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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>What's new in Thymeleaf 2.0 - Thymeleaf: java XML/XHTML/HTML5 template engine</title>
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::
<span class="current">what's new in thymeleaf 2.0</span>
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<div id="content">
<h1>What's new in Thymeleaf 2.0</h1>
<p>
Thymeleaf 2.0 includes a lot of new features, but many of them —in fact,
the most important ones in terms of effort— will not be directly visible to
those users that did never have the need to create their own dialects for
extending Thymeleaf's capabilities.
</p>
<p>
That is why the explanations you are about to read are not necessarily ordered
by relevance, but rather by whether they affect <i>normal</i> users or not.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Affect all users:
<ul>
<li><a href="#perf">Performance</a></li>
<li><a href="#swit">New <kbd>th:switch</kbd>/<kbd>th:case</kbd> attributes in the standard dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="#allb">Added <kbd>all-but-first</kbd> value to <kbd>th:remove</kbd></a></li>
<li><a href="#lnum">Line number information in errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#doms">DOM Selectors</a></li>
<li><a href="#frag">Enabled processing of fragmentary templates</a></li>
<li><a href="#cach">Generalized cache infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="#dtds">New XHTML DTDs for the standard dialects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Affect only users creating their own Thymeleaf extensions:
<ul>
<li><a href="#ndom">Substituted the standard Java DOM API by a tailor-made DOM representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#ipro">Refactored processor system: the <kbd>IProcessor</kbd> hierarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="#tmod">Generalized Template Modes: new template reading/writing infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="#mino">Minor API modifications</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="perf"></a>Performance</h2>
<p>
Thymeleaf 2.0 includes a complete rewrite of its template execution engine and
a redesign of most of its internal architecture. This means big improvements
in performance since 1.1.
</p>
<p>
Users do not have to make any changes in their existing templates in order to benefit from
these improvements, as these are mainly of internal nature. The only performance
modification that could directly affect users is that the
<kbd>TemplateEngine.process(...)</kbd> method now allows specifying a <kbd>java.io.Writer</kbd>
object as a parameter in order to write the processing results as soon as the DOM tree
is processed, without the need to create a <kbd>String</kbd> object containing the whole
results in memory (this is especially useful in web scenarios where
<kbd>HttpServletResponse</kbd> objects contain one of such <i>writers</i>, but it will
not affect Spring MVC users, as this optimization is applied
automatically in the <kbd>thymeleaf-spring3</kbd> integration package).
</p>
<p>
A Benchmark has been created for measuring these improvements. You can have a look at
the results <a href="benchmarking20.html">here</a>.
</p>
<h2><a name="swit"></a>New <kbd>th:switch</kbd>/<kbd>th:case</kbd> attributes in the standard dialects</h2>
<p>
The new <kbd>th:switch</kbd> attribute works in a very similar way to the <kbd>switch</kbd>
structure in the Java language. The expression specified as value is evaluated and its result
is compared with the result of evaluating expressions in inner <kbd>th:case</kbd> attributes.
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<div th:switch="${user.role}">
<p th:case="'admin'">User is an administrator</p>
<p th:case="#{roles.manager}">User is a manager</p>
</div>
]]></script>
<p>
Note that as soon as one <kbd>th:case</kbd> attribute is evaluated as <kbd>true</kbd>,
every other <kbd>th:case</kbd> attribute in the same <i>switch</i> context is evaluated as <kbd>false</kbd>.
</p>
<p>
The <kbd>default</kbd> option is specified as <kbd>th:case="*"</kbd>.
