-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
pgsrc
984 lines (906 loc) · 110 KB
/
pgsrc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
<head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>Basket Case | LEX</title>
<link rel="pingback" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/xmlrpc.php" />
<script src='https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?action=js&host=linguisteducatorexchange.com&id=12969610&t=1514823583&back=https%3A%2F%2Flinguisteducatorexchange.com%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fbasket-case%2F' type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
if ( 'function' === typeof WPRemoteLogin ) {
document.cookie = "wordpress_test_cookie=test; path=/";
if ( document.cookie.match( /(;|^)\s*wordpress_test_cookie\=/ ) ) {
WPRemoteLogin();
}
}
/* ]]> */
</script>
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="LEX » Feed" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="LEX » Comments Feed" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="LEX » Basket Case Comments Feed" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
function addLoadEvent(func) {
var oldonload = window.onload;
if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {
window.onload = func;
} else {
window.onload = function () {
oldonload();
func();
}
}
}
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcom-smileys\/twemoji\/2\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcom-smileys\/twemoji\/2\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/s2.wp.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1505864856h&ver=4.9.1"}};
!function(a,b,c){function d(a,b){var c=String.fromCharCode;l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,a),0,0);var d=k.toDataURL();l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,b),0,0);var e=k.toDataURL();return d===e}function e(a){var b;if(!l||!l.fillText)return!1;switch(l.textBaseline="top",l.font="600 32px Arial",a){case"flag":return!(b=d([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819]))&&(b=d([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]),!b);case"emoji":return b=d([55358,56794,8205,9794,65039],[55358,56794,8203,9794,65039]),!b}return!1}function f(a){var c=b.createElement("script");c.src=a,c.defer=c.type="text/javascript",b.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(c)}var g,h,i,j,k=b.createElement("canvas"),l=k.getContext&&k.getContext("2d");for(j=Array("flag","emoji"),c.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},i=0;i<j.length;i++)c.supports[j[i]]=e(j[i]),c.supports.everything=c.supports.everything&&c.supports[j[i]],"flag"!==j[i]&&(c.supports.everythingExceptFlag=c.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&c.supports[j[i]]);c.supports.everythingExceptFlag=c.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!c.supports.flag,c.DOMReady=!1,c.readyCallback=function(){c.DOMReady=!0},c.supports.everything||(h=function(){c.readyCallback()},b.addEventListener?(b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",h,!1),a.addEventListener("load",h,!1)):(a.attachEvent("onload",h),b.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===b.readyState&&c.readyCallback()})),g=c.source||{},g.concatemoji?f(g.concatemoji):g.wpemoji&&g.twemoji&&(f(g.twemoji),f(g.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??-eJyNUdFuwyAM/KF5KFvVbQ/TvoUQN3WDMYodZfn7kabV1K5Ce4E7uLM54+YMQZJhMscT5Dj1lNTNOQiDMkVc7thzUH1yj22RBlR3Qss+DHBmNfmI0Rt2kEXtjtVslA6UyBZnR+TSL0+tY1JboshQMwYZsZxz9rYqGDvyGEuNZDXbTF2P5YFFcsFg+F21cN5fG63wWMZRjbRNuG3ziKpQVqaJYcv3x/cotlt3/E8KlUA+AhXJLdnM5JLYdnkFtao9CkQJ3kjSDYFD9DTWf7+N0hfYnyf7S1fTF382u4+3l/emeW1OP3YiAAs=?cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='print-css-1-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035h&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='print' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??-eJx9i9EKwjAMRX/IGoVN54P4LVnp2kialCbD3xcfRGTi0z0XzoFHC1HFkzjUNTReM4kBRieVGfuH9tFsB7/1puZhYaQOVrCT5Pf+q0wjIQfWrN9nE3lJNRmUATLrjPwSbvV6HC6H83Qap/H+BMWZScE=?cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://s1.wp.com/_static/??-eJyFj90KwjAMhV/IrAw6xQvxWWoXS2r/bNoNfXo70At1KARCTr4cTsScgIJ2dUQWttW1Yr49W2d5I34B4MlkVbDzFF6wjqFgKAvr44kcQmXMyjStGZ3jCpciF4/MDVrZvkeiMBHOfzGLJSl9gYxM9y9XXyG5aiiwyOjaAyMsGT6mdnX0h17uh36Qcre1DyuucHk='></script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-2' href='https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/highlander-comments/style.css?m=1377793621h&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<!--[if lt IE 8]>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='highlander-comments-ie7-css' href='https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/highlander-comments/style-ie7.css?m=1351637563h&ver=20110606' type='text/css' media='all' />
<![endif]-->
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" />
<link rel='prev' title='Advancing the Field' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/07/04/advancing-the-field/' />
<link rel='next' title='Etymology! V' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/11/22/etymology-v/' />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/pSpZg-lgO' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=json&url=https%3A%2F%2Flinguisteducatorexchange.com%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fbasket-case%2F&for=wpcom-auto-discovery" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/xml+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=xml&url=https%3A%2F%2Flinguisteducatorexchange.com%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fbasket-case%2F&for=wpcom-auto-discovery" />
<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Basket Case" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Over the summer I had the privilege of traveling to Pennsylvania to work with some old colleagues and make some new ones. The travel itself is a slog — three hours in a car, four hours on a p…" />
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-09-13T22:48:01+00:00" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-09-14T01:05:35+00:00" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="LEX" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=200&ts=1514823583" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="200" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@wordpressdotcom" />
<meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Basket Case" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=240" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WordPresscom" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=32" sizes="16x16" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=32" sizes="16x16" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=114" />
<link rel='openid.server' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com/?openidserver=1' />
<link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com/' />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/osd.xml" title="LEX" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" />
<style id="wpcom-hotfix-masterbar-style">
@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {
#wpadminbar .quicklinks li#wp-admin-bar-my-account.with-avatar > a img {
margin-top: 5px;
}
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" id="webfont-output">
WebFontConfig = {"typekit":{"id":"aoh2erj"}};
(function() {
var wf = document.createElement('script');
wf.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https' : 'http') +
'://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/webfont/1/webfont.js';
wf.type = 'text/javascript';
wf.async = 'true';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(wf, s);
})();
</script> <style type="text/css">
.recentcomments a {
display: inline !important;
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar {
border: 0px;
margin: 0;
}
table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a {
border: 0px !important;
background-color: transparent !important;
}
td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop {
padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
td.recentcommentstextend {
border: none !important;
padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px;
}
.rtl td.recentcommentstextend {
padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px;
}
td.recentcommentstexttop {
border: none;
padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;
}
.rtl td.recentcommentstexttop {
padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;
}
</style>
<meta name="application-name" content="LEX" /><meta name="msapplication-window" content="width=device-width;height=device-height" /><meta name="msapplication-tooltip" content="Linguist-Educator Exchange" /><meta name="msapplication-task" content="name=Subscribe;action-uri=https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/feed/;icon-uri=https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=16" /><meta name="msapplication-task" content="name=Sign up for a free blog;action-uri=http://wordpress.com/signup/;icon-uri=https://s2.wp.com/i/favicon.ico" /><meta name="msapplication-task" content="name=WordPress.com Support;action-uri=http://support.wordpress.com/;icon-uri=https://s2.wp.com/i/favicon.ico" /><meta name="msapplication-task" content="name=WordPress.com Forums;action-uri=http://forums.wordpress.com/;icon-uri=https://s2.wp.com/i/favicon.ico" /><meta name="title" content="Basket Case | LEX on WordPress.com" />
<meta name="description" content="Over the summer I had the privilege of traveling to Pennsylvania to work with some old colleagues and make some new ones. The travel itself is a slog -- three hours in a car, four hours on a plane, several more hours in a rental car for a few days, another four hours on a…" />
