-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 2
/
s13-03-first-degree-murder.html
141 lines (125 loc) · 26.7 KB
/
s13-03-first-degree-murder.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<link href="shared/bookhub.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<title>First-Degree Murder</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id=navbar-top class="navbar">
<div class="navbar-part left">
<a href="s13-02-murder.html"><img src="shared/images/batch-left.png"></a> <a href="s13-02-murder.html">Previous Section</a>
</div>
<div class="navbar-part middle">
<a href="index.html"><img src="shared/images/batch-up.png"></a> <a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a>
</div>
<div class="navbar-part right">
<a href="s13-04-felony-murder.html">Next Section</a> <a href="s13-04-felony-murder.html"><img src="shared/images/batch-right.png"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="book-content">
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03" condition="start-of-chunk" version="5.0" lang="en">
<h2 class="title editable block">
<span class="title-prefix">9.3</span> First-Degree Murder</h2>
<div class="learning_objectives editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_n01">
<h3 class="title">Learning Objectives</h3>
<ol class="orderedlist" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_l01">
<li>Ascertain the three types of murder that are typically first degree.</li>
<li>Define premeditated murder.</li>
<li>Explain the significance of the criminal act element of murder in premeditated murder.</li>
<li>Define murder by a specified means.</li>
<li>Give examples of specified means for first-degree murder.</li>
<li>Analyze first-degree murder grading.</li>
<li>Ascertain the circumstances that merit capital punishment.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_p01">In this section, you analyze the <em class="emphasis">factors</em> that classify a murder as <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">first-degree murder</a><span class="glossdef">The highest classification of murder; includes premeditated murder, serious felony murders, and murder by a specified means.</span></span>. Keep in mind that the criminal act, criminal intent, causation, and harm elements of murder have already been discussed.</p>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01">
<h2 class="title editable block">Factors Classifying Murder as First Degree</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_p01">States and the federal government usually include <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">premeditated murder</a><span class="glossdef">A first-degree murder that combines specific intent to kill with calm planning and reflection.</span></span>, <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">murder by a specified means</a><span class="glossdef">The defendant uses a specific and heinous method to commit murder.</span></span>, and very serious <strong class="emphasis bold">felony murders</strong> in their first-degree murder statutes. Felony murder is discussed shortly.</p>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01">
<h2 class="title editable block">Premeditated Murder</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_p01">Premeditated murder was originally and historically the predominant form of murder in any first-degree murder statute. A common statutory definition of first-degree premeditated murder is a willful, deliberate, premeditated killing.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_017">Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.316, accessed September 19, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.onecle.com/michigan/750-michigan-penal-code/mcl-750-316.html">http://law.onecle.com/michigan/750-michigan-penal-code/mcl-750-316.html</a>.</span></p>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s01">
<h2 class="title editable block">Definition of Willful, Deliberate, and Premeditated</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s01_p01">Most jurisdictions define <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">willful</a><span class="glossdef">A term used in first-degree murder statutes that means a specific intent to kill.</span></span> as a <strong class="emphasis bold">specific intent to kill</strong>, <strong class="emphasis bold">purposely</strong>, or <em class="emphasis">express malice</em>. Jurisdictions differ when interpreting <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">deliberate</a><span class="glossdef">A term used in first-degree murder statutes that means calm and methodical.</span></span> and <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">premeditated</a><span class="glossdef">A term used in first-degree murder statutes that means planned.</span></span>. A minority of jurisdictions equate express malice or purposely with deliberation and premeditation, which means that the prosecution need only prove specific intent to kill for a first-degree premeditated murder conviction.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_018"><em class="emphasis">Hawthorne v. State</em>, 835 So. 2d 14 (2003), accessed September 19, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6294577581180338458&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6294577581180338458&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</a>.</span> However, this interpretation could blur the distinction between first and second-degree murder. The majority of jurisdictions have defined <em class="emphasis">deliberate</em> as calm and methodical, without passion or anger.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_019"><em class="emphasis">People v. Anderson</em>, 447 P.2d 942 (1968), accessed February 13, 2011, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9215896464929219588&q=definition+of+deliberate+premeditated+murder&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9215896464929219588&q= definition+of+deliberate+premeditated+murder&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5</a>.</span> <em class="emphasis">Premeditated</em> generally means the defendant reflected on the act or planned ahead.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_020"><em class="emphasis">People v. Cole</em>, 95 P.3d 811 (2004), accessed February 13, 2011, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18037950298665209340&q=definition+of+deliberate+premeditated+murder&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18037950298665209340&q= definition+of+deliberate+premeditated+murder&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5</a>.