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cluster.html
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset='UTF-8'><meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width initial-scale=1'>
<title>序列标注和文本聚类</title><link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,700,400&subset=latin,latin-ext' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'><style type='text/css'>html, body {overflow-x: initial !important;}html { font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); }
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* css forked from https://github.com/GitbookIO/gitbook
* www.gitbook.com
* Apache License
* https://github.com/GitbookIO/gitbook/blob/master/LICENSE
**/
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<div id='write' class = 'is-mac'><h2><a name='header-c1' class='md-header-anchor '></a>序列标注和文本聚类</h2><h3><a name='header-c6' class='md-header-anchor '></a>1. 序列标注</h3><div contenteditable="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block" id="mathjax-c7" cid="c7" mdtype="math_block"><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="62.975ex" height="4.445ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 27114.2 1913.9" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -2.573ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-79" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 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\hat y = \mathop{argmax}_yf(\phi(x,y),\theta) \hspace{8cm} (1)
</script></div><p>x为句子序列，y为标注序列</p><p>argmax 对应解码过程，<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.155ex" height="1.877ex" viewBox="0 -504.6 497.5 808.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E29-MJMATHI-79" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E29-MJMATHI-79" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-29">y</script>若是序列，需要使用动态规划算法，<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.155ex" height="1.877ex" viewBox="0 -504.6 497.5 808.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E29-MJMATHI-79" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E29-MJMATHI-79" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-29">y</script>若是分类，否则使用穷举法即可。</p><h4><a name='header-c12' class='md-header-anchor '></a>中文分词简介</h4><h4><a name='header-c13' class='md-header-anchor '></a>1.1 BMES 编码</h4><p>单个字作为词：S</p><p>双字作为词：B（起始），E（结束）</p><p>多字作为词：B（起始），M（中间字），E（结束）</p><p>例子：他（S）说（S）的（S）确（B）实（E）在（B）理（E）</p><h4><a name='header-c22' class='md-header-anchor '></a>1.2 特征抽取</h4><p><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.155ex" height="1.877ex" viewBox="0 -504.6 497.5 808.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E29-MJMATHI-79" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 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94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E25-MJMAIN-2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E25-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 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y="0"></use><g transform="translate(490,-150)"><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E25-MJMAIN-2212" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E25-MJMAIN-31" x="778" y="0"></use></g></g><use xlink:href="#E25-MJMAIN-2C" x="1773" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(2218,0)"><use xlink:href="#E25-MJMATHI-79" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E25-MJMAIN-30" x="693" y="-213"></use></g><use xlink:href="#E25-MJMAIN-5D" x="3162" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-25">[y_{-1},y_{0}]</script> 抽取<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.155ex" height="1.877ex" viewBox="0 -504.6 497.5 808.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E29-MJMATHI-79" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E29-MJMATHI-79" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-29">y</script>序列之间的特征</li><li><span 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\hat{y_{1}}...\hat {y_L} = \mathop {argmax}_{y_1...y_L} \sum_{i=1}^{L}\theta_{1}^{T}\phi_{1}(x,y_i)+\theta_{2}^{T}\phi_{2}(y_{i-1},y_i)
</script></div><h4><a name='header-c57' class='md-header-anchor '></a>1.4 预测y序列</h4><p><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-35-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="36.011ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 15504.5 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E35-MJMATHI-6D" d="M21 287Q22 293 24 303T36 341T56 388T88 425T132 442T175 435T205 417T221 395T229 376L231 369Q231 367 232 367L243 378Q303 442 384 442Q401 442 415 440T441 433T460 423T475 411T485 398T493 385T497 373T500 364T502 357L510 367Q573 442 659 442Q713 442 746 415T780 336Q780 285 742 178T704 50Q705 36 709 31T724 26Q752 26 776 56T815 138Q818 149 821 151T837 153Q857 153 857 145Q857 144 853 130Q845 101 831 73T785 17T716 -10Q669 -10 648 17T627 73Q627 92 663 193T700 345Q700 404 656 404H651Q565 404 506 303L499 291L466 157Q433 26 428 16Q415 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\mathop {argmax}_{y_1}(\theta_{1}^{T}\phi_{1}(x,y_1)+\theta_{2}^{T}\phi_{2}(y_0,y_1)+\theta_{2}^{T}\phi_{2}(y_1,y_2))+\mathop {argmax}_{y_2}(\cdots)+\cdots
</script></div><p>运算次数由<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-37-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.514ex" height="2.461ex" viewBox="0 -956.9 1082.4 1059.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E37-MJMAIN-34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E37-MJMATHI-4C" d="M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 217 683Q271 680 344 680Q485 680 506 683H518Q524 677 524 674T522 656Q517 641 513 637H475Q406 636 394 628Q387 624 380 600T313 336Q297 271 279 198T252 88L243 52Q243 48 252 48T311 46H328Q360 46 379 47T428 54T478 72T522 106T564 161Q580 191 594 228T611 270Q616 273 628 273H641Q647 264 647 262T627 203T583 83T557 9Q555 4 553 3T537 0T494 -1Q483 -1 418 -1T294 0H116Q32 0 32 10Q32 17 34 24Q39 43 44 45Q48 46 59 46H65Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q147 65 216 339T285 628Q285 635 228 637Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E37-MJMAIN-34" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E37-MJMATHI-4C" x="707" y="572"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-37">4^L</script>降低为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-38-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.745ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 