provided by Legal Digital Library of the Superior Court of Justice
Filipe Jaeger Zabala*
JURIMETRICS: STATISTICS APPLIED IN THE LAW
CONTENTS: 1 INTRODUCTION; 2 CONCEPTS; 2.1 INFORMATION, STATISTICS AND LAW; 2.2 JURIMETRY; 3 THE THREE PRISMS OF JURIMETRY; 3.1 LEGISLATIVE PREPARATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT; 3.2 THE JUDICIAL DECISION; 3.3 THE PROBATORY INSTRUCTION; 4 EXAMPLES; 4.1 ANTICIPATION OF GUARDIANSHIP; 4.2 FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ACTIONS IN LEASING CONTRACTS; 4.3 SUSPECTED RACISM IN NEW JERSEY POLICE APPROACH; 4.4 THE ALLEGED FALL OF THE MYTH OF MORAL DAMAGE; 5 CONCLUSION; REFERENCES.
JURISDICTION: STATISTICS APPLIED TO LAW
from the most diverse areas. Economics makes use of such techniques to evaluate its models Quantitative methods have been used for centuries to solve practical problems.
Fabiano Feijó Silveira**
73
- INTRODUCTION
Keywords: Jurimetry. Right. Statistic. Lee Loevinger.
Keywords: Jurimetrics. Law. Statistics. Lee Loevinger.
Specialist in Civil Law and Civil Procedure by the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Cultural Faculty – IDC/RS. Bachelor in Legal and Social Sciences from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul – PUC/RS. Attorney. Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil.
ABSTRACT: This article reviews the available literature on Jurimetry, as well as relevant considerations and suggestions for practical and theoretical applications of the subject. It proposes the division of Jurimetry into three prisms, allowing a broad and direct approach for anyone interested in using quantitative tools in Law. A connection is made between the institutes of Law and Statistics, in order to make the immediate application of quantitative methods in legal matters. The examples presented have a theoretical and applied character, demonstrating in part the applicability of the theme in different contexts, raising fundamental questions for the modern use in Brazilian Law.
quantitative methods in legal matters. The examples have theoretical and practical nature, in part demonstrating the applicability of the theme in different contexts, raising fundamental questions for modern use under Brazilian Law.
Professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul – PUC/RS. Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil.
and suggestions for practical and theoretical applications of the subject. The division of Jurimetria three prisms is proposed, allowing a wide and direct approach for anyone interested in using quantitative tool in law. The connection between the institutes of Law and Statistics is made so as to make ready the application of
ABSTRACT: This article is a review of the available literature on Jurimetrics as well as relevant considerations
Master in Statistics from the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of São Paulo – IME-USP.
Law and Liberty Magazine – RDL – ESMARN – v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014.
**
ISSN Print 1809-3280 | Electronic ISSN 2177-1758 www.esmarn.tjrn.jus.br/revistas
View Machine Translated by Google metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE For more information, visit the website: www.law.asu.edu/jurimetrics Kadane and Lehoczky (1976).
Law and Liberty Magazine – RDL – ESMARN – v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014.
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1
two
Biostatistics a way of dealing with its immense volumes of data and dealing with the
trust in witnesses and probability of innocence of an accused (BERNOULLI, 1709;
alleged moral damage industry, discussed by Püschel et al (2010) and Meyerhof Salama
the master of economics”, pointing out the need to develop a thought
relevant scientific studies to date. The only formally described case is in Bertran
its application, does not formally use quantitative methods in its day-to-day activities, although
Law, Computational Methods and Statistics in order to analyze jurisprudence and make the use
of Law more predictable. The Jurimetrics Journal1 is a quarterly journal
Statistical Inference techniques in the evaluation of leasing contracts
74
Law, Science, Computing and Statistics. Joseph Kadane, from Carnegie Mellon University, has
been a reference in the field since 19762
The first known work in literature was presented in 1709 by Nicholas I
scientific method; most of them rely on insufficient techniques, applied in sets of
general, main scientific objective. An example of data restriction is the investigation of
of people's survival, insurance pricing, lottery prices, inheritance issues,
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
theorists in a subfield known as Econometrics. Biology has found
taxes, business law issues, discrimination cases, election scenarios and
(2011), detailed in Section 4.4.
