heaptrack_print.cpp

/*
 * Copyright 2014-2016 Milian Wolff <mail@milianw.de>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
 * License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
 * License along with this program; if not, write to the
 * Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 */

/**
 * @file heaptrack_print.cpp
 *
 * @brief Evaluate and print the collected heaptrack data.
 */

#include <boost/program_options.hpp>

#include "accumulatedtracedata.h"

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <future>

#include "config.h"

using namespace std;
namespace po = boost::program_options;

namespace {

/**
 * Merged allocation information by instruction pointer outside of alloc funcs
 */
struct MergedAllocation : public AllocationData
{
    // individual backtraces
    std::vector<Allocation> traces;
    // location
    IpIndex ipIndex;
};

class formatBytes
{
public:
    formatBytes(int64_t bytes)
        : m_bytes(bytes)
    {
    }

    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const formatBytes data);

private:
    int64_t m_bytes;
};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const formatBytes data)
{
    if (data.m_bytes < 0) {
        // handle negative values
        return out << '-' << formatBytes(-data.m_bytes);
    }
    if (data.m_bytes < 1000) {
        // no fancy formatting for plain byte values, esp. no .00 factions
        return out << data.m_bytes << 'B';
    }

    static const auto units = {
        "B",
        "KB",
        "MB",
        "GB",
        "TB"
    };
    auto unit = units.begin();
    size_t i = 0;
    double bytes = data.m_bytes;
    while (i < units.size() - 1 && bytes > 1000.) {
        bytes /= 1000.;
        ++i;
        ++unit;
    }
    return out << fixed << setprecision(2) << bytes << *unit;
}

struct Printer final : public AccumulatedTraceData
{
    void finalize()
    {
        filterAllocations();
        mergedAllocations = mergeAllocations(allocations);
    }

    void mergeAllocation(vector<MergedAllocation>* mergedAllocations, const Allocation& allocation) const
    {
        const auto trace = findTrace(allocation.traceIndex);
        const auto traceIp = findIp(trace.ipIndex);
        auto it = lower_bound(mergedAllocations->begin(), mergedAllocations->end(), traceIp,
                                [this] (const MergedAllocation& allocation, const InstructionPointer traceIp) -> bool {
                                    // Compare meta data without taking the instruction pointer address into account.
                                    // This is useful since sometimes, esp. when we lack debug symbols, the same function
                                    // allocates memory at different IP addresses which is pretty useless information most of the time
                                    // TODO: make this configurable, but on-by-default
                                    const auto allocationIp = findIp(allocation.ipIndex);
                                    return allocationIp.compareWithoutAddress(traceIp);
                                });
        if (it == mergedAllocations->end() || !findIp(it->ipIndex).equalWithoutAddress(traceIp)) {
            MergedAllocation merged;
            merged.ipIndex = trace.ipIndex;
            it = mergedAllocations->insert(it, merged);
        }
        it->traces.push_back(allocation);
    }

    // merge allocations so that different traces that point to the same
    // instruction pointer at the end where the allocation function is
    // called are combined
    vector<MergedAllocation> mergeAllocations(const vector<Allocation>& allocations) const
    {
        // TODO: merge deeper traces, i.e. A,B,C,D and A,B,C,F
        //       should be merged to A,B,C: D & F
        //       currently the below will only merge it to: A: B,C,D & B,C,F
        vector<MergedAllocation> ret;
        ret.reserve(allocations.size());
        for (const Allocation& allocation : allocations) {
            if (allocation.traceIndex) {
                mergeAllocation(&ret, allocation);
            }
        }
        for (MergedAllocation& merged : ret) {
            for (const Allocation& allocation: merged.traces) {
                merged.allocated += allocation.allocated;
                merged.allocations += allocation.allocations;
                merged.leaked += allocation.leaked;
                merged.peak += allocation.peak;
                merged.temporary += allocation.temporary;
            }
        }
        return ret;
    }

    void filterAllocations()
    {
        if (filterBtFunction.empty()) {
            return;
        }
        allocations.erase(remove_if(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(), [&] (const Allocation& allocation) -> bool {
            auto node = findTrace(allocation.traceIndex);
            while (node.ipIndex) {
                const auto& ip = findIp(node.ipIndex);
                if (isStopIndex(ip.functionIndex)) {
                    break;
                }
                if (stringify(ip.functionIndex).find(filterBtFunction) != string::npos) {
                    return false;
                }
                node = findTrace(node.parentIndex);
            };
            return true;
        }), allocations.end());
    }