<style type="text/css">
#header h1 a,
#header h2 {
color: #265E15 !important;
}
#headerimage {
background: url('https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/cropped-lex-header1.jpg') no-repeat;
height: 200px;
}
</style>
<link rel="amphtml" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/amp/" /><style type="text/css" id="syntaxhighlighteranchor"></style>
</head>
<body id="section-index" class="post-template-default single single-post postid-81766 single-format-standard mp6 customizer-styles-applied highlander-enabled highlander-light">
<div id="navigation" class="clearfix">
<div class="menu">
<ul>
<li ><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/" title="Home">Home</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-2 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/about/">About LEX</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-198 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/lex-store/">LEX Store</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-1615"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/lexinars/">LEXinars</a></li>
<li class="search"><form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com"><input type="text" class="textbox" value="" name="s" id="s" /><input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /></form></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><!-- end id:navigation -->
<div id="container">
<div id="header">
<h1><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/" title="LEX">LEX</a></h1>
<h2>Linguist-Educator Exchange</h2>
</div><!-- end id:header -->
<div id="feedarea">
<dl>
<dt><strong>Feeds:</strong></dt>
<dd><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/feed/">Posts</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/comments/feed/">Comments</a></dd>
</dl>
</div><!-- end id:feedarea -->
<div id="headerimage">
</div><!-- end id:headerimage -->
<div id="content">
<div id="content-main">
<div class="postnav">
<div class="alignleft">« <a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/07/04/advancing-the-field/" rel="prev">Advancing the Field</a></div>
<div class="alignright"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/11/22/etymology-v/" rel="next">Etymology! V</a> »</div>
</div>
<div class="post-81766 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized" id="post-81766">
<div class="posttitle">
<h2>Basket Case</h2>
<p class="post-info">September 14, 2016 by <a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/author/linguisteducatorexchange/" title="Posts by linguisteducatorexchange">linguisteducatorexchange</a> </p>
</div>
<div class="entry">
<p>Over the summer I had the privilege of traveling to Pennsylvania to work with some old colleagues and make some new ones. The travel itself is a slog — three hours in a car, four hours on a plane, several more hours in a rental car for a few days, another four hours on a plane, another three hours in a car. By the time I get home, all I want to do is watch a little Netflix and go to bed, but my brain doesn’t wind down so easily. After my return, I found myself turning over a couple of conversations in my head. I didn’t consider them to be related, but of course, there are no coincidences.</p>
<p>The first thing I kept turning over was something I heard from a colleague while I was on the road. She was summarizing for me some comments she had heard from a bigwig phonics apologist (we’ll call her BW for BigWig) during a professional development event. So first, I want to acknowledge that this is total hearsay; I am now reporting this to you third-hand, which is probably irresponsible, but it’s not like I’m going out on a very far limb: it’s a ubiquitous perspective, and one that confronts me a lot in my work. A lot of people are laboring through the whole erroneous sound-it-out, A-is-for-Apple thing out there. But this story was sticking with me because it offers such clear evidence that people highly trained in multisensory structured language education are getting really bad information, right from the top, <em>as though it were scientific or factual. </em>Again.</p>
<p>It went something like this: after a lively discussion about language and teaching, the training session ended with BW admonishing her teacher trainers: “You’ll hear a lot of talk out there about morphology and etymology,” she said. “But the fact is that children need to master their phonology first.”</p>
<p>Just let that sink in: <em>children need to master their phonology first</em>.</p>
<p>My colleague brought it up because after a few hours of orthographic study with me, she could so clearly see that morphology and etymology both outrank phonology in the hierarchy of the writing system’s concerns, and she was well aware that she was being warned away from my work and the work of my orthographic scholarship community, <em>because it threatens the rabidly phonocentric foundations of the trainer’s life’s work</em>.</p>
<p>I looked at my colleague and asked her, “So at what point does she suggest children have mastered their phonology?”</p>
<p>And now I’m looking at you and asking you to consider at what point <em>you</em> mastered <em>your</em> phonology, and what exactly that means.</p>
<p>* * *</p>
<p>The second thing keeping me up was a question that had popped up on Facebook about spelling and, of course, pronunciation. Actually, questions pop up on Facebook every day. I do some of my best writing in response to those questions. There was a thread on whether the vowel in <em>bang, sang, hang, </em>etc., is ‘long’ or ‘short.’ It was a long conversation about who’s pronouncing what, taking place among people who, like my Pennsylvania colleague, are highly trained and knowledgeable about the English language. What most of them didn’t understand was that regardless of what you feel like you’re pronouncing, the vowels in those words are all phonologically checked, lax, or (shudder) ‘short,’ just like they would be before <tch> or <ck>.</p>
<p>That’s not the question that stuck with me, however; it was a post that took on disyllabic words that end in <et>, like <em>blanket</em> or <em>locket</em> or <em>basket.</em></p>
<p>The common understanding out there in Phonicland is that these words have an /ɪ/ in the final syllable, but are spelled with an <e>. Because of what is perceived as a mismatch in the orthography, many teachers and tutors try to cue students in to the spelling by articulating the final syllable with a pure [ɛ]: “lock-ET.” The thing is, no one talks like that in real life. That word is <em>never</em> pronounced that way in a normal utterance, only in a phonics lesson. If the kid is writing a sentence sometime later with that word, they’re going to be thinking about the content of their composition, and it won’t feel like “lock-ET” in their head. So if that’s the approach, it’s likely that kids will continue to spell these (and other) words according to the way they pronounce them with little regard for sense and meaning.</p>
<p>Let’s consider these words, or at least a goodly number of them, in terms of our four questions of structured word inquiry. The thing is, we usually take these four questions to the study of a specific word, but this time, I want to take them to the study of words with that have an <et> suffix, and of that <et> in general.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong> What does it mean? </strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Most of these words are of French origin and have a diminutive denotation, at least historically. The <et> may no longer clearly express smallness in the word (as in <em>musket</em>), and the word’s semantics may have drifted considerably from their etymon, but somewhere in many of these words’ etymologies is diminution (the history of <em>musket</em> includes an association with a ‘little fly’ — think <em>mosquito</em>).</p>
<p>A <em>packet</em> is a small pack of something; a <em>locket</em> is a little locking thing; a <em>rocket</em> is, etymologically speaking, a little cylinder. They are by and large nouns, though many have been zero-derived into verbs, as in snow that <em>blankets</em> the landscape. In the French that they come from, <et> is a masculine diminutive suffix, and <ette> is its feminine counterpart. English uses both: <em>kitchenette</em>, <em>rosette</em> — sometimes with the same base element, even: <em>planchet</em>, <em>planchette</em>, or <em>toilet</em>,<em> toilette</em>.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong> How are they built?</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Well, since <et> isn’t a word, we need to think about this a little differently. It’s a suffix, not a base, but we can still take a look at how its morphology works. It attaches to both free bases (<em>locket</em>) and bound bases (<em>banquet</em>). These words take the typical nominal inflections, as in <em>two caskets</em> or <em>the rocket’s red glare</em>, and they may also compound, as in <em>basketweaving</em> or <em>toiletpaper</em>, or take derivational suffixes, as in <em>toiletries </em>or <em>musketeers</em>. The suffix is never stressed in these word families, so words like <em>magnetic</em> tell us that we’re not dealing with the same diminutive suffix here.</p>
<p>Now, I wouldn’t argue that all of these words are very productive for analyzing morphologically in the present day; you won’t find the <rock> in <rocket> in any other words without the <et>, and the <jack> in <jacket>, while free (a kind of sleeveless tunic or, well, jacket), is archaic and no longer used. But even many of the words that are not morphologically generative are still hugely etymologically productive.</p>
