diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/AbstractCard.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/AbstractCard.php
index c55b3a47..cce53c4f 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/AbstractCard.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/AbstractCard.php
@@ -928,6 +928,12 @@ protected function hasIcon(?array $card, int $icon): bool
     return $this->game->hasRessource($card, $icon);
   }
 
+  protected function hasDemandEffect(int $cardId): bool
+  {
+    $card = $this->game->getCardInfo($cardId);
+    return $card['has_demand'] == true;
+  }
+
   protected function getBonuses(int $playerId = null): array
   {
     return $this->game->getVisibleBonusesOnBoard(self::coercePlayerId($playerId));
@@ -981,6 +987,14 @@ protected static function getValue(?array $card): int
     return Locations::isFaceup($card['location']) ? intval($card['faceup_age']) : intval($card['age']);
   }
 
+  protected static function getFaceupValue(?array $card): int
+  {
+    if (!$card) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return intval($card['faceup_age']);
+  }
+
   protected static function getId(?array $card): int|null
   {
     if (!$card) {
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_3E.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_3E.php
index 1f67364e..73aac96c 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_3E.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_3E.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public function initialExecution()
       self::setMaxSteps(1);
     } else {
       foreach (self::getTopCards() as $card) {
-        if ($card['has_demand'] == true) {
+        if (self::hasDemandEffect($card)) {
           self::draw(10);
           return;
         }
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   public function compelMightBeEffective(): bool
   {
     foreach (self::getTopCards() as $card) {
-      if ($card['has_demand'] == true) {
+      if (self::hasDemandEffect($card)) {
         return true;
       }
     }
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_4E.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_4E.php
index d5288eb7..21cd315e 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_4E.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Artifacts/Card197_4E.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ public function initialExecution()
   {
     if (self::isCompel()) {
       foreach (self::getTopCards() as $card) {
-        if ($card['has_demand'] == true) {
+        if (self::hasDemandEffect($card)) {
           self::transferToScorePile(self::getBottomCardOfColor($card['color']), self::getLauncherId());
           self::transferToScorePile(self::getBottomCardOfColor($card['color']), self::getLauncherId());
         }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public function handleCardChoice(array $card)
   public function compelMightBeEffective(): bool
   {
     foreach (self::getTopCards() as $card) {
-      if ($card['has_demand'] == true) {
+      if (self::hasDemandEffect($card)) {
         return true;
       }
     }
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card440.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card440.php
index 5bfee2dd..89e696c3 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card440.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card440.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace Innovation\Cards\Base;
 
 use Innovation\Cards\AbstractCard;
+use Innovation\Enums\Locations;
 
 class Card440 extends AbstractCard
 {
@@ -26,32 +27,16 @@ public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   {
     if (self::isDemand()) {
       if (self::isFirstInteraction()) {
-        return [
-          'player_id'        => self::getLauncherId(),
-          'choose_icon_type' => true,
-          // TODO(4E): Non-standard icons should be an option too here.
-          'icon'             => [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
-        ];
+        // TODO(4E): Non-standard icons should be an option too here (and use constants).
+        return self::youMust()->chooseIcon([1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])->ofMyChoice()->build();
       } else {
-        return [
-          'location_from'  => 'board',
-          'return_keyword' => true,
-          'with_icon'      => self::getAuxiliaryValue(),
-        ];
+        return self::youMust()->return()->exactly(2)->fromYourBoard()->withIcon(self::getAuxiliaryValue())->refreshingSelection()->build();
       }
     }
     if (self::isFirstInteraction()) {
-      return [
-        'location_from'  => 'board',
-        'return_keyword' => true,
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->return()->fromYourBoard()->build();
     } else {
-      return [
-        'n'              => 'all',
-        'location_from'  => 'score',
-        'return_keyword' => true,
-        'age_min'        => self::getAuxiliaryValue(),
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->return()->all()->fromYourScore()->minValue(self::getAuxiliaryValue())->build();
     }
   }
 