</span> In other words, if the defendant specifically intends to kill the victim and rationally, purposefully, takes steps that culminate in the victim’s death, the defendant has committed first-degree premeditated murder in many jurisdictions.</p>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s01_p02">Often it is the act itself that proves the killing was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. If the killing is carried out in a manner that indicates a strong and calculated desire to bring about the victim’s death, the trier of fact can and often does conclude that the murder was premeditated.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_021"><em class="emphasis">State v. Snowden</em>, 313 P.2d 706 (1957), accessed September 19, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16193283019378884065&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16193283019378884065&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</a>.</span></p>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s01_p03">Most jurisdictions agree that an <em class="emphasis">extended period of time</em> is not a requirement of premeditation.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_022"><em class="emphasis">Commonwealth v. Carroll,</em> 412 Pa. 525 (1963), accessed February 18, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13694151174720667465&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13694151174720667465&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</a>.</span> Thus a murder can be premeditated and first degree even if it is conceived only moments before the actual killing.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_023"><em class="emphasis">State v. Schrader</em>, 302 SE 2d 70 (1982), accessed September 19, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=287453315188864266&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=287453315188864266&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</a>.</span> Some jurisdictions do not require <em class="emphasis">any</em> appreciable time lapse between the formation of intent and the criminal act.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_024"><em class="emphasis">State v. Snowden</em>, 313 P.2d 706 (1957), accessed September 19, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16193283019378884065&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16193283019378884065&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</a>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s02">
<h2 class="title editable block">Example of a Willful, Deliberate, Premeditated Murder</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s02_p01">Imagine that Joannie and her husband Tim are in a terrible fight in the kitchen. Tim tells Joannie that he is going to get a divorce and will thereafter seek full custody of their two young children. Joannie states, “Wait here. I need to go to the bathroom. I will be right back.” She walks down the hall, but goes into the <em class="emphasis">bedroom</em>, rather than the bathroom, and removes a handgun from the nightstand drawer. She then walks to the bathroom and flushes the toilet. Hiding the handgun in the pocket of her bathrobe, she walks back into the kitchen, removes it, and shoots Tim four times in the abdomen, killing him.</p>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s02_p02">In this scenario, Joannie probably could be convicted of premeditated murder in most jurisdictions. Joannie shoots and kills Tim in a calm, methodical manner, evidencing <strong class="emphasis bold">deliberation</strong>. Her manufactured excuse and flushing of the toilet indicate <strong class="emphasis bold">planning</strong>. The act of shooting Tim four times shows that Joannie has a <strong class="emphasis bold">specific intent to kill</strong> and a strong and calculated desire to bring about Tim’s death. Note that <em class="emphasis">timing</em> is not an issue here. Even a few minutes are enough to carry out a premeditated murder if the proper facts are present.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s03">
<h2 class="title editable block">Example of a Spontaneous Killing</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s01_s03_p01">Compare the previous example with this scenario. Frank, Dillon’s supervisor, calls Dillon into his office and fires him. Enraged, Dillon grabs a heavy brass paperweight from the top of Frank’s desk and strikes him in the forehead, killing him instantly. In this example, Dillon acts in <em class="emphasis">anger</em>, not calm, cool, reflection. The act of grabbing a heavy brass paperweight appears <em class="emphasis">impulsive</em>, not planned. There is no evidence to indicate that Dillon knew he would be fired or knew that there was a brass paperweight on Frank’s desk. In addition, the single blow to the head does not necessarily indicate that Dillon had a strong and calculated desire to <em class="emphasis">kill</em> Frank. Dillon’s conduct may be supported by <strong class="emphasis bold">murder intent</strong> (most likely implied malice, knowingly, or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life), but there is no evidence of specific intent to kill, deliberation, or premeditation. Thus Frank’s killing would probably not be first-degree premeditated murder in most jurisdictions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s02">
<h2 class="title editable block">Murder by a Specified Means</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s02_p01">Murder by a <strong class="emphasis bold">specified means</strong> is a specific <em class="emphasis">method</em> of killing that is extremely heinous. Most states list the specified means in their first-degree murder statutes. Some examples of commonly included specified means are murder by drive-by shooting, destructive device like a bomb, weapon of mass destruction, ammunition designed to puncture a bulletproof vest, poison, torture, or <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">lying in wait</a><span class="glossdef">An ambush-style killing.</span></span>, which is an ambush-style killing.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_025">Cal. Penal Code § 189, accessed February 18, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/189.html">http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/189.html</a>.</span> Note that all the aforementioned <em class="emphasis">methods</em> of killing involve premeditation to a certain extent and could also probably qualify as first-degree premeditated murder.</p>
