transmitted and act as defensive mutualists of some temperate grasses, the
diverse, horizontally transmitted endophytes of woody angio-sperms are
thought to contribute little to host defense. Here, we document high
diversity, spatial structure, and host affinity among foliar endophytes
associated with a tropical tree (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) across lowland
Panama. We then show that inoculation of endophyte-free leaves with
endophytes isolated frequently from naturally infected, asymptomatic hosts
signifi-cantly decreases both leaf necrosis and leaf mortality when T. cacao
seedlings are challenged with a major pathogen (Phytophthora sp.). In
contrast to reports of fungal inoculation inducing systemic defense, we
found that protection was primarily localized to endophyte-infected tissues.
Further, endophyte-mediated protec-tion was greater in mature leaves, which
bear less intrinsic defense against fungal pathogens than do young leaves.
In vitro studies suggest that host affinity is mediated by leaf chemistry,
and that protection may be mediated by direct interactions of endophytes
with foliar pathogens. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity of
diverse, horizontally transmitted endophytes of woody angiosperms to play an
important but previously unappreciated role in host defense.
author:
- family: Arnold
given: A Elizabeth
- family: Mejía
given: Luis Carlos
- family: Kyllo
given: Damond
- family: Rojas
given: Enith I
- family: Maynard
given: Zuleyka
- family: Robbins
given: Nancy
- family: Herre
given: Edward Allen
citation-key: arnold2003
container-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2533483100
issue: '26'
issued:
- year: 2003
page: 15649-15654
title: Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree
type: article-journal
volume: '100'
- id: arnold2007
abstract: >-
Drought strongly influences plant phenology, growth and mortality in
tropical forests, thereby shaping plant performance, population dynamics and
community structure (Bunker & Carson 2005, Condit
et al.
1995). Microbial symbionts of plants profoundly influence host water relations (Lösch & Gansert 2002), but are rarely considered in studies of tropical plant physiology. In particular, plant–fungus associations, which are ubiquitous in plant communities and especially common in tropical forests, play important and varied roles in plant water status. Fungal pathogens associated with roots, vascular tissue and foliage may interfere with water uptake and transport, increase rates of foliar transpiration, and induce xylem embolism and tissue death (Agrios 1997). In contrast, rhizosphere mutualists such as ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may benefit hosts by increasing surface area for water uptake, enhancing stomatal regulation of water loss, and increasing root hydraulic conductivity (Auge 2001, Lösch & Gansert 2002).
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 1
day: 20
author:
- family: Arnold
given: A. Elizabeth
- family: Engelbrecht
given: Bettina M. J.
citation-key: arnold2007
container-title: Journal of Tropical Ecology
container-title-short: J. Trop. Ecol.
DOI: 10.1017/S0266467407004038
ISSN: 0266-4674, 1469-7831
issue: '3'
issued:
- year: 2007
month: 5
language: en
page: 369-372
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: >-
Fungal endophytes nearly double minimum leaf conductance in seedlings of a
neotropical tree species
type: article-journal
URL: >-
https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0266467407004038/type/journal_article
volume: '23'
- id: barton2010
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 4
day: 13
author:
- family: Barton
given: "Kasey\_E."