    void printIndent(ostream& out, size_t indent, const char* indentString = "  ") const
    {
        while (indent--) {
            out << indentString;
        }
    }

    void printIp(const IpIndex ip, ostream &out, const size_t indent = 0) const
    {
        printIp(findIp(ip), out, indent);
    }

    void printIp(const InstructionPointer& ip, ostream& out, const size_t indent = 0, bool flameGraph = false) const
    {
        printIndent(out, indent);

        if (ip.functionIndex) {
            out << prettyFunction(stringify(ip.functionIndex));
        } else {
            out << "0x" << hex << ip.instructionPointer << dec;
        }

        if (flameGraph) {
            // only print the file name but nothing else
            if (ip.fileIndex) {
                const auto& file = stringify(ip.fileIndex);
                auto idx = file.find_last_of('/') + 1;
                out << " (" << file.substr(idx) << ")";
            }
            out << ';';
            return;
        }

        out << '\n';
        printIndent(out, indent + 1);

        if (ip.fileIndex) {
            out << "at " << stringify(ip.fileIndex) << ':' << ip.line << '\n';
            printIndent(out, indent + 1);
        }

        if (ip.moduleIndex) {
            out << "in " << stringify(ip.moduleIndex);
        } else {
            out << "in ??";
        }
        out << '\n';
    }

    void printBacktrace(const TraceIndex traceIndex, ostream& out, const size_t indent = 0, bool skipFirst = false) const
    {
        if (!traceIndex) {
            out << "  ??";
            return;
        }
        printBacktrace(findTrace(traceIndex), out, indent, skipFirst);
    }

    void printBacktrace(TraceNode node, ostream& out, const size_t indent = 0, bool skipFirst = false) const
    {
        while (node.ipIndex) {
            const auto& ip = findIp(node.ipIndex);
            if (!skipFirst) {
                printIp(ip, out, indent);
            }
            skipFirst = false;

            if (isStopIndex(ip.functionIndex)) {
                break;
            }

            node = findTrace(node.parentIndex);
        };
    }

    /**
     * recursive top-down printer in the format
     *
     * func1;func2 (file);func2 (file);
     */
    void printFlamegraph(TraceNode node, ostream& out) const
    {
        if (!node.ipIndex) {
            return;
        }

        const auto& ip = findIp(node.ipIndex);

        if (!isStopIndex(ip.functionIndex)) {
            printFlamegraph(findTrace(node.parentIndex), out);
        }
        printIp(ip, out, 0, true);
    }

    template<typename T, typename LabelPrinter, typename SubLabelPrinter>
    void printAllocations(T AllocationData::* member, LabelPrinter label, SubLabelPrinter sublabel)
    {
        if (mergeBacktraces) {
            printMerged(member, label, sublabel);
        } else {
            printUnmerged(member, label);
        }
    }

    template<typename T, typename LabelPrinter, typename SubLabelPrinter>
    void printMerged(T AllocationData::* member, LabelPrinter label, SubLabelPrinter sublabel)
    {
        auto sortOrder = [member] (const AllocationData& l, const AllocationData& r) {
            return std::abs(l.*member) > std::abs(r.*member);
        };
        sort(mergedAllocations.begin(), mergedAllocations.end(), sortOrder);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < min(peakLimit, mergedAllocations.size()); ++i) {
            auto& allocation = mergedAllocations[i];
            if (!(allocation.*member)) {
                break;
            }
            label(allocation);
            printIp(allocation.ipIndex, cout);

            sort(allocation.traces.begin(), allocation.traces.end(), sortOrder);
            int64_t handled = 0;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < min(subPeakLimit, allocation.traces.size()); ++j) {
                const auto& trace = allocation.traces[j];
                sublabel(trace);
                handled += trace.*member;
                printBacktrace(trace.traceIndex, cout, 2, true);
            }
            if (allocation.traces.size() > subPeakLimit) {
                cout << "  and ";
                if (member == &AllocationData::allocations) {
                    cout << (allocation.*member - handled);
                } else {
                    cout << formatBytes(allocation.*member - handled);
                }
                cout << " from " << (allocation.traces.size() - subPeakLimit) << " other places\n";
            }
            cout << '\n';
        }
    }

