https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1006/ijna.2000.0281 study of a small coastal Lycian town only connected to sea located in ok natural harbor limited sources of fresh water 15km from larger trade hub coastal towns vulnerable to raiders walls and town built at same time late 4th bc to 7th ad main export good is purple dye from sea snails likely not sustained by local agriculture (though there was some) largely lacked docking facilities
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1006/ijna.1996.0013 shipworm would mean a ships lifespan is 2-7 years unless protected ex the kyrenia ship had lead sheathing and lasted 15-25 years ships, especially warships, would be stored dry on land largely drying over winter to kill shipworm warships also beached nightly increase lifespan to 20 years fir is lighter than pine and cedar as a shipbuilding material ship wetness/soundness was a disadvantage at battle
kyrenia ship a possible victim
lead sheathing possible piracy victim main cargo of 400 wine amphorae from rhodes crew of 4
start with the hieroglyphs hieroglyphs morph into proto-sinaitic in ~1800 BCE phoenician alphabet developed in ~1200 BCE phoenician led to greek alphabet in ~800 BCE but with vowels! standardised in 400 BCE
real economic growth implies higher division of labor market integration drives specialization allows farmers to grow regionally optimal crops instead of substinence olives and grapes are more labor intensive than grains maybe propulation growth drives productivity by forcing better use of land technologic change in roman times (at least agriculture?) limited to watermills, oil press, and sturdier cattle cities drive demand for commodities like olive oil “Changes in surplusproduction in the Mediterranean region were probably much more the resultof changes in the structure of landholding and the wider economy than oftechnological innovation” peasants engage in subsidiary labor when not needed for agriculture - marginal gains + access to wages typically seasonal in nature textiles made in cities, estates, and peasant households textiles from wool or flax