HALD, 1998). Holmes (1897, p. 9) declares: “the man of the future is the man of statistics and
In Brazil there is a growing interest in the subject, but with few developments
uncertainties inherent to the study of living beings. The Law, even with uncertainty at the heart of
quantitative. Loevinger (1948) coined the term jurimetrics, which for the first time united Theory
(2006, 2007) and in the technical report by Wechsler (2006). In this work were used
indexed to the dollar in 1999. However, few studies in Brazilian law make use of the
this association is long-standing.
created and maintained by the American Bar Association since 1959, and brings themes related to
, applying statistics in the selection of jurors, audits of
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
Bernoulli, with the thesis De Usu Artis Conjectandi in Jure. It deals with topics such as probability
data with severe constraints. This type of approach makes it impossible to formalize rules
performing essays on ethics in the presentation of quantitative methods in juries.
Machine Translated by Google Law 5869/73, Art. 273. The judge may, at the request of the party, anticipate, in whole or in part, the effects of the protection sought in the initial request, provided that, in the presence of unequivocal evidence, he is convinced of the verisimilitude of the allegation and: I - there is founded fear of irreparable or difficult to repair damage (BRASIL, 1973).
Such unknown quantities can be values, measurements of time, probability or any quantity of interest.
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4
3
2.1 INFORMATION, STATISTICS AND LAW
It offers tools to analyze
making the connection
As other possible applications, one can think of simple evaluations, such as estimates
opinion". In addition to the intuitive definition, Stern and Pereira (2012) present a set of tools
Jurists require the presentation of evidence to support any
major issues of law through expert opinion, probabilistic models and
75
your solutions. Law is also guided by the experience of advocates and decision-makers
as there will certainly be a gain of 33% of information or with probability 56% the gain
2.2 JURIMETRY
such as Statistics, Computing, Linguistics, Human Behavior and Science in its
information, measure uncertainties and assist in decision making. It has corresponding concepts
in Law – such as the institute of verisimilitude4 -,
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2 CONCEPTS
data with the opinion of an expert, in a subarea entitled Decision Theory
.
which is necessary to cross-reference procedural information and the judge’s experience.
Basu and Ghosh (1988, p. 21) define information as “that which changes its
between the two areas fairly straightforward.
about times and values of processes, until the creation of elaborate solutions, involving the
other scientific information.
theory to quantify the information. From such methods it is possible to make declarations
argumentation, in the same way that statisticians use data observation to suggest
involved, as well as in the statistical environment. There are formal methods for aggregating information from
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
of information will be 60%. One of the purposes of Statistics is to extract information about
quantities of interest but unknown3
The definitions of Jurimetria vary from author to author, passing through topics
(DEGROOT, 2005; CAMPELLO, 2007). The most direct example is the work of judges, for the
Machine Translated by Google 5 JURIMETRY: STATISTICS APPLIED TO LAW
Jurimetrics is concerned with such matters as the quantitative analysis of judicial behavior, the application of communication and information theory to legal expression, the use of mathematical logic in law, the retrieval of legal data by electronic and mechanical means, and the formulation of a calculus of legal predictability.
Law and Liberty Magazine – RDL – ESMARN – v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014.
"Jurimetrics is […] the empirical study of the form, the meaning and the pragmatics (and the relationships between those) of demands and authorizations issuing from state organizations with the aid of mathematical models and using methodological individualism as the basic paradigm for the explanation and prediction of human behavior".
numerical. The Law of Information Technology (VIANNA, 2003) deals with legal aspects of the use of
more general. De Mulder et al (2010, p. 147) define the theme in a somewhat complex way5 and
didactic approach, a segmentation of Jurimetry in three prisms is suggested below. In the
little useful in practice. The association between Law and Statistics is well described in the literature.
electronic equipment, not being a sub-area of Jurimetria, even though it may use
The next sections will present the fundamentals of each prism, pointing out
Loevingeriana, and the concepts used by both areas are, in fact, quite
of jurimetric techniques in the evaluation of IT problems related to the Law.
applied examples.