    template<typename T, typename LabelPrinter>
    void printUnmerged(T AllocationData::* member, LabelPrinter label)
    {
        sort(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(),
            [member] (const Allocation& l, const Allocation &r) {
                return std::abs(l.*member) > std::abs(r.*member);
            });
        for (size_t i = 0; i < min(peakLimit, allocations.size()); ++i) {
            const auto& allocation = allocations[i];
            if (!(allocation.*member)) {
                break;
            }
            label(allocation);
            printBacktrace(allocation.traceIndex, cout, 1);
            cout << '\n';
        }
        cout << endl;
    }

    void writeMassifHeader(const char* command)
    {
        // write massif header
        massifOut << "desc: heaptrack\n"
                  << "cmd: " << command << '\n'
                  << "time_unit: s\n";
    }

    void writeMassifSnapshot(size_t timeStamp, bool isLast)
    {
        if (!lastMassifPeak) {
            lastMassifPeak = totalCost.leaked;
            massifAllocations = allocations;
        }
        massifOut
            << "#-----------\n"
            << "snapshot=" << massifSnapshotId << '\n'
            << "#-----------\n"
            << "time=" << (0.001 * timeStamp) << '\n'
            << "mem_heap_B=" << lastMassifPeak << '\n'
            << "mem_heap_extra_B=0\n"
            << "mem_stacks_B=0\n";

        if (massifDetailedFreq && (isLast || !(massifSnapshotId % massifDetailedFreq))) {
            massifOut << "heap_tree=detailed\n";
            const size_t threshold = double(lastMassifPeak) * massifThreshold * 0.01;
            writeMassifBacktrace(massifAllocations, lastMassifPeak, threshold, IpIndex());
        } else {
            massifOut << "heap_tree=empty\n";
        }

        ++massifSnapshotId;
        lastMassifPeak = 0;
    }

    void writeMassifBacktrace(const vector<Allocation>& allocations, size_t heapSize, size_t threshold,
                              const IpIndex& location, size_t depth = 0)
    {
        int64_t skippedLeaked = 0;
        size_t numAllocs = 0;
        size_t skipped = 0;
        auto mergedAllocations = mergeAllocations(allocations);
        sort(mergedAllocations.begin(), mergedAllocations.end(), [] (const MergedAllocation& l, const MergedAllocation& r) {
            return l.leaked > r.leaked;
        });

        const auto ip = findIp(location);

        // skip anything below main
        const bool shouldStop = isStopIndex(ip.functionIndex);
        if (!shouldStop) {
            for (auto& merged : mergedAllocations) {
                if (merged.leaked < 0) {
                    // list is sorted, so we can bail out now - these entries are uninteresting for massif
                    break;
                }

                // skip items below threshold
                if (static_cast<size_t>(merged.leaked) >= threshold) {
                    ++numAllocs;
                    // skip the first level of the backtrace, otherwise we'd endlessly recurse
                    for (auto& alloc : merged.traces) {
                        alloc.traceIndex = findTrace(alloc.traceIndex).parentIndex;
                    }
                } else {
                    ++skipped;
                    skippedLeaked += merged.leaked;
                }
            }
        }

        printIndent(massifOut, depth, " ");
        massifOut << 'n' << (numAllocs + (skipped ? 1 : 0)) << ": " << heapSize;
        if (!depth) {
            massifOut << " (heap allocation functions) malloc/new/new[], --alloc-fns, etc.\n";
        } else {
            massifOut << " 0x" << hex << ip.instructionPointer << dec
                      << ": ";
            if (ip.functionIndex) {
                massifOut << stringify(ip.functionIndex);
            } else {
                massifOut << "???";
            }

            massifOut << " (";
            if (ip.fileIndex) {
                massifOut << stringify(ip.fileIndex) << ':' << ip.line;
            } else if (ip.moduleIndex) {
                massifOut << stringify(ip.moduleIndex);
            } else {
                massifOut << "???";
            }
            massifOut << ")\n";
        }

        auto writeSkipped = [&] {
            if (skipped) {
                printIndent(massifOut, depth, " ");
                massifOut << " n0: " << skippedLeaked << " in " << skipped
                        << " places, all below massif's threshold (" << massifThreshold << ")\n";
                skipped = 0;
            }
        };

