dateutil_presentation.ipynb

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    "<div style='font-size: 50px' align='center'>\n",
    "    <b><tt>python-dateutil</tt>: A delightful romp in the never-confusing world of dates and times</b>\n",
    "    <br/>\n",
    "    <br/>\n",
    "    <span style='font-size: 30px'>\n",
    "        Paul Ganssle<br/><br/>\n",
    "        <a href=\"https://github.com/dateutil/dateutil\">https://github.com/dateutil/dateutil</a> - <a href=\"https://dateutil.readthedocs.io\">https://dateutil.readthedocs.io</a>\n",
    "    </span>\n",
    "</div>\n"
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   "source": [
    "## General Overview: What's so tough about dates and times?"
   ]
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    "### Natural complexity\n",
    "- None of our \"natural\" cycles divide each other:\n",
    "    - 1 (solar) year = 365.2425 days = 13.3685 (lunar) months\n",
    "    - 1 (lunar) month = 27.321 days\n",
    "- The sun is up at different times in different parts of the world.\n",
    "- The earth's rotation is not regular."
   ]
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    "### Artificial complexity\n",
    "- Our choice of month length could probably be more reasonable (I'm looking at you, February)\n",
    "- Locations switch their local time zone around, impose daylight saving time, etc.\n",
    "    - In 2011, Samoa switched their (standard) time zone from UTC-11 to UTC+14(!)\n",
    "    - From 1987 - 2007, Morroco did not observe DST, and from 2008-2010 observed DST.\n",
    "    - Since 2011, they have undergone **4** DST transitions - one for summer time and one for Ramadan."
   ]
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    "`[30s]`\n",
    "The Morroco DST transitions around Ramadan are complicated by the fact that they are not codified as yearly - they are exceptions added in to the recurring DST logic each year, often with very little notice.\n",
    "\n",
    "If it *were* codified, this would be further complicated by the fact that Ramadan is a month in a lunar calendar, so sometimes it \"drifts\" around the year."
   ]
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    "### Ambiguity\n",
    "- Some of our fundamental time units are ambiguous\n",
    "    - How long is a year? A month?\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "- Even unambiguous units become fuzzy around daylight savings transitions.\n",
    "    - What does \"in 1 day\" mean during a time zone transition?\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "- Representations of time are decidedly non-standard and often ambiguous:\n",
    "    - `'072016'` - Is this July 20th, 2016?  July 20, 1916? July 2016?"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "from dateutil.tz import gettz, tzutc\n",
    "from dateutil import tz\n",
    "from datetime import datetime, timedelta"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "## Package overview:\n",
    "\n",
    "- `relativedelta`: Handling of \"calendar\" offsets\n",
    "- `rrule`: Generation of RFC(2445) recurrence relations\n",
    "- `tz`: Time zone handling\n",
    "- `parser`: Parsing arbitrary datetimes\n",
    "- `easter`: Calculation of easter\n"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "### Basics: `datetime.timedelta`\n",
    "`datetime.timedelta` represents a simple \"wall clock\" duration - it represents durations using only non-ambiguous units and assumes a monotonically increasing clock."
   ]
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2016, 6, 18, 12, 0)"
      ]
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   "source": [
    "from datetime import datetime, timedelta\n",
    "\n",
    "dt = datetime(2016, 6, 17, 12)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Adding a timedelta to a datetime advances the datetime\n",
    "dt + timedelta(days=1)"
   ]
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      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.timedelta(0, 3600)"
      ]
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   "source": [
    "# Subtracting two datetimes gives you a timedelta\n",
    "datetime(2016, 6, 17, 12) - datetime(2016, 6, 17, 11)"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "# `dateutil.relativedelta`\n",
    "\n",
    "`relativedelta` is intended to represent the relationship between two *calendar* dates, particularly those which may not have a fixed duration (e.g. \"1 month from now\").\n",
    "\n",
    "There are two ways to construct these:\n",
    "1. Directly from absolute and relative information\n",
    "2. From two datetimes, to represent the distance between them in relative terms."
   ]
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   "source": [
    "from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta"
   ]
  },
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    "## Absolute arguments\n",
    "The absolute arguments are roughly equivalent to the `.replace()` argument of a `datetime` - when a `relativedelta` with absolute arguments is added to or subtracted from a `datetime`, the corresponding components are replaced with the absolute information. Absolute arguments are applied *before* their corresponding relative components.\n",
    "\n",
    "The absolute arguments are (in order of application) are: `year`, `month`, `day`, `minute`, `second`, `microsecond`."
   ]
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2015, 6, 17, 12, 0)"
      ]
     },
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   ],
   "source": [
    "in_2015 = relativedelta(year=2015)\n",
    "\n",
    "# The same day in different years\n",
    "dt = datetime(2009, 6, 17, 12, 0)\n",
    "dt + in_2015"
   ]
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2015, 6, 17, 12, 0)"
      ]
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   "source": [
    "# Addition and subtraction do the same thing with absolute arguments\n",
    "dt - in_2015"
   ]
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 1, 12, 15)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# On the same day, but at 12:15\n",
    "at_1215 = relativedelta(hour=12, minute=15, second=0,  microsecond=0)\n",
    "datetime(2018, 9, 1, 14, 0) + at_1215"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "## Relative arguments\n",
    "Relative arguments represent a calendar offset from the given datetime - it applied *after* its absolute equivalents, from largest to smallest.\n",
    "\n",
    "The relative arguments are (in order of application): `years`, `months`, `days`, `minutes`, `seconds`, `microseconds`."