similar. Loevinger (1963, p. 8) talks about the use of quantitative and computational methods in the
3 THE THREE PRISMS OF JURIMETRY
search for legal predictability by stating that
When the topic began to gain strength in Brazil, there was discussion about how the
reading and execution of Jurimetry. With legislators, decision-makers and lawyers being the main
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FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
In light of Loevinger's ideas, Jurimetry is defined as the application of methods
users of this tool, there was an idea that conflicts and inconsistencies could arise
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
quantitative in law. The computational issue is not explicitly present in the
in jurimetric applications, for the simple fact that there are different understandings of the
concept, since technological resources are naturally used in problems
possibilities envisioned by the new paradigm. Inspired by this fact and aiming for a
Machine Translated by Google http://blogdoadeli.blogspot.com.br/2012/03/vereador-pede-500-novos-taxis-em-porto.html
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6
Currently, Brazilian legislative elaboration is carried out in an essentially
volume of existing information. With the support of experts, legislators can take advantage of the
estimated five hundred new taxi licenses, Beltranos spoke of seventy-five, while
base the creation and maintenance of contemporary legislation.
application.
evaluations of a scientific nature are carried out so that there is an increasingly better understanding
observed between text and reality. There are no accurate analyzes to support
organized in public databases, essential for understanding the situation
of São Paulo Traffic (CET, 1978), with the aim of characterizing the role of taxis in
defend suppression, stating that it is worth reducing the defenders' alternatives in favor of
public implies laws that end up ignored in practice, even if the legislator has good
favorable for the production of coherent laws, creating a common foundation for discussions
survey regarding the situation of public transport in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul. so-and-so
highly complex problems, for which the technical evaluation would fit using the great
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3.1 LEGISLATIVE ELABORATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
fundamental, even if in more specific cases. The common point is that they both emit
Cicranos pointed out a surplus in the fleet. In the Southeast region, the Engineering Company
analysis of the facts described in the records, as well as the jurisprudence itself as a way of
positions, being a clear example of the asynchrony between the theoretical legal content and its
policy. Although there are qualified analysts working on the production of new laws, few
In certain changes to the Civil Procedure Code, the disparity
One of Jurimetrics' most notable activities is the analysis of information
current socioeconomic status. Data organization and analysis provide an environment
close to reality. The lack of methodological rigor to evaluate information of interest
such changes, dividing opinions in cases such as the suppression of resources. There are those who
capital of São Paulo, conducted a survey published in Technical Note. For this, it assessed the
procedural agility. Others dispute this view, arguing that resources are
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
intention in their proposals. In general, one is faced with the question of positioning oneself in relation to
policies. In 2010, the theme of the shortage of taxis versus new concessions of licenses in Porto
Alegre6 was raised . From a jurimetric perspective, the political debate preceded a
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their opinions without having considered the use of reliable information to support their
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Telephone companies are at the top of the list. Thus, prioritizing more efficient laws in light of
Brazilian capitals and the evolution of the supply of taxis per inhabitant in the city of São Paulo.
When considering the Jurimetrics approach from the perspective of Judicial Decision,
analogous, the legal decision-maker can use an exempt tool to support his
pillars for all factors related to the decision-making process. Within this context, the expert
3.2 THE JUDICIAL DECISION
(SMT) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), allowing the validation and
consequent loss of autonomy on the part of the judge. However, it must be considered that the
perceived from different perspectives, adding their expertise to then decide on something that is
Legislative drafting can also make use of quantitative analyzes with
current procedure in Science. Econometricians manage their asset portfolios
participation of taxis in travel modes, vehicle fleet composition in the main
finite. Engineers base their proposals for process improvement through the
same socioeconomic issues as the other powers. A direct application is the creation of
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
All information is from official sources such as the Municipal Traffic Superintendence
available information can drastically reduce processing time and procedural cost.
Statistics that predict multiple decision scenarios, allow you to direct the solution in light of
commercial, political and managerial issues not included in the calculations. in a way
by the National Council of Justice (CNJ, 2011) points out that banks, public agencies and
Judicial decision is immediate.
contestation of the São Paulo study.