<div class="figure large medium-height editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s01_s02_f01">
<p class="title"><span class="title-prefix">Figure 9.3</span> Diagram of First-Degree Murder</p>
<img src="section_13/0a24cc9ceab8b42d91748225577c4dc6.jpg">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02">
<h2 class="title editable block">First-Degree Murder Grading</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_p01">Most states divide murder into <strong class="emphasis bold">first</strong> and <strong class="emphasis bold">second degree</strong>.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_026">N.R.S. § 200.030, accessed February 13, 2011, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.onecle.com/nevada/crimes/200.030.html">http://law.onecle.com/nevada/crimes/200.030.html</a>.</span> Some states add a <strong class="emphasis bold">third degree</strong> of murder that generally includes less serious sentencing options.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_027">Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2502, accessed February 14, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/web/pa2501.html">http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/web/pa2501.html</a>.</span> The Model Penal Code classifies <em class="emphasis">all</em> murders as felonies of the first degree (Model Penal Code § 210.2(2)).</p>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_p02">First-degree murder is the highest classification of murder and results in the most extreme punishment available in a jurisdiction’s punishment scheme. If the jurisdiction allows for the death penalty, first-degree murder typically is the only crime against an individual that qualifies the defendant for execution.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_028">N.R.S. § 200.030(4) (a), accessed February 13, 2011, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.onecle.com/nevada/crimes/200.030.html">http://law.onecle.com/nevada/crimes/200.030.html</a>.</span> If the jurisdiction does not allow for the death penalty, first-degree murder often qualifies the defendant for <em class="emphasis">life in prison</em>.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_029">Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.316, accessed February 13, 2011, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.onecle.com/michigan/750-michigan-penal-code/mcl-750-316.html">http://law.onecle.com/michigan/750-michigan-penal-code/mcl-750-316.html</a>.</span></p>
<div class="section" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01">
<h2 class="title editable block">Capital Punishment</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_p01">The US Supreme Court has held that criminal homicide is the <em class="emphasis">only</em> crime against an individual that can merit the death penalty.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_030"><em class="emphasis">Kennedy v. Louisiana</em>, 128 S. Ct. 2641 (2008), accessed September 21, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-343.ZO.html">http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-343.ZO.html</a>.</span> A discussion of crimes against the government (such as treason) that merit the death penalty is in <a class="xref" href="storm_1.0-ch13#storm_1.0-ch13">Chapter 13 "Crimes against the Government"</a>.</p>
<p class="para editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_p02">In states that allow capital punishment, first-degree murder with one or more <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">aggravating factor</a><span class="glossdef">A factor that may enhance the sentence for first-degree murder to the death penalty if the state allows for the death penalty.</span></span>(s) is generally a capital offense. Examples of aggravating factors are killing more than one person, killing for financial gain, killing with a particularly heinous method, or killing a peace officer.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_031">Death Penalty Information Center, “Aggravating Factors for Capital Punishment by State,” accessed September 23, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/aggravating-factors-capital-punishment-state">http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/aggravating-factors-capital-punishment-state</a>.</span> In general, the trier of fact must ensure that the aggravating factor(s) are not outweighed by <span class="margin_term"><a class="glossterm">mitigating factor</a><span class="glossdef">A factor that may reduce a sentence from the death penalty to incarceration if it outweighs any aggravating factor(s).</span></span>(s). Examples of mitigating factors are the youth of the defendant, the defendant’s lack of a criminal history, and the fact that the defendant was acting under extreme emotional or mental disturbance.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_032">Death Penalty Information Center, “Terry Lenamon’s List of State Death Penalty Mitigation Statutes,” accessed September 23, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=d61d8c7b-896b-4c1a-bd87-f86425206b45">http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=d61d8c7b-896b-4c1a-bd87-f86425206b45</a>.</span></p>
<div class="figure large medium-height editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_f01">
<p class="title"><span class="title-prefix">Figure 9.4</span> Diagram of Capital Punishment</p>
<img src="section_13/fd885d9e9e1767ae62c8a44883aa4e3d.jpg">
</div>
<div class="callout editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_n01">
<h3 class="title">The Peterson Case</h3>
<p class="para" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_p03">A jury convicted Scott Peterson of first-degree premeditated murder for the killing of his pregnant wife Laci Peterson. They also convicted him of second-degree murder for the killing of his unborn son Conner.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_033">Charles Montaldo, “Scott Peterson Guilty of first-degree murder,” About.com website, accessed July 15, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://crime.about.com/od/news/a/scott_peterson.htm">http://crime.about.com/od/news/a/scott_peterson.htm</a>.</span> The governing statute was California Penal Code § 189.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_034">Cal. Penal Code § 189, accessed July 15, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/189.html">http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/189.html</a>.</span> After issuing the verdict, the jury sentenced Peterson to death based on the special circumstance of killing more than one person.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_035">Charles Montaldo, “The Peterson Verdict: Special Circumstances,” About.com website, accessed July 15, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://crime.about.com/od/news/a/scott_verdict.htm">http://crime.about.com/od/news/a/scott_verdict.htm</a>.</span></p>