   ]
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2016, 2, 29, 0, 0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt = datetime(2016, 1, 29)\n",
    "dt + relativedelta(months=1)"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 11,
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 28, 0, 0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "dt + relativedelta(years=1, months=1)"
   ]
  },
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2016, 1, 14, 0, 0)"
      ]
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   "source": [
    "dt - relativedelta(days=15)"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "### Weekdays\n",
    "A special type of relative argument is `weekday`, which allows you to specify that you want a date that matches a specific day of the week."
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "from dateutil.relativedelta import MO, TU, WE, TH, FR, SA, SU"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "execution_count": 14,
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   "source": [
    "from helper_functions import print_dts"
   ]
  },
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "               start_date               |             +relativedelta             \n",
      "----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------\n",
      "               2015-03-01               |               2015-03-01               \n",
      "               2015-03-04               |               2015-03-08               \n",
      "               2015-03-07               |               2015-03-08               \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next_sunday = relativedelta(weekday=SU(+1))\n",
    "\n",
    "dts = [datetime(2015, 3, 1) + (timedelta(days=3) * x) for x in range(3)]\n",
    "# Retrieve the Sunday on or following a given date\n",
    "print_dts([(dt, dt + next_sunday) for dt in dts])"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
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     "text": [
      "               start_date               |             +relativedelta             \n",
      "----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------\n",
      "               2015-03-15               |               2015-03-25               \n",
      "               2015-03-23               |               2015-04-01               \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wednesday_after_next = relativedelta(weekday=WE(+2))\n",
    "\n",
    "dts = [datetime(2015, 3, 15) + timedelta(days=8) * x for x in range(2)]\n",
    "\n",
    "# Retrieve the second Wednesday after a given date\n",
    "print_dts([(dt, dt + wednesday_after_next) for dt in dts])"
   ]
  },
  {
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    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Combinations\n",
    "To represent even fancier relative deltas, use both relative *and* absolute arguments."
   ]
  },
  {
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   "execution_count": 17,
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     "text": [
      "               start_date               |             +relativedelta             \n",
      "----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------\n",
      "               2015-02-01               |               2015-03-01               \n",
      "               2015-02-28               |               2015-03-01               \n",
      "               2015-03-01               |               2015-04-01               \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Get the beginning of the next month\n",
    "next_month = relativedelta(months=1, day=1)\n",
    "dts = [datetime(2015, 2, 1),  datetime(2015, 2, 28), datetime(2015, 3, 1)]\n",
    "print_dts([(x, x + next_month) for x in dts])"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 93,
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 17, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 16, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2016, 2, 15, 0, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Martin Luther King Day is the 3rd Monday in February, so find the 3rd Monday on\n",
    "# or following the 1st day in February.\n",
    "mlk_day = relativedelta(month=2, day=1, weekday=MO(+3))\n",
    "[datetime(yr, 1, 1) + mlk_day for yr in range(2014, 2017)]"
   ]
  },
  {
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   },
   "source": [
    "## Calculated as a difference between two dates\n",
    "Passing two `datetime`s to the `relativedelta` constructor creates a `relativedelta` from the *calendar* difference between those two times."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
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    },
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    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from helper_functions import print_dates"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "       start_date        |       +timedelta        |     +relativedelta      \n",
      "-------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------\n",
      "       2013-01-17        |       2014-04-02        |       2014-04-01        \n",
      "       2014-01-17        |       2015-04-02        |       2015-04-01        \n",
      "       2015-01-17        |       2016-04-01        |       2016-04-01        \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt1, dt2 = datetime(2012, 1, 17), datetime(2013, 4, 1)\n",
    "\n",
    "td = dt2 - dt1                           # datetime.timedelta(440)\n",
    "rd = relativedelta(dt2, dt1)             # relativedelta(years=+1, months=+2, days=+15)\n",
    "\n",
    "print_dates(((dt, dt + td, dt + rd) for dt in\n",
    "             (datetime(ii, 1, 17) for ii in range(2013, 2016))))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
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   "outputs": [
    {
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     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "       start_date        |       +timedelta        |     +relativedelta      \n",
      "-------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------\n",
      "       2013-06-15        |       2013-08-14        |       2013-08-16        \n",
      "       2013-07-15        |       2013-09-13        |       2013-09-16        \n",
      "       2013-08-15        |       2013-10-14        |       2013-10-16        \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt1, dt2 = datetime(2013, 2, 15), datetime(2013, 4, 16)\n",