The judge has the difficult task of extracting concrete information in cases
evaluation of information from surveys for decision making is a
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there is an instantaneous reaction of caution, motivated by the fear of decision mechanization and
position. From any possible perspective, the judge's knowledge and opinion are
considered reasonable within a pre-established paradigm. Decision Theory, a branch of
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
Executive and Judiciary databases, since the Legislative regulates the
based on their models, but never disregarding the human factor in the use of resources
available information. In this way, the transposition of its concepts and methods to
new regulations concerning the country's largest litigants. The published technical report
evaluation of signals captured over time, but always taking into account
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Law and Liberty Magazine – RDL – ESMARN – v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014.
of DNA as you might initially imagine, but a comparison of the patterns in the code
Jurimetric methods are naturally applied in law, which can do
chances of winning or losing a case. One can also study the economic viability
procedural information available. The aim is to measure the uncertainties about the case and
by the magistrate, with the use and contestation of the methods used being at his discretion.
measurable -- for the occurrence of random matches. To assess the magnitude of this
argumentation, which becomes based on statistical concepts and models. These models are
histories of similar evaluations. Such methods result in the probability that the individual
An example of legal quantification is the case of the 'founded fear of damage
without ever replacing it.
jurimetrist has the role of executing an accurate modeling process and making use of the
of having sequelae to the patient, if the required medication is not taken in a
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
A current example is in criminal or paternity cases in which the
therefore as an intelligent data processor, providing accurate analysis as
provide the technical basis for the judge. Such basis may or may not be considered
(microsatellite) into parts of the DNA. This leaves margin -- however small and
DNA beats, these methods are not foolproof. There is no assessment of the entire chain
3.3 THE EVIDENCE INSTRUCTION
In this way, the available information is added to the judge's opinion in an intuitive way,
margin, statistical methods can be used based on the case files and on data
constructed from available data and the experience of those involved.
preference for public data. Another interesting resource is the possibility to evaluate the
use of measures of evidence in lawsuits. Such measures of evidence support the
79
gave rise to that specific DNA sample. The jurimetric tool works
irreparable or difficult to repair' in the request for injunctive relief in actions involving the order
of medicines. Is it possible to present a statistical analysis that indicates the chance
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
Currently, the Brazilian Judiciary uses technical reports issued by experts.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Although common sense assigns 100% certainty in
judge support.
urgent. Such information must be calculated from easily accessible data, giving
Machine Translated by Google Law and Liberty Magazine – RDL – ESMARN – v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014. Credit bureaus maintain an updated register of the country's debtors .
JURIMETRY: STATISTICS APPLIED TO LAW
7 4 EXAMPLES
estimated percentage of unrealized sales due to the problem of incorrect negation.
each case.
and consolidated jurisprudence for mass action cases. Using some
Suppose Company X has daily sales and has been incorrectly listed in some
credit bureau7
uncertainty measures. These loss estimates are currently made by
bureaus in search of information regarding the suitability of the supplier company, there is
stochastic in their calculations.
charged in cases of fees conditional on success. Anticipate results with relative
before initiating a lawsuit, based on historical data and specific elements of
the chance of your customer losing a considerable number of sales, in addition to improving
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
more security with respect to the filing of actions. Statistical models allow
considerable sales due to the negative entry error. Based on the information
It is possible to quantify the chance of success based on the analysis of common variables
4.1 ADVANCE OF GUARDIANSHIP
desk.
records of company X and compare with historical queries and sales, providing a
measure of 'chance of success', it is possible to measure more precisely the values to be
. How do companies usually consult such
financial and accounting professionals, who generally do not consider structures
In addition, estimates of expected damage are made more accurate by inserting such
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a verifiable chance that company X will lose a number
The lawyer for company
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
efficiency is, therefore, one of the many possibilities of a well-planned jurimetric
application. In light of past decisions and other process variables, it is possible to decide very
provide more solid subsidies to clients, being a security for the lawyer himself or
made available by credit bureaus, it is possible to assess how many companies consulted the
estimate of financial loss. For the judge, this information can help in the
Machine Translated by Google There is information omitted for didactic reasons, detailed in Kadane (2008). Portuguese term for leasing.