@@ -71,4 +56,16 @@ public function handleIconChoice(int $icon)
     self::notifyIconChoice($icon);
     self::setAuxiliaryValue($icon);
   }
+
+  public function demandMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    // NOTE: This could be improved by filtering out stacks where the top card has only [HEALTH] icons.
+    return self::hasCards(Locations::BOARD);
+  }
+
+  public function nonDemandsMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    return self::hasCards(Locations::BOARD) || self::hasCards(Locations::SCORE);
+  }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card441.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card441.php
index 6dce5031..4de793a3 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card441.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card441.php
@@ -33,13 +33,7 @@ public function initialExecution()
 
   public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   {
-    return [
-      'n'                               => 'all',
-      'location_from'                   => 'pile',
-      'return_keyword'                  => true,
-      'color'                           => [self::getAuxiliaryValue()],
-      'card_ids_are_in_auxiliary_array' => true,
-    ];
+    return self::youMust()->return()->all()->fromYourBoard()->withColor(self::getAuxiliaryValue())->onlyCardsInAuxiliaryArray()->build();
   }
 
   public function afterInteraction()
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card442.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card442.php
index e29d8b9e..7b907eb9 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card442.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card442.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public function initialExecution()
   {
     if (self::isFirstNonDemand()) {
       $revealedCard = self::drawAndReveal(11);
-      $color = $revealedCard['color'];
+      $color = self::getColor($revealedCard);
       if (self::splayAslant($color)) {
         $stack = self::getStack($color);
         for ($i = 0; $i < count($stack) - 4; $i++) {
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card443.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card443.php
index a0f74cff..f0228414 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card443.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card443.php
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 namespace Innovation\Cards\Base;
 
 use Innovation\Cards\AbstractCard;
-use Innovation\Enums\Locations;
 
 class Card443 extends AbstractCard
 {
@@ -20,16 +19,9 @@ public function initialExecution()
   public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   {
     if (self::isFirstInteraction()) {
-      return [
-        'choose_value' => true,
-        'age'          => self::getAuxiliaryArray(),
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->chooseValue(self::getAuxiliaryArray())->build();
     } else {
-      return [
-        'location_from' => Locations::BOARD,
-        'score_keyword' => true,
-        'age'           => self::getAuxiliaryValue(),
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->score()->fromYourBoard()->value(self::getAuxiliaryValue())->build();
     }
   }
 
@@ -46,4 +38,9 @@ public function handleValueChoice(int $value)
     self::setAuxiliaryValue($value); // Track value to score next
   }
 
+  public function nonDemandsMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    return count(self::filterByValue(self::getTopCards(), [11])) > 0;
+  }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card444.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card444.php
index 7f563626..28e357b4 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card444.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card444.php
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 namespace Innovation\Cards\Base;
 
 use Innovation\Cards\AbstractCard;
-use Innovation\Enums\Locations;
 
 class Card444 extends AbstractCard
 {
@@ -26,25 +25,17 @@ public function getInteractionOptions(): array
     if (self::isFirstInteraction()) {
       $topCards = self::getTopCards();
       $colors = self::getColorsMatchingValues($topCards, self::getRepeatedValues($topCards));
-      return [
-        'location_from'  => Locations::BOARD,
-        'return_keyword' => true,
-        'color'          => $colors,
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->return()->fromYourBoard()->withColor($colors)->build();
     } else if (self::isSecondInteraction()) {
-      return [
-        'location_from'  => Locations::BOARD,
-        'return_keyword' => true,
-        'age'            => self::getLastSelectedFaceUpAge(),
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->return()->fromYourBoard()->value(self::getAuxiliaryValue())->non(self::getLastSelectedColor())->build();
     } else {
-      return [
-        'n'              => 'all',
-        'location_from'  => Locations::HAND_OR_SCORE,
-        'return_keyword' => true,
-        'age_max'        => self::getLastSelectedFaceUpAge(),
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->return()->all()->fromYourHandOrScore()->maxValue(self::getAuxiliaryValue())->build();
     }
   }
 