<p>Let’s take a look.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong> What are their relatives?</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Well, I’ve already given several examples of the kinds of morphological relatives you’ll find with these words. Some compound prolifically (<em>basketball, breadbasket, wastebasket</em>), others compound a little (<em>straightjacket</em>), while still others don’t compound at all (<em>blanket</em>). Where we really hit paydirt is with the etymological relatives. When we peel off that <et> and identify the base, even if it’s not morphologically generative in present-day English, it often points to relatives that help us deepen our understanding not only of the meanings of these word families, but also of the kinds of relationships we mark in writing. Consider the following relatives and their shared historical denotations:</p>
<p><strong><em>banquet</em></strong><em> ~ bank ~ bench </em> ‘table’</p>
<p><strong><em>blanket</em></strong><em> ~ blank ~ blanch ~ blanquette</em> ‘white’</p>
<p><strong><em>bracket</em></strong><em> ~ breeches ~ britches </em>‘support or armor’ (influenced by, but unrelated to, <em>brace</em>)</p>
<p><strong><em>crocket</em></strong><em> ~ crook ~ crochet ~ croquet </em>‘hook’</p>
<p><strong><em>latchet</em></strong><em> ~ lace ~ lasso </em>‘lace’ (historically, ‘rope, noose, snare;’ influenced by, but unrelated to, <em>latch</em>)</p>
<p><strong><em>market</em></strong><em> ~ merchant ~ merchandise ~ mercantile </em>‘to buy’</p>
<p><strong><em>picket</em></strong><em> ~ pike ~ peak ~ pique ~ pitch </em>‘to prick or point’</p>
<p><strong><em>pocket</em></strong><em> ~ pouch ~poke</em> (as in <em>pig in a poke</em>) ‘bag’</p>
<p><strong><em>planchet</em></strong><em> ~ planchette ~ plank </em>‘board’</p>
<p><strong><em>placket</em></strong><em> ~ placard ~ plaque </em>‘plate or tablet’</p>
<p><strong><em>ratchet</em></strong><em> ~ rocket </em>‘spindle or cylinder’</p>
<p><strong><em>ticket</em></strong><em> ~ etiquette ~ sticker ~ stitch </em>‘to stick, to fasten by sticking’</p>
<p>As we study these shared denotations and the stories they tell, we also begin to see another dimension of the writing system come to life: the etymological relationships between phonemes and graphemes. In the examples above, we can see certain relationships repeated in the graphemes: <tch> or <ch> and <ck> or <k>; between <c> and <ck> and <k>, and <qu>; sometimes multiples of these. We see these same relationships across English orthography, even in words without the <et> including <em>dike~ditch</em>, <em>break~breach</em>, <em>wreak~wretch</em>, <em>mystic~mystique</em>, and so many others.</p>
<p>Some of the morphological relationships that emerge in this study are built around free bases and are fairly intuitive, like <face> + <et> or <cab> + <in> + <et>. Others have bound bases whose denotations make perfect sense, but may not be guessable, like the <buck> shared by <bucket>, <buckle>, and <buckboard>, which denotes ‘bulge.’ The <cors> in <corset> is related to <em>corps </em>and <em>corpse</em> — they all denote ‘body.’ I know, right? Wow.</p>
<p>We also see in many of these words all these medial spellings that we associate with being final to monosyllables, like <tch> and <ck> and <nk> and <dge>. Once we understand that, historically at least, those spellings are final to a base element, we understand those words and their spellings better. If we look at relatives like <em>toilet</em> and <em>toilette</em> or <em>blanket </em>and <em>blanquette</em>, <em>floret</em> and <em>flowerette</em>, <em>ticket</em> and <em>etiquette</em>, we ought to be able to surmise that the <et> and <ette> suffixes are related somehow.</p>
<p>Basically, the more relatives we can gather, the more data we have to support our understanding. I could go on, but I want to save some of the study for other people. So let’s wrap up with the fourth question.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong> What segments of the pronunciation are relevant to the meaning?</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>This is really the question that started it all, as it so often does. Even though it should be our final question, this is frequently where people start when studying spelling: with the pronunciation. And that’s a mistake. It’s a mistake, as it was in the Facebook discussion, to zero in immediately on “why are these words pronounced like this but spelled like that?” without considering the other questions, the context of the meaning and structure and relationships that govern the spellings.</p>
<p>Just as with the <a> in <em>rang, sang, </em>and <em>hang</em>, people get hung up on what the physical pronunciation of a word is — its phonetics — rather than considering how we organize a word’s possible pronunciations within the whole system of our language — its phonology. All writing systems represent some aspect(s) of the language’s phonology, its psychological organization of the pronunciation of meaning, but no orthography represents phonetics, the physical properties of speech.</p>
<p>With the frequent phonics practice of stressing that second syllable in words like <em>locket</em> or <em>packet</em> — a with many frequent phonics practices — we not only fail to study how these words’ pronunciations actually work; we also obscure other facts about the pronunciation of this suffix. Sometimes it <em>is </em>stressed, especially in musical terms like <em>quintet</em> or <em>quartet</em> or <em>duet </em>or <em>clarinet</em>. Some of these can be spelled either with <et> or with <ette>: <em>quintette, quartette</em>. We also find the same diminutive suffix stressed but pronounced only as /eɪ/; these are later French loanwords like <em>ballet, filet, bouquet, sachet, croquet</em>. In French, which is a syllable-timed language, the tonic stress falls at the end; the closer a word is to its French origin in time, generally the Frencher it is in English.</p>
<p>Rather than fixating on whether a child spells the second syllable of these words correctly immediately and consistently, what if we left that alone for a bit and studied instead what is actually happening in these words, with this suffix? So far, we know that the diminutive suffix <et> can be pronounced as [ət] (as in <em>musket</em>), [‘ɛt] (as in <em>clarinet</em>), or [‘eɪ] (as in <em>ballet</em>).</p>
<p>Wait — what? So there’s no /ɪ/ in <em>locket, bucket, basket, musket, </em>and the like? Nope. Some people might feel like they’re pronouncing [ɪ] in these words, but there’s no /ɪ/. If you don’t know the difference between [ɪ] and /ɪ/, you need to take my IPA LEXinar post-haste. There <em>is</em> an /ɪ/ in <em>fidget </em>and in <em>ticket</em>, but it’s in the first syllable, not the second, and it’s spelled with an <i> as it should be. In fact, /ɪ/ is one of the simplest vowel phonemes to spell in English because it only has two spellings: <i> and <y>. The grapheme <e> is not associated with the phoneme /ɪ/ in English. It could be spelling the phoneme /ɛ/ in these words, arguably, but unless it’s stressed, it’s a schwa.</p>
<p>Now, not every di- or trisyllable that ends in <et> has a demonstrable or identifiable diminutive suffix, even diachronically. The word that started it all, <em>basket</em>, is of obscure origin. <em>Hornet</em> is Old English, not French, and isn’t actually related to a horn or anything. But as words orbited around each other in Middle English and beyond, surely their spellings have been influenced by that ubiquitous <et> suffix.</p>
<p>Whether the schwa in these words is phonemic on its own or just an unstressed allophone of /ɛ/ in these words is anyone’s argument to make. But it’s not an /ɪ/. There are words, also schwaed at the end, that arguably do have an /ɪ/ phoneme in the unstressed syllable, <em>because it’s spelled with an <i></em>. Latinate words like <em>habit, limit, merit, </em>and <em>implicit</em> all have a Latinate <it> suffix (compare <em>rehabilitate</em>, <em>subliminal</em>, <em>meretricious</em>, and<em> implicate</em>). Since its pronunciation is similar if not identical to an unstressed <et>, it bears examining what differentiates these kinds of words. First, the <et> suffix is French; these words reliably made their way into English via French, some from Latinate roots (like <em>facet</em>) and others from Germanic roots (like <em>bucket</em>). The <et> in French could be word-final, as it can in English. The <it>, on the other hand, is a Latin stem suffix, meaning it’s followed (in Latin, and often in French) by another suffix: <em>habitare, limitem</em>, <em>meritare</em>, and <em>implicitus</em>). While these words may have traveled via French, they retain a Latinness in their morphological families that the <et> ones don’t: compare <em>habit, habitual, rehabilitate, inhabit</em> to <em>bucket, buckle, buckboard</em>. The relatively concrete homeliness of the <et> words is what makes a lot of Phonics Pholks misidentify them as “Anglo-Saxon.” The Latin <it> almost always fixes to bound bases (<em>inherit,circuit, audit</em>), while the <et> is less selective.</p>
<p>Here’s what’s up, phonologically speaking: words that end in an unstressed <et> — whether or not it’s a suffix — do not have an /ɪ/ in the final syllable; if you want to name a pure vowel phoneme, it has to be an /ɛ/ or an /eɪ/; that’s all the orthography allows for. The unstressed ones have a schwa, because they’re unstressed. They may have an [ɪ], but when people are trying to identify the <em>phoneme</em> by saying “Well I pronounce it <em>this way,</em>” they’re missing the point. They’re looking for love in all the wrong places. Phonology isn’t in your mouth; it’s in your brain. Not in your physics, but in your psychology.</p>