1182 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E38-MJMAIN-34" d="M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 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x="500" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-38">4L</script></p><p>viterbi算法：</p><p>定义<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-39-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="19.539ex" height="2.694ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 8412.5 1160" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.822ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E39-MJMATHI-3B1" d="M34 156Q34 270 120 356T309 442Q379 442 421 402T478 304Q484 275 485 237V208Q534 282 560 374Q564 388 566 390T582 393Q603 393 603 385Q603 376 594 346T558 261T497 161L486 147L487 123Q489 67 495 47T514 26Q528 28 540 37T557 60Q559 67 562 68T577 70Q597 70 597 62Q597 56 591 43Q579 19 556 5T512 -10H505Q438 -10 414 62L411 69L400 61Q390 53 370 41T325 18T267 -2T203 -11Q124 -11 79 39T34 156ZM208 26Q257 26 306 47T379 90L403 112Q401 255 396 290Q382 405 304 405Q235 405 183 332Q156 292 139 224T121 120Q121 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\left(
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</script></div><p><img src='http://ogfba2fhh.bkt.clouddn.com/Viterbi_Crf.png' alt='' /></p><p>记录路径，得到最佳序列。</p><h3><a name='header-c75' class='md-header-anchor '></a>2.文本聚类</h3><p>文本聚类方法可以分为静态聚类和动态聚类，静态聚类方法包括Top-down方法和Bottom-up方法，动态聚类（Online clustering）需要判断每个新加入的样本属于已有的类还是一个新类。</p><h4><a name='header-c78' class='md-header-anchor '></a>2.1 K-mean聚类（Top-down）</h4><p>K-means聚类前提：样本之间相似度能够计算</p><ol><li>随机在图中取<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-41-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.066ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 889.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E41-MJMATHI-4B" d="M285 628Q285 635 228 637Q205 637 198 638T191 647Q191 649 193 661Q199 681 203 682Q205 683 214 683H219Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q500 682 500 674Q500 669 497 660Q496 658 496 654T495 648T493 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id="MathJax-Element-41">K</script>个种子点。</li><li>然后对图中的所有点求到这<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-41-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.066ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 889.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E41-MJMATHI-4B" d="M285 628Q285 635 228 637Q205 637 198 638T191 647Q191 649 193 661Q199 681 203 682Q205 683 214 683H219Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q500 682 500 674Q500 669 497 660Q496 658 496 654T495 648T493 644T490 641T486 639T479 638T470 637T456 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623L306 305Q307 305 490 449T678 597Q692 611 692 620Q692 635 667 637Q651 637 651 648Q651 650 654 662T659 677Q662 682 676 682Q680 682 711 681T791 680Q814 680 839 681T869 682Q889 682 889 672Q889 650 881 642Q878 637 862 637Q787 632 726 586Q710 576 656 534T556 455L509 418L518 396Q527 374 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416 76T466 197Q466 260 414 284Q308 311 278 321T236 341Q176 383 176 462Q176 523 208 573T273 648Q302 673 343 688T407 704H418H425Q521 704 564 640Q565 640 577 653T603 682T623 704Q624 704 627 704T632 705Q645 705 645 698T617 577T585 459T569 456Q549 456 549 465Q549 471 550 475Q550 478 551 494T553 520Q553 554 544 579T526 616T501 641Q465 662 419 662Q362 662 313 616T263 510Q263 480 278 458T319 427Q323 425 389 408T456 390Q490 379 522 342T554 242Q554 216 546 186Q541 164 528 137T492 78T426 18T332 -20Q320 -22 298 -22Q199 -22 144 33L134 44L106 13Q83 -14 78 -18T65 -22Q52 -22 52 -14Q52 -11 110 221Q112 227 130 227H143Q149 221 149 216Q149 214 148 207T144 186T142 153Q144 114 160 87T203 47T255 29T308 24Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E45-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E45-MJMATHI-53" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E45-MJMATHI-69" x="867" y="-213"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-45">S_i</script>最近，那么<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-44-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.292ex" height="2.344ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 986.8 1009.2" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.588ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E44-MJMATHI-50" d="M287 628Q287 635 230 637Q206 637 199 638T192 648Q192 649 194 659Q200 679 203 681T397 683Q587 682 600 680Q664 669 707 631T751 530Q751 453 685 389Q616 321 507 303Q500 302 402 301H307L277 182Q247 66 247 59Q247 55 248 54T255 50T272 48T305 46H336Q342 37 342 35Q342 19 335 5Q330 0 319 0Q316 0 282 1T182 2Q120 2 87 2T51 1Q33 1 33 11Q33 13 36 25Q40 41 44 43T67 46Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628ZM645 554Q645 567 643 575T634 597T609 619T560 635Q553 636 480 637Q463 637 445 637T416 636T404 636Q391 635 386 627Q384 621 367 550T332 412T314 344Q314 342 395 342H407H430Q542 342 590 392Q617 419 631 471T645 554Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E44-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E44-MJMATHI-50" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E44-MJMATHI-69" x="908" y="-213"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-44">P_i</script>属于<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-45-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.225ex" height="2.461ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 957.8 1059.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.588ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E45-MJMATHI-53" d="M308 24Q367 24 416 76T466 197Q466 260 414 284Q308 311 278 321T236 341Q176 383 176 462Q176 523 208 573T273 648Q302 673 343 688T407 704H418H425Q521 704 564 640Q565 640 577 653T603 682T623 704Q624 704 627 704T632 705Q645 705 645 698T617 577T585 459T569 456Q549 456 549 465Q549 471 550 475Q550 478 551 494T553 520Q553 554 544 579T526 616T501 641Q465 662 419 662Q362 662 313 616T263 510Q263 480 278 458T319 427Q323 425 389 408T456 390Q490 379 522 342T554 242Q554 216 546 186Q541 164 528 137T492 78T426 18T332 -20Q320 -22 298 -22Q199 -22 144 33L134 44L106 13Q83 -14 78 -18T65 -22Q52 -22 52 -14Q52 -11 110 221Q112 227 130 227H143Q149 221 149 216Q149 214 148 207T144 186T142 153Q144 114 160 87T203 47T255 29T308 24Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E45-MJMATHI-69" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 661Q265 661 277 649T290 619Q290 596 270 577T226 557Q211 557 198 567T184 600ZM21 287Q21 295 30 318T54 369T98 420T158 442Q197 442 223 419T250 357Q250 340 236 301T196 196T154 83Q149 61 149 51Q149 26 166 26Q175 26 185 29T208 43T235 78T260 137Q263 149 265 151T282 153Q302 153 302 143Q302 135 293 112T268 61T223 11T161 -11Q129 -11 102 10T74 74Q74 91 79 106T122 220Q160 321 166 341T173 380Q173 404 156 404H154Q124 404 99 371T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E45-MJMATHI-53" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E45-MJMATHI-69" x="867" y="-213"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-45">S_i</script>点群。