+  public function demandMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    return count(self::getRepeatedValues(self::getTopCards())) > 0;
+  }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card445.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card445.php
index 1d5c8168..d941d5d1 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card445.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card445.php
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ public function initialExecution()
   {
     do {
       $card = self::drawAndTuck(11);
-      $color = $card['color'];
+      $color = self::getColor($card);
       $stack = self::getStack($color);
-      
+
       if (count($stack) >= 2 && self::getValue($stack[1]) === 11) {
         self::lose();
         return;
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card446.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card446.php
index 47c0670e..98e29f94 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card446.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card446.php
@@ -14,18 +14,10 @@ class Card446 extends AbstractCard
 
   public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   {
-    $maxScoreValue = self::getMaxValueInLocation(Locations::SCORE);
     if (self::isDemand()) {
-      return [
-        'player_id'    => self::getLauncherId(),
-        'choose_value' => true,
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->chooseValue()->ofMyChoice()->build();
     } else {
-      return [
-        'location_from' => Locations::SCORE,
-        'location_to'   => Locations::REVEALED,
-        'age'           => $maxScoreValue,
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->reveal()->highest()->fromYourScore()->build();
     }
   }
 
@@ -44,4 +36,14 @@ public function handleCardChoice(array $card)
     }
   }
 
+  public function demandMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    return self::hasCards(Locations::SCORE);
+  }
+
+  public function nonDemandsMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    return self::hasCards(Locations::SCORE);
+  }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card447.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card447.php
index 00e821c1..f98a2a23 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card447.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card447.php
@@ -27,20 +27,14 @@ public function getInteractionOptions(): array
     $cardIds = [];
     foreach (self::getStack($color) as $card) {
       if ($card['position'] < 3) {
-        $cardIds[] = $card['id'];
+        $cardIds[] = self::getId($card);
       }
     }
     self::setAuxiliaryArray($cardIds);
 
     self::setAuxiliaryValue2(0); // Track the sum of the values of the cards being returned
 
-    return [
-      'n'                               => count($cardIds),
-      'location_from'                   => Locations::PILE,
-      'color'                           => [$color],
-      'return_keyword'                  => true,
-      'card_ids_are_in_auxiliary_array' => true,
-    ];
+    return self::youMust()->return()->exactly(count($cardIds))->yourStack($color)->onlyCardsInAuxiliaryArray()->build();
   }
 
   public function handleAbortedInteraction()
@@ -51,14 +45,14 @@ public function handleAbortedInteraction()
 
   public function handleCardChoice(array $card)
   {
-    self::incrementAuxiliaryValue2($card['faceup_age']);
+    self::incrementAuxiliaryValue2(self::getFaceupValue($card));
   }
 
   public function afterInteraction()
   {
     $card = self::drawAndMeld(ceil(self::getAuxiliaryValue2() / 2));
     if (self::getNumChosen() === 3) {
-      self::setAuxiliaryValue($card['color']);
+      self::setAuxiliaryValue(self::getColor($card));
       self::setNextStep(1);
     }
   }
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card448.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card448.php
index b1135bb7..404b8fd0 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card448.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card448.php
@@ -15,14 +15,10 @@ class Card448 extends AbstractCard
   public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   {
     if (self::isFirstInteraction()) {
-      return ['choose_from' => Locations::HAND];
+      self::setAuxiliaryValue(-1); // Track the ID of the junked card
+      return self::youMust()->chooseCardFrom(Locations::HAND)->build();
     } else {
-      return [
-        'n'              => 'all',
-        'location_from'  => Locations::HAND,
-        'return_keyword' => true,
-        'age'            => self::getLastSelectedFaceUpAge(),
-      ];
+      return self::youMust()->return()->all()->fromYourHand()->value(self::getLastSelectedFaceUpAge())->build();
     }
   }
 