- family: Koricheva
given: Julia
citation-key: barton2010
container-title: The American Naturalist
container-title-short: The American Naturalist
DOI: 10.1086/650722
ISSN: 0003-0147, 1537-5323
issue: '4'
issued:
- year: 2010
month: 4
language: en
page: 481-493
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: >-
The Ontogeny of Plant Defense and Herbivory: Characterizing General Patterns
Using Meta‐Analysis
title-short: The Ontogeny of Plant Defense and Herbivory
type: article-journal
URL: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/650722
volume: '175'
- id: barton2023
author:
- family: Bartoń
given: Kamil
citation-key: barton2023
genre: manual
issued:
- year: 2023
title: 'MuMIn: Multi-model inference'
type: report
URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn
- id: benjamini1995
abstract: >-
SUMMARY The common approach to the multiplicity problem calls for
controlling the familywise error rate (FWER). This approach, though, has
faults, and we point out a few. A different approach to problems of multiple
significance testing is presented. It calls for controlling the expected
proportion of falsely rejected hypotheses — the false discovery rate. This
error rate is equivalent to the FWER when all hypotheses are true but is
smaller otherwise. Therefore, in problems where the control of the false
discovery rate rather than that of the FWER is desired, there is potential
for a gain in power. A simple sequential Bonferronitype procedure is proved
to control the false discovery rate for independent test statistics, and a
simulation study shows that the gain in power is substantial. The use of the
new procedure and the appropriateness of the criterion are illustrated with
examples.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 1
day: 14
author:
- family: Benjamini
given: Yoav
- family: Hochberg
given: Yosef
citation-key: benjamini1995
container-title: 'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)'
container-title-short: 'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)'
DOI: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
ISSN: 0035-9246, 2517-6161
issue: '1'
issued:
- year: 1995
month: 1
language: english
page: 289–300
title: >-
Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to
multiple testing
title-short: Controlling the false discovery rate
type: article-journal
URL: https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
volume: '57'
- id: bittleston2011
abstract: >-
Our study examines how the mutualism between Atta colombica leaf-cutting
ants and their cultivated fungus is influenced by the presence of diverse
foliar endophytic fungi (endophytes) at high densities in tropical leaf
tissues. We conducted laboratory choice trials in which ant colonies chose
between Cordia alliodora seedlings with high (E high) or low (E low)
densities of endophytes. The E high seedlings contained 5.5 times higher
endophyte content and a greater diversity of fungal morphospecies than the E
low treatment, and endophyte content was not correlated with leaf toughness
or thickness. Leafcutting ants cut over 2.5 times the leaf area from E low
relative to E high seedlings and had a tendency to recruit more ants to E
low plants. Our findings suggest that leaf-cutting ants may incur costs from
cutting and processing leaves with high endophyte loads, which could impact
Neotropical forests by causing variable damage rates within plant
communities. This journal is ? 2010 The Royal Society.
author:
- family: Bittleston
given: L.S.
- family: Brockmann
given: F.
- family: Wcislo
given: W.
- family: Van Bael
given: S.A.
citation-key: bittleston2011
container-title: Biology Letters
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0456
issue: '1'
issued:
- year: 2011
page: 30-32
title: Endophytic fungi reduce leaf-cutting ant damage to seedlings
type: article-journal
volume: '7'
- id: bittleston2016
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 1
day: 27
author:
- family: Bittleston
given: Leonora S.
- family: Pierce
given: Naomi E.
- family: Ellison
given: Aaron M.
- family: Pringle
given: Anne
citation-key: bittleston2016
container-title: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
container-title-short: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.01.006
ISSN: '01695347'
issue: '4'
issued:
- year: 2016
month: 4
language: en
page: 269-280
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: Convergence in Multispecies Interactions
type: article-journal
URL: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534716000203
volume: '31'
- id: blanchet2008
abstract: >-
This paper proposes a new way of using forward selection of explanatory
variables in regression or canonical redundancy analysis. The classical
forward selection method presents two problems: a highly inflated Type I
error and an overestimation of the amount of explained variance. Correcting
these problems will greatly improve the performance of this very useful
method in ecological modeling. To prevent the first problem, we propose a
two‐step procedure. First, a global test using all explanatory variables is
carried out. If, and only if, the global test is significant, one can
proceed with forward selection. To prevent overestimation of the explained
variance, the forward selection has to be carried out with two stopping
criteria: (1) the usual alpha significance level and (2) the adjusted
coefficient of multiple determination (