</li><li>接下来，我们要移动种子点到属于他的“点群”的中心。</li><li>然后重复第2）和第3）步，直到种子点没有移动。</li></ol><p>K-means缺点：</p><ol><li>需提前确定聚类数目</li><li>对初始选取的点很敏感</li><li>属于硬聚类（每个样本只能属于一类）</li></ol><h4><a name='header-c106' class='md-header-anchor '></a>2.2 布朗聚类（Bottom-Up）</h4><h5><a name='header-c107' class='md-header-anchor '></a>2.2.1 预备知识</h5><p><strong>熵</strong></p><p>若<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-66-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.98ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 852.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E66-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E66-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-66">X</script>是一个离散型随机变量，取值空间为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-47-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.764ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 759.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E47-MJMATHI-52" d="M230 637Q203 637 198 638T193 649Q193 676 204 682Q206 683 378 683Q550 682 564 680Q620 672 658 652T712 606T733 563T739 529Q739 484 710 445T643 385T576 351T538 338L545 333Q612 295 612 223Q612 212 607 162T602 80V71Q602 53 603 43T614 25T640 16Q668 16 686 38T712 85Q717 99 720 102T735 105Q755 105 755 93Q755 75 731 36Q693 -21 641 -21H632Q571 -21 531 4T487 82Q487 109 502 166T517 239Q517 290 474 313Q459 320 449 321T378 323H309L277 193Q244 61 244 59Q244 55 245 54T252 50T269 48T302 46H333Q339 38 339 37T336 19Q332 6 326 0H311Q275 2 180 2Q146 2 117 2T71 2T50 1Q33 1 33 10Q33 12 36 24Q41 43 46 45Q50 46 61 46H67Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628Q287 635 230 637ZM630 554Q630 586 609 608T523 636Q521 636 500 636T462 637H440Q393 637 386 627Q385 624 352 494T319 361Q319 360 388 360Q466 361 492 367Q556 377 592 426Q608 449 619 486T630 554Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E47-MJMATHI-52" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-47">R</script>，其概率分布为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-48-Frame" 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49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628ZM645 554Q645 567 643 575T634 597T609 619T560 635Q553 636 480 637Q463 637 445 637T416 636T404 636Q391 635 386 627Q384 621 367 550T332 412T314 344Q314 342 395 342H407H430Q542 342 590 392Q617 419 631 471T645 554Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E48-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 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637Q203 637 198 638T193 649Q193 676 204 682Q206 683 378 683Q550 682 564 680Q620 672 658 652T712 606T733 563T739 529Q739 484 710 445T643 385T576 351T538 338L545 333Q612 295 612 223Q612 212 607 162T602 80V71Q602 53 603 43T614 25T640 16Q668 16 686 38T712 85Q717 99 720 102T735 105Q755 105 755 93Q755 75 731 36Q693 -21 641 -21H632Q571 -21 531 4T487 82Q487 109 502 166T517 239Q517 290 474 313Q459 320 449 321T378 323H309L277 193Q244 61 244 59Q244 55 245 54T252 50T269 48T302 46H333Q339 38 339 37T336 19Q332 6 326 0H311Q275 2 180 2Q146 2 117 2T71 2T50 1Q33 1 33 10Q33 12 36 24Q41 43 46 45Q50 46 61 46H67Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628Q287 635 230 637ZM630 554Q630 586 609 608T523 636Q521 636 500 636T462 637H440Q393 637 386 627Q385 624 352 494T319 361Q319 360 388 360Q466 361 492 367Q556 377 592 426Q608 449 619 486T630 554Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-70" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-28" x="503" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-78" x="893" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-29" x="1465" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-3D" x="2132" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-50" x="3189" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-28" x="3940" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-58" x="4330" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-3D" x="5460" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-78" x="6516" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-29" x="7089" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-2C" x="7478" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-78" x="7923" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMAIN-2208" x="8774" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E48-MJMATHI-52" x="9719" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-48">p(x)=P(X=x),x\in R</script>。那么，<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-66-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.98ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 852.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E66-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E66-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-66">X</script>的熵<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-50-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="5.853ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 2520 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E50-MJMATHI-48" d="M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 219 683Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q499 682 499 672Q499 670 497 658Q492 641 487 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450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E50-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E50-MJMATHI-48" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E50-MJMAIN-28" x="888" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E50-MJMATHI-58" x="1278" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E50-MJMAIN-29" x="2130" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-50">H(X)</script>定义为</p><div