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<h1 class="title editable block">
<span class="title-prefix">Chapter 6</span> South America</h1>
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<h2 class="title editable block">Identifying the Boundaries</h2>
<p class="para editable block" id="berglee_1.0-ch06_s00_p01">Europeans called the Western Hemisphere the New World. South America is the realm consisting of the southern portion of the New World. This realm includes the entire continent of South America, which is smaller in physical area than North America. As a continent, South America is larger in physical area than Europe, Antarctica, or Australia but is smaller in physical area than Africa or Asia. The South American continent is located farther east than North America and is smaller in physical area. Almost the entire landmass of South America lies to the east of the same meridian that runs through Miami, Florida. The Atlantic Ocean borders the continent to the east and the Pacific Ocean borders the continent on the west. The narrow Isthmus of Panama creates a natural break between the South American continent and its neighbors to the north. The Caribbean Sea creates the northern boundary.</p>
<p class="para editable block" id="berglee_1.0-ch06_s00_p02">The continent covers an extensive range of latitude. The equator cuts through the northern part of the continent directly through the mouth of the mighty <strong class="emphasis bold">Amazon River</strong>. The country of Ecuador is located on the equator—hence its name. The equatorial region is dominated by the tropical climates of the immense <strong class="emphasis bold">Amazon Basin</strong>. The Tropic of Capricorn runs directly through the latitude of São Paulo, Brazil, and Chile’s <strong class="emphasis bold">Atacama Desert</strong>, which reveals that most of the continent is in the zone of the tropics to the north. South of the Tropic of Capricorn is the <strong class="emphasis bold">Southern Cone</strong> of South America, home to the physical regions of the <strong class="emphasis bold">Pampas</strong> and <strong class="emphasis bold">Patagonia</strong>. <strong class="emphasis bold">Tierra del Fuego</strong> is the southern tip of the realm with territory in both Argentina and Chile. On the south side of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago is <strong class="emphasis bold">Cape Horn</strong>, which is considered the southernmost land point of the continent. The Diego Ramírez Islands south of Cape Horn mark the southern boundary of South America.</p>
<p class="para editable block" id="berglee_1.0-ch06_s00_p03">A number of noted island groups are usually affiliated with the physical region of South America. The <strong class="emphasis bold">Galapagos Islands</strong> are territorially a part of the country of Ecuador. The <strong class="emphasis bold">Falkland Islands</strong>, often referred to as the Malvinas, are located off the southern coast of Argentina. They are physically associated with South America but are administered and controlled by Great Britain as an overseas territory. Argentina has claimed the Falkland Islands and has battled Great Britain for them. Chile controls the noted <strong class="emphasis bold">Easter Island</strong> and the <strong class="emphasis bold">Robinson Crusoe Island</strong> in the Pacific Ocean. Various islands in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean—such as the Dutch islands of Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire—are sometimes associated with South America because of their proximity to the continent. They are included in <a class="xref" href="berglee_1.0-ch05_s04#berglee_1.0-ch05_s04">Section 5.4 "The Caribbean"</a> on the Caribbean and are more often associated with Middle America.</p>
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<p class="title"><span class="title-prefix">Figure 6.1</span> South America: Political Map of the Countries and Various Physical Regions</p>
<img src="section_09/e334b95b4a3ebbf91882432c87e18c76.jpg">
<p class="para">The main two physical features of South America are the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River.</p>
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