diff --git a/dynamic_state.ml b/dynamic_state.ml deleted file mode 100644 index d438601..0000000 --- a/dynamic_state.ml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,176 +0,0 @@ -(* This file contains a collection of attempts at replicating ML-style - references using algebraic effects and handlers. The difficult thing - to do is the dynamic creation of new reference cells at arbitrary - types, without needing some kind of universal type or dynamic type - checking. *) - -module type Type = sig type t end -module Int = struct type t = int let compare = compare end - -module LocalState (R : sig type t end) = struct - type reff = R.t - effect New : int -> R.t - effect Get : R.t -> int - effect Put : R.t * int -> unit -end - -module type StateOps = sig - type rEffect.t - effect New : int -> rEffect.t - effect Get : reff -> int - effect Put : reff * int -> unit -end - -(**********************************************************************) -(* version 1 : doesn't work, because declaration of new effect names - is generative, so the handler and the client get different versions of - the 'New', 'Get' and 'Put' effects. *) - -let run main = - let module S = LocalState (Int) in - let module IM = Map.Make (Int) in - let comp = - match main (module Int : Type) with - | effect (S.New i) k -> - fun s -> let r = fst (IM.max_binding s) + 1 - in continue k r (IM.add r i s) - | effect (S.Get r) k -> - fun s -> continue k (IM.find r s) s - | effect (S.Put (r, i)) k -> - fun s -> continue k () (IM.add r i s) - | x -> fun s -> x - in - comp IM.empty - -let main (module T : Type) = - let module S = LocalState(T) in - let x = perform (S.New 1) in - perform (S.Put (x, 5)); - perform (S.Get x) - -(**********************************************************************) -(* version 2 : working creation of freshly generated state cells, but - only an int type. *) - -let run2 main = - let module S = LocalState (Int) in - let module IM = Map.Make (Int) in - let comp = - match main (module S : StateOps) with - | effect (S.New i) k -> - fun s -> - let r = if IM.is_empty s then 0 else fst (IM.max_binding s) + 1 - in continue k r (IM.add r i s) - | effect (S.Get r) k -> - fun s -> continue k (IM.find r s) s - | effect (S.Put (r, i)) k -> - fun s -> continue k () (IM.add r i s) - | x -> fun s -> x - in - comp IM.empty - -let main2 (module S : StateOps) = - let open S in - let x = perform (New 1) in - perform (Put (x, 5)); - perform (Get x) - -(**********************************************************************) -(* version 3, static creation of new state cells, requiring nested - handlers. Similar to the example in "state.ml". *) -module type GetPutOps = sig - type t - effect Get : t - effect Put : t -> unit -end - -module MakeGetPut (T : sig type t end) () = struct - type t = T.t - effect Get : t - effect Put : t -> unit -end - -let run3 (type a) (module S : GetPutOps with type t = a) (s : a) main = - let module IM = Map.Make (Int) in - let comp = - match main () with - | effect S.Get k -> - fun (s : S.t) -> continue k s s - | effect (S.Put i) k -> - fun s -> continue k () i - | x -> fun s -> x - in - comp s - -module S1 = MakeGetPut (struct type t = int end) () -module S2 = MakeGetPut (struct type t = string end) () - -let test3 () = - perform (S1.Put 5); - let x = perform (S1.Get) in - perform (S2.Put (string_of_int x ^ "xx")); - perform S2.Get - - -(**********************************************************************) -(* version 4. Uses dynamic creation of new effect names to simulate - the creation of new reference cells. Initially, there is only one - effect 'New', which can be used to dynamically create new effect - names. The handler for 'New' wraps the continuation in a new - handler that handles the freshly generated effect names. This setup - yields the same interface as ML refs, except that there is no way - to compare references for equality. This is because cells are - represeted as objects with a pair of a 'write' method and a 'read' - method, so it is possible to create new references that reference - the same underlying data without the access objects being - equal. This is similar to the situation in Idealised Algol, where - variables are ways to affect the state, but have no independent - existence of their own. - - Compared to the example in "ref.ml", this implementation does not - require