) calculated using all explanatory variables. When forward selection identifies a variable that brings one or the other criterion over the fixed threshold, that variable is rejected, and the procedure is stopped. This improved method is validated by simulations involving univariate and multivariate response data. An ecological example is presented using data from the Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, USA.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 1
day: 14
author:
- family: Blanchet
given: F. Guillaume
- family: Legendre
given: Pierre
- family: Borcard
given: Daniel
citation-key: blanchet2008
container-title: Ecology
container-title-short: Ecology
DOI: 10.1890/07-0986.1
ISSN: 0012-9658, 1939-9170
issue: '9'
issued:
- year: 2008
month: 9
language: en
page: 2623-2632
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: Forward selection of explanatory variables
type: article-journal
URL: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/07-0986.1
volume: '89'
- id: bowman2021
abstract: >-
Fungal communities associated with plants often decrease in similarity as
the distance between sampling sites increases (i.e., they demonstrate
distance decay). In the southwestern USA, forests occur in highlands
separated from one another by warmer, drier biomes with plant and fungal
communities that differ from those at higher elevations. These disjunct
forests are broadly similar in climate to one another, offering an
opportunity to examine drivers of distance decay in plant-associated fungi
across multiple ecologically similar yet geographically disparate
landscapes. We examined ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungi
associated with a dominant forest tree (Pinus ponderosa) in forests across
ca. 550 km of geographic distance from northwestern to southeastern Arizona
(USA). Both guilds of fungi showed distance decay, but drivers differed for
each: ectomycorrhizal fungi are constrained primarily by dispersal
limitation, whereas foliar endophytes are constrained by specific
environmental conditions. Most ectomycorrhizal fungi were found in only a
single forested area, as were many endophytic fungi. Such regional-scale
perspectives are needed for baseline estimates of fungal diversity
associated with forest trees at a landscape scale, with attention to the
sensitivity of different guilds of fungal symbionts to decreasing areas of
suitable habitat, increasing disturbance, and related impacts of climate
change.
accessed:
- year: 2023
month: 11
day: 16
author:
- family: Bowman
given: Elizabeth A.
- family: Arnold
given: A. Elizabeth
citation-key: bowman2021
container-title: The ISME Journal
container-title-short: ISME J
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01006-9
ISSN: 1751-7362, 1751-7370
issue: '12'
issued:
- year: 2021
month: 12
language: en
page: 3437-3454
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: >-
Drivers and implications of distance decay differ for ectomycorrhizal and
foliar endophytic fungi across an anciently fragmented landscape
type: article-journal
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-021-01006-9
volume: '15'
- id: callahan2016
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 8
day: 12
author:
- family: Callahan
given: Benjamin J
- family: McMurdie
given: Paul J
- family: Rosen
given: Michael J
- family: Han
given: Andrew W
- family: Johnson
given: Amy Jo A
- family: Holmes
given: Susan P
citation-key: callahan2016
container-title: Nature Methods
container-title-short: Nat Methods
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3869
ISSN: 1548-7091, 1548-7105
issue: '7'
issued:
- year: 2016
month: 7
language: en
page: 581-583
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: 'DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data'
title-short: DADA2
type: article-journal
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.3869
volume: '13'
- id: carbone2017
abstract: >-
Motivation: High-quality phylogenetic placement of sequence data has the
potential to greatly accelerate studies of the diversity, systematics,
ecology and functional biology of diverse groups. We developed the
Tree-Based Alignment Selector (T-BAS) toolkit to allow evolutionary
placement and visualization of diverse DNA sequences representing unknown
taxa within a robust phylogenetic context, and to permit the downloading of
highly curated, single- and multi-locus alignments for specific clades.
Results: In its initial form, T-BAS v1.0 uses a core phylogeny of 979 taxa
(including 23 outgroup taxa, as well as 61 orders, 175 families and 496
genera) representing all 13 classes of largest subphylum of Fungi -
Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) - based on sequence alignments for six loci
(nr5.8S, nrLSU, nrSSU, mtSSU, RPB1, RPB2). T-BAS v1.0 has three main uses:
(i) Users may download alignments and voucher tables for members of the
Pezizomycotina directly from the reference tree, facilitating systematics
studies of focal clades. (ii) Users may upload sequence files with reads
representing unknown taxa and place these on the phylogeny using either
BLAST or phylogeny-based approaches, and then use the displayed tree to
select reference taxa to include when downloading alignments. The placement
of unknowns can be performed for large numbers of Sanger sequences obtained
from fungal cultures and for alignable, short reads of environmental
amplicons. (iii) User-customizable metadata can be visualized on the tree.
author:
- family: Carbone
given: Ignazio
- family: White
given: James B.
