Adafruit_GFX.cpp

/*
This is the core graphics library for all our displays, providing a common
set of graphics primitives (points, lines, circles, etc.).  It needs to be
paired with a hardware-specific library for each display device we carry
(to handle the lower-level functions).

Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code, please
support Adafruit & open-source hardware by purchasing products from Adafruit!

Copyright (c) 2013 Adafruit Industries.  All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include "Adafruit_GFX.h"
#include "glcdfont.c"

#ifdef __AVR__
  #include <avr/pgmspace.h>
#elif defined(ESP8266) || defined(ESP32)
  #include <pgmspace.h>
#endif

// Many (but maybe not all) non-AVR board installs define macros
// for compatibility with existing PROGMEM-reading AVR code.
// Do our own checks and defines here for good measure...

#ifndef pgm_read_byte
 #define pgm_read_byte(addr) (*(const unsigned char *)(addr))
#endif
#ifndef pgm_read_word
 #define pgm_read_word(addr) (*(const unsigned short *)(addr))
#endif
#ifndef pgm_read_dword
 #define pgm_read_dword(addr) (*(const unsigned long *)(addr))
#endif

// Pointers are a peculiar case...typically 16-bit on AVR boards,
// 32 bits elsewhere.  Try to accommodate both...

#if !defined(__INT_MAX__) || (__INT_MAX__ > 0xFFFF)
 #define pgm_read_pointer(addr) ((void *)pgm_read_dword(addr))
#else
 #define pgm_read_pointer(addr) ((void *)pgm_read_word(addr))
#endif

#ifndef min
#define min(a,b) (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))
#endif

#ifndef _swap_int16_t
#define _swap_int16_t(a, b) { int16_t t = a; a = b; b = t; }
#endif

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Instatiate a GFX context for graphics! Can only be done by a superclass
   @param    w   Display width, in pixels
   @param    h   Display height, in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
Adafruit_GFX::Adafruit_GFX(int16_t w, int16_t h):
WIDTH(w), HEIGHT(h)
{
    _width    = WIDTH;
    _height   = HEIGHT;
    rotation  = 0;
    cursor_y  = cursor_x    = 0;
    textsize  = 1;
    textcolor = textbgcolor = 0xFFFF;
    wrap      = true;
    _cp437    = false;
    gfxFont   = NULL;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Write a line.  Bresenham's algorithm - thx wikpedia
    @param    x0  Start point x coordinate
    @param    y0  Start point y coordinate
    @param    x1  End point x coordinate
    @param    y1  End point y coordinate
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::writeLine(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t x1, int16_t y1,
        uint16_t color) {
#if defined(ESP8266)
    yield();
#endif
    int16_t steep = abs(y1 - y0) > abs(x1 - x0);
    if (steep) {
        _swap_int16_t(x0, y0);
        _swap_int16_t(x1, y1);
    }

    if (x0 > x1) {
        _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
        _swap_int16_t(y0, y1);
    }

    int16_t dx, dy;
    dx = x1 - x0;
    dy = abs(y1 - y0);

    int16_t err = dx / 2;
    int16_t ystep;

    if (y0 < y1) {
        ystep = 1;
    } else {
        ystep = -1;
    }

    for (; x0<=x1; x0++) {
        if (steep) {
            writePixel(y0, x0, color);
        } else {
            writePixel(x0, y0, color);
        }
        err -= dy;
        if (err < 0) {
            y0 += ystep;
            err += dx;
        }
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Start a display-writing routine, overwrite in subclasses.
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::startWrite(){
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Write a pixel, overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
    @param   x   x coordinate
    @param   y   y coordinate
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::writePixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color){
    drawPixel(x, y, color);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Write a perfectly vertical line, overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
    @param    x   Top-most x coordinate
    @param    y   Top-most y coordinate
    @param    h   Height in pixels
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::writeFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y,
        int16_t h, uint16_t color) {
    // Overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
    // Can be just writeLine(x, y, x, y+h-1, color);
    // or writeFillRect(x, y, 1, h, color);
    drawFastVLine(x, y, h, color);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Write a perfectly horizontal line, overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
    @param    x   Left-most x coordinate
    @param    y   Left-most y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::writeFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y,
        int16_t w, uint16_t color) {
    // Overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
    // Example: writeLine(x, y, x+w-1, y, color);
    // or writeFillRect(x, y, w, 1, color);
    drawFastHLine(x, y, w, color);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Write a rectangle completely with one color, overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    h   Height in pixels
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::writeFillRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
        uint16_t color) {
    // Overwrite in subclasses if desired!
    fillRect(x,y,w,h,color);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    End a display-writing routine, overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::endWrite(){
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a perfectly vertical line (this is often optimized in a subclass!)
    @param    x   Top-most x coordinate
    @param    y   Top-most y coordinate
    @param    h   Height in pixels
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y,
        int16_t h, uint16_t color) {
    startWrite();
    writeLine(x, y, x, y+h-1, color);
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a perfectly horizontal line (this is often optimized in a subclass!)
    @param    x   Left-most x coordinate
    @param    y   Left-most y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y,
        int16_t w, uint16_t color) {
    startWrite();
    writeLine(x, y, x+w-1, y, color);
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Fill a rectangle completely with one color. Update in subclasses if desired!
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    h   Height in pixels
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::fillRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
        uint16_t color) {
    startWrite();
    for (int16_t i=x; i<x+w; i++) {
        writeFastVLine(i, y, h, color);
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Fill the screen completely with one color. Update in subclasses if desired!
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
    fillRect(0, 0, _width, _height, color);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a line
    @param    x0  Start point x coordinate
    @param    y0  Start point y coordinate
    @param    x1  End point x coordinate
    @param    y1  End point y coordinate
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawLine(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t x1, int16_t y1,
        uint16_t color) {
    // Update in subclasses if desired!
    if(x0 == x1){
        if(y0 > y1) _swap_int16_t(y0, y1);
        drawFastVLine(x0, y0, y1 - y0 + 1, color);
    } else if(y0 == y1){
        if(x0 > x1) _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
        drawFastHLine(x0, y0, x1 - x0 + 1, color);
    } else {
        startWrite();
        writeLine(x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
        endWrite();
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a circle outline
    @param    x0   Center-point x coordinate
    @param    y0   Center-point y coordinate
    @param    r   Radius of circle
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawCircle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
        uint16_t color) {
#if defined(ESP8266)
    yield();
#endif
    int16_t f = 1 - r;
    int16_t ddF_x = 1;
    int16_t ddF_y = -2 * r;
    int16_t x = 0;
    int16_t y = r;