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<div th:switch="${user.role}">
<p th:case="'admin'">User is an administrator</p>
<p th:case="#{roles.manager}">User is a manager</p>
<p th:case="*">User is some other thing</p>
</div>
]]></script>
<h2><a name="allb"></a>Added <kbd>all-but-first</kbd> value to <kbd>th:remove</kbd></h2>
<p>
Prototyping a table usually means to add several tuples (<kbd><tr></kbd>) to it; the first
of them being the object of iteration (<kbd>th:each</kbd>) and the rest needing to be removed
when the template is processed (<kbd>th:remove</kbd>):
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<table>
<tr th:each="user : ${users}">
<td th:text="${user.name}">John Apricot</td>
</tr>
<tr th:remove="all">
<td>Martha Apple</td>
</tr>
<tr th:remove="all">
<td>Frederic Orange</td>
</tr>
</table>
]]></script>
<p>
A new value for <kbd>th:remove</kbd>, called <kbd>all-but-first</kbd>, does
exactly that and saves some repetitive code:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<table th:remove="all-but-first">
<tr th:each="user : ${users}">
<td th:text="${user.name}">John Apricot</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Martha Apple</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Frederic Orange</td>
</tr>
</table>
]]></script>
<h2><a name="lnum"></a>Line number information in errors</h2>
<p>
The new DOM representation and the generalized template parsing infrastructure (see below)
now enable template parsers to add <i>location</i> information to DOM nodes, which
in practice brings the opportunity to output the number of the line in the template
where a processing error has been found:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:plain;gutter:false"><![CDATA[
org.thymeleaf.exceptions.TemplateProcessingException:
Exception evaluating SpringEL expression: "#fields.hasErrors('*')" (seedstartermng:69)
org.thymeleaf.spring3.expression.SpelExpressionEvaluator.evaluate(SpelExpressionEvaluator.java:108)
org.thymeleaf.standard.expression.VariableExpression.executeVariable(VariableExpression.java:116)
org.thymeleaf.standard.expression.SimpleExpression.executeSimple(SimpleExpression.java:392)
org.thymeleaf.standard.expression.Expression.execute(Expression.java:228)
...
]]></script>
<p>
Simple as it might seem, this was one of the most asked-for enhancements in Thymeleaf,
but the old parsing infrastructure just didn't allow it to be implemented... anyway, now the old
parsers are gone, so here it is!
</p>
<h2><a name="doms"></a>DOM Selectors</h2>
<p>
Thymeleaf 1.1 allowed the inclusion of fragments from other templates by specifying
these fragments with an XPath expression between square brackets (<kbd>[...]</kbd>),
like:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<div th:include="sometemplate :: [//div[@id='menu']]">
</div>
]]></script>
<p>
Nevertheless, XPath execution heavily relies on the use of the standard DOM API, which
Thymeleaf 2.0 replaces by a tailor-made one. Because of this, XPath support has now been
replaced by <i>DOM Selector support</i> and expressions between square brackets
like the one above will now be considered DOM Selector expressions.
</p>
<p>
And what is a DOM Selector? It is an object of class <kbd>org.thymeleaf.dom.DOMSelector</kbd>
that allows you to use a subset of the XPath syntax in order to select a specific region
of the original DOM tree. Allowed syntax is as follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li><kbd>/x</kbd> means <i>direct children of the current node with name <kbd>x</kbd></i>.</li>
<li><kbd>//x</kbd> means <i>children of the current node with name <kbd>x</kbd>, at any depth</i>.</li>
<li><kbd>x[@z='v']</kbd> means <i>elements with name <kbd>x</kbd> and an attribute called z with
value "v"</i>.</li>
<li><kbd>x[@z1='v1' and @z2='v2']</kbd> means <i>elements with name <kbd>x</kbd> and attributes
<kbd>z1</kbd> and <kbd>z2</kbd> with values "v1" and "v2", respectively</i>.</li>
<li><kbd>x[i]</kbd> means <i>element with name <kbd>x</kbd> positioned in number <kbd>i</kbd> among
its siblings</i>.</li>
<li><kbd>x[@z='v'][i]</kbd> means <i>elements with name <kbd>x</kbd>, attribute <kbd>z</kbd> with
value "v" and positioned in number <kbd>i</kbd> among its siblings that also match this
condition</i>.</li>
</ul>
<p>
So the following will still be completely valid in 2.0:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<div th:include="sometemplate :: [//div[@id='menu']]">
</div>
]]></script>
<h2><a name="frag"></a>Enabled processing of fragmentary templates</h2>
<p>
Prior to 2.0, Thymeleaf was not adequately designed to process templates that could not be
considered <i>complete documents</i> from an XML perspective, which limited its scope
of applicability in scenarios where it was needed to process only fragments or components
of higher-level user interfaces.
</p>
<p>
The new engine architecture in 2.0 completely removes this restriction so that Thymeleaf
can be used to process templates which could be, for example, no longer than a simple
<div> block.
</p>
<h2><a name="cach"></a>Generalized cache infrastructure</h2>
<p>
Thymeleaf 2.0 completely generalizes the cache infrastructure already present in
previous versions. The reason to do this is to give the user complete control over
what caches are used or not, and how these should work.
