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<span id="more"></span>
<hr>
<h2 id="Python中的注释"><a href="#Python中的注释" class="headerlink" title="Python中的注释"></a>Python中的注释</h2><p>什么是注释？</p>
<ul>
<li>是指程序员在代码中对代码功能解释说明的文字，可以提高代码的可读性</li>
<li>注释的内容将被Python解释器忽略，不被计算机执行</li>
</ul>
<p>注释的分类？</p>
<ul>
<li>单行注释<ul>
<li>以“#”作为单行注释的符号，作用范围从“#”开始直到换行为止</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>多行注释<ul>
<li>Python中并没有单独的多行注释标记，将包含在一对三引号[‘’’…’’’]OR[“””…”””]之间的代码称为多行注释</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>中文注释声明<ul>
<li># coding:utf-8 或 #coding=utf-8 或 #-*-coding:utf-8-*-</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 10.单行注释</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 要求从键盘去输入出生年份，举例：1998</span></span><br><span class="line">year = <span class="built_in">input</span>(<span class="string">'请输入您的出生年份：'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">year = <span class="built_in">input</span>(<span class="string">'请输入您的出生年份：'</span>) <span class="comment"># 要求从键盘去输入出生年份，举例：1998</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 11.多行注释</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">参考视频：马士兵教育</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">分节名：11.多行注释</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">创建人：Paneer</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- OR -*- #</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">参考视频：马士兵教育</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">分节名：11.多行注释</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">创建人：Paneer</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 12.中文声明注释</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 在Python2.x中，使用中文注释时必须要加上中文声明注释。在Python3.x中可加可不加。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># coding:utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 此声明若加的话务必加在代码首行。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 写好注释至关重要哦~</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="代码缩进"><a href="#代码缩进" class="headerlink" title="代码缩进"></a>代码缩进</h2><p>Python语言采用严格的“缩进”来表示程序逻辑</p>
<ul>
<li>缩进是指每行语句开始前的空白区域，用来表示Python程序间的包含和层次关系</li>
<li>一般代码不需要缩进，顶行编写且不留空白</li>
<li>类定义、函数定义、流程控制语句，以及异常处理语句等，行尾的冒号和下一行的缩进表示一个代码块的开始，而缩进结束则表示一个代码块的结束</li>
<li>缩进可以使用空格或Tab键来实现，通常情况下采用四个空格作为一个缩进量</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 13.代码缩进</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'hello'</span>) <span class="comment">#此情况下会报错：IndentationError: unexpected indent,解决办法是删掉第二个print前的空格</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 类的定义</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Student</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 函数定义</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">fun</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="在Python交互式模式中运行-py文件"><a href="#在Python交互式模式中运行-py文件" class="headerlink" title="在Python交互式模式中运行*.py文件"></a>在Python交互式模式中运行*.py文件</h2><p>首先确保电脑已经安装好python且配置好了环境变量，其语法格式为：</p>
<figure class="highlight dos"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python 完整文件名（包括路径）</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="数据类型和基本运算符"><a href="#数据类型和基本运算符" class="headerlink" title="数据类型和基本运算符"></a>数据类型和基本运算符</h2><h3 id="保留字与标识符"><a href="#保留字与标识符" class="headerlink" title="保留字与标识符"></a>保留字与标识符</h3><p>保留字：<br>保留字是Python已经被赋予特定意义的一些单词，在开发程序时，不可以把这些保留字作为变量、函数、类、模块和其他对象的名称来使用<br>保留字表如下所示：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">and</td>
<td align="center">as</td>
<td align="center">assert</td>
<td align="center">break</td>
<td align="center">class</td>
<td align="center">continue</td>
<td align="center">def</td>
<td align="center">del</td>
<td align="center">elif</td>
<td align="center">else</td>
<td align="center">except</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">finally</td>
<td align="center">for</td>
<td align="center">from</td>
<td align="center">False</td>
<td align="center">global</td>
<td align="center">if</td>
<td align="center">import</td>
<td align="center">in</td>
<td align="center">is</td>
<td align="center">lambda</td>
<td align="center">nonlocal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">not</td>
<td align="center">None</td>
<td align="center">or</td>
<td align="center">pass</td>
<td align="center">raise</td>
<td align="center">return</td>
<td align="center">try</td>
<td align="center">True</td>
<td align="center">while</td>
<td align="center">with</td>