    startWrite();
    writePixel(x0  , y0+r, color);
    writePixel(x0  , y0-r, color);
    writePixel(x0+r, y0  , color);
    writePixel(x0-r, y0  , color);

    while (x<y) {
        if (f >= 0) {
            y--;
            ddF_y += 2;
            f += ddF_y;
        }
        x++;
        ddF_x += 2;
        f += ddF_x;

        writePixel(x0 + x, y0 + y, color);
        writePixel(x0 - x, y0 + y, color);
        writePixel(x0 + x, y0 - y, color);
        writePixel(x0 - x, y0 - y, color);
        writePixel(x0 + y, y0 + x, color);
        writePixel(x0 - y, y0 + x, color);
        writePixel(x0 + y, y0 - x, color);
        writePixel(x0 - y, y0 - x, color);
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief    Quarter-circle drawer, used to do circles and roundrects
    @param    x0   Center-point x coordinate
    @param    y0   Center-point y coordinate
    @param    r   Radius of circle
    @param    cornername  Mask bit #1 or bit #2 to indicate which quarters of the circle we're doing
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawCircleHelper( int16_t x0, int16_t y0,
        int16_t r, uint8_t cornername, uint16_t color) {
    int16_t f     = 1 - r;
    int16_t ddF_x = 1;
    int16_t ddF_y = -2 * r;
    int16_t x     = 0;
    int16_t y     = r;

    while (x<y) {
        if (f >= 0) {
            y--;
            ddF_y += 2;
            f     += ddF_y;
        }
        x++;
        ddF_x += 2;
        f     += ddF_x;
        if (cornername & 0x4) {
            writePixel(x0 + x, y0 + y, color);
            writePixel(x0 + y, y0 + x, color);
        }
        if (cornername & 0x2) {
            writePixel(x0 + x, y0 - y, color);
            writePixel(x0 + y, y0 - x, color);
        }
        if (cornername & 0x8) {
            writePixel(x0 - y, y0 + x, color);
            writePixel(x0 - x, y0 + y, color);
        }
        if (cornername & 0x1) {
            writePixel(x0 - y, y0 - x, color);
            writePixel(x0 - x, y0 - y, color);
        }
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a circle with filled color
    @param    x0   Center-point x coordinate
    @param    y0   Center-point y coordinate
    @param    r   Radius of circle
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::fillCircle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
        uint16_t color) {
    startWrite();
    writeFastVLine(x0, y0-r, 2*r+1, color);
    fillCircleHelper(x0, y0, r, 3, 0, color);
    endWrite();
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief  Quarter-circle drawer with fill, used for circles and roundrects
    @param  x0       Center-point x coordinate
    @param  y0       Center-point y coordinate
    @param  r        Radius of circle
    @param  corners  Mask bits indicating which quarters we're doing
    @param  delta    Offset from center-point, used for round-rects
    @param  color    16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::fillCircleHelper(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
  uint8_t corners, int16_t delta, uint16_t color) {

    int16_t f     = 1 - r;
    int16_t ddF_x = 1;
    int16_t ddF_y = -2 * r;
    int16_t x     = 0;
    int16_t y     = r;
    int16_t px    = x;
    int16_t py    = y;