    "\n",
    "td = dt2 - dt1                           # datetime.timedelta(60)\n",
    "rd = relativedelta(dt2, dt1)             # relativedelta(months=+2, days=+1)\n",
    "\n",
    "print_dates(((dt, dt + td, dt + rd) for dt in\n",
    "             (datetime(2013, ii, 15) for ii in range(6, 9))))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "917e35fa-a529-4d20-91b8-683a9d7958ad"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# `dateutil.rrule`\n",
    "\n",
    "`rrule` is an implementation of *recurrence rules* as laid out in the iCalendar RFC (RFC 2445).\n",
    "\n",
    "Recurrence rules are rules for generating dates and times at some (potentially complex) interval.\n",
    "\n",
    "Some examples:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "33fc71bd-0869-4ee4-ad97-77d17dfe9060"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from dateutil.rrule import rrule, rruleset, rrulestr\n",
    "from dateutil.rrule import YEARLY, MONTHLY, WEEKLY, DAILY, HOURLY, MINUTELY, SECONDLY"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "3ef7ac4e-85c1-42dc-a24c-c8bd919b02c3"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(1965, 6, 28, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(1971, 6, 28, 0, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# All of Pat Morita's birthdays that fell on a Monday\n",
    "rr = rrule(freq=YEARLY, bymonth=6, bymonthday=28, byweekday=MO,\n",
    "           dtstart=datetime(1932, 6, 28),\n",
    "           until=datetime(2005, 11, 24))\n",
    "  \n",
    "rr.between(datetime(1955, 11, 1),\n",
    "           datetime(1975, 4, 30))   # ...during the Vietnam War"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "3f0d0a60-76bb-4da1-bd78-422dd3f03aa9"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## RRULE components\n",
    "\n",
    "Fundamental elements of an `rrule` are:\n",
    "\n",
    "- **`dtstart`**: The start point of the recurrence (this is similar to a phase)\n",
    "- **`freq`**: The *units* of the fundamental frequency of the recurrence. It takes the values `YEARLY`, `MONTHLY`, `WEEKLY`, `DAILY`, `HOURLY`, `MINUTELY`, `SECONDLY`\n",
    "- **`interval`**: The fundamental frequency of the recurrence, in units of `freq`. If unspecified, this is 1.\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "bf5bb043-8457-4105-be28-e8fa2f391815"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from itertools import zip_longest\n",
    "\n",
    "def print_rrs(rrs, names=None, fmt_str='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    n = len(rrs)\n",
    "    section_width = 80 // n\n",
    "    base_fmt_str = '|'.join(['{{:^{}}}'.format(section_width)] * n)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    if names is not None:\n",
    "        name_str = base_fmt_str.format(*names)\n",
    "        print(name_str)\n",
    "        print('-' * len(name_str))\n",
    "    \n",
    "    for rr_dates in zip_longest(*rrs, fillvalue=None):\n",
    "        strs = [dt.strftime(fmt_str) if dt else '-' for dt in rr_dates]\n",
    "        print(base_fmt_str.format(*strs))    \n",
    "    \n",
    "    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "3a9a3ce1-90c6-40e2-ad2a-934079abea25"
    },
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "          Hourly          |         dtstart          |        interval=2        \n",
      "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     2016-07-18 09:00     |     2016-07-18 10:00     |     2016-07-18 09:00     \n",
      "     2016-07-18 10:00     |     2016-07-18 11:00     |     2016-07-18 11:00     \n",
      "     2016-07-18 11:00     |     2016-07-18 12:00     |     2016-07-18 13:00     \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hourly = rrule(freq=HOURLY, interval=1, dtstart=datetime(2016, 7, 18, 9),  count=3)\n",
    "interval_2 = hourly.replace(interval=2)\n",
    "dtstart_rr = hourly.replace(dtstart=datetime(2016, 7, 18, 10))\n",
    "\n",
    "print_rrs([hourly, dtstart_rr, interval_2], ['Hourly', 'dtstart', 'interval=2'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "373921a8-9ede-4197-8cee-b82437f5aa64"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `byxxx` rules\n",
    "`byxxx` rules serve to modify the frequency of the recurrence in some way. The supported rules are `bymonth`, `bymonthday`, `byyearday`, `byweekno`, `byweekday`, `byhour`, `byminute` and `bysecond`, `bysetpos` and `byeaster`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "94aaefd8-aab9-4c42-acb2-941a64967264"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- `byxxx` rules greater than or equal to `freq` are constraints and (generally) reduce the frequency of the recurrence: "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "2213bd0e-a129-43c6-9a49-7cad724ac2b4"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2015, 11, 3, 12, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 11, 10, 12, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 11, 17, 12, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 11, 24, 12, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2016, 11, 1, 12, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Base is DAILY, but by restricted to Tuesdays in November\n",
    "list(rrule(DAILY, bymonth=11, byweekday=(TU, ),\n",
    "           dtstart=datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12), count=5))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "f7b34bd5-c053-4979-8158-2f50748f7675"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- `byxxx` rules less than `freq` will generally *increase* the frequency of the recurrence:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "a32bed8e-6037-4c04-bcda-421832d9dc56"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 30, 12, 15),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 1, 12, 15),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 15, 12, 15),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 12, 15)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(rrule(MONTHLY, bymonthday=(1, 15, 30),\n",
    "           dtstart=datetime(2015, 1, 16, 12, 15), count=4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "12acd164-229f-4d5a-b5ee-d7c2e3cde15f"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "notes"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Take note of the fact that the \"30\" is *ignored* for February"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "e48e5499-6521-4dda-9d21-d15ee6642fc0"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Limiting rules\n",
