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This repo demonstrates running a containerised service using podman, without running either podman or the service as root.

Unless otherwise stated everything applies to

  • RockyLinux 8.9 (Rocky-8-GenericCloud-Base-8.9-20231119.0.x86_64.qcow2) with:
    • systemd 239
    • podman 4.4.1
  • RockyLinux 9.3 (Rocky-9-GenericCloud-Base-9.3-20231113.0.x86_64.qcow2) with:
    • systemd 252
    • podman 4.6.1

An initial container was created with:

[rocky]$ podman run -dit --name apache -p 8080:80 docker.io/library/httpd:2.4

Whether the container is running can be tested with:

[rocky]$ curl localhost:8080
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>

A unit file was then created with:

[rocky]$ podman generate systemd --new apache

and the aim is to run this service with the user podman.

The obvious approach is simply to add User=podman to the Service section of the unit. However service startup fails with:

Error: creating idfile: open /run/apache.service.ctr-id: permission denied

Therefore the service must be run as a systemd user unit for the podman user. To do this, user-lingering must be enabled so that there is a user session available for the service. Without this, unit startup fails with:

Failed to connect to bus: No such file or directory

Note that even with user lingering enabled, su does not allow interaction with systemd user units, failing with the same message. There are two options:

  1. su with the $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR set to the relevant user ID:

     [rocky ~]$ sudo su podman
 [podman rocky]$ XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/$UID systemctl --user status apache
 ● apache.service
 Loaded: loaded (/home/podman/.config/systemd/user/apache.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Tue 2023-11-21 14:52:00 UTC; 14min ago
 ...

  2. Use machinectl (provided by the systemd-container package) to get a proper login session:

     [rocky ~]$ sudo machinectl shell [email protected]
 Connected to the local host. Press ^] three times within 1s to exit session.
 [podman ~]$ systemctl --user status apache
 ● apache.service
 Loaded: loaded (/home/podman/.config/systemd/user/apache.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Active: active (running) since Tue 2023-11-21 10:42:22 UTC; 7min ago
 Main PID: 1979 (conmon)
 ...

  3. For RockyLinux 9.3 (systemd 252):

    [rocky ~]$ systemctl --user -M podman@ status apache

    this requires systemd >= 247 and RockyLinux 8.9 provides systemd 239.

In terms of Ansible control of user units, using:

systemd:
    ...
    scope: user
become_user: podman

appears to be sufficient (i.e. setting XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not required). While there is an Ansible "become plugin" for machinectl it is not suitable here as it only works for root user (docs), at least without additional polkit rules.

Seeing logs from the service is also non-obvious. Clearly the syslog (/var/logs/messages) will not contain logs for user units. They can be accessed by filtering to the appropriate user unit, e.g.:

[rocky ~]$ sudo journalctl _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=apache.service
...

However that journalctl --user commands as the podman user won't work as by default journald won't store user unit logs. To fix this journald configuration in /etc/systemd/journald.conf must have Storage=auto replaced with Storage=persistent and journald restarted. Logging can then be accessed using one of the following:

  1. su with the $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR set to the relevant user ID:

     [rocky@sb-podman ~]$ sudo su podman
 [podman@sb-podman rocky]$ XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/$UID journalctl --user -u apache.service
 ...

  2. Using machinectl:

     [rocky ~]$ sudo machinectl shell podman@
 Connected to the local host. Press ^] three times within 1s to exit session.
 [podman ~]$ journalctl --user -u apache.service
 ...

Note that without configuring persistent storage, the above will both return a confusing error:

No journal files were opened due to insufficient permissions.

A futher tweak is to add --userns=auto to the podman command line, so that the container runs in its own namespace. To be able to access mounted volumes either:

  • Use the U flag to recursively chown on startup,
  • Add a supplementary group to the podman user, add that as the group on the host volume directory and leak the group into the container using --group-add=keep-groups on the podman run command line.

In the latter case all containers run by the podman user will have access to each other's storage; in the former option they won't but there is the potential for performance/timeout problems on startup.

Testing showed that --userns=auto worked with RL9.2 but not with RL8.2. It appears that may be an apache-container specific problem.

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