contenteditable="false" class="mathjax-block 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y="0"></use><g transform="translate(2520,0)"><text font-family="STIXGeneral,'Arial Unicode MS',serif" stroke="none" transform="scale(50.259) matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)">＝</text></g><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-2212" x="3468" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(4469,0)"><use xlink:href="#E9-MJSZ2-2211" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(15,-1102)"><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-78" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-2208" x="572" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-52" x="1240" y="0"></use></g></g><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-70" x="6080" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-28" x="6584" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-78" x="6973" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-29" x="7546" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-6C" x="7935" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-6F" x="8234" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(8719,0)"><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-67" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-32" x="675" y="-213"></use></g><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-70" x="9650" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-28" x="10154" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMATHI-78" x="10543" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E9-MJMAIN-29" x="11116" y="0"></use></g></svg></span></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-9">
H(X) ＝ -\sum_{x\in R}p(x)log_2p(x)
</script></div><p>其中约定<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-51-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="9.159ex" height="2.928ex" viewBox="0 -856.4 3943.3 1260.5" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.938ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E51-MJMAIN-30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E51-MJMATHI-6C" d="M117 59Q117 26 142 26Q179 26 205 131Q211 151 215 152Q217 153 225 153H229Q238 153 241 153T246 151T248 144Q247 138 245 128T234 90T214 43T183 6T137 -11Q101 -11 70 11T38 85Q38 97 39 102L104 360Q167 615 167 623Q167 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x="10730" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-79" x="11176" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMAIN-29" x="11673" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-6C" x="12063" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-6F" x="12361" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-67" x="12847" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-70" x="13327" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMAIN-28" x="13831" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-78" x="14220" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMAIN-2C" x="14793" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMATHI-79" x="15238" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E10-MJMAIN-29" x="15735" y="0"></use></g></svg></span></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-10">
H(X,Y) = -\sum_{x\in X}\sum_{y\in Y}p(x,y)logp(x,y)
</script></div><p>联合熵实际就是描述一对随机变量平均所需的信息量</p><p>给定随机变量<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-66-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.98ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 852.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E66-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 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H(Y|X) = -\sum_{x\in X}\sum_{y\in Y}p(x,y)logp(y|x)
</script></div><p>条件熵和联合熵的关系：</p><div contenteditable="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block" id="mathjax-c128" cid="c128" mdtype="math_block"><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="27.314ex" height="2.928ex" viewBox="0 -856.4 11760 1260.5" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.938ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E12-MJMATHI-48" d="M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 219 683Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q499 682 499 672Q499 670 497 658Q492 641 487 638H485Q483 638 480 638T473 638T464 637T455 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623Q384 619 355 500Q348 474 340 442T328 395L324 380Q324 378 469 378H614L615 381Q615 384 646 504Q674 619 674 627T617 637Q594 637 587 639T580 648Q580 650 582 660Q586 677 588 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44T101 45T107 45T116 46T129 46Q168 47 180 50T198 63Q201 68 227 171L252 274L129 623Q128 624 127 625T125 627T122 629T118 631T113 633T105 634T96 635T83 636T66 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E12-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E12-MJMAIN-7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E12-MJMAIN-2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-48" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-28" x="888" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-58" x="1278" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-2C" x="2130" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-59" x="2575" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-29" x="3339" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(3728,0)"><text font-family="STIXGeneral,'Arial Unicode MS',serif" stroke="none" transform="scale(50.259) matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)">＝</text></g><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-48" x="4455" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-28" x="5343" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-59" x="5733" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-7C" x="6496" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-58" x="6775" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-29" x="7627" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-2B" x="8239" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-48" x="9240" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMAIN-28" x="10128" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E12-MJMATHI-58" x="10518" y="0"></use><use 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H(X,Y) ＝ H(Y|X) + H(X)
