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AMP HTML ⚡

AMP HTML is a subset of HTML for authoring content pages such as news articles in a way that guarantees certain baseline performance characteristics.

Being a subset of HTML, it puts some restrictions on the full set of tags and functionality available through HTML but it does not require the development of new rendering engines: Existing user agents can render AMP HTML just like all other HTML.

Also AMP HTML documents can be uploaded to a web server and served just like any other HTML document. No special configuration for the server is necessary. However, they are also designed to be optionally served through specialized AMP serving systems that proxy AMP documents, serve them from their own origin and are allowed to apply transformations to the document that provide additional performance benefits. An incomplete list of optimizations such a serving system might do is:

  • Replace image references with images sized to the viewer’s viewport.
  • Inline images that are visible above the fold.
  • Inline CSS variables.
  • Preload extended components.
  • Minify HTML and CSS.

AMP HTML uses a set of contributed but centrally managed and hosted custom elements to implement advanced functionality such as image galleries that might be found in a AMP HTML document. While it does allow styling the document using custom CSS, it does not allow author written JavaScript beyond what is provided through the custom elements to reach its performance goals.

By using this AMP format, content producers are making the content in AMP files available to be crawled, cached, and displayed by third parties.

Performance

Predictable performance is a key design goal for AMP HTML. Primarily we are aiming at reducing the time until the content of a page can be consumed / used by the user. In concrete terms this means that:

  • HTTP requests necessary to render and fully layout the document should be minimized.
  • Resources such as images or ads should only be downloaded if they are likely to be seen by the user.
  • Browsers should be able to calculate the space needed by every resource on the page without fetching that resource.

The AMP HTML format

Sample document

<!doctype html>
<html ⚡>
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>Sample document</title>
  <link rel="canonical" href="./regular-html-version.html">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no,minimal-ui">
  <style amp-custom>
    h1 {color: red}
  </style>
  <script type="application/ld+json">
  {
    "@context": "http://schema.org",
    "@type": "NewsArticle",
    "headline": "Article headline",
    "image": [
      "thumbnail1.jpg"
    ],
    "datePublished": "2015-02-05T08:00:00+08:00"
  }
  </script>
  <script custom-element="amp-carousel" src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-carousel-0.1.js" async></script>
  <style>body {opacity: 0}</style><noscript><style>body {opacity: 1}</style></noscript>
  <script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js" async></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sample document</h1>
<p>
  Some text
  <amp-img src=sample.jpg width=300 height=300></amp-img>
</p>
<amp-ad width=300 height=250
    type="a9"
    data-aax_size="300x250"
    data-aax_pubname="test123"
    data-aax_src="302">
</amp-ad>
</body>
</html>

Required markup

AMP HTML documents MUST

  • start with the doctype <!doctype html>. 🔗
  • contain a top-level <html ⚡> tag (<html amp> is accepted as well). 🔗
  • contain <head> and <body> tags (They are optional in HTML). 🔗
  • contain a <link rel="canonical" href="$SOME_URL" /> tag inside their head that points to the regular HTML version of the AMP HTML document or to itself if no such HTML version exists. 🔗
  • contain a <meta charset="utf-8"> tag as the first child of their head tag. 🔗
  • contain a <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no,minimal-ui"> tag inside their head tag. 🔗
  • contain a <script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js" async></script> tag as the last element in their head. 🔗
  • contain <style>body {opacity: 0}</style><noscript><style>body {opacity: 1}</style></noscript> in their head tag. 🔗

Metadata

Schema.org

AMP HTML documents MUST be marked up with schema.org/CreativeWork or any of its more specific types such as schema.org/NewsArticle or schema.org/BlogPosting. More types may be added in the future.

Both JSON-LD and microdata serializations of schema.org are supported.

The following properties of CreativeWork must be present:

  • headline
  • datePublished

The following properties are recommended:

  • image
  • description
  • articleBody
  • alternativeHeadline
  • author
  • publisher

Open Graph Protocol, Twitter Cards and similar metadata

It is encouraged that AMP HTML documents are annotated with Open Graph Protocol, Twitter Cards and other similar metadata as appropriate.