<td align="center">yield</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<p>注：保留字严格区分大小写，只有<strong>True</strong>、<strong>False</strong>、<strong>None</strong>为首字母大写。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>保留字查看</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 保留字的查看</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> keyword</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(keyword.kwlist)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>标识符：<br>标识符可以简单的理解为是一个名字，它主要用来标识变量、函数、类、模块和其他对象的名称。 </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Python标识符的命名规则：</p>
<ul>
<li>可以是字母、下划线“_”和数字，并且第一个字符不能是数字</li>
<li>不能使用Python中的保留字</li>
<li>标识符严格区分大小写</li>
<li>以下划线开头的标识符有特殊意义，一般应避免使用相似的标识符</li>
<li>允许使用中文作为标识符，但不建议</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>标识符的命名规范：</p>
<ul>
<li>模块名尽量短小，并且尽量全部使用小写字母，可以使用下划线分隔多个字母。如 grame_main</li>
<li>包名尽量短小，并且尽量全部使用小写字母，不推荐使用下划线。如 com.paneer,不推荐com_paneer</li>
<li>类名采用单词首字母大写形式(Pascal风格)。如 MyClass</li>
<li>模块内部的类采用“_”+Pascal风格的类名组成。如在MyClass中的内部类 _InnerMyClass</li>
<li>函数、类的属性和方法的命名，全部使用小写字母，多个字母之间使用下划线分隔</li>
<li>常量命名时采用全部大写字母，可以使用下划线</li>
<li>使用单下划线“_”开头的模块变量或函数是受保护的，在使用<code>from xxx import *</code>语句从模块中导入时，这些模块变量或函数是不能被导入的</li>
<li>使用双下划线“__“开头的实例变量或方法是类私有的</li>
<li>以双下划线开头和结尾的是Python的专用标识。如 <code>__init__()</code> 表示初始化函数</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2.标识符的规范</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">每一个*.py文件都是一个模块，模块命名应尽量使用小写字母并使用下划线分隔</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">这些*.py文件所在的文件夹称作包，包命名应尽量使用小写字母不推荐使用下划线</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">MyClass</span>: <span class="comment"># 新建一个名为MyClass的类，采用Pascal风格</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">_InnerMyClass</span>: <span class="comment"># 新建一个名为 _InnerMyClass 的内部类</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 函数 fun & fun_name 的定义</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">fun</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">fun_name</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">pass</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="Python中的变量"><a href="#Python中的变量" class="headerlink" title="Python中的变量"></a>Python中的变量</h2><p>变量是指保存和表示数值的一种语法元素，可以简单的理解为“名字”。<br>变量的值是可以改变的，可以通过赋值方式被修改。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如，<code>word='Paneer真帅'</code>即是将“Paneer真帅”赋值给了变量“word”</p>
<p>可以理解为去菜鸟驿站取快递，我只需要取件码就能找到自己的快递，此时我的取件码就是一个变量，它代表的那个位置上的快递是我的，因为是菜鸟驿站的工作人员给它赋值了。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="变量的定义"><a href="#变量的定义" class="headerlink" title="变量的定义"></a>变量的定义</h3><p>其语法结构为：</p>
<pre><code>变量名=value
</code></pre>
<h3 id="变量的使用"><a href="#变量的使用" class="headerlink" title="变量的使用"></a>变量的使用</h3><p>Python是一种动态类型的语言，变量的类型可以随时变化</p>
<ul>
<li>使用内置函数<code>type()</code>可以查看变量的数据类型</li>
</ul>
<p>Python中允许多个变量指向同一个值</p>
<ul>
<li>使用内置函数<code>id()</code>可以返回变量所指的内存地址</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 3.变量的定义和使用</span></span><br><span class="line">luck_number=<span class="number">8</span> <span class="comment"># 创建一个整型变量luck_number，赋值为8</span></span><br><span class="line">my_name=<span class="string">'Paneer'</span> <span class="comment"># 创建一个字符串类型变量</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(my_name,<span class="string">'的幸运数字是：'</span>,luck_number)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'luck_number的数据类型是：'</span>,<span class="built_in">type</span>(luck_number))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 变量的值可以更改</span></span><br><span class="line">luck_number=<span class="string">'Emily真圆'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'luck_number的数据类型是：'</span>,<span class="built_in">type</span>(luck_number)) <span class="comment"># 此时其数据类型就是 str型（字符串型）了</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Python允许多个变量指向同一个值</span></span><br><span class="line">no=number=<span class="number">502</span> <span class="comment"># 给no 和number 都赋值为502</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(no,number)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">id</span>(no)) <span class="comment"># 输出no 所指向的内存地址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">id</span>(number)) <span class="comment">#输出number 所指向的内存地址，会发现与no 的相同</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>变量命名应遵循以下几条规则</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>变量名必须是一个有效的标识符</li>
<li>变量名不能使用Python中的保留字</li>
<li>慎用小写字母l和大写字母O</li>
<li>应选择有意义的单词作为变量名</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>同样的，常量也应遵循以下规则</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>常量就是在程序运行过程中值不能改变的量。如PI</li>
<li>Python中没有定义常量的保留字</li>
<li>常量规定使用大写字母和下划线组成</li>
<li>常量首次赋值之后，还是可以被其他代码修改的</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="基本数据类型"><a href="#基本数据类型" class="headerlink" title="基本数据类型"></a>基本数据类型</h2><h3 id="数值类型"><a href="#数值类型" class="headerlink" title="数值类型"></a>数值类型</h3><h4 id="整数类型特点"><a href="#整数类型特点" class="headerlink" title="整数类型特点"></a>整数类型特点</h4><ul>
<li>表示整数数值，即没有小数部分的数值</li>