<p class="para" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_p04">The prosecution was successful without <em class="emphasis">direct evidence</em> or proof of the <em class="emphasis">cause of death</em>.<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_036">Charles Montaldo, “Scott Peterson Guilty of first-degree murder,” About.com website, accessed July 15, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://crime.about.com/od/news/a/scott_peterson.htm">http://crime.about.com/od/news/a/scott_peterson.htm</a>.</span></p>
<p class="para" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_p05">Congress was inspired by the Peterson case to pass the <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/usc_sec_18_00001841----000-.html"><strong class="emphasis bold">Unborn Victims of Violence Act</strong></a>, 18 U.S.C. § 1841,<span class="footnote" id="storm_1.0-fn09_037">18 U.S.C. § 1841, accessed February 13, 2010, <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://crime.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=crime&cdn=newsissues&tm=435&gps=634_398_1276_788&f=10&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.nrlc.org/Unborn_Victims/UVVAEnrolled.html">http://crime.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=crime&cdn=newsissues&tm=435&gps=634_398_1276_788&f=10&tt= 2&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.nrlc.org/Unborn_Victims/UVVAEnrolled.html</a>.</span> creating the new federal crime of killing an unborn child.</p>
</div>
<div class="key_takeaways editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_n02">
<h3 class="title">Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul class="itemizedlist" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_l01">
<li>Most states and the federal government include premeditated murder, murder by a specified means, and felony murder in their first-degree murder statutes.</li>
<li>Premeditated murder is typically a purposeful killing committed after calm planning and reflection. An extensive length of time between the formation of criminal intent and the criminal act is not generally a requirement of premeditated murder.</li>
<li>The criminal act can help prove that a murder was premeditated. If the killing is carried out in a manner that indicates a strong and calculated desire to bring about the victim’s death, the trier of fact can conclude that the murder was premeditated.</li>
<li>When the defendant commits murder with a particularly heinous method, the killing is murder by a specified means.</li>
<li>First-degree murder statutes often include the following specified means: murder by drive-by shooting, destructive device like a bomb, weapon of mass destruction, ammunition designed to puncture a bulletproof vest, poison, torture, or lying in wait.</li>
<li>First-degree murder is the highest classification of murder with the most severe sentencing options. If the jurisdiction allows for capital punishment, first-degree murder typically is the only crime against an individual that merits the death penalty. If the jurisdiction does not allow for capital punishment, first-degree murder often qualifies the defendant for life in prison.</li>
<li>The only crime against an individual that can merit capital punishment is criminal homicide. In most jurisdictions, the defendant must commit first-degree murder combined with one or more aggravating factors that are not outweighed by mitigating factors to receive the death penalty.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="exercises editable block" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_n03">
<h3 class="title">Exercises</h3>
<p class="para" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_p06">Answer the following questions. Check your answers using the answer key at the end of the chapter.</p>
<ol class="orderedlist" id="storm_1.0-ch09_s03_s02_s01_l02">
<li>Johnnie decides he wants to kill Marcus, the leader of a rival gang. Johnnie knows that Marcus always hangs out in front of the gas station on Friday nights. Johnnie puts his gun in the glove compartment of his car and drives to the gas station on a Friday night. He sees Marcus standing out front. He slowly drives by, takes aim, and shoots Marcus from the car, killing him. Could this be first-degree murder? Explain your answer.</li>
<li>Read <em class="emphasis">State v. West</em>, 844 S.W.2d 144 (1992). Did the Supreme Court of Tennessee hold that a defendant’s failure to report a shooting to the police for over an hour and concealment of the murder weapon constitutes sufficient evidence to prove premeditated murder? The case is available at this link: <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3481778471457660977&hl=en&as_sdt=2002&as_vis=1">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3481778471457660977&hl=en&as_sdt=2002&as_vis=1</a>.</li>
<li>Read <em class="emphasis">U.S. v. Downs</em>, 56 F.3d 973 (1995). Identify motive, planning, and preconceived design in this case. The case is available at this link: <a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/56/56.F3d.973.94-3404.html">http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/56/56.F3d.973.94-3404.html</a>.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id=navbar-bottom class="navbar">
<div class="navbar-part left">
<a href="s13-02-murder.html"><img src="shared/images/batch-left.png"></a> <a href="s13-02-murder.html">Previous Section</a>
</div>
<div class="navbar-part middle">
<a href="index.html"><img src="shared/images/batch-up.png"></a> <a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a>
</div>
<div class="navbar-part right">
<a href="s13-04-felony-murder.html">Next Section</a> <a href="s13-04-felony-murder.html"><img src="shared/images/batch-right.png"></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="shared/book.js"></script>
</body>
</html>