<p>Orthography is human thought made visible as text. Because phonemes are in our heads, we can argue for a long time about their identity. Because phonemes are sets or categories in our linguistic psychology, we can debate their contents in perpetuity. If we want to identify them, literally, to figure out their identity, we need only look to the orthography. The orthography takes our phonology — our human thought — and makes it visible as text. Many orthographic scholars understand that the orthography doesn’t represent phonemes; rather, it pinpoints and identifies them with graphemes.</p>
<p>Here’s my hypothesis: <em>[ɛ] isn’t typically realized in unstressed syllables in English. </em>In compounds like <em>redhead</em> or <em>daybed</em>, the second element carries secondary stress; it’s not neutralized. In other words, you have to stress it to fully pronounce it. If you pronounce <em>basket</em> as *[‘bæsˌkʰɛt] you end up giving the second syllable some stress — it’s louder, longer, and maybe higher than in [‘bæskʰət]. It ain’t natural. So, instead of emphasizing or overemphasizing pronunciation (indeed stop doing that — good for the teacher who posted for identifying that this practice is both ineffective and misleading), zero in on meaning. Use the four questions as a guide. Talk about the phonology only after after you’ve made sense of the meaning, the structure, the history and the relatives of these words.</p>
<p>In these Facebook conversations, which are brave and honest and sometimes even moving, people reshape their understanding of English orthography. People are vulnerable and willing to be wrong. Everyone learns from each other that way. It struck me that in this friendly, brilliant, experienced, well-educated group of parents and educators and activists and innovators, conversations about phonology were still often woefully wandering. Participants remained fixated on the physics of their pronunciation, rather than looking at the grapheme that make human thought visible.</p>
<p>“You people have a phonological awareness problem and I am not kidding,” I posted. “I mean, I am, but I’m not. I mean this in the friendliest of ways.” Then I put a smiley face for good measure. I don’t want to insult anyone, you know.</p>
<p>I do want to suggest, however, that it’s possible they haven’t yet <em>mastered their phonology</em>. So rather than waiting until everyone totally agrees on the pronunciation of <em>bang</em> and <em>sang</em> and <em>hatchet</em> and <em>blanket</em> to start studying the structure and history, how about instead we <em>use</em> the morphology and etymology to make sense of the phonology? Go ahead, BW, keep all your eggs in one phonocentric basket and keep insisting that children master the phonology, whatever that means. I’ll be over here helping people <em>understand</em> it instead.</p>
<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>Share</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;width:150px;"><ul style="background-image:none;"><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow" data-shared="sharing-facebook-81766" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-12969610-81766-5a4a5f9fb184f' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/#blog_id=12969610&post_id=81766&origin=linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com&obj_id=12969610-81766-5a4a5f9fb184f' data-name='like-post-frame-12969610-81766-5a4a5f9fb184f'><h3 class='sd-title'>Like this:</h3><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class="loading">Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div>
<div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' >
<h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3>
</div></div> </div>
<p class="postmetadata">
Posted in <a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> | 13 Comments </p>
<!-- You can start editing here. -->
<h3 id="comments">13 Responses</h3>
<ol class="commentlist">
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9654">
<div id="div-comment-9654">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9654" title="">September 14, 2016 at 6:02 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9654#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9654", "9654", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Sandie Barrie Blackley'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/fc92c99120895eefd5e53584c2d19ca3?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://www.lexercise.com/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Sandie Barrie Blackley</a></cite></div>
<p>Gina,<br />
Your work– and that of Pete Bowers and Real Spelling– is a constant inspiration. </p>
<p>Because of you all, Lexercise includes morphology and word inquiry procedures from the very beginning of its structured literacy curriculum. We see its power, and we love the process.</p>
<p>Keep on keeping on!</p>
<p>Sandie</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<ul class="children">
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-linguisteducatorexchange bypostauthor odd alt depth-2 highlander-comment" id="comment-9658">
<div id="div-comment-9658">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9658" title="">September 14, 2016 at 8:10 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9658#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9658", "9658", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to linguisteducatorexchange'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1825fbbbbca3a83f4aa49e08508bbde6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>linguisteducatorexchange</a></cite></div>
<p>Thank you, Sandie!</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ul><!-- .children -->
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9656">
<div id="div-comment-9656">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9656" title="">September 14, 2016 at 7:23 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9656#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9656", "9656", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Lisa Barnett'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/259cd8f7ba5cd8738e0714ae0bc7c135?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://www.seethebeautyindyslexia.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Lisa Barnett</a></cite></div>
<p>Gina,<br />
Picture this: Mike Myers & Dana Carvey in the basement of Wayne’s World chanting, “We’re not worthy!” –that’s me, right now….bowing to you! Your arguments for mastering phonology is in-itself, masterful. You provide unarguable evidence and build webs of words that are linked in meaning, structure and etymology. I greatly appreciate your ability to see the relationships in words and investigate and analyze those relationships with sense and meaning. </p>
<p>I’ve lived phonics for more than 20 years and only lived Structured Word Inquiry for less than 2 years. Old habits are hard to break, and I’m so glad you brought a bulldozer! With each post, course and conversation I learn more and more and sometimes, find I’m more cemented in my old thinking than I realize. Thanks for having patience with us and being so willing to share your knowledge. “Excellent!”</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<ul class="children">
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-linguisteducatorexchange bypostauthor odd alt depth-2 highlander-comment" id="comment-9657">
<div id="div-comment-9657">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9657" title="">September 14, 2016 at 8:09 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9657#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9657", "9657", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to linguisteducatorexchange'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1825fbbbbca3a83f4aa49e08508bbde6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>linguisteducatorexchange</a></cite></div>
<p>Party on, Wayne!!</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ul><!-- .children -->
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9661">
<div id="div-comment-9661">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9661" title="">September 14, 2016 at 8:35 pm</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9661#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9661", "9661", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Marcia Henry'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/aa93224aed36fd4eaa1fc4b7d4bf9180?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite>Marcia Henry</cite></div>
<p>Bravo, Gina! If most kids with dyslexia had to master phonology before moving on to morphology and etymology they’d never move on.</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<ul class="children">
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-linguisteducatorexchange bypostauthor odd alt depth-2 highlander-comment" id="comment-9662">
<div id="div-comment-9662">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9662" title="">September 14, 2016 at 11:53 pm</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9662#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9662", "9662", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to linguisteducatorexchange'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1825fbbbbca3a83f4aa49e08508bbde6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>linguisteducatorexchange</a></cite></div>
<p>Thank you, Marcia. And thank you also for banging the morphology-and-etymology gong early and often!</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ul><!-- .children -->
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9667">