</script></div><p>推广到一般情况：</p><div contenteditable="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block" id="mathjax-c131" cid="c131" mdtype="math_block"><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="70.215ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 30231.5 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E13-MJMATHI-48" d="M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 219 683Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q499 682 499 672Q499 670 497 658Q492 641 487 638H485Q483 638 480 638T473 638T464 637T455 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623Q384 619 355 500Q348 474 340 442T328 395L324 380Q324 378 469 378H614L615 381Q615 384 646 504Q674 619 674 627T617 637Q594 637 587 639T580 648Q580 650 582 660Q586 677 588 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y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2B" x="18274" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2E" x="19052" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2E" x="19497" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2E" x="19942" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2B" x="20388" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMATHI-48" x="21166" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-28" x="22055" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(22444,0)"><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E13-MJMATHI-6E" x="1171" y="-213"></use></g><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-7C" x="23797" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(24076,0)"><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-31" x="1171" y="-213"></use></g><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2C" x="25358" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2E" x="25803" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2E" x="26249" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2E" x="26694" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2C" x="27139" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(27584,0)"><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use><g transform="translate(828,-150)"><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E13-MJMATHI-6E" x="0" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-2212" x="600" y="0"></use><use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-31" x="1379" y="0"></use></g></g><use xlink:href="#E13-MJMAIN-29" x="29842" y="0"></use></g></svg></span></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-13">
H(X_1,X_2,...,X_n) = H(X_1)+H(X_2|X_1)+...+H(X_n|X_1,...,X_{n-1})
</script></div><p>互信息</p><div contenteditable="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block" id="mathjax-c134" cid="c134" mdtype="math_block"><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-14-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="48.583ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 20917.7 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMATHI-48" d="M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 219 683Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q499 682 499 672Q499 670 497 658Q492 641 487 638H485Q483 638 480 638T473 638T464 637T455 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623Q384 619 355 500Q348 474 340 442T328 395L324 380Q324 378 469 378H614L615 381Q615 384 646 504Q674 619 674 627T617 637Q594 637 587 639T580 648Q580 650 582 660Q586 677 588 679T604 682Q609 682 646 681T740 680Q802 680 835 681T871 682Q888 682 888 672Q888 645 876 638H874Q872 638 869 638T862 638T853 637T844 637Q805 636 794 634T776 623Q773 618 704 340T634 58Q634 51 638 51Q646 48 692 46H723Q729 38 729 37T726 19Q722 6 716 0H701Q664 2 567 2Q533 2 504 2T458 2T437 1Q420 1 420 10Q420 15 423 24Q428 43 433 45Q437 46 448 46H454Q481 46 514 49Q520 50 522 50T528 55T534 64T540 82T547 110T558 153Q565 181 569 198Q602 330 602 331T457 332H312L279 197Q245 63 245 58Q245 51 253 49T303 46H334Q340 38 340 37T337 19Q333 6 327 0H312Q275 2 178 2Q144 2 115 2T69 2T48 1Q31 1 31 10Q31 12 34 24Q39 43 44 45Q48 46 59 46H65Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q147 65 216 339T285 628Q285 635 228 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path><path 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0Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMAIN-2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMATHI-59" d="M66 637Q54 637 49 637T39 638T32 641T30 647T33 664T42 682Q44 683 56 683Q104 680 165 680Q288 680 306 683H316Q322 677 322 674T320 656Q316 643 310 637H298Q242 637 242 624Q242 619 292 477T343 333L346 336Q350 340 358 349T379 373T411 410T454 461Q546 568 561 587T577 618Q577 634 545 637Q528 637 528 647Q528 649 530 661Q533 676 535 679T549 683Q551 683 578 682T657 680Q684 680 713 681T746 682Q763 682 763 673Q763 669 760 657T755 643Q753 637 734 637Q662 632 617 587Q608 578 477 424L348 273L322 169Q295 62 295 57Q295 46 363 46Q379 46 384 45T390 35Q390 33 388 23Q384 6 382 4T366 1Q361 1 324 1T232 2Q170 2 138 2T102 1Q84 1 84 9Q84 14 87 24Q88 27 89 30T90 35T91 39T93 42T96 44T101 45T107 45T116 46T129 46Q168 47 180 50T198 63Q201 68 227 171L252 274L129 623Q128 624 127 625T125 627T122 629T118 631T113 633T105 634T96 635T83 636T66 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMAIN-2B" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E14-MJMAIN-7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-48" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-28" x="888" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-58" x="1278" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-2C" x="2130" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-59" x="2575" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-29" x="3339" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-3D" x="4006" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-48" x="5062" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-28" x="5951" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-58" x="6340" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-29" x="7193" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-2B" x="7804" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-48" x="8805" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-28" x="9694" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-59" x="10083" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-7C" x="10847" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-58" x="11125" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-29" x="11978" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-3D" x="12645" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-48" x="13701" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-28" x="14590" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-59" x="14979" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-29" x="15743" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-2B" x="16354" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-48" x="17355" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-28" x="18244" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-58" x="18633" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-7C" x="19486" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMATHI-59" x="19764" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E14-MJMAIN-29" x="20528" y="0"></use></g></svg></span></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-14">
H(X,Y) = H(X) + H(Y|X) = H(Y) + H(X|Y)
</script></div><p>可得</p><div contenteditable="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block" id="mathjax-c138" cid="c138" mdtype="math_block"><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="36.825ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 15854.9 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMATHI-48" d="M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 219 683Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q499 682 499 672Q499 670 497 658Q492 641 487 638H485Q483 638 480 638T473 638T464 637T455 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623Q384 619 355 500Q348 474 340 442T328 395L324 380Q324 378 469 378H614L615 381Q615 384 646 504Q674 619 674 627T617 637Q594 637 587 639T580 648Q580 650 582 660Q586 677 588 679T604 682Q609 682 646 681T740 680Q802 680 835 681T871 682Q888 682 888 672Q888 645 876 638H874Q872 638 869 638T862 638T853 637T844 637Q805 636 794 634T776 623Q773 618 704 340T634 58Q634 51 638 51Q646 48 692 46H723Q729 38 729 37T726 19Q722 6 716 0H701Q664 2 567 2Q533 2 504 2T458 2T437 1Q420 1 420 10Q420 15 423 24Q428 43 433 45Q437 46 448 46H454Q481 46 514 49Q520 50 522 50T528 55T534 64T540 82T547 110T558 153Q565 181 569 198Q602 330 602 331T457 332H312L279 197Q245 63 245 58Q245 51 253 49T303 46H334Q340 38 340 37T337 19Q333 6 327 0H312Q275 2 178 2Q144 2 115 2T69 2T48 1Q31 1 31 10Q31 12 34 24Q39 43 44 45Q48 46 59 46H65Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q147 65 216 339T285 628Q285 635 228 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMAIN-2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMAIN-7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMATHI-59" d="M66 637Q54 637 49 637T39 638T32 641T30 647T33 664T42 682Q44 683 56 683Q104 680 165 680Q288 680 306 683H316Q322 677 322 674T320 656Q316 643 310 637H298Q242 637 242 624Q242 619 292 477T343 333L346 336Q350 340 358 349T379 373T411 410T454 461Q546 568 561 587T577 618Q577 634 545 637Q528 637 528 647Q528 649 530 661Q533 676 535 679T549 683Q551 683 578 682T657 680Q684 680 713 681T746 682Q763 682 763 673Q763 669 760 657T755 643Q753 637 734 637Q662 632 617 587Q608 578 477 424L348 273L322 169Q295 62 295 57Q295 46 363 46Q379 46 384 45T390 35Q390 33 388 23Q384 6 382 4T366 1Q361 1 324 1T232 2Q170 2 138 2T102 1Q84 1 84 9Q84 14 87 24Q88 27 89 30T90 35T91 39T93 42T96 44T101 45T107 45T116 46T129 46Q168 47 180 50T198 63Q201 68 227 171L252 274L129 623Q128 624 127 625T125 627T122 629T118 631T113 633T105 634T96 635T83 636T66 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E15-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-48" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-28" x="888" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-58" x="1278" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-29" x="2130" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-2212" x="2742" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-48" x="3742" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-28" x="4631" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-58" x="5020" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-7C" x="5873" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-59" x="6151" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-29" x="6915" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-3D" x="7582" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-48" x="8639" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-28" x="9527" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-59" x="9917" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-29" x="10680" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-2212" x="11292" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-48" x="12292" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-28" x="13181" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-59" x="13570" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-7C" x="14334" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMATHI-58" x="14612" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E15-MJMAIN-29" x="15465" y="0"></use></g></svg></span></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-15">
H(X)-H(X|Y) = H(Y)-H(Y|X)
</script></div><p>这个差称为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-66-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.98ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 852.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E66-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E66-MJMATHI-58" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-66">X</script>和<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-65-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.773ex" height="1.877ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 763.5 808.