Tox is used to run the test suite fully. For basic test runs against a single Python interpreter:
tox
For more elaborate CI-style test running, the tox script provided will run against various Python / database targets. For a basic run against Python 2.7 using an in-memory SQLite database:
tox -e py38-sqlite
The tox runner contains a series of target combinations that can run against various combinations of databases. The test suite can be run against SQLite with "backend" tests also running against a PostgreSQL database:
tox -e py38-sqlite-postgresql
Or to run just "backend" tests against a MySQL databases:
tox -e py38-mysql-backendonly
Running against backends other than SQLite requires that a database of that vendor be available at a specific URL. See "Setting Up Databases" below for details.
The tox runner is using py.test to invoke the test suite. Within the realm of py.test, SQLAlchemy itself is adding a large series of option and customizations to the py.test runner using plugin points, to allow for SQLAlchemy's multiple database support, database setup/teardown and connectivity, multi process support, as well as lots of skip / database selection rules.
Running tests with py.test directly grants more immediate control over database options and test selection.
A generic py.test run looks like:
py.test -n4
Above, the full test suite will run against SQLite, using four processes. If the "-n" flag is not used, the pytest-xdist is skipped and the tests will run linearly, which will take a pretty long time.
The py.test command line is more handy for running subsets of tests and to quickly allow for custom database connections. Example:
py.test --dburi=postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test test/sql/test_query.py
Above will run the tests in the test/sql/test_query.py file (a pretty good file for basic "does this database work at all?" to start with) against a running PostgreSQL database at the given URL.
The py.test frontend can also run tests against multiple kinds of databases at once - a large subset of tests are marked as "backend" tests, which will be run against each available backend, and additionally lots of tests are targeted at specific backends only, which only run if a matching backend is made available. For example, to run the test suite against both PostgreSQL and MySQL at the same time:
py.test -n4 --db postgresql --db mysql
The test suite identifies several built-in database tags that run against a pre-set URL. These can be seen using --dbs:
$ py.test --dbs
Available --db options (use --dburi to override)
default sqlite:///:memory:
firebird firebird://sysdba:masterkey@localhost//Users/classic/foo.fdb
mssql mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger^5HHH@mssql2017:1433/test?driver=ODBC+Driver+13+for+SQL+Server
mssql_pymssql mssql+pymssql://scott:tiger@ms_2008
mysql mysql://scott:[email protected]:3306/test?charset=utf8mb4
oracle oracle://scott:[email protected]:1521
oracle8 oracle://scott:[email protected]:1521/?use_ansi=0
pg8000 postgresql+pg8000://scott:[email protected]:5432/test
postgresql postgresql://scott:[email protected]:5432/test
postgresql_psycopg2cffi postgresql+psycopg2cffi://scott:[email protected]:5432/test
pymysql mysql+pymysql://scott:[email protected]:3306/test?charset=utf8mb4
sqlite sqlite:///:memory:
sqlite_file sqlite:///querytest.db
Note that a pyodbc URL must be against a hostname / database name combination, not a DSN name when using the multiprocessing option; this is because the test suite needs to generate new URLs to refer to per-process databases that are created on the fly.
What those mean is that if you have a database running that can be accessed
by the above URL, you can run the test suite against it using --db <name>.
The URLs are present in the setup.cfg file. You can make your own URLs by
creating a new file called test.cfg and adding your own [db] section:
# test.cfg file [db] my_postgresql=postgresql://username:pass@hostname/dbname
Above, we can now run the tests with my_postgresql:
py.test --db my_postgresql
We can also override the existing names in our test.cfg file, so that we can run
with the tox runner also:
# test.cfg file [db] postgresql=postgresql://username:pass@hostname/dbname
Now when we run tox -e py27-postgresql, it will use our custom URL instead
of the fixed one in setup.cfg.
Step one, the database chosen for tests must be entirely empty. A lot of what SQLAlchemy tests is creating and dropping lots of tables as well as running database introspection to see what is there. If there are pre-existing tables or other objects in the target database already, these will get in the way. A failed test run can also be followed by
a run that includes the "--dropfirst" option, which will try to drop
all existing tables in the target database.
The above paragraph changes somewhat when the multiprocessing option is used, in that separate databases will be created instead, however in the case of Postgresql, the starting database is used as a template, so the starting database must still be empty.
The test runner will by default create and drop tables within the default database that's in the database URL, unless the multiprocessing option is in use via the py.test "-n" flag, which invokes pytest-xdist. The multiprocessing option is enabled by default when using the tox runner. When multiprocessing is used, the SQLAlchemy testing framework will create a new database for each process, and then tear it down after the test run is complete. So it will be necessary for the database user to have access to CREATE DATABASE in order for this to work. Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the database URL must be formatted such that it can be rewritten on the fly to refer to these other databases, which means for pyodbc it must refer to a hostname/database name combination, not a DSN name.
Several tests require alternate usernames or schemas to be present, which are used to test dotted-name access scenarios. On some databases such as Oracle or Sybase, these are usernames, and others such as PostgreSQL and MySQL they are schemas. The requirement applies to all backends except SQLite and Firebird. The names are:
test_schema test_schema_2 (only used on PostgreSQL)
Please refer to your vendor documentation for the proper syntax to create these namespaces - the database user must have permission to create and drop tables within these schemas. Its perfectly fine to run the test suite without these namespaces present, it only means that a handful of tests which expect them to be present will fail.
Additional steps specific to individual databases are as follows:
POSTGRESQL: To enable unicode testing with JSONB, create the
database with UTF8 encoding::
postgres=# create database test with owner=scott encoding='utf8' template=template0;
To include tests for HSTORE, create the HSTORE type engine::
postgres=# \c test;
You are now connected to database "test" as user "postgresql".
test=# create extension hstore;
CREATE EXTENSION
Full-text search configuration should be set to English, else
several tests of ``.match()`` will fail. This can be set (if it isn't so
already) with:
ALTER DATABASE test SET default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'
For two-phase transaction support, the max_prepared_transactions
configuration variable must be set to a non-zero value in postgresql.conf.
See
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PREPARED-TRANSACTIONS
for further background.
ORACLE: a user named "test_schema" is created in addition to the default
user.
The primary database user needs to be able to create and drop tables,
synonyms, and constraints within the "test_schema" user. For this
to work fully, including that the user has the "REFERENCES" role
in a remote schema for tables not yet defined (REFERENCES is per-table),
it is required that the test the user be present in the "DBA" role:
grant dba to scott;
MSSQL: Tests that involve multiple connections require Snapshot Isolation
ability implemented on the test database in order to prevent deadlocks that
will occur with record locking isolation. This feature is only available
with MSSQL 2005 and greater. You must enable snapshot isolation at the
database level and set the default cursor isolation with two SQL commands:
ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON
SQLAlchemy logs its activity and debugging through Python's logging package. Any log target can be directed to the console with command line options, such as:
$ ./py.test test/orm/test_unitofwork.py -s \ --log-debug=sqlalchemy.pool --log-info=sqlalchemy.engine
Above we add the py.test "-s" flag so that standard out is not suppressed.
See the file README.dialects.rst for detail on dialects.