    "If otherwise unspecified, recurrences can be generated to infinity (or at least until Python can't represent the date anymore). The two ways to specify a termination point *as part of the rule* are with the mutually exclusive `count` and `until` arguments.\n",
    "\n",
    "* `count` terminates the rule after a specific number of instances have been generated"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "3cebb4b0-5d5f-42b0-97eb-21415802a73c"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2025, 7, 4, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2031, 7, 4, 0, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# The next 2 instances where the 4th of July falls on a Friday\n",
    "list(rrule(YEARLY, bymonth=7, bymonthday=4, byweekday=FR,\n",
    "           dtstart=datetime(2016, 7, 5), count=2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "3708d043-1fa9-40dc-b5c2-d87028af4282"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "* `until` terminates the rule on a specific date:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "da5dfe07-74dc-4d06-9294-8c48143fac79"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2017, 1, 13, 12, 0), datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 13, 12, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# The Friday the 13ths before January 1st, 2018\n",
    "list(rrule(MONTHLY, bymonthday=13, byweekday=FR,\n",
    "           dtstart=datetime(2016, 7, 17, 12), until=datetime(2018, 1, 1)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "2fc41622-b6c0-49cf-806c-d062ab656fb9"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "notes"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Make note of the fact that the unlimited nature of recurrence rules makes it clear that they are lazily constructed."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "c6900de4-08a9-46b1-acc4-8fe534c613f9"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Using rrules\n",
    "It is also possible to retrieve specific subsets of the recurrence, e.g. the first recurence `after` a given date:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "dc279304-7d4d-4030-9fb4-ba45a5937d35"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2016, 11, 15, 9, 0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rr = rrule(DAILY, byhour=(9), byweekday=range(0, 5), dtstart=datetime(2016, 7, 1))\n",
    "\n",
    "rr.after(datetime.now())      # The beginning of the next weekday"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "05aa375c-84bd-4032-989d-c3dbf618ff9c"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "You can retrieve the most recent recurrence *before* a given date:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "64d92b3d-127c-4ced-964c-f86a93db8487"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2017, 3, 13, 9, 0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rr.before(datetime(2017, 3, 14))   # Apparently this is a Saturday"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "26b2096e-cf66-4f15-85a7-123f6faebe71"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "You can also get all the recurrences *between* two dates:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "38713a58-b89e-44f7-9317-82c232b11bb6"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(1990, 4, 15, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1991, 3, 31, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1992, 4, 19, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1993, 4, 11, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1994, 4, 3, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1995, 4, 16, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1996, 4, 7, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1997, 3, 30, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1998, 4, 12, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(1999, 4, 4, 0, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# byeaster is a non-standard extension in dateutil that calculates a day\n",
    "# offset from easter. This rule generates all the easters between 1990 and 2000.\n",
    "rr = rrule(YEARLY, byeaster=0, dtstart=datetime(1990, 1, 1))\n",
    "\n",
    "rr.between(datetime(1990, 1, 1), datetime(2000, 1, 1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "a611d48a-6bcb-4274-bae3-6d50512fdf09"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## rruleset\n",
    "Some recurrences cannot be expressed in a single rrule. `rruleset` allows you to combine `rrule`s and `datetime`s to generate an arbitrary recurrence schedule. As an example, let's generate a bus schedule."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "c851bd48-df5a-4be0-b178-67a8404cbc62"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dtstart = datetime(2016, 11, 1, 0, 0)    # The base date\n",
    "WEEKDAYS = (MO, TU, WE, TH, FR);    WEEKENDS = (SA, SU)\n",
    "bus_schedule = rruleset()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "60323647-c87d-41cc-b73c-36e97b2907bd"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# During the week, it comes every hour on the 37 from 6:37AM to 10:37PM...\n",
    "weekday_schedule = rrule(DAILY, byweekday=WEEKDAYS,\n",
    "                         byhour=range(6, 22), byminute=37, dtstart=dtstart)\n",
    "bus_schedule.rrule(weekday_schedule)       # Add an rrule to the rule set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "dc9b5653-368a-44d0-b35d-748971617072"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# ..except after 6, when it comes every other hour - so exclude 7:37PM and 9:37PM!\n",
    "weeknight_schedule = weekday_schedule.replace(byhour=(19, 21))\n",
    "bus_schedule.exrule(weeknight_schedule)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "34cc706b-ff2f-45b8-ba7b-59b75135c02e"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# During the weekend, it comes every hour on the :07, from 8AM to 7PM\n",
    "weekend_schedule = rrule(DAILY, byweekday=WEEKENDS,\n",
    "                         byhour=range(8, 20), byminute=7, dtstart=dtstart)\n",
    "bus_schedule.rrule(weekend_schedule)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "29a0fbc7-b7f2-4421-982c-e7a07f1bde16"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `rdate` and `exdate`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "59e970ae-5206-4784-a215-497dd643e915"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# But on November 8th, 2016, politicians have arranged for busses to undergo\n",
    "# \"service\", so the normal bus schedule is canceled that day\n",
    "exdates = bus_schedule.between(datetime(2016, 11, 8, 0), datetime(2016, 11, 9))\n",
    "for exdate in exdates:\n",