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.121ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E65-MJMATHI-59" d="M66 637Q54 637 49 637T39 638T32 641T30 647T33 664T42 682Q44 683 56 683Q104 680 165 680Q288 680 306 683H316Q322 677 322 674T320 656Q316 643 310 637H298Q242 637 242 624Q242 619 292 477T343 333L346 336Q350 340 358 349T379 373T411 410T454 461Q546 568 561 587T577 618Q577 634 545 637Q528 637 528 647Q528 649 530 661Q533 676 535 679T549 683Q551 683 578 682T657 680Q684 680 713 681T746 682Q763 682 763 673Q763 669 760 657T755 643Q753 637 734 637Q662 632 617 587Q608 578 477 424L348 273L322 169Q295 62 295 57Q295 46 363 46Q379 46 384 45T390 35Q390 33 388 23Q384 6 382 4T366 1Q361 1 324 1T232 2Q170 2 138 2T102 1Q84 1 84 9Q84 14 87 24Q88 27 89 30T90 35T91 39T93 42T96 44T101 45T107 45T116 46T129 46Q168 47 180 50T198 63Q201 68 227 171L252 274L129 623Q128 624 127 625T125 627T122 629T118 631T113 633T105 634T96 635T83 636T66 637Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E65-MJMATHI-59" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-65">Y</script> 的<strong>互信息</strong>，记作<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-64-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="7.768ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 3344.7 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMATHI-49" d="M43 1Q26 1 26 10Q26 12 29 24Q34 43 39 45Q42 46 54 46H60Q120 46 136 53Q137 53 138 54Q143 56 149 77T198 273Q210 318 216 344Q286 624 286 626Q284 630 284 631Q274 637 213 637H193Q184 643 189 662Q193 677 195 680T209 683H213Q285 681 359 681Q481 681 487 683H497Q504 676 504 672T501 655T494 639Q491 637 471 637Q440 637 407 634Q393 631 388 623Q381 609 337 432Q326 385 315 341Q245 65 245 59Q245 52 255 50T307 46H339Q345 38 345 37T342 19Q338 6 332 0H316Q279 2 179 2Q143 2 113 2T65 2T43 1Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMAIN-3B" d="M78 370Q78 394 95 412T138 430Q162 430 180 414T199 371Q199 346 182 328T139 310T96 327T78 370ZM78 60Q78 85 94 103T137 121Q202 121 202 8Q202 -44 183 -94T144 -169T118 -194Q115 -194 106 -186T95 -174Q94 -171 107 -155T137 -107T160 -38Q161 -32 162 -22T165 -4T165 4Q165 5 161 4T142 0Q110 0 94 18T78 60Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMATHI-59" d="M66 637Q54 637 49 637T39 638T32 641T30 647T33 664T42 682Q44 683 56 683Q104 680 165 680Q288 680 306 683H316Q322 677 322 674T320 656Q316 643 310 637H298Q242 637 242 624Q242 619 292 477T343 333L346 336Q350 340 358 349T379 373T411 410T454 461Q546 568 561 587T577 618Q577 634 545 637Q528 637 528 647Q528 649 530 661Q533 676 535 679T549 683Q551 683 578 682T657 680Q684 680 713 681T746 682Q763 682 763 673Q763 669 760 657T755 643Q753 637 734 637Q662 632 617 587Q608 578 477 424L348 273L322 169Q295 62 295 57Q295 46 363 46Q379 46 384 45T390 35Q390 33 388 23Q384 6 382 4T366 1Q361 1 324 1T232 2Q170 2 138 2T102 1Q84 1 84 9Q84 14 87 24Q88 27 89 30T90 35T91 39T93 42T96 44T101 45T107 45T116 46T129 46Q168 47 180 50T198 63Q201 68 227 171L252 274L129 623Q128 624 127 625T125 627T122 629T118 631T113 633T105 634T96 635T83 636T66 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E64-MJMATHI-49" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E64-MJMAIN-28" x="504" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E64-MJMATHI-58" x="894" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E64-MJMAIN-3B" x="1746" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E64-MJMATHI-59" x="2191" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E64-MJMAIN-29" x="2955" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-64">I(X;Y)</script>，可得<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-63-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="27.833ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 11983.7 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMATHI-49" d="M43 1Q26 1 26 10Q26 12 29 24Q34 43 39 45Q42 46 54 46H60Q120 46 136 53Q137 53 138 54Q143 56 149 77T198 273Q210 318 216 344Q286 624 286 626Q284 630 284 631Q274 637 213 637H193Q184 643 189 662Q193 677 195 680T209 683H213Q285 681 359 681Q481 681 487 683H497Q504 676 504 672T501 655T494 639Q491 637 471 637Q440 637 407 634Q393 631 388 623Q381 609 337 432Q326 385 315 341Q245 65 245 59Q245 52 255 50T307 46H339Q345 38 345 37T342 19Q338 6 332 0H316Q279 2 179 2Q143 2 113 2T65 2T43 1Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMATHI-58" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMAIN-3B" d="M78 370Q78 394 95 412T138 430Q162 430 180 414T199 371Q199 346 182 328T139 310T96 327T78 370ZM78 60Q78 85 94 103T137 121Q202 121 202 8Q202 -44 183 -94T144 -169T118 -194Q115 -194 106 -186T95 -174Q94 -171 107 -155T137 -107T160 -38Q161 -32 162 -22T165 -4T165 4Q165 5 161 4T142 0Q110 0 94 18T78 60Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMATHI-59" d="M66 637Q54 637 49 637T39 638T32 641T30 647T33 664T42 682Q44 683 56 683Q104 680 165 680Q288 680 306 683H316Q322 677 322 674T320 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433 45Q437 46 448 46H454Q481 46 514 49Q520 50 522 50T528 55T534 64T540 82T547 110T558 153Q565 181 569 198Q602 330 602 331T457 332H312L279 197Q245 63 245 58Q245 51 253 49T303 46H334Q340 38 340 37T337 19Q333 6 327 0H312Q275 2 178 2Q144 2 115 2T69 2T48 1Q31 1 31 10Q31 12 34 24Q39 43 44 45Q48 46 59 46H65Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q147 65 216 339T285 628Q285 635 228 637Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMAIN-2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E63-MJMAIN-7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-49" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-28" x="504" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-58" x="894" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-3B" x="1746" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-59" x="2191" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-29" x="2955" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-3D" x="3622" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-48" x="4678" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-28" x="5567" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-58" x="5956" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-29" x="6809" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-2212" x="7420" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-48" x="8421" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-28" x="9310" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-58" x="9699" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-7C" x="10552" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMATHI-59" x="10830" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E63-MJMAIN-29" x="11594" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-63">I(X;Y)=H(X)-H(X|Y)</script></p><p><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-64-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="7.768ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 3344.7 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMATHI-49" d="M43 1Q26 1 26 10Q26 12 29 24Q34 43 39 45Q42 46 54 46H60Q120 46 136 53Q137 53 138 54Q143 56 149 77T198 273Q210 318 216 344Q286 624 286 626Q284 630 284 631Q274 637 213 637H193Q184 643 189 662Q193 677 195 680T209 683H213Q285 681 359 681Q481 681 487 683H497Q504 676 504 672T501 655T494 639Q491 637 471 637Q440 637 407 634Q393 631 388 623Q381 609 337 432Q326 385 315 341Q245 65 245 59Q245 52 255 50T307 46H339Q345 38 345 37T342 19Q338 6 332 0H316Q279 2 179 2Q143 2 113 2T65 2T43 1Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E64-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 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I(X;Y) = \sum_{x,y} p(x,y) log \frac{p(x,y)}{p(x)p(y)}
