Create docker image tags for major (and potentially minor) versions

[pyoio]

Hello!

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Issue details

We'd like our CI pipelines to be able to pickup the latest minor+patch changes within a major Pulumi release series, similar to Python's tagging approach.

For example, we'd like to be able to specify image: pulumi/pulumi-go:3 and that tag always map to the latest 3.x version that's been published (Python also does tags like :3.18 which would map to the latest patch release for 3.18.x). We'd prefer to avoid using :latest as it could jump from 3.x to 4.x.

Affected area/feature

I think this could be achieved solely in the CI config for this repo.

[t0yv0]

CC @AaronFriel

[RobbieMcKinstry]

I think this would be a big compatibility improvement. I might even suggest it's a form of "Raising the Quality" bar. Our new policy for image support is to support the newest language version that's backward-compatible with our oldest maintained version, this might quickly become necessary for several customers using Python 3.7+.