@@ -31,7 +27,7 @@ public function handleCardChoice(array $card)
     if (self::isFirstInteraction()) {
       $this->game->revealCardWithoutMoving(self::getPlayerId(), $card);
       self::junk($card);
-      self::setAuxiliaryValue($card['id']);
+      self::setAuxiliaryValue(self::getId($card));
       self::setMaxSteps(2);
     }
   }
@@ -40,9 +36,10 @@ public function afterInteraction()
   {
     if (self::isSecondInteraction()) {
       $card = self::getCard(self::getAuxiliaryValue());
-      self::draw($card['faceup_age']);
-      self::draw($card['faceup_age']);
-      self::draw($card['faceup_age']);
+      $value = self::getFaceupValue($card);
+      self::draw($value);
+      self::draw($value);
+      self::draw($value);
       self::selfExecute($card);
     }
   }
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card449.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card449.php
index d59e54b9..7d1f93d4 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card449.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/Base/Card449.php
@@ -15,14 +15,7 @@ class Card449 extends AbstractCard
 
   public function getInteractionOptions(): array
   {
-    return [
-      'n'                 => 'all',
-      'owner_from'        => self::getPlayerId(),
-      'location_from'     => Locations::BOARD,
-      'owner_to'          => self::getLauncherId(),
-      'location_to'       => Locations::BOARD,
-      'has_demand_effect' => true,
-    ];
+    return self::youMust()->all()->withDemandEffect()->fromYourBoard()->toMine()->build();
   }
 
   public function afterInteraction()
@@ -39,4 +32,14 @@ public function afterInteraction()
     }
   }
 
+  public function demandMightBeEffective(): bool
+  {
+    foreach (self::getTopCards() as $card) {
+      if (self::hasDemandEffect($card)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/modules/Innovation/Cards/InteractionBuilder.php b/modules/Innovation/Cards/InteractionBuilder.php
index 16481abe..2023b5bd 100644
--- a/modules/Innovation/Cards/InteractionBuilder.php
+++ b/modules/Innovation/Cards/InteractionBuilder.php
@@ -43,6 +43,18 @@ function otherThan(int $cardId): InteractionBuilder
     return $this;
   }
 
+  function onlyCardsInAuxiliaryArray(): InteractionBuilder
+  {
+    $this->interactionOptions['card_ids_are_in_auxiliary_array'] = true;
+    return $this;
+  }
+
+  function withDemandEffect(): InteractionBuilder
+  {
+    $this->interactionOptions['has_demand_effect'] = true;
+    return $this;
+  }
+
   // NUMBER OF CARDS
 
   function exactly(int $n): InteractionBuilder
@@ -236,6 +248,13 @@ function fromYourHand(): InteractionBuilder
     return $this;
   }
 
+  function fromYourHandOrScore(): InteractionBuilder
+  {
+    $this->interactionOptions['location_from'] = Locations::HAND_OR_SCORE;
+    $this->interactionOptions['owner_from'] = $this->state->getPlayerId();
+    return $this;
+  }
+
   function fromMyHand(): InteractionBuilder
   {
     $this->interactionOptions['location_from'] = Locations::HAND;
@@ -416,16 +435,21 @@ function choose(array $choices): InteractionBuilder
     return $this;
   }
 
-  function choosePlayer(array $playerIds): InteractionBuilder
+  function choosePlayer(?array $playerIds): InteractionBuilder
   {
     $this->interactionOptions['choose_player'] = true;
-    $this->interactionOptions['players'] = $playerIds;
+    if ($playerIds !== null) {
+      $this->interactionOptions['players'] = $playerIds;
+    }
     return $this;
   }
 
-  function chooseValue(): InteractionBuilder
+  function chooseValue(?array $values = null): InteractionBuilder
   {
     $this->interactionOptions['choose_value'] = true;
+    if ($values !== null) {
+      $this->interactionOptions['age'] = $values;
+    }
     return $this;
   }
 
@@ -435,7 +459,12 @@ function chooseTwoColors(): InteractionBuilder
     return $this;
   }
 
-
+  function chooseIcon(array $icons): InteractionBuilder
+  {
+    $this->interactionOptions['choose_icon'] = true;
+    $this->interactionOptions['icon'] = $icons;
+    return $this;
+  }
 
   function chooseToRearrange(): InteractionBuilder
   {