</script></div><h5><a name='header-c146' class='md-header-anchor '></a>2.2.2 布朗聚类：</h5><p>布朗聚类是一种自底而上的层次聚类算法，基于n-gram模型和马尔科夫链模型，是一种硬聚类，每个词都在且只在唯一的一个类中。</p><p><img src='http://ogfba2fhh.bkt.clouddn.com/brown_clustering.png' alt='' /></p><p><span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-74-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.664ex" height="1.41ex" viewBox="0 -504.6 716.5 607.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E74-MJMATHI-77" d="M580 385Q580 406 599 424T641 443Q659 443 674 425T690 368Q690 339 671 253Q656 197 644 161T609 80T554 12T482 -11Q438 -11 404 5T355 48Q354 47 352 44Q311 -11 252 -11Q226 -11 202 -5T155 14T118 53T104 116Q104 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Q21 293 29 315T52 366T96 418T161 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y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-75" x="791" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-61" x="1364" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-6C" x="1893" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-69" x="2192" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-74" x="2537" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-79" x="2899" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMAIN-28" x="3396" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-43" x="3786" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMAIN-29" x="4546" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMAIN-3D" x="5213" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-49" x="6270" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMAIN-28" x="6774" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-43" x="7164" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMAIN-29" x="7924" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMAIN-2212" x="8536" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E19-MJMATHI-48" x="9537" y="0"></use></g></svg></span></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-19">
Quality(C) = I(C)-H
</script></div><p><strong>简单算法:</strong></p><p>以<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-79-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="1.211ex" height="1.994ex" viewBox="0 -755.9 521.5 858.4" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E79-MJMATHI-6B" d="M121 647Q121 657 125 670T137 683Q138 683 209 688T282 694Q294 694 294 686Q294 679 244 477Q194 279 194 272Q213 282 223 291Q247 309 292 354T362 415Q402 442 438 442Q468 442 485 423T503 369Q503 344 496 327T477 302T456 291T438 288Q418 288 406 299T394 328Q394 353 410 369T442 390L458 393Q446 405 434 405H430Q398 402 367 380T294 316T228 255Q230 254 243 252T267 246T293 238T320 224T342 206T359 180T365 147Q365 130 360 106T354 66Q354 26 381 26Q429 26 459 145Q461 153 479 153H483Q499 153 499 144Q499 139 496 130Q455 -11 378 -11Q333 -11 305 15T277 90Q277 108 280 121T283 145Q283 167 269 183T234 206T200 217T182 220H180Q168 178 159 139T145 81T136 44T129 20T122 7T111 -2Q98 -11 83 -11Q66 -11 57 -1T48 16Q48 26 85 176T158 471L195 616Q196 629 188 632T149 637H144Q134 637 131 637T124 640T121 647Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E79-MJMATHI-6B" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-79">k</script>长度文本为例：每个字均为一类，词典大小为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-85-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.081ex" height="2.577ex" viewBox="0 -806.1 1326.5 1109.7" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.705ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E85-MJMAIN-7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path><path stroke-width="1" id="E85-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E85-MJMAIN-7C" x="0" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E85-MJMATHI-56" x="278" y="0"></use><use xlink:href="#E85-MJMAIN-7C" x="1048" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-85">|V|</script>，找到俩类，合并后使得互信息变得最大，重复合并步骤使得最后都归为一类，整个算法的时间复杂度为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-81-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; 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display: inline-block;"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.04ex" height="1.41ex" viewBox="0 -504.6 878.5 607.1" role="img" focusable="false" style="vertical-align: -0.238ex;"><defs><path stroke-width="1" id="E88-MJMATHI-6D" d="M21 287Q22 293 24 303T36 341T56 388T88 425T132 442T175 435T205 417T221 395T229 376L231 369Q231 367 232 367L243 378Q303 442 384 442Q401 442 415 440T441 433T460 423T475 411T485 398T493 385T497 373T500 364T502 357L510 367Q573 442 659 442Q713 442 746 415T780 336Q780 285 742 178T704 50Q705 36 709 31T724 26Q752 26 776 56T815 138Q818 149 821 151T837 153Q857 153 857 145Q857 144 853 130Q845 101 831 73T785 17T716 -10Q669 -10 648 17T627 73Q627 92 663 193T700 345Q700 404 656 404H651Q565 404 506 303L499 291L466 157Q433 26 428 16Q415 -11 385 -11Q372 -11 364 -4T353 8T350 18Q350 29 384 161L420 307Q423 322 423 345Q423 404 379 404H374Q288 404 229 303L222 291L189 157Q156 26 151 16Q138 -11 108 -11Q95 -11 87 -5T76 7T74 17Q74 30 112 181Q151 335 151 342Q154 357 154 369Q154 405 129 405Q107 405 92 377T69 316T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)"><use xlink:href="#E88-MJMATHI-6D" x="0" y="0"></use></g></svg></span><script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-88">m</script>个词各自分到一个类中，对于第<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax_SVG" id="MathJax-Element-87-Frame" tabindex="-1" style="font-size: 100%; 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