    "    bus_schedule.exdate(exdate)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "10eba1b2-e23e-4a6d-b65b-501be28a364b"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# And in its place they've added one bus at 4:32 AM\n",
    "bus_schedule.rdate(datetime(2016, 11, 8, 4, 37))\n",
    "\n",
    "# And one at 7:49 PM\n",
    "bus_schedule.rdate(datetime(2016, 11, 8, 19, 49))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "b4670e0f-49da-48a8-bc82-640a954d2f54"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### And display the schedule:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "7ffe9fb8-6df8-4f5b-b291-a217ccefd9e6"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import display, HTML\n",
    "from itertools import groupby\n",
    "from operator import itemgetter\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "style_sheet = \"\"\"\n",
    "<style type=\"type/css\">\n",
    "\n",
    ".dataframe th {\n",
    "    font-size: 18px;\n",
    "    background #cacaca;\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    ".reveal .dataframe th {\n",
    "    font-size: 18px;\n",
    "    background #cacaca;\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    ".dataframe th {\n",
    "    font-size: 16px;\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    ".reveal .dataframe th {\n",
    "    font-size: 16px;\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "</style>\n",
    "\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "def print_bus_schedule(bus_list):\n",
    "    gby = groupby(bus_list, key=datetime.date)\n",
    "    l = [(g, list(map(datetime.time, v))) for g, v in gby]\n",
    "\n",
    "    labels, vals = zip(*l)\n",
    "    labels = [(dt.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'), dt.strftime('%a')) for dt in labels]\n",
    "    df = pd.DataFrame(list(vals), index=pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(labels)).T\n",
    "    html_out = (style_sheet)\n",
    "    x = df.to_html(index=False)\n",
    "    return html_out + x\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "571fc88a-3513-4b40-8787-16ab28050fbf"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <th>2016-11-07</th>\n",
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       "      <td>13:37:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>13:37:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>13:37:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>15:07:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>15:07:00</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>14:37:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>None</td>\n",
       "      <td>14:37:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>14:37:00</td>\n",
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       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
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     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bus_list = bus_schedule.between(datetime(2016, 11, 7), datetime(2016, 11, 14))\n",
    "o = print_bus_schedule(bus_list)\n",
    "HTML(o)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "1105ad25-d074-49fe-9d11-d642cfdf8397"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### ``rrulestr``\n",
    "\n",
    "The iCalendar spec originally refers to a specific string format for specifying recurrence rules.\n",
    "\n",
    "`rrule`s can also be generated from these string using the `rrulestr` class:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "dc99138a-c3e9-4033-a3dd-76927ba38ce8"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2016, 4, 3, 2, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 30, 2, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 2, 2, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 29, 2, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# DST start and stop transition rules for Pacific Time\n",
    "dst_start = rrulestr('DTSTART:19671029T020000;\\n'\n",
    "                     'FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=1SU;BYMONTH=4')\n",
    "dst_end = rrulestr('DTSTART:19671029T020000;\\n'\n",
    "                   'FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=-1SU;BYMONTH=10')\n",
    "\n",
    "rrset = rruleset()\n",
    "rrset.rrule(dst_start)\n",
    "rrset.rrule(dst_end)\n",
    "\n",
    "rrset.between(datetime(2016, 1, 1), datetime(2018, 1, 1))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "4b2cf8bc-c232-4c37-8e7d-b46b84c21297"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "As of version 2.5.0, you can also go the other way:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "35a9f91c-66e5-4e27-8aae-c44663173aba"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'DTSTART:20140913T000000\\nFREQ=YEARLY;BYYEARDAY=180;BYHOUR=1,4,12'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# This string should be compatible with other applications using the iCalendar spec\n",
    "str(rrule(YEARLY, byyearday=180, byhour=(1, 4, 12), dtstart=datetime(2014, 9, 13)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "88f67f91-2c96-4774-9105-99b926d8eff6"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'DTSTART:19900101T000000\\nFREQ=YEARLY;COUNT=14;BYEASTER=0'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Note that the BYEASTER directive is the only RFC-incompatible output\n",
    "str(rrule(YEARLY, byeaster=0, dtstart=datetime(1990, 1, 1), count=14))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "ae4b457d-959b-41ca-8571-92c70a2dc5a6"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# `dateutil.tz`\n",
    "\n",
    "dateutil also provides a number of classes to conveniently construct and represent time zones.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "c23203a4-7663-4016-8c63-9354e4341dbc"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from dateutil.tz import gettz\n",
    "from dateutil.tz import tzutc, tzoffset, tzlocal\n",
    "from dateutil.tz import tzstr, tzrange, tzfile"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "fd7b8eb5-ebc6-4905-b222-515e5d474d86"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "When attached to a `datetime`, a `tzinfo` objects provides the following information (as a function of date):\n",
    "- UTC offset\n",
    "- DST offset\n",
    "- A printable name for the zone"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "8843448e-a736-4604-8e4d-f2e4af193191"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2016-09-15 14:00:00-0400:\n",
      "    tzname:   EDT;      UTC Offset:  -4.00h;           DST:      1.0h\n",
