diff --git a/experiments/compression/corpus.py b/experiments/compression/corpus.py
index da5661df..56e26211 100644
--- a/experiments/compression/corpus.py
+++ b/experiments/compression/corpus.py
@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ def main(corpus):
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     if len(sys.argv) < 2:
-        print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} [directory]")
+        print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <directory>")
         sys.exit(2)
     main(pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]))
diff --git a/experiments/profiling/compression.py b/experiments/profiling/compression.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ece1f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/profiling/compression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Profile the permessage-deflate extension.
+
+Usage::
+    $ pip install line_profiler
+    $ python experiments/compression/corpus.py experiments/compression/corpus
+    $ PYTHONPATH=src python -m kernprof \
+        --line-by-line \
+        --prof-mod src/websockets/extensions/permessage_deflate.py \
+        --view \
+        experiments/profiling/compression.py experiments/compression/corpus 12 5 6
+
+"""
+
+import pathlib
+import sys
+
+from websockets.extensions.permessage_deflate import PerMessageDeflate
+from websockets.frames import OP_TEXT, Frame
+
+
+def compress_and_decompress(corpus, max_window_bits, memory_level, level):
+    extension = PerMessageDeflate(
+        remote_no_context_takeover=False,
+        local_no_context_takeover=False,
+        remote_max_window_bits=max_window_bits,
+        local_max_window_bits=max_window_bits,
+        compress_settings={"memLevel": memory_level, "level": level},
+    )
+    for data in corpus:
+        frame = Frame(OP_TEXT, data)
+        frame = extension.encode(frame)
+        frame = extension.decode(frame)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if len(sys.argv) < 2 or not pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).is_dir():
+        print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <directory> [<max_window_bits>] [<mem_level>]")
+    corpus = [file.read_bytes() for file in pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).iterdir()]
+    max_window_bits = int(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 12
+    memory_level = int(sys.argv[3]) if len(sys.argv) > 3 else 5
+    level = int(sys.argv[4]) if len(sys.argv) > 4 else 6
+    compress_and_decompress(corpus, max_window_bits, memory_level, level)
diff --git a/src/websockets/extensions/permessage_deflate.py b/src/websockets/extensions/permessage_deflate.py
index f962b65f..21df804f 100644
--- a/src/websockets/extensions/permessage_deflate.py
+++ b/src/websockets/extensions/permessage_deflate.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import dataclasses
 import zlib
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from typing import Any
@@ -120,7 +119,6 @@ def decode(
         else:
             if not frame.rsv1:
                 return frame
-            frame = dataclasses.replace(frame, rsv1=False)
             if not frame.fin:
                 self.decode_cont_data = True
 
@@ -146,7 +144,15 @@ def decode(
         if frame.fin and self.remote_no_context_takeover:
             del self.decoder
 
-        return dataclasses.replace(frame, data=data)
+        return frames.Frame(
+            frame.opcode,
+            data,
+            frame.fin,
+            # Unset the rsv1 flag on the first frame of a compressed message.
+            False,
+            frame.rsv2,
+            frame.rsv3,
+        )
 
     def encode(self, frame: frames.Frame) -> frames.Frame:
         """
@@ -161,8 +167,6 @@ def encode(self, frame: frames.Frame) -> frames.Frame:
         # data" flag similar to "decode continuation data" at this time.
 
         if frame.opcode is not frames.OP_CONT:
-            # Set the rsv1 flag on the first frame of a compressed message.
-            frame = dataclasses.replace(frame, rsv1=True)
             # Re-initialize per-message decoder.
             if self.local_no_context_takeover:
                 self.encoder = zlib.compressobj(
@@ -172,14 +176,25 @@ def encode(self, frame: frames.Frame) -> frames.Frame:
 
         # Compress data.
         data = self.encoder.compress(frame.data) + self.encoder.flush(zlib.Z_SYNC_FLUSH)
-        if frame.fin and data.endswith(_EMPTY_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOCK):
+        if frame.fin and data[-4:] == _EMPTY_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOCK:
+            # Making a copy is faster than memoryview(a)[:-4] until about 2kB.
+            # On larger messages, it's slower but profiling shows that it's
+            # marginal compared to compress() and flush(). Keep it simple.
             data = data[:-4]
 
         # Allow garbage collection of the encoder if it won't be reused.
         if frame.fin and self.local_no_context_takeover:
             del self.encoder
 
-        return dataclasses.replace(frame, data=data)
+        return frames.Frame(
+            frame.opcode,
+            data,
+            frame.fin,
+            # Set the rsv1 flag on the first frame of a compressed message.
+            frame.opcode is not frames.OP_CONT,
+            frame.rsv2,
+            frame.rsv3,
+        )
 
 
 def _build_parameters(