- family: Miadlikowska
given: Jolanta
- family: Arnold
given: A. Elizabeth
- family: Miller
given: Mark A.
- family: Kauff
given: Frank
- family: U'Ren
given: Jana M.
- family: May
given: Georgiana
- family: Lutzoni
given: François
citation-key: carbone2017
container-title: Bioinformatics
DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw808
issue: '8'
issued:
- year: 2017
page: 1160-1168
title: >-
T-BAS: Tree-Based Alignment Selector toolkit for phylogenetic-based
placement, alignment downloads and metadata visualization: An example with
the Pezizomycotina tree of life
type: article-journal
volume: '33'
- id: carbone2019
abstract: >-
The Tree-Based Alignment Selector (T-BAS) toolkit combines
phylogenetic-based placement of DNA sequences with alignment and specimen
metadata visualization tools in an integrative pipeline for analyzing
microbial biodiversity. The release of T-BAS version 2.1 makes available
reference phylogenies, supports multilocus sequence placements and permits
uploading and downloading trees, alignments, and specimen metadata.
,
ABSTRACT
The Tree-Based Alignment Selector (T-BAS) toolkit combines phylogenetic-based placement of DNA sequences with alignment and specimen metadata visualization tools in an integrative pipeline for analyzing microbial biodiversity. The release of T-BAS version 2.1 makes available reference phylogenies, supports multilocus sequence placements and permits uploading and downloading trees, alignments, and specimen metadata.
accessed:
- year: 2023
month: 11
day: 14
author:
- family: Carbone
given: Ignazio
- family: White
given: James B.
- family: Miadlikowska
given: Jolanta
- family: Arnold
given: A. Elizabeth
- family: Miller
given: Mark A.
- family: Magain
given: Nicolas
- family: U'Ren
given: Jana M.
- family: Lutzoni
given: François
citation-key: carbone2019
container-title: Microbiology Resource Announcements
container-title-short: Microbiol Resour Announc
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00328-19
editor:
- family: Cuomo
given: Christina A.
ISSN: 2576-098X
issue: '29'
issued:
- year: 2019
month: 7
day: 18
language: en
page: e00328-19
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: >-
T-BAS Version 2.1: Tree-Based Alignment Selector Toolkit for Evolutionary
Placement of DNA Sequences and Viewing Alignments and Specimen Metadata on
Curated and Custom Trees
title-short: T-BAS Version 2.1
type: article-journal
URL: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/MRA.00328-19
volume: '8'
- id: carmona2011
abstract: |-
Summary
1.
Although secondary metabolites are recognized as fundamental to the defence of plants against insect and mammalian herbivores, their relative importance compared to other potential defensive plant traits (e.g. physical resistance, gross morphology, life‐history, primary chemistry and physiology) are not well understood.
2.
We conducted a meta‐analysis to answer the question: What types of genetically variable plant traits most strongly predict resistance against herbivores? We performed a comprehensive literature search and obtained 499 separate measurements of the strength of covariation (measured as genetic correlations) between plant traits and herbivore susceptibility – these were extracted from 72 studies involving 19 plant families.
3.
Surprisingly, we found no overall association between the concentrations of secondary metabolites and herbivore susceptibility – plant traits other than secondary metabolites most strongly predicted herbivore susceptibility. Specifically, genetic variation in life‐history traits (e.g. flowering time, growth rate) consistently exhibited the strongest genetic correlations with susceptibility. Genetic variation in gross morphological traits (e.g. no. branches, plant size) and physical resistance traits (e.g. latex, trichomes) were also frequently correlated with variation in herbivore susceptibility, but these relationships depended on attributes of the herbivores (e.g. feeding guild) and plants (e.g. longevity).
4.
These results call into question the conventional wisdom that secondary metabolites are the most important anti‐herbivore defence of plants. We propose the hypothesis that herbivores select most strongly on genetic variation in life‐history, morphological and physical resistance traits, but the greater pleiotropic effects of genes controlling these traits impose strong constraints on their evolution. Meanwhile, secondary metabolites could have evolved to be important defensive mechanisms not because they have the largest effect on herbivores, but because the constraints on their evolution are the weakest.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 4
day: 13
author:
- family: Carmona
given: Diego
- family: Lajeunesse
given: Marc J.