HTML Tags

Most HTML tags can be used unchanged in AMP HTML. Certain tags, however, have equivalent custom tags (such as <img> and <amp-img>) and other tags are outright banned:

Tag Status in AMP HTML
script Banned unless the type is application/ld+json (Other non-executable values may be added as needed.). Exception is the mandatory script tag to load the AMP runtime and the script tags to load extended components.
base Banned
img Replaced with amp-img
video Replaced with amp-video
audio Replaced with amp-audio
iframe Banned. May be replaced with amp-iframe in the future.
frame Banned.
frameset Banned.
object Banned.
param Banned.
applet Banned.
embed Banned.
form Banned.
input elements Banned. Includes input, textarea, select, option. Notably, button element is allowed.
button Allowed.
style Required style tags for adjusting opacity One additional style tag is allowed in head tag for the purpose of custom styling. This style tag must have the attribute amp-custom. 🔗
link Allowed for certain values of rel: canonical. stylesheet is generally disallowed, but some values may be whitelisted for font providers.
meta The http-equiv attribute is banned. Otherwise allowed.
a The href attribute value must not begin with javascript:. If set, the target attribute value must be _blank. Otherwise allowed. 🔗
svg Most SVG elements are allowed

Validator implementations should use a whitelist based on the HTML5 specification with the above tags removed. See AMP Tag Addendum.

Comments

Conditional HTML comments are not allowed.

HTML attributes

Attribute names starting with on (such as onclick or onmouseover) are disallowed in AMP HTML. The attribute with the literal name on (no suffix) is allowed.

The style attribute must not be used.

Links

Links must be relative, protocol relative or use the schemas HTTP or HTTPS.

Stylesheets

Major semantic tags and the AMP custom elements come with default styles to make authoring a responsive document reasonably easy. An option to opt out of default styles may be added in the future.

Author stylesheets

Authors may add custom styles to a document using a single <style amp-custom> tag in the head of the document.

Selectors

The initial version of AMP will only allow very simple CSS selectors in AMPs. The restriction is in place to make overall performance easier to reason about. It may be opened up in the future.

Allowed selectors are of the form:

  • .class
  • #id
  • tag-name
  • selector, selector
  • media queries

Pseudo selectors are generally forbidden and must be whitelisted 1 by 1. Initially we only allow :hover, :active and :visited with whitelisted CSS properties (For color and underlining).

CSS variables are used to style custom elements.

Class names in author stylesheets may not starts with the string -amp-. These are reserved for internal use by the AMP runtime. It follows, that user stylesheet may not reference CSS selectors for -amp- classes and i-amp tags. These classes and elements are not meant to be customized by authors. Authors, however, can override styles of amp- classes and tags for any CSS properties not explicitly forbidden by these components' spec.

Usage of the !important qualifier is not allowed.

Properties

These CSS properties are permanently banned:

  • behavior
  • -moz-binding

The initial version of AMP will prohibit the use of the following CSS properties. This may be relaxed in the future.

  • transition
  • animation
  • filter

overflow (and overflow-y, etc.) may not be styled as “auto” or “scroll”. No user defined element in a AMP document may have a scrollbar.

Maximum size

It is a validation error if the author stylesheet is larger than 50,000 bytes.

Custom fonts

Authors may include stylesheets for custom fonts. The 2 supported methods are link tags pointing to whitelisted font providers and @font-face inclusion.

Example:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Tangerine">

Font providers can be whitelisted if they support CSS-only integrations and serve over HTTPS. The following origins are currently allowed for font serving via link tags:

Authors are free to include all custom fonts via a @font-face CSS instruction via their custom CSS. Fonts included via @font-face must be fetched via HTTP or HTTPS scheme.

AMP runtime

The AMP runtime is a piece of JavaScript that runs inside every AMP document. It provides implementations for AMP custom elements, manages resource loading and prioritization and optionally includes a runtime validator for AMP HTML for use during development.

The AMP runtime is loaded via the mandatory <script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js"></script> tag in the AMP document head.

Development mode is triggered by adding "#development=1" to the URL of the page.

Resources

Resources such as images, videos, audio files or ads must be included into a AMP HTML file through custom elements such as <amp-img>. We call them managed resources because whether and when they will be loaded and displayed to the user is decided by the AMP runtime.

There are no particular guarantees as to the loading behavior of the AMP runtime, but it should generally strive to load resources quickly enough, so that they are loaded by the time the user would like to see them if possible. The runtime should prioritize resources currently in viewport and attempt to predict changes to the viewport and preload resources accordingly.

The AMP runtime may at any time decide to unload resources that are not currently in viewport or reuse the resource containers such as iframes to reduce overall RAM consumption.

AMP Components

AMP HTML uses HTML custom elements called “AMP components” to substitute built-in resource-loading tags such as <img> and <video> and to implement features with complex interactions such as image lightboxes or carousels.