    delta++; // Avoid some +1's in the loop

    while(x < y) {
        if (f >= 0) {
            y--;
            ddF_y += 2;
            f     += ddF_y;
        }
        x++;
        ddF_x += 2;
        f     += ddF_x;
        // These checks avoid double-drawing certain lines, important
        // for the SSD1306 library which has an INVERT drawing mode.
        if(x < (y + 1)) {
            if(corners & 1) writeFastVLine(x0+x, y0-y, 2*y+delta, color);
            if(corners & 2) writeFastVLine(x0-x, y0-y, 2*y+delta, color);
        }
        if(y != py) {
            if(corners & 1) writeFastVLine(x0+py, y0-px, 2*px+delta, color);
            if(corners & 2) writeFastVLine(x0-py, y0-px, 2*px+delta, color);
            py = y;
        }
        px = x;
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a rectangle with no fill color
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
        uint16_t color) {
    startWrite();
    writeFastHLine(x, y, w, color);
    writeFastHLine(x, y+h-1, w, color);
    writeFastVLine(x, y, h, color);
    writeFastVLine(x+w-1, y, h, color);
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a rounded rectangle with no fill color
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    r   Radius of corner rounding
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawRoundRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
  int16_t h, int16_t r, uint16_t color) {
    int16_t max_radius = ((w < h) ? w : h) / 2; // 1/2 minor axis
    if(r > max_radius) r = max_radius;
    // smarter version
    startWrite();
    writeFastHLine(x+r  , y    , w-2*r, color); // Top
    writeFastHLine(x+r  , y+h-1, w-2*r, color); // Bottom
    writeFastVLine(x    , y+r  , h-2*r, color); // Left
    writeFastVLine(x+w-1, y+r  , h-2*r, color); // Right
    // draw four corners
    drawCircleHelper(x+r    , y+r    , r, 1, color);
    drawCircleHelper(x+w-r-1, y+r    , r, 2, color);
    drawCircleHelper(x+w-r-1, y+h-r-1, r, 4, color);
    drawCircleHelper(x+r    , y+h-r-1, r, 8, color);
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a rounded rectangle with fill color
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    r   Radius of corner rounding
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw/fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::fillRoundRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
  int16_t h, int16_t r, uint16_t color) {
    int16_t max_radius = ((w < h) ? w : h) / 2; // 1/2 minor axis
    if(r > max_radius) r = max_radius;
    // smarter version
    startWrite();
    writeFillRect(x+r, y, w-2*r, h, color);
    // draw four corners
    fillCircleHelper(x+w-r-1, y+r, r, 1, h-2*r-1, color);
    fillCircleHelper(x+r    , y+r, r, 2, h-2*r-1, color);
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a triangle with no fill color
    @param    x0  Vertex #0 x coordinate
    @param    y0  Vertex #0 y coordinate
    @param    x1  Vertex #1 x coordinate
    @param    y1  Vertex #1 y coordinate
    @param    x2  Vertex #2 x coordinate
    @param    y2  Vertex #2 y coordinate
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawTriangle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0,
        int16_t x1, int16_t y1, int16_t x2, int16_t y2, uint16_t color) {
    drawLine(x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
    drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2, color);
    drawLine(x2, y2, x0, y0, color);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief     Draw a triangle with color-fill
    @param    x0  Vertex #0 x coordinate
    @param    y0  Vertex #0 y coordinate
    @param    x1  Vertex #1 x coordinate
    @param    y1  Vertex #1 y coordinate
    @param    x2  Vertex #2 x coordinate
    @param    y2  Vertex #2 y coordinate
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill/draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::fillTriangle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0,
        int16_t x1, int16_t y1, int16_t x2, int16_t y2, uint16_t color) {

    int16_t a, b, y, last;

    // Sort coordinates by Y order (y2 >= y1 >= y0)
    if (y0 > y1) {
        _swap_int16_t(y0, y1); _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
    }
    if (y1 > y2) {
        _swap_int16_t(y2, y1); _swap_int16_t(x2, x1);
    }
    if (y0 > y1) {
        _swap_int16_t(y0, y1); _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
    }

    startWrite();
    if(y0 == y2) { // Handle awkward all-on-same-line case as its own thing
        a = b = x0;
        if(x1 < a)      a = x1;
        else if(x1 > b) b = x1;
        if(x2 < a)      a = x2;
        else if(x2 > b) b = x2;
        writeFastHLine(a, y0, b-a+1, color);
        endWrite();
        return;
    }

    int16_t
    dx01 = x1 - x0,
    dy01 = y1 - y0,
    dx02 = x2 - x0,
    dy02 = y2 - y0,
    dx12 = x2 - x1,
    dy12 = y2 - y1;
    int32_t
    sa   = 0,
    sb   = 0;

    // For upper part of triangle, find scanline crossings for segments
    // 0-1 and 0-2.  If y1=y2 (flat-bottomed triangle), the scanline y1
    // is included here (and second loop will be skipped, avoiding a /0
    // error there), otherwise scanline y1 is skipped here and handled
    // in the second loop...which also avoids a /0 error here if y0=y1
    // (flat-topped triangle).
    if(y1 == y2) last = y1;   // Include y1 scanline
    else         last = y1-1; // Skip it

    for(y=y0; y<=last; y++) {
        a   = x0 + sa / dy01;
        b   = x0 + sb / dy02;
        sa += dx01;
        sb += dx02;
        /* longhand:
        a = x0 + (x1 - x0) * (y - y0) / (y1 - y0);
        b = x0 + (x2 - x0) * (y - y0) / (y2 - y0);
        */
        if(a > b) _swap_int16_t(a,b);
        writeFastHLine(a, y, b-a+1, color);
    }

    // For lower part of triangle, find scanline crossings for segments
    // 0-2 and 1-2.  This loop is skipped if y1=y2.
    sa = dx12 * (y - y1);
    sb = dx02 * (y - y0);
    for(; y<=y2; y++) {
        a   = x1 + sa / dy12;
        b   = x0 + sb / dy02;
        sa += dx12;
        sb += dx02;
        /* longhand:
        a = x1 + (x2 - x1) * (y - y1) / (y2 - y1);
        b = x0 + (x2 - x0) * (y - y0) / (y2 - y0);
        */
        if(a > b) _swap_int16_t(a,b);
        writeFastHLine(a, y, b-a+1, color);
    }
    endWrite();
}

// BITMAP / XBITMAP / GRAYSCALE / RGB BITMAP FUNCTIONS ---------------------

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief      Draw a PROGMEM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y) position, using the specified foreground color (unset bits are transparent).
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint8_t bitmap[], int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color) {

    int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;

    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8]);
            if(byte & 0x80) writePixel(x+i, y, color);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief      Draw a PROGMEM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y) position, using the specified foreground (for set bits) and background (unset bits) colors.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw pixels with
    @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw background with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint8_t bitmap[], int16_t w, int16_t h,
  uint16_t color, uint16_t bg) {

    int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;

    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8]);
            writePixel(x+i, y, (byte & 0x80) ? color : bg);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief      Draw a RAM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y) position, using the specified foreground color (unset bits are transparent).
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color) {

    int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;

    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8];
            if(byte & 0x80) writePixel(x+i, y, color);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief      Draw a RAM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y) position, using the specified foreground (for set bits) and background (unset bits) colors.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw pixels with
    @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw background with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color, uint16_t bg) {

    int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;