<div id="div-comment-9667">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9667" title="">September 18, 2016 at 11:02 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9667#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9667", "9667", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Pete'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/e12a0e0d7a000407efb75fe7f2c361c1?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://www.wordworkskingston.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Pete</a></cite></div>
<p>Sorry for this overly long post. I started and then realized I had a lot to say! Here are the thoughts you inspired when I read your post a few days ago…</p>
<p>Thanks so much for this post, Gina. So much to learn from in here. I know I will be rereading multiple times. Here is my current favourite nugget…</p>
<p>“…people get hung up on what the physical pronunciation of a word is — its phonetics — rather than considering how we organize a word’s possible pronunciations within the whole system of our language — its phonology. ”</p>
<p>I do know a fair bit about the difference between phonetics and phonology, but this description captures a much deeper sense of the crucial distinctions that I have been able to articulate so far. </p>
<p>Phonology: “…how we organize a word’s [morpheme’s?] possible pronunciations within the whole system of our language.” </p>
<p>Beautiful.</p>
<p>I love how the two seemingly disconnected stories of your post link so well in the end. The strong claim from an educational leader that it is “a fact” that children need to master their phonology before being taught about morphology and etymology in the fist story is so clearly negated by the linguistic analysis in the second. </p>
<p>I have certainly heard this strong claim made many times before. However, your story made me want to address a “softer” claim that may be even more common, and which is equally unfounded. I can imagine someone agreeing with you that phonology does not need to be “mastered” before teaching about morphology — but still holding on to this common less extreme position: </p>
<p>“Yes morphology is important, but the research says children need to be taught about phonology first.”</p>
<p>Not only is this common assumption countered by analysis of everyday words children encounter in writing from the beginning of schooling, it is a factually untrue statement about the research. </p>
<p>As your readers and this community knows, words like or the pronunciations of the suffix (/t/, /d/ and /ɪd/) or the suffix (/s/ and /s/) should be enough to make it clear that one could not accurately understand how phonology is represented by orthography in English without addressing morphology. Attempting to teach about phonology before addressing morphology means misteaching as an “irregular” word to be memorized, and that children cannot understand the spelling of suffixes that are so common it is hard to find a page of text without them. The child who pays close attention to instruction about the “z sound” or the “t sound” is certain to misspell countless common words. Simple logic tells us that instruction about a thing should accurately reflect how that thing works!</p>
<p>Since you have already address the linguistic facts so effectively in your post, I wanted to build on that by unpacking the underlying pernicious assumption that “the research” has supported this idea that phonology has to be taught first. That may seem like a strong claim, but it is actually easy to back up.</p>
<p>(Note: Because there is extremely little research about the effect of teaching etymology — I’ll limit my comments to the topic of when morphological instruction should begin and largely leave aside the topic of etymology for the moment. In no way should that choice be taken as signaling that etymology can be set aside in classroom instruction!)</p>
<p>It is true that for decades researchERS have suggested / hypothesized / claimed that the research shows that children need to be taught about phonology first and that morphology should not feature until later instruction — especially for struggling readers. I regularly cite a statement from one of the most influential research books on literacy instruction called “Beginning to Read” by Marilyn Adams from 1990. A key focus of her book was to take a look at the scientific evidence regarding the “whole language vs. phonics” debate. She presented lots of evidence to support her claim that more children succeeded in literacy when they were explicitly taught about grapheme-phoneme correspondences and phonemic awareness compared to when these features of oral and written language received little or no attention. Adams also wrote the following: </p>
<p>“Although teaching older readers about the roots [base morphemes] and suffixes of morphologically complex words may be a worthwhile challenge, teaching beginning or less skilled readers about them may be a mistake” (p. 152).</p>
<p>It should be emphasized that Adams makes no claim of instructional evidence here or elsewhere in her book to support this view. I would argue that it is in fact totally reasonable for a researcher to share hypotheses beyond their data as a way to point the research community to interesting hypotheses to test. The problem is that the research world took a very long time to test this hypothesis. It turned out I worked on the first meta-analysis of morphological intervention studies (Bowers, Kirby, & Deacon, 2010) to test this hypothesis. As you can see from the dates, this is two decades after Adam’s book! The extremely influential National Reading Panel (2000) a decade after Adam’s didn’t even mention the word “morphology.” </p>
<p>We found that not only was Adam’s hypothesis not supported — the exact opposite of her hypothesis was found. The less able and younger students gained the most from morphological instruction. And this was with morphological instruction that I would argue left much to be desired. Of the 22 studies we looked at, only 5 even addressed the fact that it is common for consistently spelled morphemes to vary in pronunciation. Our meta-analysis was followed by two more (Goodwin & Ahn, 2010; 2013) that corroborated our findings. </p>
<p>The point I’m trying to make very clearly is this: I have never found any research evidence suggesting that we should teach phonology before morphology. Such evidence would need to come from studies that included a condition with morphological instruction. When researchers, educational leaders, administrators etc. make the claim that “the research says we need to teach phonology first” they are making a statement that is false. I understand why they say it. Many researchERS have made this suggestion — but that is not research EVIDENCE. </p>
<p>If anyone ever makes such a claim to you, I encourage you to ask them for a reference that shows phonology should be taught before morphology. Remember evidence that explicit teaching about grapheme-phoneme correspondences and phonemic awareness is more effective than little or no such instruction allows no-one to make any claim about morphological instruction. In fact, my argument in my dissertation is that evidence that teaching about some sub-lexical aspects of words like grapheme-phoneme correspondences should have been taken as evidence to start looking at the the effect of teaching about other sub-lexical structures as we would with morphological instruction. Note — there is NO suggestion that we should teach morphology from the beginning and avoid instruction about orthographic phonology. The point is we should teach how the writing system works. To do that we need to teach about the interrelation of morphology, etymology and phonology. </p>
<p>For those who are interested in following up in this research, go to the bottom of my About WordWorks page here and you can find my published research including the meta-analysis I cited above. I do recommend a short 4-page paper I wrote with Gina (Bowers & Cooke, 2012) that reviews what morphology is, how it interrelates with phonology and the research evidence showing that we need to teach about morphology from the beginning. </p>
<p>I know of few studies that have actually tested the key question directly. One paper that came out after these meta-analyses by Devonshire, Morris and Fluk (2013) provides particularly important evidence to share. They taught 5-7 year olds in the UK in two conditions. In the experimental condition students were taught the interrelation of morphology, etymology and phonology with the use of word sums and matrices and compared that to a condition in which children were taught what is typically thought of as “best practice” phonics. (Unfortunately, they don’t mention their use of the matrix in the paper, but Devonshire confirmed that they did via an email correspondence with me.) They found significant benefits for the experimental condition over the phonics condition for standardized measures of reading and spelling. You can find that article here . </p>
<p>Let me finish by saying that I did not add this rather long comment to suggest that the research evidence is in any way more important than the linguistic evidence that Gina articulated so well — and that we see all the time when we study families of related words with the aid of analysis of word families with word sums, the matrix and etymological references. I simply know that research is regularly used by people in positions of authority to counter the work going on in this community. I expect many of the people who do so actually believe that this is what the “research says”. But regardless of their motives, it is important that this community has access to what the research actually does and does not show. Once someone has invoked “research” to support not teaching morphology until later — they need to be confronted with what the research actually has found. At that point they get to demonstrate whether they were citing research because they really believe that we need to follow what the research says, or if they only want to follow it when it says what they are already doing is right.</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-linguisteducatorexchange bypostauthor odd alt thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9671">