- family: Johnson
given: Marc T.J.
citation-key: carmona2011
container-title: Functional Ecology
container-title-short: Functional Ecology
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01794.x
ISSN: 0269-8463, 1365-2435
issue: '2'
issued:
- year: 2011
month: 4
language: en
license: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor
page: 358-367
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: Plant traits that predict resistance to herbivores
type: article-journal
URL: >-
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01794.x
volume: '25'
- id: chagas2018
abstract: |-
Plant and microorganisms actively communicate through chemical entities.
,
Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants. Because the establishment of any plant–microbe association involves chemical communication, understanding crosstalk processes is fundamental to defining the type of relationship. Although several metabolites from plants and microbes have been fully characterized, their roles in the chemical interplay between these partners are not well understood in most cases, and they require further investigation. In this review, we describe different plant–microbe associations from colonization to microbial establishment processes in plants along with future prospects, including agricultural benefits.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 4
day: 14
author:
- family: Chagas
given: Fernanda Oliveira
- family: Pessotti
given: Rita De Cassia
- family: Caraballo-Rodríguez
given: Andrés Mauricio
- family: Pupo
given: Mônica Tallarico
citation-key: chagas2018
container-title: Chemical Society Reviews
container-title-short: Chem. Soc. Rev.
DOI: 10.1039/C7CS00343A
ISSN: 0306-0012, 1460-4744
issue: '5'
issued:
- year: 2018
language: en
page: 1652-1704
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: Chemical signaling involved in plant–microbe interactions
type: article-journal
URL: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7CS00343A
volume: '47'
- id: christian2017
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 4
day: 14
author:
- family: Christian
given: Natalie
- family: Whitaker
given: Briana K.
- family: Clay
given: Keith
citation-key: christian2017
container-title: Mycology
DOI: 10.1201/9781315119496-6
editor:
- family: Dighton
given: John
- family: White
given: James F.
event-place: >-
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
ISBN: 978-1-4987-0665-0 978-1-4987-0667-4
issued:
- year: 2017
month: 5
day: 3
language: en
page: 63-78
publisher: CRC Press
publisher-place: >-
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: Chapter 5 A Novel Framework for Decoding Fungal Endophyte Diversity
type: chapter
URL: http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/10.1201/9781315119496-6
- id: coblentz2013
abstract: >-
Endophytic fungi live symbiotically in the tissues of plants. Although a
large amount of evidence suggests a mutualistic role for vertically
transmitted endophytic fungi in agronomic grasses, the role of horizontally
transmitted endophytic fungi as mutualists has been challenged. Recent
studies, however, have shown that horizontally transmitted endophytic fungi
can act as mutualists to their plant hosts by providing defense against
pathogens and defoliators. In particular, several experimental studies have
shown that endophytic fungi interact negatively with leaf-cutting ants and
their fungal cultivar, but these studies were performed under laboratory
conditions. Using field colonies of Atta colombica in Central Panama, we
measured the fungal endophyte content in the forage material of leaf-cutting
ants and compared it to ambient endophyte levels. We then used the collected
data to model the area of plant material containing endophytes that enters a
mature colony daily. We found that mature colonies collect leaf material
that is 20% lower in endophyte abundance than surrounding leaves. A similar
pattern was observed for newly emerged colonies. Our model suggests that via
ant foraging preferences, leaf-cutting ants reduce the possible area of
material containing endophytes entering the colony by 33%. Our results
provide further evidence for a negative interaction between leaf-cutting
ants and horizontally transmitted endophytes, suggesting that fungal
endophytes have a defensive role in tropical plants by influencing
leafcutting ant foraging preferences. Copyright: ? 2013 Coblentz and Van
Bael.
author:
- family: Coblentz
given: K.E.
- family: Van Bael
given: S.A.
citation-key: coblentz2013
container-title: Ecosphere
DOI: 10.1890/ES13-00012.1
issue: '5'
issued:
- year: 2013
title: >-
Field colonies of leaf-cutting ants select plant materials containing low
abundances of endophytic fungi
type: article-journal
volume: '4'
- id: crous2006
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 8
day: 19
author:
- family: Crous
given: Pedro W.