      "2016-11-15 14:00:00-0500:\n",
      "    tzname:   EST;      UTC Offset:  -5.00h;           DST:      0.0h\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from helper_functions import print_tzinfo\n",
    "from dateutil.tz import gettz\n",
    "NYC = gettz('America/New_York')\n",
    "\n",
    "print_tzinfo(datetime(2016, 9, 15, 14, tzinfo=NYC))\n",
    "print_tzinfo(datetime(2016, 11, 15, 14, tzinfo=NYC))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "1b36334e-b088-48a5-9f79-28e8f4c7731d"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `dateutil.tz.tzutc()`\n",
    "The `tzutc()` subclass is an alias for the universal coordinated time zone. It has an offset of 0 and does not have DST."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "c92681e2-dd9b-4158-bdb1-aa4b3855c9f2"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `dateutil.tz.tzoffset()`\n",
    "The `tzoffset()` subclass represents zones with a fixed offset from UTC. It is constructed from a `tzname` and corresponding offset, either in seconds or as a `timedelta` (dateutil 2.6.0 only):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "0d52e996-0702-4cfe-80e3-6a438918551e"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2016-07-17 21:15:00+0900:\n",
      "    tzname:   JST;      UTC Offset:   9.00h;           DST:      0.0h\n",
      "2016-07-17 17:45:00+0530:\n",
      "    tzname:   IST;      UTC Offset:   5.50h;           DST:      0.0h\n",
      "2016-07-17 07:15:00-0500:\n",
      "    tzname:  None;      UTC Offset:  -5.00h;           DST:      0.0h\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "JST = tzoffset('JST', 32400)                       # Japan Standard Time is year round\n",
    "IST = tzoffset('IST',                              # India Standard Time is year round\n",
    "               timedelta(hours=5, minutes=30))  \n",
    "EST = tzoffset(None, timedelta(hours=-5))          # Can use None as a name\n",
    "\n",
    "dt = datetime(2016, 7, 17, 12, 15, tzinfo=tzutc())\n",
    "print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(JST))\n",
    "print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(IST))\n",
    "print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(EST))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "265acf8c-7e77-4dc8-8dc2-3b41be08da83"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `dateutil.tz.tzlocal`\n",
    "The `tzlocal()` object pulls time zone information from what the OS believes is the local time zone."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "46839b0a-7318-49c4-ba0a-c7990ba40c4f"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2016-07-17 08:15:00-0400:\n",
      "    tzname:   EDT;      UTC Offset:  -4.00h;           DST:      1.0h\n",
      "\n",
      "2016-07-17 12:15:00+0000:\n",
      "    tzname:   UTC;      UTC Offset:   0.00h;           DST:      0.0h\n",
      "\n",
      "2017-01-13 04:15:00-0800:\n",
      "    tzname:   PST;      UTC Offset:  -8.00h;           DST:      0.0h\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Temporarily changes the TZ file on *nix systems.\n",
    "from helper_functions import TZEnvContext\n",
    "\n",
    "print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(tzlocal())); print()\n",
    "\n",
    "with TZEnvContext('UTC'):\n",
    "    print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(tzlocal())); print()\n",
    "\n",
    "with TZEnvContext('PST8PDT'):\n",
    "    print_tzinfo((dt + timedelta(days=180)).astimezone(tzlocal()))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "6387a7f2-b75f-46c7-9e97-a84cd6d7f572"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `dateutil.tz.tzfile`\n",
    "The `tzfile` specification is a binary format that is in common use among most platforms, and is the format of the compiled IANA (Olson) `zoneinfo` database. This database is the most accurate and widely supported source for time zone information, and is shipped with many OSes. A copy of the database is also shipped with `dateutil` as a fallback.\n",
    "\n",
    "If you have an IANA time zone name (e.g. `'America/New_York'`, `'Europe/Belgium'`, `'Asia/Tokyo'`), you should use it if possible.\n",
    "\n",
    "It is possible to construct a `tzfile` directly from either a path to a file or an open file object. This is *not* the recommended way to do this as a matter of course, but it is supported. It is much preferred to just pass the timezone identifier to `gettz()`, which will check the standard paths for you (and fall back to the bundled `zoneinfo` data)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "a9d6971f-f5ae-4b1b-b6e3-e55c8888df85"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2016-07-17 08:15:00-0400:\n",
      "    tzname:   EDT;      UTC Offset:  -4.00h;           DST:      1.0h\n",
      "1944-01-06 12:15:00-0400:\n",
      "    tzname:   EWT;      UTC Offset:  -4.00h;           DST:      1.0h\n",
      "1901-09-06 16:07:00-0456:\n",
      "    tzname:   LMT;      UTC Offset:  -4.93h;           DST:      0.0h\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "NYC = tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York')\n",
    "assert NYC == gettz('America/New_York')\n",
    "\n",
    "print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(NYC))                         # Eastern Daylight Time\n",
    "print_tzinfo(datetime(1944, 1, 6, 12, 15, tzinfo=NYC))   # Eastern War Time\n",
    "print_tzinfo(datetime(1901, 9, 6, 16, 7, tzinfo=NYC))    # Local solar mean"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "dc9f19bc-dcc4-443c-b27e-e8c074f0223b"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### dateutil.tz.gettz\n",
    "The best way to get a time zone is to pass the relevant timezone string to the `gettz()` function, which will try parsing it a number of different ways until it finds a relevant string."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "f74d10b8-0fff-463a-afe4-1e944732061c"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Passing nothing gets the current local time zone:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "6e6c3715-7bbe-4842-a007-8b6a410efe24"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tzfile('/etc/localtime')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gettz()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "f567537d-81af-4865-b1a7-8ab275c33e33"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/CST6CDT')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# If you have a TZ file set, it is prioritized over the /etc/localtime tzfile.\n",