<div id="div-comment-9671">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9671" title="">September 20, 2016 at 12:30 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9671#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9671", "9671", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to linguisteducatorexchange'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1825fbbbbca3a83f4aa49e08508bbde6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>linguisteducatorexchange</a></cite></div>
<p>I appreciate your commentary, Pete. See, all I really want to do is holler about the language. If I can explain to a kid why one word is spelled with a ‘wr’ and another with an ‘rh,’ then I don’t really care whether some pedagogical research or other has “proven” that etymological study has a positive outcome on literacy. I don’t think it’s okay to lie to kids — or to omit facts about what they’re trying to accomplish — in order to improve some test score or other. Of course, no one would admit to thinking it’s okay to lie to children about the way their language words, but that is what phonics does (-tion, syllable division, exceptions, etc.). Whole language lies too, just different lies.</p>
<p>One of the things I love about working with you is that you *do* tackle these research questions. I was reluctant to tackle the whole “The fact is…” issue, because I didn’t hear BW say it myself. But it is a common thing for researchers and trainers and teachers to mistake research for critical thinking, and to mistake researchers’ suggestions for facts.</p>
<p>I like sticking to facts I can see here, which is why written language is my gig. That ‘ion’ is a suffix or that every word has a base element — these are facts in a way that “phonics works” or “you have to teach phonology first” are not and can never be.</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-marymcbride101 even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9732">
<div id="div-comment-9732">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9732" title="">November 15, 2016 at 7:47 pm</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9732#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9732", "9732", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to marymcbride101'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/8c9853d38aca40fdd4ac6da9d9d52b34?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://spellingisrootedinthinking.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>marymcbride101</a></cite></div>
<p>Gina: Thank you for your elegant post, always inspiring. When I think of teaching etymology and morphology along with phonology I smile. I smile because students, especially the intervention students, love to learn, to understand. They love to discover that they can understand in order to read, to spell, to soar. Thanks for all you do.</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-shawnamay odd alt thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9740">
<div id="div-comment-9740">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9740" title="">November 21, 2016 at 5:01 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9740#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9740", "9740", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to shawnamay'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/13245ca69b72c3591f024384d0697650?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://languageandliteracywordspresscom.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>shawnamay</a></cite></div>
<p>Wow, so much to be gained in this entire thread. I am a believer because I jumped in with both feet and began to change my teaching. It made sense and answered many unanswered questions I had. I didn’t spend time arguing about it, I just set to work. Even after a fairly heated argument with my dad about the – ion suffix I was not deterred lol. Since then I have found that students struggling with reading and spelling suddenly smile and enjoy words when they are told the truth rather than the so called ” rules” with so many exceptions. I currently have a child who is just now realising she indeed can learn to read and spell and she is no longer afraid to open a book. A previously solemn little girl giggles and smiles during our discoveries. She asks some of the best questions I have heard! Her mind goes to meaning first.</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-skotcaldwell even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-9766">
<div id="div-comment-9766">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9766" title="">December 12, 2016 at 7:08 pm</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9766#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9766", "9766", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Skot Caldwell'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1e58f79d518d6b8748263ee9305ac08f?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://hatsabroad.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Skot Caldwell</a></cite></div>
<p>Well, I just don’t read this blog enough–but then I don’t eat chocolate truffles enough either! What a treat, Gina, as always. </p>
<p>Working backwards, I very much appreciate the wording of your final SWI question. Very possibly I have not been paying attention, but I had not used that wording before and will now. I was just half-joking to Pete that I hardly get to the “last” question “How is it pronounced?” at all–in fact I left it out of a recent blog post of my own. But your wording infuses it with a relevance I felt had been lost for me.</p>
<p>The notion that children have to “wait” to do morphology is fundamentally absurd. But it was not until I began teaching Grade One that I really had this epiphany. Having been arguing with the phonics bigwigs around me for some time–those telling me things like “children aren’t really ready for morphology until Grade Three–I realized: children ARRIVE at school understanding morphology! They use it in their oral language all the time, sometimes with inaccuracies such as over-use of the suffixes, but they are generally using affixes with competence and improve (apparently) with almost no instruction. It is as close to a natural process as exists in orthography. </p>
<p>Having made that last statement, I now recall one of your recent responses to a Facebook question. “Phonology,” you said, “isn’t in your mouth; it’s in your brain.” So I suppose it’s accurate to say that our understanding of how sound relates to meaning is also a “natural” process–though many children struggle to “hear” and reproduce the “correct” sounds just as they sometimes struggle with orally adding in the right places.</p>
<p>What they DON’T have is an understanding of how this morphology is represented in writing. </p>
<p>And of course, to do this we also need to really introduce phonology–it’s graphemic representation. What I was then implicitly or explicitly told to do was deny them the whole truth about this system!! (Insert implicit or explicit swear words here). </p>
<p>What your third-hand Big Wig and her peers fail to grasp is that morphology is central and that it is utterly learnable by young children. Is that a fact? I think it is. (Cuz I seen it).</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
<ul class="children">
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-skotcaldwell odd alt depth-2 highlander-comment" id="comment-9767">
<div id="div-comment-9767">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-9767" title="">December 12, 2016 at 7:10 pm</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=9767#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-9767", "9767", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Skot Caldwell'>Reply</a></em> <img alt='' src='https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1e58f79d518d6b8748263ee9305ac08f?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' /> <cite><a href='http://hatsabroad.wordpress.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Skot Caldwell</a></cite></div>
<p>Sawed it.</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ul><!-- .children -->
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="pingback even thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="comment-10057">
<div id="div-comment-10057">
<div class="cmtinfo"><em> on <a href="#comment-10057" title="">April 5, 2017 at 3:00 am</a> | <a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/?replytocom=10057#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-10057", "10057", "respond", "81766" )' aria-label='Reply to Terminology: Phonemes and Phonology – Learning About Spelling'>Reply</a></em> <cite><a href='http://learningaboutspelling.com/2017/02/24/phonemes-and-phonology/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Terminology: Phonemes and Phonology – Learning About Spelling</a></cite></div>
<p>[…] You might want to start by reading this blog post titled Basket Case at LEX: Linguist~Educator Exch… […]</p>
<br style="clear: both" />
</div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ol>
<div class="navigation">
<div class="alignleft"></div>
