diff --git a/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_code.h b/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_code.h
index faae16a..82d6cba 100644
--- a/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_code.h
+++ b/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_code.h
@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@ enum class sql_analyzer_code {
     ambiguous_type,
     /// @brief the set of type input is inconsistent for this operation.
     inconsistent_type,
+    /// @brief the declared elements exceeds the limit of count.
+    exceed_number_of_elements,
     /// @brief the referring variable is not resolved (internal error).
     unresolved_variable,
     /// @brief the number of values is wrong (internal error).
@@ -188,6 +190,7 @@ inline constexpr std::string_view to_string_view(sql_analyzer_code value) noexce
 
         case kind::ambiguous_type: return "ambiguous_type"sv;
         case kind::inconsistent_type: return "inconsistent_type"sv;
+        case kind::exceed_number_of_elements: return "exceed_number_of_elements"sv;
         case kind::unresolved_variable: return "unresolved_variable"sv;
         case kind::inconsistent_elements: return "inconsistent_elements"sv;
     }
diff --git a/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_options.h b/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_options.h
index 0f34d76..a1dba80 100644
--- a/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_options.h
+++ b/include/mizugaki/analyzer/sql_analyzer_options.h
@@ -144,6 +144,37 @@ class sql_analyzer_options {
      */
     static constexpr std::string_view default_advance_sequence_function_name { "nextval" };
 
+    /**
+     * @brief the default value of maximum number of columns in table definition.
+     * @see max_max_table_columns()
+     */
+    static constexpr size_type default_max_table_columns = 1'000;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief the default value of maximum number of columns in the select list.
+     * @see max_select_elements()
+     */
+    static constexpr size_type default_max_select_elements = 1'000;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief the default value of maximum number of rows in table value constructor.
+     * @see max_table_value_constructor_rows()
+     */
+    static constexpr size_type default_max_table_value_constructor_rows = 1'000;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief the default value of maximum number of columns in row value constructor.
+     * @see max_row_value_constructor_columns()
+     */
+    static constexpr size_type default_max_row_value_constructor_columns = 1'000;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief the default value of maximum number of alternatives in case expressions.
+     * @see max_case_alternatives()
+     * @note this also restricts the number of alternatives of `COALESCE`.
+     */
+    static constexpr size_type default_max_case_alternatives = 300;
+
     /**
      * @brief the zone offset unit type.
      */
@@ -483,6 +514,71 @@ class sql_analyzer_options {
         return system_zone_offset_;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the maximum number of columns in table definition.
+     * @return the max number of columns in table definition
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type& max_table_columns() noexcept {
+        return max_table_columns_;
+    }
+
+    /// @copydoc max_table_columns()
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type const& max_table_columns() const noexcept {
+        return max_table_columns_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the maximum number of columns in the select list.
+     * @return the max number of columns in the select list
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type& max_select_elements() noexcept {
+        return max_select_elements_;
+    }
+
+    /// @copydoc max_select_elements()
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type const& max_select_elements() const noexcept {
+        return max_select_elements_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the maximum number of rows in table value constructor.
+     * @return the max number of rows in table value constructor
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type& max_table_value_constructor_rows() noexcept {
+        return max_table_value_constructor_rows_;
+    }
+
+    /// @copydoc max_table_value_constructor_rows()
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type const& max_table_value_constructor_rows() const noexcept {
+        return max_table_value_constructor_rows_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the maximum number of columns in row value constructor.
+     * @return the max number of columns in row value constructor
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type& max_row_value_constructor_columns() noexcept {
+        return max_row_value_constructor_columns_;
+    }
+
+    /// @copydoc max_row_value_constructor_columns()
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type const& max_row_value_constructor_columns() const noexcept {
+        return max_row_value_constructor_columns_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the maximum number of alternatives in case expressions.
+     * @return the max number of alternatives in case expressions
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type& max_case_alternatives() noexcept {
+        return max_case_alternatives_;
+    }
+
+    /// @copydoc max_case_alternatives()
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type const& max_case_alternatives() const noexcept {
+        return max_case_alternatives_;
+    }
+
 private:
     ::takatori::util::maybe_shared_ptr<::yugawara::schema::catalog const> catalog_;
     ::takatori::util::maybe_shared_ptr<::yugawara::schema::search_path const> schema_search_path_;
@@ -511,6 +607,12 @@ class sql_analyzer_options {
 
     std::string_view advance_sequence_function_name_ { default_advance_sequence_function_name };
     zone_offset_type system_zone_offset_ { default_system_zone_offset };
+
+    size_type max_table_columns_ { default_max_table_columns };
+    size_type max_select_elements_ { default_max_select_elements };
+    size_type max_table_value_constructor_rows_ { default_max_table_value_constructor_rows };
+    size_type max_row_value_constructor_columns_ { default_max_row_value_constructor_columns };
+    size_type max_case_alternatives_ { default_max_case_alternatives };
 };
 