See the AMP component spec for details about supported components.

There are 2 types of supported AMP components:

  1. Built-in components.
  2. Extended components.

Built-in components are always available in a AMP document and have a dedicated custom element such as <amp-img> while extended components must be explicitly included into the document.

Common attributes

width, height

Depending on the value of the layout attribute AMP component elements must have a width and height attribute that contains an integer pixel value. Actual layout behavior is determined by the layout attribute.

layout

The optional layout attribute allows specifying how the component behaves in the document layout. Valid values for the layout attribute are:

  • Not present: If width equals to auto fixed-height layout is assumed. If width or height attributes are present fixed layout is assumed. If width and height are not present container layout is assumed (unless otherwise documented with the component) which may not be supported by the element (Would trigger a runtime error).
  • fixed: The width and height attributes must be present. The only exceptions are amp-pixel and amp-audio elements.
  • fixed-height: The height attribute must be present. The width attribute must not be present or must be equal to auto.
  • responsive: The width and height attributes must be present and are used to determine the aspect ratio of the component and the component is sized to the width of its container element while maintaining the height based on the aspect ratio.
  • nodisplay: The component takes up zero space on the screen as if its display style was none. The width and height attributes are not required.
  • fill: Element size will be determined by the parent element.
  • container: The component is assumed to not have specific layout itself but only act as a container. Its children as rendered immediately.

media

All AMP custom elements support the media attribute. It takes a media query as a value where if the query does not match, the element is not rendered at all and its resources and potentially child resources will not be fetched. If the browser window changes size or orientation the media queries are reevaluated and elements are hidden and shown based on the new results.

Example: Here we have 2 images with mutually exclusive media queries. Depending on the screen width one or the other will be fetched and rendered. Note that the media attribute is available on all custom elements, so it can be used with non-image elements such as ads.

    <amp-img
        media="(min-width: 650px)"
        src="wide.jpg"
        width=466
        height=355 layout="responsive" ></amp-img>
    <amp-img
        media="(max-width: 649px)"
        src="narrow.jpg"
        width=527
        height=193 layout="responsive" ></amp-img>

on

The on attribute is used to install event handlers on elements. The events that are supported depend on the element.

The value for the syntax is a simple domain specific language of the form eventName:targetId[.methodName]. Example: on="tap:fooId.showLightbox"

If methodName is omitted the default method is executed if defined for the element. Example: on="tap:fooId"

Extended components

Extended components are components that do not necessarily ship with the AMP runtime but instead must be explicitly included into the document.

Extended components are loaded by including a script tag in the head of the document like this

<script custom-element="amp-carousel" src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-carousel-0.1.js" async></script>

The script tag MUST have an async attribute and MUST have an element attribute referencing the name of the element.

Runtime implementations may use the name to render placeholders for these elements.

The script URL must start with “https://cdn.ampproject.org” and must follow a very strict pattern of “/v\d+/[a-z-]+-(latest|\d+|\d+-\d+).js”

URL

The URL for extended components is of the form:

https://cdn.ampproject.org/$RUNTIME_VERSION/$ELEMENT_NAME-$ELEMENT_VERSION.js

Versioning

Extended components are versioned via semver. The version is referenced explicitly (See $ELEMENT_VERSION above) when loading the component in the URL. It may have the value “latest”. Changes to the PATCH version component (x in 1.1.x) must strictly maintain backward compatibility or fix urgent security issues.

AMP documents may only reference versions with one or two components. Version ”1” states “I accepts every version of this component with major version 1”. Version “1.1” states “I accept every PATCH level of 1.1”. It is now allowed to explicitly reference the PATCH level in the version string.

Security

AMP HTML documents must not trigger errors when served with a Content Security Policy that does not include the keywords unsafe-inline and unsafe-eval.

The AMP HTML format is designed so that is always the case.

SVG

Currently, the following SVG elements are allowed:

  • basics: "g", "path", "glyph", "glyphRef", "marker", "view"
  • shapes: "circle", "line", "polygon", "polyline", "rect"
  • text: "text", "textPath", "tref", "tspan"
  • rendering: "clipPath", "filter", "linearGradient", "radialGradient", "mask", "pattern", "vkern", "hkern"
  • special: "defs" (all children above are allowed here), "symbol", "use"
  • aria: "desc", "title"

As well as these attributes:

  • "xlink:href" only URIs starting with "#" are allowed
  • "style"