</p>
<p>
The new <kbd>ICacheManager</kbd> interface defines an extension point that will allow
the user to specify his/her own caches (implementations of <kbd>ICache</kbd>) for
templates, fragments, externalized messages and expressions.
</p>
<p>
Also, a standard implementation is included (<kbd>StandardCacheManager</kbd>), providing
an easy-to-use API for configuring cache sizes and behaviour without the need of
developing custom implementations of the interface.
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:java"><![CDATA[
StandardCacheManager manager = new StandardCacheManager();
manager.setTemplateCacheMaxSize(5);
manager.setExpressionCacheUseSoftReferences(false);
templateEngine.setCacheManager(manager);
]]></script>
<h2><a name="dtds"></a>New XHTML DTDs for the standard dialects</h2>
<p>
The new <kbd>th:switch</kbd> and <kbd>th:case</kbd> attributes require a change in the existing
Thymeleaf DTDs (those specified with a <kbd>DOCTYPE SYSTEM</kbd> clause), in order
to include this new attribute and allow its validation.
</p>
<p>
New versions of the DTDs for the Standard and SpringStandard dialects
have been created, so that the old <kbd>DOCTYPE</kbd> declarations:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-strict-thymeleaf-2.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-transitional-thymeleaf-2.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-frameset-thymeleaf-2.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-strict-thymeleaf-spring3-2.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-transitional-thymeleaf-spring3-2.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-frameset-thymeleaf-spring3-2.dtd">
]]></script>
<p>
Can now be substituted by new versions containing the new attribute:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:html"><![CDATA[
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-strict-thymeleaf-3.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-transitional-thymeleaf-3.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-frameset-thymeleaf-3.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-strict-thymeleaf-spring3-3.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-transitional-thymeleaf-spring3-3.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.thymeleaf.org/dtd/xhtml1-frameset-thymeleaf-spring3-3.dtd">
]]></script>
<h2><a name="ndom"></a>Substituted the standard Java DOM API by a
tailor-made DOM representation</h2>
<p>
Before version 2.0, Thymeleaf used the standard Java DOM API from <kbd>org.w3c.dom.*</kbd>
for modelling documents in memory, and template documents using this API where directly
exposed to the diverse hierarchies of processors in dialects. This had the advantage of allowing
users to work with a well-known API when developing their own dialects and processors.
</p>
<p>
Unfortunately, the standard DOM API is extremely heavy and complex, and although Thymeleaf
only needed to use a percent of all its features, template documents required a lot
of memory space and where slower to process than they could be. Besides, several
Thymeleaf-specific optimizations existed that could not be applied to DOM processing while using
the standard API, so the engine was being penalized even more...
</p>
<p>
Thymeleaf 2.0 completely removes the standard Java DOM API from its architecture and
substitutes it by its own DOM representation (<kbd>org.thymeleaf.dom.*</kbd>). This new
DOM representation does not adhere to the DOM standard, although it tries to
mirror some parts of its structure and concepts in order to be immediately familiar to users.
</p>
<p>
The <i>new DOM</i> is tailor-made for Thymeleaf, and not only it is much simpler than the old
standard, but it also includes as first-class citizens a bunch of important optimizations
that allow Thymeleaf to process templates much faster than before, using less resources.
</p>
<p>
Some advantages of the new DOM are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Simpler API, which leads to simpler processors.</li>
<li>Lighter objects, allowing a lower memory usage.</li>
<li>Ability to <i>precompute</i> the processors to be applied to nodes, so that the
sequence of operations to be performed at each node during template processing
can be cached along with the DOM tree itself in many scenarios, significantly
reducing processing time.</li>
<li>Allows the generalization of the template parsing infrastructure, so that Thymeleaf
2.0 now uses a SAX parser as default —instead of the old DOM parser, which can
still be used but is not default anymore—. This new parser is much faster than
the old one, which leads to an additional improvement in performance, even when a
template cache is not being used.</li>
<li>Allows the generalization of the template result <i>writing</i> system (converting
DOM trees into the desired output), so that new template formats can be made
available. Together with parser generalization, this will effectively allow the
generalization of the whole <i>template mode</i> infrastructure, as we will see
below.</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="ipro"></a>Refactored processor system: the <kbd>IProcessor</kbd> hierarchy</h2>
<p>
In Thymeleaf 1.1, <i>processors</i> could be classified in two groups:
<i>attribute processors</i> and <i>tag processors</i>. The former type were
defined specifically to process DOM elements (<i>tags</i>) based on the
existence of a specific attribute in these elements. The latter type processed
DOM elements (<i>tags</i>) just based on their name.