    "with TZEnvContext('CST6CDT'):\n",
    "    print(gettz())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "fed3c907-164c-4d48-b2ec-70179f5a7795"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tzlocal()\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# If it doesn't find a tzfile, but it finds a valid abbreviation for the local zone,\n",
    "# it returns tzlocal()\n",
    "with TZEnvContext('LMT4'):\n",
    "    print(gettz('LMT'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "9cdb3b68-bb7d-4ca5-96c1-cbfd571dcfd0"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/Pacific/Kiritimati')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Retrieve IANA zone:\n",
    "print(gettz('Pacific/Kiritimati'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "41a186e7-808d-499a-a6df-7163d743be8b"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tzstr('AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.1.0/2,M4.1.0/3')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Directly parse a TZ variable:\n",
    "print(gettz('AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.1.0/2,M4.1.0/3'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "d9e2960a-8b9e-465f-b28c-b4e00f5aca1c"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `dateutil.tz.tzstr`\n",
    "On POSIX-style systems, the `TZ` variable uses a specific format to specify two-transition time zones. The `tzstr` format takes strings in this format and converts them into Python `tzinfo` objects. Details on this format can be found [on gnu.org](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Variable.html)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "8869ad68-cd1d-45a4-9032-b588be18a764"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2016-07-17 22:15:00+1000:\n",
      "    tzname:  AEST;      UTC Offset:  10.00h;           DST:      0.0h\n",
      "2017-01-13 23:15:00+1100:\n",
      "    tzname:  AEDT;      UTC Offset:  11.00h;           DST:      1.0h\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# POSIX string for Australian Eastern Time (valid >= 2008)\n",
    "TZSTR_AET = tzstr('AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.1.0/2,M4.1.0/3') # Note, AEST is UTC+10\n",
    "\n",
    "print_tzinfo(dt.astimezone(TZSTR_AET))\n",
    "print_tzinfo((dt + timedelta(180)).astimezone(TZSTR_AET))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "222c6f0d-6b27-4dc0-96b2-b421c7b8abce"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "notes"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- `AEST` is 10 hours *ahead* of `UTC` - the POSIX standard is unintuitively backwards that way.\n",
    "- For `GMT` and `UTC` specifically, we break compatibility with the standard.\n",
    "- DST (AEDT) *starts* on the 10th month (M10), 1st (.1) Sunday (.0) at 2 AM (/2)\n",
    "- DST *ends* on the 4th month (M4), 1st (.1) Sunday (.0) at 3 AM (/3) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "4d17e5ba-137a-434d-a85e-0894002f5ebe"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### `dateutil.tz.tzrange`\n",
    "The `tzrange` class is intended to be a \"python native\" version of a `tzstr`. Rather than constructing it with a string, you construct it out of offsets and `relativedelta` objects."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "274136d2-ccd3-4e70-bbc6-8817958b9bca"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "TZR_AET = tzrange('AEST', timedelta(hours=10),    # AEST-10\n",
    "                  'AEDT', timedelta(hours=11),    # AEDT-11\n",
    "                  start=relativedelta(month=10, day=1, hours=2, weekday=SU(+1)),\n",
    "                  end=relativedelta(month=4, day=1, hours=2, weekday=SU(+1)))\n",
    "\n",
    "TZR_AET == TZSTR_AET"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "68876436-c064-4843-ac0f-f29433e31cb0"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Before version 2.6.0, those timedeltas need to be offset seconds, offset from UTC\n",
    "- The time part is stripped off and the relativedelta is added to the date to get the transition time.\n",
    "- Note that the transition hour time is marking the boundaries of the *standard* zone, so DST starts at 2AM standard, but ends at 3AM daylight, e.g. 2AM standard. This is inconsistent with `TZ` but apparently consistent with Python documentation."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Ambiguous and imaginary times\n",
    "Ambiguous times are times where the same \"wall time\" occurs twice, such as during a DST to STD transition. As of version 2.6.0, `dateutil` provides the `tz.datetime_ambiguous()` method to determine if a datetime is ambiguous in a given zone.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2004-10-31 00:30:00-04:00 | EDT |  Unambiguous\n",
      "2004-10-31 01:30:00-04:00 | EDT |  Ambiguous\n",
      "2004-10-31 01:30:00-05:00 | EST |  Ambiguous\n",
      "2004-10-31 02:30:00-05:00 | EST |  Unambiguous\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt1 = datetime(2004, 10, 31, 4, 30, tzinfo=tzutc())\n",
    "for i in range(4):\n",
    "    dt = (dt1 + timedelta(hours=i)).astimezone(NYC)\n",
    "    print('{} | {} |  {}'.format(dt, dt.tzname(), \n",
    "                                   'Ambiguous' if tz.datetime_ambiguous(dt) else 'Unambiguous'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Imaginary times are wall times that don't exist in a given time zone, such as during an STD to DST transition."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2004-04-04 01:30:00-05:00 | EST \n",
      "2004-04-04 03:30:00-04:00 | EDT \n",
      "2004-04-04 04:30:00-04:00 | EDT \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt1 = datetime(2004, 4, 4, 6, 30, tzinfo=tzutc())\n",
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    dt = (dt1 + timedelta(hours=i)).astimezone(NYC)\n",
    "    print('{} | {} '.format(dt, dt.tzname()))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tz.datetime_exists(datetime(2004, 4, 4, 2, 30), tz=NYC)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Constructing ambiguous dates\n",
    "Before the implementation of PEP-495 in Python 3.6, there is no ambiguous datetime support built-in to Python. `dateutil` implements PEP-495-style time zones in a backwards-compatible way. PEP-495 adds a `fold` attribute to `datetime` objects to specify whether they are the first (DST, `fold` = 0) or second (STD, `fold` = 1) occurence. To provide a backwards-compatible interface, `dateutil` provides a `tz.enfold` function that works in all versions:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2004-10-31 01:30:00-04:00\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2004, 10, 31, 1, 30, tzinfo=tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York'))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt = tz.enfold(datetime(2004, 10, 31, 1, 30, tzinfo=NYC), fold=0); print(dt)\n",