- family: Groenewald
given: Johannes Z.
- family: Risède
given: Jean-Michel
- family: Simoneau
given: Philippe
- family: Hyde
given: Kevin D.
citation-key: crous2006
container-title: Studies in Mycology
container-title-short: Studies in Mycology
DOI: 10.3114/sim.55.1.213
ISSN: '01660616'
issued:
- year: 2006
month: 5
language: en
license: https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/
page: 213-226
source: DOI.org (Crossref)
title: >-
*Calonectria* species and their *Cylindrocladium* anamorphs: species with
clavate vesicles
title-short: Calonectria species and their Cylindrocladium anamorphs
type: article-journal
URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.3114/sim.55.1.213
volume: '55'
- id: currie2014
abstract: >-
In recent years there has been significant attention paid on the endophytic
research by various groups working within this domain. Mutualistic
endophytic microbes with an emphasis on the relatively understudied fungal
endophytes are the focus of this special book. Plants are associated with
micro-organisms: endophytic bacteria and fungi, which live inter- and
intra-cellularly without inducing pathogenic symptoms, but have active
biochemical and genetic interactions with their host. Endophytes play vital
roles as plant growth promoters, biocontrol agents, biosurfactant producers,
enzymes and secondary metabolite producers, as well as providing a new
hidden repertoire of bioactive natural products with uses in pharmaceutical,
agrochemical and other biotechnological applications. The increasing
interest in endophytic research generates significant progress in our
understanding of the host-endophyte relationship at molecular and genetic
level. The bio-prospection of microbial endophytes has led to exciting
possibilities for their biotechnological application as biocontrol agent,
bioactive metabolites, and other useful traits. Apart from these virtues,
the microbial endophytes may be adapted to the complex metabolism of many
desired molecules that can be of significant industrial applications. These
microbes can be a useful alternative for sustainable solutions for
ecological control of pests and diseases, and can reduce the burden of
excess of chemical fertilizers for this purpose. This book is an attempt to
review the recent development in the understanding of microbial endophytes
and their potential biotechnological applications. This is a collection of
literature authored by noted researchers having signatory status in
endophytic research and summarizes the development achieved so far, and
future prospects for further research in this fascinating area of research.
author:
- family: Currie
given: Amanda F.
- family: Wearn
given: James
- family: Hodgson
given: Su
- family: Wendt
given: Hilary
- family: Broughton
given: Sue
- family: Jin
given: Liang
citation-key: currie2014
container-title: Advances in Endophytic Research
DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2
editor:
- family: Verma
given: V.C.
- family: Gange
given: A.C.
ISBN: 978-81-322-1575-2
issued:
- year: 2014
page: 61-81
publisher: Springer India
title: 'Foliar Fungal Endophytes in Herbaceous Plants: A Marriage of Convinience?'
type: chapter
- id: dalling2020
abstract: >-
Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural
enemies but has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and
mature plants. Here we describe the diverse ways in which seeds are
chemically and physically defended. We suggest that through associations
with other traits, seeds are likely to exhibit defense syndromes that
reflect constraints or trade-offs imposed by selection to attract
dispersers, enable effective dispersal, ensure appropriate timing of seed
germination, and enhance seedling performance. We draw attention to seed and
reproductive traits that are analogous to defense traits in mature plants
and describe how the effectiveness of defenses is likely to differ at pre-
and postdispersal stages. We also highlight recent insights into the
mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between seeds and microbial
communities, including fungi and endohyphal bacteria, that can influence
seed survival in the soil and subsequent seedling vigor.
accessed:
- year: 2024
month: 1
day: 27
author:
- family: Dalling
given: James W.
- family: Davis
given: Adam S.
- family: Arnold
given: A. Elizabeth
- family: Sarmiento
given: Carolina
- family: Zalamea
given: Paul-Camilo
citation-key: dalling2020
container-title: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
container-title-short: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-115156
ISSN: 1543-592X, 1545-2069
issue: '1'
issued:
- year: 2020
month: 11
day: 2
language: en