    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8];
            writePixel(x+i, y, (byte & 0x80) ? color : bg);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief      Draw PROGMEM-resident XBitMap Files (*.xbm), exported from GIMP. 
   Usage: Export from GIMP to *.xbm, rename *.xbm to *.c and open in editor.
   C Array can be directly used with this function.
   There is no RAM-resident version of this function; if generating bitmaps
   in RAM, use the format defined by drawBitmap() and call that instead.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw pixels with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawXBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint8_t bitmap[], int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color) {

    int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;

    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte >>= 1;
            else      byte   = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8]);
            // Nearly identical to drawBitmap(), only the bit order
            // is reversed here (left-to-right = LSB to MSB):
            if(byte & 0x01) writePixel(x+i, y, color);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) at the specified (x,y) pos.  
   Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color reduction/expansion is performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint8_t bitmap[], int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            writePixel(x+i, y, (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) at the specified (x,y) pos.  
   Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color reduction/expansion is performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            writePixel(x+i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) with a 1-bit mask
   (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position.
   BOTH buffers (grayscale and mask) must be PROGMEM-resident.
   Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color reduction/expansion is performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
    @param    mask  byte array with mask bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint8_t bitmap[], const uint8_t mask[],
  int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    int16_t bw   = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = pgm_read_byte(&mask[j * bw + i / 8]);
            if(byte & 0x80) {
                writePixel(x+i, y, (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
            }
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) with a 1-bit mask
   (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position.
   BOTH buffers (grayscale and mask) must be RAM-residentt, no mix-and-match
   Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color reduction/expansion is performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
    @param    mask  byte array with mask bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  uint8_t *bitmap, uint8_t *mask, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    int16_t bw   = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = mask[j * bw + i / 8];
            if(byte & 0x80) {
                writePixel(x+i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
            }
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) at the specified (x,y) position.  
   For 16-bit display devices; no color reduction performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint16_t bitmap[], int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            writePixel(x+i, y, pgm_read_word(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) at the specified (x,y) position.  
   For 16-bit display devices; no color reduction performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  uint16_t *bitmap, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            writePixel(x+i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) with a 1-bit mask (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position. BOTH buffers (color and mask) must be PROGMEM-resident. For 16-bit display devices; no color reduction performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
    @param    mask  byte array with monochrome mask bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  const uint16_t bitmap[], const uint8_t mask[],
  int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    int16_t bw   = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = pgm_read_byte(&mask[j * bw + i / 8]);
            if(byte & 0x80) {
                writePixel(x+i, y, pgm_read_word(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
            }
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) with a 1-bit mask (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position. BOTH buffers (color and mask) must be RAM-resident. For 16-bit display devices; no color reduction performed.
    @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
    @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
    @param    mask  byte array with monochrome mask bitmap
    @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
    @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  uint16_t *bitmap, uint8_t *mask, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
    int16_t bw   = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
    uint8_t byte = 0;
    startWrite();
    for(int16_t j=0; j<h; j++, y++) {
        for(int16_t i=0; i<w; i++ ) {
            if(i & 7) byte <<= 1;
            else      byte   = mask[j * bw + i / 8];
            if(byte & 0x80) {
                writePixel(x+i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
            }
        }
    }
    endWrite();
}

// TEXT- AND CHARACTER-HANDLING FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------

// Draw a character
/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief   Draw a single character
    @param    x   Bottom left corner x coordinate
    @param    y   Bottom left corner y coordinate
    @param    c   The 8-bit font-indexed character (likely ascii)
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw chraracter with
    @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill background with (if same as color, no background)
    @param    size  Font magnification level, 1 is 'original' size
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::drawChar(int16_t x, int16_t y, unsigned char c,
  uint16_t color, uint16_t bg, uint8_t size) {

    if(!gfxFont) { // 'Classic' built-in font

        if((x >= _width)            || // Clip right
           (y >= _height)           || // Clip bottom
           ((x + 6 * size - 1) < 0) || // Clip left
           ((y + 8 * size - 1) < 0))   // Clip top
            return;

        if(!_cp437 && (c >= 176)) c++; // Handle 'classic' charset behavior

        startWrite();
        for(int8_t i=0; i<5; i++ ) { // Char bitmap = 5 columns
            uint8_t line = pgm_read_byte(&font[c * 5 + i]);
            for(int8_t j=0; j<8; j++, line >>= 1) {
                if(line & 1) {
                    if(size == 1)
                        writePixel(x+i, y+j, color);
                    else
                        writeFillRect(x+i*size, y+j*size, size, size, color);
                } else if(bg != color) {
                    if(size == 1)
                        writePixel(x+i, y+j, bg);
                    else
                        writeFillRect(x+i*size, y+j*size, size, size, bg);
                }
            }
        }
        if(bg != color) { // If opaque, draw vertical line for last column
            if(size == 1) writeFastVLine(x+5, y, 8, bg);
            else          writeFillRect(x+5*size, y, size, 8*size, bg);
        }
        endWrite();

    } else { // Custom font

        // Character is assumed previously filtered by write() to eliminate
        // newlines, returns, non-printable characters, etc.  Calling
        // drawChar() directly with 'bad' characters of font may cause mayhem!

