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<title>The Purposes of Punishment</title>
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<h2 class="title editable block">
<span class="title-prefix">1.5</span> The Purposes of Punishment</h2>
<div class="learning_objectives editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_n01">
<h3 class="title">Learning Objective</h3>
<ol class="orderedlist" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_l01">
<li>Ascertain the effects of specific and general deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, and restitution.</li>
</ol>
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<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_p01">Punishment has five recognized purposes: <em class="emphasis">deterrence</em>, <em class="emphasis">incapacitation</em>, <em class="emphasis">rehabilitation</em>, <em class="emphasis">retribution</em>, and <em class="emphasis">restitution</em>.</p>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s01">
<h2 class="title editable block">Specific and General Deterrence</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s01_p01">Deterrence prevents future crime by frightening the <em class="emphasis">defendant</em> or the <em class="emphasis">public</em>. The two types of deterrence are <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">specific</a><span class="glossdef">Prevents crime by frightening an individual defendant.</span></span> and <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">general deterrence</a><span class="glossdef">Prevents crime by frightening society with an individual defendant’s punishment.</span></span>. Specific deterrence applies to an <em class="emphasis">individual defendant</em>. When the government punishes an individual defendant, he or she is theoretically less likely to commit another crime because of fear of another similar or worse punishment. General deterrence applies to the <em class="emphasis">public</em> at large. When the public learns of an individual defendant’s punishment, the public is theoretically less likely to commit a crime because of fear of the punishment the defendant experienced. When the public learns, for example, that an individual defendant was severely punished by a sentence of life in prison or the death penalty, this knowledge can inspire a deep fear of criminal prosecution.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s02">
<h2 class="title editable block">Incapacitation</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s02_p01"><span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">Incapacitation</a><span class="glossdef">Prevents crime by removing a defendant from society.</span></span> prevents future crime by removing the defendant from society. Examples of incapacitation are incarceration, house arrest, or execution pursuant to the death penalty.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s03">
<h2 class="title editable block">Rehabilitation</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s03_p01"><span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">Rehabilitation</a><span class="glossdef">Prevents crime by altering a defendant’s behavior.</span></span> prevents future crime by altering a defendant’s behavior. Examples of rehabilitation include educational and vocational programs, treatment center placement, and counseling. The court can combine rehabilitation with incarceration or with probation or parole. In some states, for example, nonviolent drug offenders must participate in rehabilitation in combination with probation, rather than submitting to incarceration.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn01_010">Ariz. Rev. Stat. §13-901.01, accessed February 15, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.justia.com/arizona/codes/title13/00901-01.html">http://law.justia.com/arizona/codes/title13/00901-01.html</a>.</span> This lightens the load of jails and prisons while lowering <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">recidivism</a><span class="glossdef">A defendant’s tendency to reoffend.</span></span>, which means reoffending.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s04">
<h2 class="title editable block">Retribution</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s04_p01"><span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">Retribution</a><span class="glossdef">Prevents crime by giving victims and society a feeling of avengement.</span></span> prevents future crime by removing the desire for <em class="emphasis">personal</em> avengement (in the form of assault, battery, and criminal homicide, for example) against the defendant. When victims or society discover that the defendant has been adequately punished for a crime, they achieve a certain satisfaction that our criminal procedure is working effectively, which enhances faith in law enforcement and our government.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05">
<h2 class="title editable block">Restitution</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_p01"><span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">Restitution</a><span class="glossdef">A court order forcing the criminal defendant to pay for harm or the costs of criminal prosecution.</span></span> prevents future crime by punishing the defendant <em class="emphasis">financially</em>. Restitution is when the court orders the criminal defendant to pay the victim for any harm and resembles a civil litigation damages award. Restitution can be for physical injuries, loss of property or money, and rarely, emotional distress. It can also be a <em class="emphasis">fine</em> that covers some of the costs of the criminal prosecution and punishment.</p>
<div class="figure large editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_f01">
<p class="title"><span class="title-prefix">Figure 1.4</span> Different Punishments and Their Purpose</p>
<img src="section_05/d798d5b2eec79c12fcae9c2f36ca445e.jpg">
</div>
<div class="key_takeaways editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_n01">
<h3 class="title">Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul class="itemizedlist" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_l01">
<li>Specific deterrence prevents crime by frightening an individual defendant with punishment. General deterrence prevents crime by frightening the public with the punishment of an individual defendant.</li>
<li>Incapacitation prevents crime by removing a defendant from society.</li>
<li>Rehabilitation prevents crime by altering a defendant’s behavior.</li>
<li>Retribution prevents crime by giving victims or society a feeling of avengement.</li>
<li>Restitution prevents crime by punishing the defendant financially.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="exercises editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_n02">
<h3 class="title">Exercises</h3>
<p class="para" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_p02">Answer the following questions. Check your answers using the answer key at the end of the chapter.</p>
<ol class="orderedlist" id="storm_1.0-ch01_s05_s05_l02">
<li>What is one difference between criminal victims’ restitution and civil damages?</li>
<li>Read <em class="emphasis">Campbell v. State</em>, 5 S.W.3d 693 (1999). Why did the defendant in this case claim that the restitution award was too high? Did the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals agree with the defendant’s claim? The case is available at this link: <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11316909200521760089&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11316909200521760089&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</a>.</li>
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