 } // namespace mizugaki::analyzer
diff --git a/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_query_expression.cpp b/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_query_expression.cpp
index 57543da..0adbfb3 100644
--- a/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_query_expression.cpp
+++ b/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_query_expression.cpp
@@ -164,6 +164,16 @@ class engine {
         relation_info info;
         optional_ptr<trelation::project> select_columns {};
         {
+            if (expr.elements().size() > context_.options()->max_select_elements()) {
+                context_.report(
+                        sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                        string_builder {}
+                                << "too many select elements: "
+                                << "must be less than or equal to " << context_.options()->max_select_elements()
+                                << string_builder::to_string,
+                        expr.region());
+                return {};
+            }
             auto&& project = graph_.emplace<trelation::project>(std::vector<trelation::project::column> {});
             project.columns().reserve(std::min(expr.elements().size(), std::size_t { 8 }));
             if (!expr.elements().empty()) {
@@ -424,10 +434,33 @@ class engine {
             ast::query::table_value_constructor const& expr,
             optional_ptr<query_scope const> const& parent,
             row_value_context const& val) {
+        if (expr.elements().size() > context_.options()->max_table_value_constructor_rows()) {
+            context_.report(
+                    sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                    string_builder {}
+                            << "too many table value constructor elements: "
+                            << "must be less than or equal to "
+                            << context_.options()->max_table_value_constructor_rows()
+                            << string_builder::to_string,
+                    expr.region());
+            return {};
+        }
+
         // compute row values only which is a row value constructor
         auto rows = create_vector<trelation::values::row>(expr.elements().size());
         for (auto&& row_value : expr.elements()) {
             if (auto row_ctor = as_row_value_constructor(*row_value)) {
+                if (row_ctor->elements().size() > context_.options()->max_row_value_constructor_columns()) {
+                    context_.report(
+                            sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                            string_builder {}
+                                    << "too many row value constructor elements: "
+                                    << "must be less than or equal to "
+                                    << context_.options()->max_row_value_constructor_columns()
+                                    << string_builder::to_string,
+                            row_ctor->region());
+                    return {};
+                }
                 auto row = create_ref_vector<tscalar::expression>(row_ctor->elements().size());
                 std::size_t index = 0;
                 for (auto&& elem_expr : row_ctor->elements()) {
diff --git a/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_scalar_expression.cpp b/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_scalar_expression.cpp
index e11ab21..6b212cb 100644
--- a/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_scalar_expression.cpp
+++ b/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_scalar_expression.cpp
@@ -145,6 +145,16 @@ class engine {
                     expr.region());
             return {};
         }
+        if (expr.when_clauses().size() > context_.options()->max_case_alternatives()) {
+            context_.report(
+                    sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                    string_builder {}
+                            << "too many alternatives in CASE expression: "
+                            << "must be less than or equal to " << context_.options()->max_case_alternatives()
+                            << string_builder::to_string,
+                    expr.region());
+            return {};
+        }
 
         std::optional<tscalar::let::variable> variable {};
         if (expr.operand()) {
@@ -610,6 +620,17 @@ class engine {
                     values.region());
             return {};
         }
+        if (values.elements().size() > context_.options()->max_table_value_constructor_rows()) {
+            context_.report(
+                    sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                    string_builder {}
+                            << "IN predicate with too many elements: "
+                            << "must be less than or equal to "
+                            << context_.options()->max_table_value_constructor_rows()
+                            << string_builder::to_string,
+                    values.region());
+            return {};
+        }
 
         auto left = process(*expr.left(), {});
         if (!left) {
@@ -822,6 +843,16 @@ class engine {
                     expr.region());
             return {};
         }
+        if (expr.arguments().size() > context_.options()->max_case_alternatives()) {
+            context_.report(
+                    sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                    string_builder {}
+                            << "too many alternatives in COALESCE expression: "
+                            << "must be less than or equal to " << context_.options()->max_case_alternatives()
+                            << string_builder::to_string,
+                    expr.region());
+            return {};
+        }
 
         ::takatori::util::reference_vector<tscalar::expression> operands {};
         operands.reserve(expr.arguments().size());
diff --git a/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_statement.cpp b/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_statement.cpp
index 77e1696..ea41998 100644
--- a/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_statement.cpp
+++ b/src/mizugaki/analyzer/details/analyze_statement.cpp
@@ -785,6 +785,17 @@ class engine {
                 }
             }
             table_columns.push_back(std::move(prototype));
+            if (table_columns.size() > context_.options()->max_table_columns()) {
+                context_.report(
+                        sql_analyzer_code::exceed_number_of_elements,
+                        string_builder {}
+                                << "too many columns in table definition: "
+                                << table_name << " - "
+                                << "must be less than or equal to " << context_.options()->max_table_columns()
+                                << string_builder::to_string,
+                        stmt.region());
+                return {};
+            }
         }
         if (table_columns.empty()) {
             context_.report(