        c -= (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->first);
        GFXglyph *glyph  = &(((GFXglyph *)pgm_read_pointer(&gfxFont->glyph))[c]);
        uint8_t  *bitmap = (uint8_t *)pgm_read_pointer(&gfxFont->bitmap);

        uint16_t bo = pgm_read_word(&glyph->bitmapOffset);
        uint8_t  w  = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->width),
                 h  = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->height);
        int8_t   xo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xOffset),
                 yo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->yOffset);
        uint8_t  xx, yy, bits = 0, bit = 0;
        int16_t  xo16 = 0, yo16 = 0;

        if(size > 1) {
            xo16 = xo;
            yo16 = yo;
        }

        // Todo: Add character clipping here

        // NOTE: THERE IS NO 'BACKGROUND' COLOR OPTION ON CUSTOM FONTS.
        // THIS IS ON PURPOSE AND BY DESIGN.  The background color feature
        // has typically been used with the 'classic' font to overwrite old
        // screen contents with new data.  This ONLY works because the
        // characters are a uniform size; it's not a sensible thing to do with
        // proportionally-spaced fonts with glyphs of varying sizes (and that
        // may overlap).  To replace previously-drawn text when using a custom
        // font, use the getTextBounds() function to determine the smallest
        // rectangle encompassing a string, erase the area with fillRect(),
        // then draw new text.  This WILL infortunately 'blink' the text, but
        // is unavoidable.  Drawing 'background' pixels will NOT fix this,
        // only creates a new set of problems.  Have an idea to work around
        // this (a canvas object type for MCUs that can afford the RAM and
        // displays supporting setAddrWindow() and pushColors()), but haven't
        // implemented this yet.

        startWrite();
        for(yy=0; yy<h; yy++) {
            for(xx=0; xx<w; xx++) {
                if(!(bit++ & 7)) {
                    bits = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[bo++]);
                }
                if(bits & 0x80) {
                    if(size == 1) {
                        writePixel(x+xo+xx, y+yo+yy, color);
                    } else {
                        writeFillRect(x+(xo16+xx)*size, y+(yo16+yy)*size,
                          size, size, color);
                    }
                }
                bits <<= 1;
            }
        }
        endWrite();

    } // End classic vs custom font
}
/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief  Print one byte/character of data, used to support print()
    @param  c  The 8-bit ascii character to write
*/
/**************************************************************************/
size_t Adafruit_GFX::write(char c) {
    if(!gfxFont) { // 'Classic' built-in font

        if(c == '\n') {                        // Newline?
            cursor_x  = 0;                     // Reset x to zero,
            cursor_y += textsize * 8;          // advance y one line
        } else if(c != '\r') {                 // Ignore carriage returns
            if(wrap && ((cursor_x + textsize * 6) > _width)) { // Off right?
                cursor_x  = 0;                 // Reset x to zero,
                cursor_y += textsize * 8;      // advance y one line
            }
            drawChar(cursor_x, cursor_y, c, textcolor, textbgcolor, textsize);
            cursor_x += textsize * 6;          // Advance x one char
        }

    } else { // Custom font

        if(c == '\n') {
            cursor_x  = 0;
            cursor_y += (int16_t)textsize *
                        (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
        } else if(c != '\r') {
            uint8_t first = pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->first);
            if((c >= first) && (c <= (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->last))) {
                GFXglyph *glyph = &(((GFXglyph *)pgm_read_pointer(
                  &gfxFont->glyph))[c - first]);
                uint8_t   w     = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->width),
                          h     = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->height);
                if((w > 0) && (h > 0)) { // Is there an associated bitmap?
                    int16_t xo = (int8_t)pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xOffset); // sic
                    if(wrap && ((cursor_x + textsize * (xo + w)) > _width)) {
                        cursor_x  = 0;
                        cursor_y += (int16_t)textsize *
                          (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
                    }
                    drawChar(cursor_x, cursor_y, c, textcolor, textbgcolor, textsize);
                }
                cursor_x += (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xAdvance) * (int16_t)textsize;
            }
        }

    }
    return 1;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief  Set text cursor location
    @param  x    X coordinate in pixels
    @param  y    Y coordinate in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setCursor(int16_t x, int16_t y) {
    cursor_x = x;
    cursor_y = y;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief  Get text cursor X location
    @returns    X coordinate in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
int16_t Adafruit_GFX::getCursorX(void) const {
    return cursor_x;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Get text cursor Y location
    @returns    Y coordinate in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
int16_t Adafruit_GFX::getCursorY(void) const {
    return cursor_y;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief   Set text 'magnification' size. Each increase in s makes 1 pixel that much bigger.
    @param  s  Desired text size. 1 is default 6x8, 2 is 12x16, 3 is 18x24, etc
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setTextSize(uint8_t s) {
    textsize = (s > 0) ? s : 1;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief   Set text font color with transparant background
    @param   c   16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw text with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setTextColor(uint16_t c) {
    // For 'transparent' background, we'll set the bg
    // to the same as fg instead of using a flag
    textcolor = textbgcolor = c;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief   Set text font color with custom background color
    @param   c   16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw text with
    @param   b   16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw background/fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setTextColor(uint16_t c, uint16_t b) {
    textcolor   = c;
    textbgcolor = b;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Whether text that is too long should 'wrap' around to the next line.
    @param  w Set true for wrapping, false for clipping
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setTextWrap(bool w) {
    wrap = w;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Get rotation setting for display
    @returns    0 thru 3 corresponding to 4 cardinal rotations
*/
/**************************************************************************/
uint8_t Adafruit_GFX::getRotation(void) const {
    return rotation;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Set rotation setting for display
    @param  x   0 thru 3 corresponding to 4 cardinal rotations
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setRotation(uint8_t x) {
    rotation = (x & 3);
    switch(rotation) {
        case 0:
        case 2:
            _width  = WIDTH;
            _height = HEIGHT;
            break;
        case 1:
        case 3:
            _width  = HEIGHT;
            _height = WIDTH;
            break;
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief Enable (or disable) Code Page 437-compatible charset.
    There was an error in glcdfont.c for the longest time -- one character
    (#176, the 'light shade' block) was missing -- this threw off the index
    of every character that followed it.  But a TON of code has been written
    with the erroneous character indices.  By default, the library uses the
    original 'wrong' behavior and old sketches will still work.  Pass 'true'
    to this function to use correct CP437 character values in your code.
    @param  x  Whether to enable (True) or not (False)
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::cp437(bool x) {
    _cp437 = x;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief Set the font to display when print()ing, either custom or default
    @param  f  The GFXfont object, if NULL use built in 6x8 font
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::setFont(const GFXfont *f) {
    if(f) {            // Font struct pointer passed in?
        if(!gfxFont) { // And no current font struct?
            // Switching from classic to new font behavior.
            // Move cursor pos down 6 pixels so it's on baseline.
            cursor_y += 6;
        }
    } else if(gfxFont) { // NULL passed.  Current font struct defined?
        // Switching from new to classic font behavior.
        // Move cursor pos up 6 pixels so it's at top-left of char.
        cursor_y -= 6;
    }
    gfxFont = (GFXfont *)f;
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief    Helper to determine size of a character with current font/size.
       Broke this out as it's used by both the PROGMEM- and RAM-resident getTextBounds() functions.
    @param    c     The ascii character in question
    @param    x     Pointer to x location of character
    @param    y     Pointer to y location of character
    @param    minx  Minimum clipping value for X
    @param    miny  Minimum clipping value for Y
    @param    maxx  Maximum clipping value for X
    @param    maxy  Maximum clipping value for Y
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::charBounds(char c, int16_t *x, int16_t *y,
  int16_t *minx, int16_t *miny, int16_t *maxx, int16_t *maxy) {