<div class="alignright"></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="post-content">
<p>
<span class="commentsfeed"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/feed/">Comments RSS</a></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="respond" class="comment-respond">
<h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2016/09/14/basket-case/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3> <form action="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form">
<input type="hidden" id="highlander_comment_nonce" name="highlander_comment_nonce" value="f120342bbf" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2016/09/14/basket-case/" />
<input type="hidden" name="hc_post_as" id="hc_post_as" value="guest" />
<div class="comment-form-field comment-textarea">
<label for="comment">Enter your comment here...</label>
<div id="comment-form-comment"><textarea id="comment" name="comment" title="Enter your comment here..."></textarea></div>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-identity">
<div id="comment-form-nascar">
<p>Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:</p>
<ul>
<li class="selected" style="display:none;">
<a href="#comment-form-guest" id="postas-guest" title="Guest">
<span></span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#comment-form-load-service:WordPress.com" id="postas-wordpress" title="WordPress.com">
<span></span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#comment-form-load-service:Twitter" id="postas-twitter" title="Twitter">
<span></span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#comment-form-load-service:Facebook" id="postas-facebook" title="Facebook">
<span></span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-guest" class="comment-form-service selected">
<div class="comment-form-padder">
<div class="comment-form-avatar">
<a href="https://gravatar.com/site/signup/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536?s=25&d=identicon&forcedefault=y&r=G" alt="Gravatar" width="25" class="no-grav" />
</a> </div>
<div class="comment-form-fields">
<div class="comment-form-field comment-form-email">
<label for="email">Email <span class="required">(required)</span> <span class="nopublish">(Address never made public)</span></label>
<div class="comment-form-input"><input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" /></div>
</div>
<div class="comment-form-field comment-form-author">
<label for="author">Name <span class="required">(required)</span></label>
<div class="comment-form-input"><input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" /></div>
</div>
<div class="comment-form-field comment-form-url">
<label for="url">Website</label>
<div class="comment-form-input"><input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-wordpress" class="comment-form-service">
<div class="comment-form-padder">
<div class="comment-form-avatar">
<img src="https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536?s=25&d=identicon&forcedefault=y&r=G" alt="WordPress.com Logo" width="25" class="no-grav" />
</div>
<div class="comment-form-fields">
<input type="hidden" name="wp_avatar" id="wordpress-avatar" class="comment-meta-wordpress" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="wp_user_id" id="wordpress-user_id" class="comment-meta-wordpress" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="wp_access_token" id="wordpress-access_token" class="comment-meta-wordpress" value="" />
<p class="comment-form-posting-as pa-wordpress"><strong></strong> You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. <span class="comment-form-log-out">( <a href="javascript:HighlanderComments.doExternalLogout( 'wordpress' );">Log Out</a> / <a href="#" onclick="javascript:HighlanderComments.switchAccount();return false;">Change</a> )</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-twitter" class="comment-form-service">
<div class="comment-form-padder">
<div class="comment-form-avatar">
<img src="https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536?s=25&d=identicon&forcedefault=y&r=G" alt="Twitter picture" width="25" class="no-grav" />
</div>
<div class="comment-form-fields">
<input type="hidden" name="twitter_avatar" id="twitter-avatar" class="comment-meta-twitter" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="twitter_user_id" id="twitter-user_id" class="comment-meta-twitter" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="twitter_access_token" id="twitter-access_token" class="comment-meta-twitter" value="" />
<p class="comment-form-posting-as pa-twitter"><strong></strong> You are commenting using your Twitter account. <span class="comment-form-log-out">( <a href="javascript:HighlanderComments.doExternalLogout( 'twitter' );">Log Out</a> / <a href="#" onclick="javascript:HighlanderComments.switchAccount();return false;">Change</a> )</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-facebook" class="comment-form-service">
<div class="comment-form-padder">
<div class="comment-form-avatar">
<img src="https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536?s=25&d=identicon&forcedefault=y&r=G" alt="Facebook photo" width="25" class="no-grav" />
</div>
<div class="comment-form-fields">
<input type="hidden" name="fb_avatar" id="facebook-avatar" class="comment-meta-facebook" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="fb_user_id" id="facebook-user_id" class="comment-meta-facebook" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="fb_access_token" id="facebook-access_token" class="comment-meta-facebook" value="" />
<p class="comment-form-posting-as pa-facebook"><strong></strong> You are commenting using your Facebook account. <span class="comment-form-log-out">( <a href="javascript:HighlanderComments.doExternalLogout( 'facebook' );">Log Out</a> / <a href="#" onclick="javascript:HighlanderComments.switchAccount();return false;">Change</a> )</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-googleplus" class="comment-form-service">
<div class="comment-form-padder">
<div class="comment-form-avatar">
<img src="https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536?s=25&d=identicon&forcedefault=y&r=G" alt="Google+ photo" width="25" class="no-grav" />
</div>
<div class="comment-form-fields">
<input type="hidden" name="googleplus_avatar" id="googleplus-avatar" class="comment-meta-googleplus" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="googleplus_user_id" id="googleplus-user_id" class="comment-meta-googleplus" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="googleplus_access_token" id="googleplus-access_token" class="comment-meta-googleplus" value="" />
<p class="comment-form-posting-as pa-googleplus"><strong></strong> You are commenting using your Google+ account. <span class="comment-form-log-out">( <a href="javascript:HighlanderComments.doExternalLogout( 'googleplus' );">Log Out</a> / <a href="#" onclick="javascript:HighlanderComments.switchAccount();return false;">Change</a> )</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="comment-form-load-service" class="comment-form-service">
<div class="comment-form-posting-as-cancel"><a href="javascript:HighlanderComments.cancelExternalWindow();">Cancel</a></div>
<p>Connecting to %s</p>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var highlander_expando_javascript = function(){
var input = document.createElement( 'input' ),
comment = jQuery( '#comment' );
if ( 'placeholder' in input ) {
comment.attr( 'placeholder', jQuery( '.comment-textarea label' ).remove().text() );
}
// Expando Mode: start small, then auto-resize on first click + text length
jQuery( '#comment-form-identity' ).hide();
jQuery( '#comment-form-subscribe' ).hide();
jQuery( '#commentform .form-submit' ).hide();
comment.css( { 'height':'10px' } ).one( 'focus', function() {
var timer = setInterval( HighlanderComments.resizeCallback, 10 )
jQuery( this ).animate( { 'height': HighlanderComments.initialHeight } ).delay( 100 ).queue( function(n) { clearInterval( timer ); HighlanderComments.resizeCallback(); n(); } );
jQuery( '#comment-form-identity' ).slideDown();
jQuery( '#comment-form-subscribe' ).slideDown();
jQuery( '#commentform .form-submit' ).slideDown();
});
}
jQuery(document).ready( highlander_expando_javascript );
</script>
<div id="comment-form-subscribe">
<p class="comment-subscription-form"><input type="checkbox" name="subscribe" id="subscribe" value="subscribe" style="width: auto;"/> <label class="subscribe-label" id="subscribe-label" for="subscribe" style="display: inline;">Notify me of new comments via email.</label></p></div>
<p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="comment-submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='81766' id='comment_post_ID' />
<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' />
</p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="77520b6cfa" /></p>
<input type="hidden" name="genseq" value="1514823583" />
<p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="ak_js" name="ak_js" value="33"/></p> </form>
</div><!-- #respond -->
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>
<p align="center"></p>
</div><!-- end id:content-main -->
<div id="sidebar">
<ul>
<li class="sidebox"><h2><label for="subscribe-field">Subscribe to LEX</label></h2>
<form action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" id="subscribe-blog">
<p>Enter your email address to subscribe to LEX and receive notifications of new posts by email.</p>
<p>Join 895 other followers</p>
<p><input type="text" name="email" style="width: 95%; padding: 1px 2px" placeholder="Enter your email address" value="" id="subscribe-field"/></p>
<p>
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/>
<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="12969610"/>