        if (!shouldStop) {
            for (const auto& merged : mergedAllocations) {
                if (merged.leaked > 0 && static_cast<size_t>(merged.leaked) >= threshold) {
                    if (skippedLeaked > merged.leaked) {
                        // manually inject this entry to keep the output sorted
                        writeSkipped();
                    }
                    writeMassifBacktrace(merged.traces, merged.leaked, threshold, merged.ipIndex, depth + 1);
                }
            }
            writeSkipped();
        }
    }

    void handleAllocation(const AllocationInfo& info, const AllocationIndex /*index*/) override
    {
        if (printHistogram) {
            ++sizeHistogram[info.size];
        }

        if (totalCost.leaked > 0 && static_cast<size_t>(totalCost.leaked) > lastMassifPeak && massifOut.is_open()) {
            massifAllocations = allocations;
            lastMassifPeak = totalCost.leaked;
        }
    }

    void handleTimeStamp(int64_t /*oldStamp*/, int64_t newStamp) override
    {
        if (massifOut.is_open()) {
            writeMassifSnapshot(newStamp, newStamp == totalTime);
        }
    }

    void handleDebuggee(const char* command) override
    {
        cout << "Debuggee command was: " << command << endl;
        if (massifOut.is_open()) {
            writeMassifHeader(command);
        }
    }

    bool printHistogram = false;
    bool mergeBacktraces = true;

    vector<MergedAllocation> mergedAllocations;

    std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t> sizeHistogram;

    uint64_t massifSnapshotId = 0;
    uint64_t lastMassifPeak = 0;
    vector<Allocation> massifAllocations;
    ofstream massifOut;
    double massifThreshold = 1;
    uint64_t massifDetailedFreq = 1;

    string filterBtFunction;
    size_t peakLimit = 10;
    size_t subPeakLimit = 5;
};
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    po::options_description desc("Options", 120, 60);
    desc.add_options()
        ("file,f", po::value<string>(),
            "The heaptrack data file to print.")
        ("diff,d", po::value<string>()->default_value({}),
            "Find the differences to this file.")
        ("shorten-templates,t", po::value<bool>()->default_value(true)->implicit_value(true),
            "Shorten template identifiers.")
        ("merge-backtraces,m", po::value<bool>()->default_value(true)->implicit_value(true),
            "Merge backtraces.\nNOTE: the merged peak consumption is not correct.")
        ("print-peaks,p", po::value<bool>()->default_value(true)->implicit_value(true),
            "Print backtraces to top allocators, sorted by peak consumption.")
        ("print-allocators,a", po::value<bool>()->default_value(true)->implicit_value(true),
            "Print backtraces to top allocators, sorted by number of calls to allocation functions.")
        ("print-temporary,T", po::value<bool>()->default_value(true)->implicit_value(true),
            "Print backtraces to top allocators, sorted by number of temporary allocations.")
        ("print-leaks,l", po::value<bool>()->default_value(false)->implicit_value(true),
            "Print backtraces to leaked memory allocations.")
        ("print-overall-allocated,o", po::value<bool>()->default_value(false)->implicit_value(true),
            "Print top overall allocators, ignoring memory frees.")
         ("peak-limit,n", po::value<size_t>()->default_value(10)->implicit_value(10),
            "Limit the number of reported peaks.")
         ("sub-peak-limit,s", po::value<size_t>()->default_value(5)->implicit_value(5),
            "Limit the number of reported backtraces of merged peak locations.")
        ("print-histogram,H", po::value<string>()->default_value(string()),
            "Path to output file where an allocation size histogram will be written to.")
        ("print-flamegraph,F", po::value<string>()->default_value(string()),
            "Path to output file where a flame-graph compatible stack file will be written to.\n"
            "To visualize the resulting file, use flamegraph.pl from https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph:\n"
            "  heaptrack_print heaptrack.someapp.PID.gz -F stacks.txt\n"
            "  # optionally pass --reverse to flamegraph.pl\n"
            "  flamegraph.pl --title \"heaptrack: allocations\" --colors mem \\\n"
            "    --countname allocations < stacks.txt > heaptrack.someapp.PID.svg\n"
            "  [firefox|chromium] heaptrack.someapp.PID.svg\n")
        ("print-massif,M", po::value<string>()->default_value(string()),
            "Path to output file where a massif compatible data file will be written to.")
        ("massif-threshold", po::value<double>()->default_value(1.),
            "Percentage of current memory usage, below which allocations are aggregated into a 'below threshold' entry.\n"
            "This is only used in the massif output file so far.\n")
        ("massif-detailed-freq", po::value<size_t>()->default_value(2),
            "Frequency of detailed snapshots in the massif output file. Increase this to reduce the file size.\n"
            "You can set the value to zero to disable detailed snapshots.\n")
        ("filter-bt-function", po::value<string>()->default_value(string()),
            "Only print allocations where the backtrace contains the given function.")
        ("help,h",
            "Show this help message.")
        ("version,v",
            "Displays version information.");
    po::positional_options_description p;
    p.add("file", -1);