a universal type, nor does it have "impossible" cases. - - This example also includes an unneccessary extra 'Choice' effect to - demonstrate the combination of other effects with state in the same - handler. This uses the experimental Obj.clone_continuation function to clone - continuations. *) -type 'a reff = < get : 'a; put : 'a -> unit; internals : (module GetPutOps with type t = 'a) > - -effect New : 'a -> 'a rEffect.t -effect Choice : bool - -let run4 main = - let donew : type a b. (a reff, b) continuation -> a -> b = fun k -> - let module Ops = MakeGetPut (struct type t = a end) () in - let cell = object - method get = perform Ops.Get - method put x = perform (Ops.Put x) - method internals = (module Ops : GetPutOps with type t = a) - end - in - match continue k cell with - | effect Ops.Get k -> fun s -> continue k s s - | effect (Ops.Put v) k -> fun s -> continue k () v - | x -> fun s -> x - in - match main () with - | effect (New v) k -> donew k v - | effect (Choice) k -> let k' = Obj.clone_continuation k in continue k true; continue k' false - | x -> x - -let newref i = perform (New i) - -let (:=) r x = r#put x - -let (!) r = r#get - -let test4 () = - let a = newref 0 in - let b = newref "str" in - if perform Choice then - begin a := String.length !b; - b := string_of_int !a; - print_endline !b - end - else - print_endline !b diff --git a/multishot/dune b/multishot/dune index b4becc8..2842d67 100644 --- a/multishot/dune +++ b/multishot/dune @@ -27,3 +27,8 @@ (names delimcc) (modules delimcc) (libraries multicont)) + +(executables + (names dynamic_state) + (modules dynamic_state) + (libraries multicont)) diff --git a/multishot/dynamic_state.ml b/multishot/dynamic_state.ml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d463819 --- /dev/null +++ b/multishot/dynamic_state.ml @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ +(* This file contains a collection of attempts at replicating ML-style + references using algebraic effects and handlers. The difficult thing + to do is the dynamic creation of new reference cells at arbitrary + types, without needing some kind of universal type or dynamic type + checking. *) + +open Effect +open Effect.Deep + +module type Type = sig + type t +end + +module Int = struct + type t = int + + let compare = compare +end + +module LocalState (R : sig + type t +end) = +struct + type reff = R.t + type _ Effect.t += New : int -> R.t Effect.t + type _ Effect.t += Get : R.t -> int Effect.t + type _ Effect.t += Put : R.t * int -> unit Effect.t +end + +module type StateOps = sig + type reff + type _ Effect.t += New : int -> reff Effect.t + type _ Effect.t += Get : reff -> int Effect.t + type _ Effect.t += Put : reff * int -> unit Effect.t +end + +(**********************************************************************) +(* version 1 : doesn't work, because declaration of new effect names + is generative, so the handler and the client get different versions of + the 'New', 'Get' and 'Put' effects. *) + +let run main = + let module S = LocalState (Int) in + let module IM = Map.Make (Int) in + let comp = + match_with main + (module Int : Type) + { + retc = (fun s _ -> s); + exnc = (fun e -> raise e); + effc = + (fun (type a) (e : a Effect.t) -> + match e with + | S.Put (r, i) -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> + continue k () (IM.add r i s)) + | S.Get r -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> + continue k (IM.find r s) s) + | S.New i -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> + let r = fst (IM.max_binding s) + 1 in + continue k r (IM.add r i s)) + | _ -> None); + } + in + comp IM.empty + +let main (module T : Type) = + let module S = LocalState (T) in + let x = perform (S.New 1) in + perform (S.Put (x, 5)); + perform (S.Get x) + +(**********************************************************************) +(* version 2 : working creation of freshly generated state cells, but + only an int type. *) +let run2 main = + let module S = LocalState (Int) in + let module IM = Map.Make (Int) in + let comp = + match_with main + (module S : StateOps) + { + retc = (fun s _ -> s); + exnc = (fun e -> raise e); + effc = + (fun (type a) (e : a Effect.t) -> + match e with + | S.Put (r, i) -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> + continue k () (IM.add r i s)) + | S.Get r -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> + continue k (IM.find r s) s) + | S.New i -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> + let r = + if IM.is_empty s then 0 else fst (IM.max_binding s) + 1 + in + continue k r (IM.add r i s)) + | _ -> None); + } + in + comp IM.empty + +let main2 (module S : StateOps) = + let open S in + let x = perform (New 1) in + perform (Put (x, 5)); + perform (Get x) + +(**********************************************************************) +(* version 3, static creation of new state cells, requiring nested + handlers. Similar to the example in "state.ml". *) +module type GetPutOps = sig + type t + type _ Effect.t += Get : t Effect.t + type _ Effect.t += Put : t -> unit Effect.t +end + +module MakeGetPut + (T : sig + type t + end) + () = +struct + type t = T.t + type _ Effect.t += Get : t Effect.t + type _ Effect.t += Put : t -> unit Effect.t +end + +let run3 (type a) (module S : GetPutOps with type t = a) (s : a) main = + let module IM = Map.Make (Int) in + let comp = + match_with main () + { + retc = (fun s _ -> s); + exnc = (fun e -> raise e); + effc = + (fun (type a) (e : a Effect.t) -> + match e with + | S.Get -> + Some (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) (s : S.t) -> continue k s s) + | S.Put i -> + Some (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) s -> continue k () i) + | _ -> None); + } + in + comp s + +module S1 = + MakeGetPut + (struct + type t = int + end) + () + +module S2 = + MakeGetPut + (struct + type t = string + end) + () + +let test3 () : string = + perform (S1.Put 5); + let x = perform S1.Get in + perform (S2.Put (string_of_int x ^ "xx")); + perform S2.Get + +(**********************************************************************) +(* version 4. Uses dynamic creation of new effect names to simulate + the creation of new reference cells. Initially, there is only one + effect 'New', which can be used to dynamically create new effect + names. The handler for 'New' wraps the continuation in a new + handler that handles the freshly generated effect names. This setup + yields the same interface as ML refs, except that there is no way + to compare references for equality. This is because cells are + represeted as objects with a pair of a 'write' method and a 'read' + method, so it is possible to create new references that reference + the same underlying data without the access objects being + equal. This is similar to the situation in Idealised Algol, where + variables are ways to affect the state, but have no independent + existence of their own. + + Compared to the example in "ref.ml", this implementation does not + require a universal type, nor does it have "impossible" cases. + + This example also includes an unneccessary extra 'Choice' effect to + demonstrate the combination of other effects with state in the same + handler. This uses the experimental Obj.clone_continuation function to clone + continuations. *) +type 'a reff = + < get : 'a + ; put : 'a -> unit + ; internals : (module GetPutOps with type t = 'a) > + +type _ Effect.t += New : 'a -> 'a reff t +type _ Effect.t += Choice : bool t + +let run4 main = + let donew : type a b. (a reff, b) continuation -> a -> b = + fun k -> + let module Ops = + MakeGetPut + (struct + type t = a + end) + () + in + let cell = + object + method get = perform Ops.Get + method put x = perform (Ops.Put x) + method internals = (module Ops : GetPutOps with type t = a) + end + in + match_with (continue k) cell + { + retc = (fun s _ -> s); + exnc = (fun e -> raise e); + effc = + (fun (type c) (e : c t) -> + match e with + | Ops.Put v -> + Some (fun (k : (c, _) continuation) _ -> continue k () v) + | Ops.Get -> + Some (fun (k : (c, _) continuation) (s : a) -> continue k s s) + | _ -> None); + } + in + try_with main () + { + effc = + (fun (type a) (e : a t) -> + match e with + | New v -> Some (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) -> donew k v) + | Choice -> + Some + (fun (k : (a, _) continuation) -> + let k' = Multicont.Deep.clone_continuation k in + continue k true; + continue k' false) + | _ -> None); + } + +let newref i = perform (New i) +let ( := ) r x = r#put x +let ( ! ) r = r#get + +let test4 () = + let a = newref 0 in + let b = newref "str" in + if perform Choice then ( + a := String.length !b; + b := string_of_int !a; + print_endline !b) + else print_endline !b