    "dt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2004-10-31 01:30:00-05:00\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "_DatetimeWithFold(2004, 10, 31, 1, 30, tzinfo=tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York'))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 91,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt = tz.enfold(datetime(2004, 10, 31, 1, 30, tzinfo=NYC), fold=1); print(dt)\n",
    "dt    # Note: In < Python 3.6 this returns a _DatetimeWithFold compatibility object"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## General rules for working with time zones\n",
    "* If you're working with actual times along a timeline, convert to UTC as soon as possible.\n",
    "* If you're working with \"wall times\", have a strategy ready for how ambiguous times are resolved."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "2c7a7f15-280a-4ca1-8752-5852f2883b0e"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# `dateutil.parser`\n",
    "\n",
    "The parser is used to take datetime strings of a valid but usually unknown format and convert them into `datetime` objects.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "04d99eed-ab07-47dc-9744-bcb0f0c1cc79"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(1942, 3, 8, 10, 13)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from dateutil.parser import parse, parser\n",
    "\n",
    "parser().parse('March 8, 1942 10:13')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "10a7d89b-3ab4-4174-9469-9130a6633d13"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(1991, 2, 3, 0, 0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "parse('1991-02-03')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "0960c080-94ec-491c-9054-2ce4800da44e"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2004, 1, 3, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2004, 11, 1, 0, 0),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2032, 4, 3, 0, 0)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(map(parse, ['01-03-04', '11-01-04', '32-04-03']))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "110c0454-5a9c-4754-a379-2f8bbf5387f0"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## When to use the parser\n",
    "- When parsing dates of an unknown format\n",
    "- When picking out dates from a string:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "da2c8567-4cc4-4e60-be05-9f015217bde4"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(1932, 6, 28, 0, 0)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "parse(\"Pat Morita's birthday is June 28, 1932\", fuzzy=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "f88a5291-5045-4a53-bc2d-cad368570417"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- When you need to retrieve the time zone information as well:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "5f071bae-78eb-43a4-ae01-5d3e48c59ba9"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[datetime.datetime(2009, 9, 14, 2, 33, 44, tzinfo=tzlocal()),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2009, 9, 14, 2, 33, 44, tzinfo=tzoffset('CST', 28800)),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2009, 9, 14, 2, 33, 44, tzinfo=tzoffset(None, 14400)),\n",
       " datetime.datetime(2009, 9, 14, 2, 33, 44, tzinfo=tzoffset(None, -14400))]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt_base = '2009-09-14 02:33:44'\n",
    "# This works for your local time zone or any fixed offset\n",
    "list(map(parse, (dt_base + x for x in ('EST', 'CST-8', 'UTC-4', '-0400'))))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "a09f3100-3c5c-4e41-ab49-f204406d9727"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "datetime.datetime(2002, 9, 14, 14, 33, 44, tzinfo=tzfile('/usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai'))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# You can also specify the time zone context for ambiguous zones\n",
    "IST = gettz('Asia/Kolkata'); CST = gettz('Asia/Shanghai')\n",
    "parse(\"2002-09-14 02:33:44 PM CST\", tzinfos={'CST': CST, 'IST': IST})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "002aa7af-e7f3-4a01-a554-99e1227d79f3"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## When not to use the parser\n",
    "- When you know the format of the string: Use `strptime`\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "- When you know the format of the string to within a few possibilities, it's almost certainly faster and more accurate to guess-and-check."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "c8a1f831-43bd-4a80-826e-b6eab95af6d0"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import qrcode\n",
    "qr = qrcode.QRCode()\n",
    "qr.add_data(\n",
    "\"\"\"Paul Ganssle\n",
    "https://github.com/pganssle\n",
    "\n",
    "pgp key:\n",
    "6B49 ACBA DCF6 BD1C A206\n",
    "67AB CD54 FCE3 D964 BEFB\n",
    "\"\"\")\n",
    "qr.make()\n",
    "qr.make_image().save('key_qr.png')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "f1dc73f9-8745-40ed-b00d-07a740b457f5"
    },
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Plug\n",
    "\n",
    "1. If you're interested in helping out, feel free to dive into the issues on github.\n",
    "2. I am looking for feedback on some future directions for the parser - if you or someone you know uses the parser heavily, please contact me as I'm hoping to make some drastic improvements in that regard in the 2.7.0 release.\n",
    "3. If you want to cross-sign PGP keys with me, please come talk to me and I will show you my ID."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "metadata": {
    "nbpresent": {
     "id": "e29656f8-7417-4f5f-972a-02d4568419c5"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style=\"font-size: 20px; border: none\" border=0>\n",
    "<tr>\n",
    "    <td>Paul Ganssle</td>\n",
    "    <td style=\"text-align: right\">https://github.com/pganssle</td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "<tr>\n",
    "    <td>\n",
    "        pgp key:<br/>\n",
    "        6B49 ACBA DCF6 BD1C A206<br/>\n",
    "        67AB CD54 FCE3 D964 BEFB\n",
    "    </td>\n",
    "    <td>\n",
    "    <img src=\"key_qr.png\" width=\"300px\">\n",
    "    </td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "</table>"
   ]
  }
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