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9 8 4.3 SUSPECTED RACISM IN NEW JERSEY POLICE APPROACH
New Jersey census and DMV. To assess whether the difference 46.2% -
methodological.
81
Leasing
Americans claim that their arrests were motivated by racist attacks carried out
chance, ie, the probability that the stops were made in a non-racist way. It is
divided between defense and prosecution, in order to probabilistically evaluate the allegations.
0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000043498%,
in 1999. This model was based on the user's opinion regarding how favorable the
basis of the decision, in addition to making any possible contestation more objective
.
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
value of the installment or number of open installments, updating the values in
46.2% stops with vehicles containing black occupants. As a comparison, they observed
4.2 FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ACTIONS IN CONTRACTS
Kadane (2008) brings an interesting case, in which seventeen African defendants
For example, the probability of success in an action in the case of a specific client.
an observation of 13.5% of vehicles with black occupants, a number compatible with data
Wechsler et al (2006) build a model to support the decision to file or not to file a lawsuit in
the case of dollar-indexed lease agreements8
by New Jersey State Police. Experts were hired by the court, with costs
probability is equal to
13.5% = 32.7% is significant or not, the probability that it is due to the
In 275 approaches carried out by the police team that was being accused, there were
what led the judge to decide to incriminate the police for racism9
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
scenario when deciding for the customer, adding customer-specific information, such as
function of exchange rate and other relevant financial factors. The methods created indicate, for
42706 vehicles were collected on days and times randomly chosen by the experts, resulting in
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Meyerhof Salama (2011).
Instead of sticking to the 32.7% difference, defense and prosecution had to
a manual search for pre-defined key phrases in court domains
argue considering the calculated probability. A clear change in
Püschel (2010, p. 6) debates whether there is sufficient legal certainty in the current system.
selected, whose overlap was not analyzed, because (p. 36):
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paradigm when there is scientific rigor when defending a thesis, reducing the possibility of
In subarticle II. Results of the jurisprudential survey, Püschel et al (2010, p. 37)
personal opinions and false judgments. Even if the counterparty disagrees with what was proposed,
present the methodology used to evaluate the judgments of Federal courts,
Faced with all the assumptions that support the method developed by Püschel
one should stick to the search for methodological flaws in the analysis presented, suggesting eventual
State and Labour. Regarding the availability of information, the authors point out
et al (2010, p. 37/235), it is assumed that quantitative generalizations are problematic and
changes.
that courts are not directly concerned with the transparency of jurisprudence
need to be done with caution. Basic exploratory analyzes were carried out, in which
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
4.4 THE SUPPOSED BREAKDOWN OF THE MYTH OF MORAL DAMAGE
public opinion (general or specialized), but with the specific needs of
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In 2012 it was widely publicized that 'the moral damage industry would be a
parties and their lawyers. According to the authors (p. 31), the great difficulty was accessing the
some conclusions listed below, also used by Meyerhof
myth'. This conclusion was based on the technical report by Püschel (2010) and the article by
immense number of judicial decisions dealing with the calculation of moral damages. It was made
Salama (2011, p. 53-55).
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[...] to verify exactly the degree to which the various sets of judgments raised for each court overlap, it would be necessary to make lists with all the keywords and combinations and cross them, to verify repetitions. However, given the excessive number of judgments, such a procedure was not feasible. It was only possible to make lists with all the keywords and cross them to the Federal Court, which presents a smaller number of decisions and, therefore, manageable.
Machine Translated by Google (a) official requests for extracting databases directly from the analyzed bodies, based on the Access to Information Law of November 8, 2011.
(i) The amounts awarded as compensation for moral damages tend to be low, with cases exceeding the barrier of one hundred thousand reais being exceptional.
By law, all Brazilian citizens have the right to possess non-confidential information from the Government; (b) definition of 'population' and 'sample' so that it is possible to envision generalizations, the main scientific objective. In possession of complete official databases, it is sufficient to analyze the descriptive statistics of interest. In the case of using a sample, it is necessary to present the sampling plan used, as well as the estimates and errors that support each conclusion; (c) application of 'hypertext' search methods, with solutions available through algorithms developed by Computer Science10; (d) evaluation of 'constellations', 'types of damage' and other groupings through multivariate methods, such as 'discriminant analysis', 'factorial' or 'principal components', as well as 'machine learning' methods11 .