    po::variables_map vm;
    try {
        po::store(po::command_line_parser(argc, argv)
                    .options(desc).positional(p).run(), vm);
        if (vm.count("help")) {
            cout << "heaptrack_print - analyze heaptrack data files.\n"
                << "\n"
                << "heaptrack is a heap memory profiler which records information\n"
                << "about calls to heap allocation functions such as malloc, operator new etc. pp.\n"
                << "This print utility can then be used to analyze the generated data files.\n\n"
                << desc << endl;
            return 0;
        } else if (vm.count("version")) {
            cout << "heaptrack_print " << HEAPTRACK_VERSION_STRING << endl;
            return 0;
        }
        po::notify(vm);
    } catch (const po::error& error) {
        cerr << "ERROR: " << error.what() << endl
             << endl << desc << endl;
        return 1;
    }

    if (!vm.count("file")) {
        // NOTE: stay backwards compatible to old boost 1.41 available in RHEL 6
        //       otherwise, we could simplify this by setting the file option
        //       as ->required() using the new 1.42 boost API
        cerr << "ERROR: the option '--file' is required but missing\n\n" << desc << endl;
        return 1;
    }

    Printer data;

    const auto inputFile = vm["file"].as<string>();
    const auto diffFile = vm["diff"].as<string>();
    data.shortenTemplates = vm["shorten-templates"].as<bool>();
    data.mergeBacktraces = vm["merge-backtraces"].as<bool>();
    data.filterBtFunction = vm["filter-bt-function"].as<string>();
    data.peakLimit = vm["peak-limit"].as<size_t>();
    data.subPeakLimit = vm["sub-peak-limit"].as<size_t>();
    const string printHistogram = vm["print-histogram"].as<string>();
    data.printHistogram = !printHistogram.empty();
    const string printFlamegraph = vm["print-flamegraph"].as<string>();
    const string printMassif = vm["print-massif"].as<string>();
    if (!printMassif.empty()) {
        data.massifOut.open(printMassif, ios_base::out);
        if (!data.massifOut.is_open())  {
            cerr << "Failed to open massif output file \"" << printMassif << "\"." << endl;
            return 1;
        }
        data.massifThreshold = vm["massif-threshold"].as<double>();
        data.massifDetailedFreq = vm["massif-detailed-freq"].as<size_t>();
    }
    const bool printLeaks = vm["print-leaks"].as<bool>();
    const bool printOverallAlloc = vm["print-overall-allocated"].as<bool>();
    const bool printPeaks = vm["print-peaks"].as<bool>();
    const bool printAllocs = vm["print-allocators"].as<bool>();
    const bool printTemporary = vm["print-temporary"].as<bool>();

    cout << "reading file \"" << inputFile << "\" - please wait, this might take some time..." << endl;

    if (!diffFile.empty()) {
        cout << "reading diff file \"" << diffFile << "\" - please wait, this might take some time..." << endl;
        Printer diffData;
        auto diffRead = async(launch::async, [&diffData, diffFile] () {
            return diffData.read(diffFile);
        });

        if (!data.read(inputFile) || !diffRead.get()) {
            return 1;
        }

        data.diff(diffData);
    } else if (!data.read(inputFile)) {
        return 1;
    }

    data.finalize();

    cout << "finished reading file, now analyzing data:\n" << endl;

    if (printAllocs) {
        // sort by amount of allocations
        cout << "MOST CALLS TO ALLOCATION FUNCTIONS\n";
        data.printAllocations(&AllocationData::allocations, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << data.allocations << " calls to allocation functions with " << formatBytes(data.peak) << " peak consumption from\n";
        }, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << data.allocations << " calls with " << formatBytes(data.peak) << " peak consumption from:\n";
        });
        cout << endl;
    }