</p>
<p>
In Thymeleaf 2.0, the new DOM allows a generalization of this schema, so that
<i>attribute processors</i> and <i>tag processors</i> (the latter now called
<i>element processors</i>) are no longer completely
disjoint hierarchies, but instead are children of the new general
<kbd>IProcessor</kbd> interface.
</p>
<p>
And this also means that processors no longer can only apply to DOM elements
(<i>tags</i>), but instead can apply to any DOM node of any kind, like
Text nodes, comments, etc.
</p>
<p>
<i>Attribute Processors</i> (now extending <kbd>AbstractAttrProcessor</kbd>) and
<i>Element Processors</i> (now extending <kbd>AbstractElementProcessor</kbd>) are still dealt
with in a specific manner at the engine for performance reasons, but they are no longer
the only type of processors. For example, the <i>Text Inliners</i> that were somewhat
hard-coded at the engine in previous versions have now been refactored as
<i>text node processors</i> (extending <kbd>AbstractTextNodeProcessor</kbd>) executing
on Text or CDATA Section nodes, so that their use is consistent with other processors,
and also so that they can be easily extended and included into new dialects created by
developers.
</p>
<p>
Finally, the <i>processor applicability</i> infrastructure has also been modified in
order to simplify it, resulting in the new <kbd>IProcessorMatcher</kbd> hierarchy
that substitutes the old <kbd>IApplicability</kbd> features. This new API for
specifying when a processor <i>matches</i> (<i>"can be applied to"</i>) a DOM node
is more general —in order to adapt to the new <kdb>IProcessor</kbd>
needs— and also enables a simpler specification of applicability constraints
in processors, resulting in simpler extension code.
</p>
<h2><a name="tmod"></a>Generalized Template Modes: new template reading/writing infrastructure</h2>
<p>
As already mentioned, another consequence of the new DOM implementation is the ability
to manage <i>generalized template modes</i>.
</p>
<p>
What this means is that Thymeleaf no longer can only process templates in one of the
six <i>standard template modes</i> (<kbd>XML</kbd>, <kbd>VALIDXML</kbd>,
<kbd>XHTML</kbd>, <kbd>VALIDXHTML</kbd>, <kbd>HTML5</kbd> and <kbd>LEGACYHTML5</kbd>),
but it now allows developers to create their own template modes and use Thymeleaf to
process them, just by specifying a <i>template parser</i> and a <i>template writer</i>
for each of them, managed by a structure now known as a <i>Template Mode Handler</i>
(<kbd>ITemplateModeHandler</kbd>).
</p>
<p>
Given the fact that a <i>template parser</i> (<kbd>ITemplateParser</kbd>) is effectively a
means to convert input read by a <i>resource resolver</i> into a DOM tree, and also that
a <i>template writer</i> is effectively a means to convert a DOM tree into the required
output format (an XML document, an HTML5 web page, etc.) this new <i>Template Mode Handler</i>
extension point allows developers to make Thymeleaf process any kind of templates as far
as they can be modelled as a DOM tree for processing and then written back to their
original format for output.
</p>
<p>
Out-of-the-box, Thymeleaf 2.0 includes the same standard template modes as before, with
the difference that they must now be specified at <i>template resolver</i> configuration
as Strings instead of using the now-deprecated <kbd>TemplateMode</kbd> enum:
</p>
<script type="syntaxhighlighter" class="brush:java"><![CDATA[
ServletContextTemplateResolver templateResolver = new ServletContextTemplateResolver();
// templateResolver.setTemplateMode(TemplateMode.HTML5); DEPRECATED!!
templateResolver.setTemplateMode("HTML5"); // OK for 2.0!
]]></script>
<h2><a name="mino"></a>Minor API modifications</h2>
<p>
Several other minor modifications have been applied to the diverse engine APIs during
the architecture rewrite. Namely:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Created the <kbd>TemplateProcessingParameters</kbd> class containing all the
info available for the processing of the template before its resolution
and parsing, and modified the <kbd>ITemplateResolver</kbd> and
<kbd>IResourceResolver</kbd> interfaces to use this class as a parameter instead
of the more complex <kbd>Arguments</kbd> class.</li>
<li>Made <kbd>Arguments</kbd> objects include the corresponding
<kbd>TemplateResolution</kbd> object created after resolving and parsing each
template.</li>
</ul>
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