Brin and Page (1998). Hastie et al (2005).
Therefore, the feared industry of millionaire repairs is not a reality in Brazil, even in the current situation of absence of legal criteria for calculating the value of compensation for moral damages. (ii) There are no indications that the lack of legislative calculation criteria has led case law to a situation of disrespect for the principle of equality. On the contrary, the analysis of the constellations of frequent cases indicates a reasonable consistency of decisions regarding values. (iii) Finding the widespread use of punitive criteria in justifying the calculation of moral damages to be compensated. This indicates that, despite the doctrinal divergences that still exist, the jurisprudence accepts the idea that civil liability for moral damages should serve to punish/dissuade the author of illicit acts.
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11 10
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
in a non-probabilistic sample of size n=1044, from a universe of size N not Under the jurimetric approach, it can be considered that the conclusions are based on
methodological improvements, such as generalizations without considering the chances of errors occurring. You can still think about
In the light of these facts, it is suggested to review the conclusions discussed by Püschel et al.
(2010) and Meyerhof Salama (2011). Likewise, further studies are encouraged.
deepening in this and other applied themes.
declared. Therefore, it is unreasonable to use deterministic statements such as "is not" as well as
83
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strive to understand and translate these questions in the best possible way.
5 CONCLUSION
BASU, D.; GHOSH, JK Statistical information and likelihood: a collection of critical essays. Springer: Verlag, 1988.
By placing Law at the level of Science, the disparity between the use
Jurimetry is therefore an essential tool in the methodological basis and in the
BERNOULLI, N. De usu artis conjectandi in jure. Phd thesis, typis Johannis Conradi à Mechel, 1709.
of the Brazilian judiciary and the state-of-the-art of the methods that can be used in
creation of structured processes, making the legal application coherent, standardized and, therefore,
BERTRAN, MP Economic analysis as a guiding criterion for judicial decisions: applications and limits. Study based on the review of leasing contracts with exchange rate parity. Master's dissertation, University of São Paulo - Faculty of Law, 2006.
favor of a process of continuous improvement of the judiciary. The main issue when it comes to
result, closer to reality. The formation of complete databases, with the
BERTRAN, MP Take one and pay two: unusual legal consequences of currency devaluation. Report on the review of dollar-indexed leasing agreements. Rio de Janeiro: Getulio Vargas Foundation, 2007.
of scientific methodology in multidisciplinary work is to make clear the role of each
application of analysis methods that allow the intuitive translation of this mass of data
84
professional involved. Statisticians who apply their knowledge in the legal area do not
lead the way towards the predictability of Loevinger's judicial decisions.
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
come to dominate the subject completely, in the same way that jurists do not become experts
Together with free access to public information, a right of all citizens, Jurimetry becomes
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
in exact sciences for using quantitative thinking. Right users should
important piece in the creation of a fairer society committed to the future.
be able to formulate questions clearly and objectively, while statisticians must
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Machine Translated by Google JURISDICTION: STATISTICS APPLIED TO LAW
Reference note:
ZABALA, Philip Jaeger. Jurimetry: statistics applied to law. Law and Freedom Magazine, Natal, v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014. Quarterly.
Law and Liberty Magazine – RDL – ESMARN – v. 16, no. 1, p. 73-86, Jan./Apr. 2014.
FILIPE JAEGER ZABALA
Filipe Jaeger Zabala Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul – PUC/RS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, CEP 90.619-900. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Correspondence | Correspondence:
Received: 02/18/2014.
Email: [email protected]
86
Statistical analysis report on the project: “Economic Analysis of Law applied to judicial decisions: the case of leasing contracts for the purchase of vehicles with readjustment clauses associated with the dollar”. IME-USP Technical Report. São Paulo, IME-USP, RAE - CEA - 06P06, 2006.
WECHSLER, S. AND COLOMBO, DK AND BONASSI, FV AND REGINATO LGM
Phone: (51) 3320.3500.
Approved: 04/14/2014.
FABIANO FEIJÓ SILVEIRA
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