    if(gfxFont) {

        if(c == '\n') { // Newline?
            *x  = 0;    // Reset x to zero, advance y by one line
            *y += textsize * (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
        } else if(c != '\r') { // Not a carriage return; is normal char
            uint8_t first = pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->first),
                    last  = pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->last);
            if((c >= first) && (c <= last)) { // Char present in this font?
                GFXglyph *glyph = &(((GFXglyph *)pgm_read_pointer(
                  &gfxFont->glyph))[c - first]);
                uint8_t gw = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->width),
                        gh = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->height),
                        xa = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xAdvance);
                int8_t  xo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xOffset),
                        yo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->yOffset);
                if(wrap && ((*x+(((int16_t)xo+gw)*textsize)) > _width)) {
                    *x  = 0; // Reset x to zero, advance y by one line
                    *y += textsize * (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
                }
                int16_t ts = (int16_t)textsize,
                        x1 = *x + xo * ts,
                        y1 = *y + yo * ts,
                        x2 = x1 + gw * ts - 1,
                        y2 = y1 + gh * ts - 1;
                if(x1 < *minx) *minx = x1;
                if(y1 < *miny) *miny = y1;
                if(x2 > *maxx) *maxx = x2;
                if(y2 > *maxy) *maxy = y2;
                *x += xa * ts;
            }
        }

    } else { // Default font

        if(c == '\n') {                     // Newline?
            *x  = 0;                        // Reset x to zero,
            *y += textsize * 8;             // advance y one line
            // min/max x/y unchaged -- that waits for next 'normal' character
        } else if(c != '\r') {  // Normal char; ignore carriage returns
            if(wrap && ((*x + textsize * 6) > _width)) { // Off right?
                *x  = 0;                    // Reset x to zero,
                *y += textsize * 8;         // advance y one line
            }
            int x2 = *x + textsize * 6 - 1, // Lower-right pixel of char
                y2 = *y + textsize * 8 - 1;
            if(x2 > *maxx) *maxx = x2;      // Track max x, y
            if(y2 > *maxy) *maxy = y2;
            if(*x < *minx) *minx = *x;      // Track min x, y
            if(*y < *miny) *miny = *y;
            *x += textsize * 6;             // Advance x one char
        }
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief    Helper to determine size of a string with current font/size. Pass string and a cursor position, returns UL corner and W,H.
    @param    str     The ascii string to measure
    @param    x       The current cursor X
    @param    y       The current cursor Y
    @param    x1      The boundary X coordinate, set by function
    @param    y1      The boundary Y coordinate, set by function
    @param    w      The boundary width, set by function
    @param    h      The boundary height, set by function
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::getTextBounds(const char *str, int16_t x, int16_t y,
        int16_t *x1, int16_t *y1, uint16_t *w, uint16_t *h) {
    uint8_t c; // Current character

    *x1 = x;
    *y1 = y;
    *w  = *h = 0;

    int16_t minx = _width, miny = _height, maxx = -1, maxy = -1;

    while((c = *str++))
        charBounds(c, &x, &y, &minx, &miny, &maxx, &maxy);

    if(maxx >= minx) {
        *x1 = minx;
        *w  = maxx - minx + 1;
    }
    if(maxy >= miny) {
        *y1 = miny;
        *h  = maxy - miny + 1;
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Get width of the display, accounting for the current rotation
    @returns    Width in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
int16_t Adafruit_GFX::width(void) const {
    return _width;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Get height of the display, accounting for the current rotation
    @returns    Height in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
int16_t Adafruit_GFX::height(void) const {
    return _height;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
    @brief      Invert the display (ideally using built-in hardware command)
    @param   i  True if you want to invert, false to make 'normal'
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX::invertDisplay(bool i) {
    // Do nothing, must be subclassed if supported by hardware
}