<li>正整数、负数和0</li>
<li>理论取值范围为（负无穷，正无穷）</li>
<li>整数的表示类型</li>
<li>不可变的数据类型</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">进制种类</th>
<th align="center">引导符号</th>
<th align="center">概述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">十进制</td>
<td align="center">无</td>
<td align="center">默认情况，如 365，257</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">二进制</td>
<td align="center">0b或0B</td>
<td align="center">由0，1组成，如 0b101，0B1010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">八进制</td>
<td align="center">0o或0O</td>
<td align="center">由0-7组成，如 0o367，0O666</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">十六进制</td>
<td align="center">0x或0X</td>
<td align="center">由0-9，a(A)-f(F)组成，如 0x98A，0X89F</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 4.整数类型</span></span><br><span class="line">num=<span class="number">987</span> <span class="comment"># 默认十进制</span></span><br><span class="line">num1=<span class="number">0b10100101</span> <span class="comment"># 使用二进制表示整数</span></span><br><span class="line">num2=<span class="number">0o765</span> <span class="comment"># 使用八进制表示整数</span></span><br><span class="line">num3=<span class="number">0x98AF</span> <span class="comment"># 使用十六进制表示整数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(num) <span class="comment"># 输出全部为十进制</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(num1) <span class="comment"># 输出全部为十进制</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(num2) <span class="comment"># 输出全部为十进制</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(num3) <span class="comment"># 输出全部为十进制</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="浮点数类型"><a href="#浮点数类型" class="headerlink" title="浮点数类型"></a>浮点数类型</h4><ul>
<li>表示带有小数点的数</li>
<li>浮点数由整数部分和小数部分组成</li>
<li>Python中浮点数类型必须要有小数部分，小数部分可以是0</li>
<li>浮点数可以使用科学计数法表示</li>
<li>两个浮点数相加，有一定概率运算结果后增加一些“不确定的”尾数</li>
<li>使用内置函数<code>round()</code>可以限定运算结果需要保留的小数位数</li>
<li>不可变数据类型</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 5.浮点数类型</span></span><br><span class="line">height=<span class="number">180.1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(height)) <span class="comment"># 可以得出height 的数据类型为float 型</span></span><br><span class="line">x=<span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">y=<span class="number">10.0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(x)) <span class="comment"># x为int 型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(y)) <span class="comment"># y为float 型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 浮点数相加尾数不确定问题</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="number">0.1</span>+<span class="number">0.2</span>) <span class="comment"># 得结果为 0.30000000000000004，有一不确定尾数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">round</span>(<span class="number">0.1</span>+<span class="number">0.2</span>,<span class="number">1</span>)) <span class="comment"># 保留一位小数</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="复数类型"><a href="#复数类型" class="headerlink" title="复数类型"></a>复数类型</h4><ul>
<li>Python中复数与数学中的复数形式完全一致</li>
<li>复数由实部和虚部组成</li>
<li>j是复数的一个基本单位，被定义为 j=$\sqrt{-1}$ ，又称虚数单位</li>
<li><code>.real</code>获取实数部分，<code>.imag</code>获取虚数部分</li>
<li>不可变数据类型</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 6.复数类型</span></span><br><span class="line">z=<span class="number">123</span>+<span class="number">456j</span> <span class="comment"># 定义复数类型 complex型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(z))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'实数部分：'</span>,z.real) <span class="comment"># 输出实数部分</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'虚数部分：'</span>,z.imag) <span class="comment"># 输出虚数部分</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="字符串类型"><a href="#字符串类型" class="headerlink" title="字符串类型"></a>字符串类型</h4><ul>
<li>字符串就是连续的字符序列，，可以表示计算机所能识别的一切字符</li>
<li>不可变数据类型，，即不可变字符序列</li>
<li>单行字符串使用’…’或”…”</li>
<li>多行字符串使用’’’…’’’或”””…”””</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 7.字符串类型</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 单行字符串</span></span><br><span class="line">city=<span class="string">'菏泽'</span></span><br><span class="line">address=<span class="string">"山东省菏泽市"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(city)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(address)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 多行字符串</span></span><br><span class="line">info=<span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">地址：山东省菏泽市</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">收件人：Paneer</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(info)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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