    if (printOverallAlloc) {
        cout << "MOST BYTES ALLOCATED OVER TIME (ignoring deallocations)\n";
        data.printAllocations(&AllocationData::allocated, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << formatBytes(data.allocated) << " allocated over " << data.allocations << " calls from\n";
        }, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << formatBytes(data.allocated) << " allocated over " << data.allocations << " calls from:\n";
        });
        cout << endl;
    }

    if (printPeaks) {
        ///FIXME: find a way to merge this without breaking temporal dependency.
        /// I.e. a given function could be called N times from different places
        /// and allocate M bytes each, but free it thereafter.
        /// Then the below would give a wrong total peak size of N * M instead
        /// of just N!
        cout << "PEAK MEMORY CONSUMERS\n";
        if (data.mergeBacktraces) {
            cout << "\nWARNING - the data below is not an accurate calcuation of"
                    " the total peak consumption and can easily be wrong.\n"
                    " For an accurate overview, disable backtrace merging.\n";
        }

        data.printAllocations(&AllocationData::peak, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << formatBytes(data.peak) << " peak memory consumed over " << data.allocations << " calls from\n";
        }, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << formatBytes(data.peak) << " consumed over " << data.allocations << " calls from:\n";
        });
    }

    if (printLeaks) {
        // sort by amount of leaks
        cout << "MEMORY LEAKS\n";
        data.printAllocations(&AllocationData::leaked, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << formatBytes(data.leaked) << " leaked over " << data.allocations << " calls from\n";
        }, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << formatBytes(data.leaked) << " leaked over " << data.allocations << " calls from:\n";
        });
        cout << endl;
    }

    if (printTemporary) {
        // sort by amount of temporary allocations
        cout << "MOST TEMPORARY ALLOCATIONS\n";
        data.printAllocations(&AllocationData::temporary, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << data.temporary << " temporary allocations of " << data.allocations << " allocations in total ("
                 << setprecision(2) << (float(data.temporary)  * 100.f / data.allocations) << "%) from\n";
        }, [] (const AllocationData& data) {
            cout << data.temporary << " temporary allocations of " << data.allocations << " allocations in total ("
                 << setprecision(2) << (float(data.temporary)  * 100.f / data.allocations) << "%) from:\n";
        });
        cout << endl;
    }

    const double totalTimeS = 0.001 * data.totalTime;
    cout << "total runtime: " << fixed << totalTimeS << "s.\n"
         << "bytes allocated in total (ignoring deallocations): " << formatBytes(data.totalCost.allocated)
            << " (" << formatBytes(data.totalCost.allocated / totalTimeS) << "/s)" << '\n'
         << "calls to allocation functions: " << data.totalCost.allocations
            << " (" << int64_t(data.totalCost.allocations / totalTimeS) << "/s)\n"
         << "temporary memory allocations: " << data.totalCost.temporary
            << " (" << int64_t(data.totalCost.temporary / totalTimeS) << "/s)\n"
         << "peak heap memory consumption: " << formatBytes(data.totalCost.peak) << '\n'
         << "peak RSS (including heaptrack overhead): " << formatBytes(data.peakRSS * data.systemInfo.pageSize) << '\n'
         << "total memory leaked: " << formatBytes(data.totalCost.leaked) << '\n';

    if (!printHistogram.empty()) {
        ofstream histogram(printHistogram, ios_base::out);
        if (!histogram.is_open()) {
            cerr << "Failed to open histogram output file \"" << printHistogram << "\"." << endl;
        } else {
            for (auto entry : data.sizeHistogram) {
                histogram << entry.first << '\t' << entry.second << '\n';
            }
        }
    }

    if (!printFlamegraph.empty()) {
        ofstream flamegraph(printFlamegraph, ios_base::out);
        if (!flamegraph.is_open()) {
            cerr << "Failed to open flamegraph output file \"" << printFlamegraph << "\"." << endl;
        } else {
            for (const auto& allocation : data.allocations) {
                if (!allocation.traceIndex) {
                    flamegraph << "??";
                } else {
                    data.printFlamegraph(data.findTrace(allocation.traceIndex), flamegraph);
                }
                flamegraph << ' ' << allocation.allocations << '\n';
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}