/***************************************************************************/

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Create a simple drawn button UI element
*/
/**************************************************************************/
Adafruit_GFX_Button::Adafruit_GFX_Button(void){
  _gfx = 0;
  _textsize = 0;
  _fillcolor = 0;
  _textcolor = 0;
  _outlinecolor = 0;
  laststate = 0;
  currstate = 0;
  _y1 = 0;
  _x1 = 0;
  _w = 0;
  _h = 0;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Initialize button with our desired color/size/settings
   @param    gfx     Pointer to our display so we can draw to it!
   @param    x       The X coordinate of the center of the button
   @param    y       The Y coordinate of the center of the button
   @param    w       Width of the buttton
   @param    h       Height of the buttton
   @param    outline  Color of the outline (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
   @param    fill  Color of the button fill (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
   @param    textcolor  Color of the button label (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
   @param    label  Ascii string of the text inside the button
   @param    textsize The font magnification of the label text
*/
/**************************************************************************/
// Classic initButton() function: pass center & size
void Adafruit_GFX_Button::initButton(
 Adafruit_GFX *gfx, int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t w, uint16_t h,
 uint16_t outline, uint16_t fill, uint16_t textcolor,
 char *label, uint8_t textsize)
{
  // Tweak arguments and pass to the newer initButtonUL() function...
  initButtonUL(gfx, x - (w / 2), y - (h / 2), w, h, outline, fill,
    textcolor, label, textsize);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Initialize button with our desired color/size/settings, with upper-left coordinates
   @param    gfx     Pointer to our display so we can draw to it!
   @param    x1       The X coordinate of the Upper-Left corner of the button
   @param    y1       The Y coordinate of the Upper-Left corner of the button
   @param    w       Width of the buttton
   @param    h       Height of the buttton
   @param    outline  Color of the outline (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
   @param    fill  Color of the button fill (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
   @param    textcolor  Color of the button label (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
   @param    label  Ascii string of the text inside the button
   @param    textsize The font magnification of the label text
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX_Button::initButtonUL(
 Adafruit_GFX *gfx, int16_t x1, int16_t y1, uint16_t w, uint16_t h,
 uint16_t outline, uint16_t fill, uint16_t textcolor,
 char *label, uint8_t textsize)
{
  _x1           = x1;
  _y1           = y1;
  _w            = w;
  _h            = h;
  _outlinecolor = outline;
  _fillcolor    = fill;
  _textcolor    = textcolor;
  _textsize     = textsize;
  _gfx          = gfx;
  strncpy(_label, label, 9);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw the button on the screen
   @param    inverted Whether to draw with fill/text swapped to indicate 'pressed'
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX_Button::drawButton(bool inverted) {
  uint16_t fill, outline, text;

  if(!inverted) {
    fill    = _fillcolor;
    outline = _outlinecolor;
    text    = _textcolor;
  } else {
    fill    = _textcolor;
    outline = _outlinecolor;
    text    = _fillcolor;
  }

  uint8_t r = min(_w, _h) / 4; // Corner radius
  _gfx->fillRoundRect(_x1, _y1, _w, _h, r, fill);
  _gfx->drawRoundRect(_x1, _y1, _w, _h, r, outline);

  _gfx->setCursor(_x1 + (_w/2) - (strlen(_label) * 3 * _textsize),
    _y1 + (_h/2) - (4 * _textsize));
  _gfx->setTextColor(text);
  _gfx->setTextSize(_textsize);
  _gfx->print(_label);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Helper to let us know if a coordinate is within the bounds of the button
    @param    x       The X coordinate to check
    @param    y       The Y coordinate to check
   @returns   True if within button graphics outline
*/
/**************************************************************************/
bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::contains(int16_t x, int16_t y) {
  return ((x >= _x1) && (x < (int16_t) (_x1 + _w)) &&
          (y >= _y1) && (y < (int16_t) (_y1 + _h)));
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Sets the state of the button, should be done by some touch function
   @param    p  True for pressed, false for not.
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void Adafruit_GFX_Button::press(bool p) {
  laststate = currstate;
  currstate = p;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Query whether the button is currently pressed
   @returns  True if pressed
*/
/**************************************************************************/
bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::isPressed() { return currstate; }

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Query whether the button was pressed since we last checked state
   @returns  True if was not-pressed before, now is.
*/
/**************************************************************************/
bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::justPressed() { return (currstate && !laststate); }

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Query whether the button was released since we last checked state
   @returns  True if was pressed before, now is not.
*/
/**************************************************************************/
bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::justReleased() { return (!currstate && laststate); }

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------

// GFXcanvas1, GFXcanvas8 and GFXcanvas16 (currently a WIP, don't get too
// comfy with the implementation) provide 1-, 8- and 16-bit offscreen
// canvases, the address of which can be passed to drawBitmap() or
// pushColors() (the latter appears only in a couple of GFX-subclassed TFT
// libraries at this time).  This is here mostly to help with the recently-
// added proportionally-spaced fonts; adds a way to refresh a section of the
// screen without a massive flickering clear-and-redraw...but maybe you'll
// find other uses too.  VERY RAM-intensive, since the buffer is in MCU
// memory and not the display driver...GXFcanvas1 might be minimally useful
// on an Uno-class board, but this and the others are much more likely to
// require at least a Mega or various recent ARM-type boards (recommended,
// as the text+bitmap draw can be pokey).  GFXcanvas1 requires 1 bit per
// pixel (rounded up to nearest byte per scanline), GFXcanvas8 is 1 byte
// per pixel (no scanline pad), and GFXcanvas16 uses 2 bytes per pixel (no
// scanline pad).
// NOT EXTENSIVELY TESTED YET.  MAY CONTAIN WORST BUGS KNOWN TO HUMANKIND.

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Instatiate a GFX 1-bit canvas context for graphics
   @param    w   Display width, in pixels
   @param    h   Display height, in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
GFXcanvas1::GFXcanvas1(uint16_t w, uint16_t h) : Adafruit_GFX(w, h) {
    uint16_t bytes = ((w + 7) / 8) * h;
    if((buffer = (uint8_t *)malloc(bytes))) {
        memset(buffer, 0, bytes);
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Delete the canvas, free memory
*/
/**************************************************************************/
GFXcanvas1::~GFXcanvas1(void) {
    if(buffer) free(buffer);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Get a pointer to the internal buffer memory
   @returns  A pointer to the allocated buffer
*/
/**************************************************************************/
uint8_t* GFXcanvas1::getBuffer(void) {
    return buffer;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a pixel to the canvas framebuffer
    @param   x   x coordinate
    @param   y   y coordinate
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void GFXcanvas1::drawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
#ifdef __AVR__
    // Bitmask tables of 0x80>>X and ~(0x80>>X), because X>>Y is slow on AVR
    static const uint8_t PROGMEM
        GFXsetBit[] = { 0x80, 0x40, 0x20, 0x10, 0x08, 0x04, 0x02, 0x01 },
        GFXclrBit[] = { 0x7F, 0xBF, 0xDF, 0xEF, 0xF7, 0xFB, 0xFD, 0xFE };
#endif

    if(buffer) {
        if((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= _width) || (y >= _height)) return;

        int16_t t;
        switch(rotation) {
            case 1:
                t = x;
                x = WIDTH  - 1 - y;
                y = t;
                break;
            case 2:
                x = WIDTH  - 1 - x;
                y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
                break;
            case 3:
                t = x;
                x = y;
                y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
                break;
        }

        uint8_t   *ptr  = &buffer[(x / 8) + y * ((WIDTH + 7) / 8)];
#ifdef __AVR__
        if(color) *ptr |= pgm_read_byte(&GFXsetBit[x & 7]);
        else      *ptr &= pgm_read_byte(&GFXclrBit[x & 7]);
#else
        if(color) *ptr |=   0x80 >> (x & 7);
        else      *ptr &= ~(0x80 >> (x & 7));
#endif
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Fill the framebuffer completely with one color
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void GFXcanvas1::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
    if(buffer) {
        uint16_t bytes = ((WIDTH + 7) / 8) * HEIGHT;
        memset(buffer, color ? 0xFF : 0x00, bytes);
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Instatiate a GFX 8-bit canvas context for graphics
   @param    w   Display width, in pixels
   @param    h   Display height, in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
GFXcanvas8::GFXcanvas8(uint16_t w, uint16_t h) : Adafruit_GFX(w, h) {
    uint32_t bytes = w * h;
    if((buffer = (uint8_t *)malloc(bytes))) {
        memset(buffer, 0, bytes);
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Delete the canvas, free memory
*/
/**************************************************************************/
GFXcanvas8::~GFXcanvas8(void) {
    if(buffer) free(buffer);
}


/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Get a pointer to the internal buffer memory
   @returns  A pointer to the allocated buffer
*/
/**************************************************************************/
uint8_t* GFXcanvas8::getBuffer(void) {
    return buffer;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a pixel to the canvas framebuffer
    @param   x   x coordinate
    @param   y   y coordinate
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void GFXcanvas8::drawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
    if(buffer) {
        if((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= _width) || (y >= _height)) return;

        int16_t t;
        switch(rotation) {
            case 1:
                t = x;
                x = WIDTH  - 1 - y;
                y = t;
                break;
            case 2:
                x = WIDTH  - 1 - x;
                y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
                break;
            case 3:
                t = x;
                x = y;
                y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
                break;
        }

        buffer[x + y * WIDTH] = color;
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Fill the framebuffer completely with one color
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void GFXcanvas8::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
    if(buffer) {
        memset(buffer, color, WIDTH * HEIGHT);
    }
}

void GFXcanvas8::writeFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y,
  int16_t w, uint16_t color) {

    if((x >= _width) || (y < 0) || (y >= _height)) return;
    int16_t x2 = x + w - 1;
    if(x2 < 0) return;

    // Clip left/right
    if(x < 0) {
        x = 0;
        w = x2 + 1;
    }
    if(x2 >= _width) w = _width - x;

    int16_t t;
    switch(rotation) {
        case 1:
            t = x;
            x = WIDTH  - 1 - y;
            y = t;
            break;
        case 2:
            x = WIDTH  - 1 - x;
            y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
            break;
        case 3:
            t = x;
            x = y;
            y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
            break;
    }

    memset(buffer + y * WIDTH + x, color, w);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Instatiate a GFX 16-bit canvas context for graphics
   @param    w   Display width, in pixels
   @param    h   Display height, in pixels
*/
/**************************************************************************/
GFXcanvas16::GFXcanvas16(uint16_t w, uint16_t h) : Adafruit_GFX(w, h) {
    uint32_t bytes = w * h * 2;
    if((buffer = (uint16_t *)malloc(bytes))) {
        memset(buffer, 0, bytes);
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Delete the canvas, free memory
*/
/**************************************************************************/
GFXcanvas16::~GFXcanvas16(void) {
    if(buffer) free(buffer);
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Get a pointer to the internal buffer memory
   @returns  A pointer to the allocated buffer
*/
/**************************************************************************/
uint16_t* GFXcanvas16::getBuffer(void) {
    return buffer;
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Draw a pixel to the canvas framebuffer
    @param   x   x coordinate
    @param   y   y coordinate
   @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void GFXcanvas16::drawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
    if(buffer) {
        if((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= _width) || (y >= _height)) return;

        int16_t t;
        switch(rotation) {
            case 1:
                t = x;
                x = WIDTH  - 1 - y;
                y = t;
                break;
            case 2:
                x = WIDTH  - 1 - x;
                y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
                break;
            case 3:
                t = x;
                x = y;
                y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
                break;
        }

        buffer[x + y * WIDTH] = color;
    }
}

/**************************************************************************/
/*!
   @brief    Fill the framebuffer completely with one color
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
*/
/**************************************************************************/
void GFXcanvas16::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
    if(buffer) {
        uint8_t hi = color >> 8, lo = color & 0xFF;
        if(hi == lo) {
            memset(buffer, lo, WIDTH * HEIGHT * 2);
        } else {
            uint32_t i, pixels = WIDTH * HEIGHT;
            for(i=0; i<pixels; i++) buffer[i] = color;
        }
    }
}



void Adafruit_GFX::print(const char *s)
{
	print((char*)s);
}


void Adafruit_GFX::print(char *s)
{
	while(*s != 0x00)
	{
		write(*s);
		s++;
	}
}