<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/14/basket-case/"/>
<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="widget"/>
<input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="blog_subscription-3" />
<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="ec9346d827" /> <input type="submit" value="LEX me!" />
</p>
</form>
</li><li class="sidebox"><h2>Categories</h2> <ul>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35449857"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/history-of-reading-instruction/" >History of Reading Instruction</a> (5)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881027"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/" title="LEX provides linguistic evidence to explain how a word is build, what it means and why it is spelled that way.">Linguistic Evidence</a> (27)
<ul class='children'>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-63687"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/etymology/" title="Historical evidence for why words are the way they are.">Etymology</a> (22)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-13434"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/grammar/" >Grammar</a> (2)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-201575897"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/lexical-function-words/" >Lexical – Function Words</a> (2)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-75246"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/" title="Evidence for the meaningful structure of a word based on one or more base element.">Morphology</a> (17)
<ul class='children'>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-1602191"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/affixes/" >Affixes</a> (9)
<ul class='children'>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881651"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/affixes/connector-vowels/" >Connector Vowels</a> (1)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-872630"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/affixes/prefixes/" >Prefixes</a> (2)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-872632"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/affixes/suffixes/" >Suffixes</a> (8)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-158492"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/bases/" >Bases</a> (13)
<ul class='children'>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881633"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/bases/bound-bases/" >Bound Bases</a> (11)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881639"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/linguistic-evidence/morphology/bases/free-bases/" >Free Bases</a> (7)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881077"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/logical-investgation/" title="LEX traces the logical steps used to investigate a question about English meaning or spelling, and the relationship between the two.">Logical Investgation</a> (17)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-106807"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/phonology/" >Phonology</a> (5)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-74840967"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/rigor-in-scholarship/" >Rigor in Scholarship</a> (11)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-37893"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/seminars/" >Seminars</a> (6)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881824"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/teaching-decisions/" title="LEX considers specific challenges, strategies, approaches, and curricula for teaching English reading and spelling.">Teaching Decisions</a> (16)
<ul class='children'>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-8880"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/teaching-decisions/dyslexia/" title="Dyslexia is a congenital neurological condition marked by difficulty with spelling and reading despite high intelligence and skill.">Dyslexia</a> (2)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35883003"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/teaching-decisions/evidence-in-education/" >Evidence in Education</a> (9)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-35881367"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/teaching-decisions/multisensory-structured-language-education/" title="MSLE involves using visual, auditory, tactile and kinesthetic pathways to teach structural aspects of written language.">Multisensory Structured Language Education</a> (2)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-4405930"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/teaching-decisions/orton-gillingham/" title="OG is an approach named for the neurologist-psychologist team who developed multisensory structured language education approach for dyslexia remediation in the 1930s.">Orton-Gillingham</a> (2)
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-91075"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/teaching-decisions/phonics/" title="Phonics is a teaching approach that focuses on graphophonemic correspondences.">Phonics</a> (8)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/category/uncategorized/" >Uncategorized</a> (70)
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="sidebox"><h2>LEX Archives</h2> <ul>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/12/'>December 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/11/'>November 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/10/'>October 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/09/'>September 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/07/'>July 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/06/'>June 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/05/'>May 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/03/'>March 2017</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/02/'>February 2017</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2017/01/'>January 2017</a> (5)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/12/'>December 2016</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/11/'>November 2016</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/09/'>September 2016</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/07/'>July 2016</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/06/'>June 2016</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2016/01/'>January 2016</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/12/'>December 2015</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/11/'>November 2015</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/10/'>October 2015</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/08/'>August 2015</a> (3)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/07/'>July 2015</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/06/'>June 2015</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/05/'>May 2015</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/03/'>March 2015</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/02/'>February 2015</a> (3)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2015/01/'>January 2015</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/12/'>December 2014</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/09/'>September 2014</a> (4)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/08/'>August 2014</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/06/'>June 2014</a> (4)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/05/'>May 2014</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/04/'>April 2014</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/02/'>February 2014</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2014/01/'>January 2014</a> (3)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/12/'>December 2013</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/11/'>November 2013</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/10/'>October 2013</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/09/'>September 2013</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/08/'>August 2013</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/07/'>July 2013</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/05/'>May 2013</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2013/03/'>March 2013</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/12/'>December 2012</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/11/'>November 2012</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/10/'>October 2012</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/09/'>September 2012</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/08/'>August 2012</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/06/'>June 2012</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/05/'>May 2012</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/04/'>April 2012</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/03/'>March 2012</a> (2)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2012/01/'>January 2012</a> (3)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2011/12/'>December 2011</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2011/05/'>May 2011</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2011/03/'>March 2011</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2010/10/'>October 2010</a> (1)</li>
<li><a href='https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/2010/04/'>April 2010</a> (4)</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="sidebox"><h2>LEX</h2><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg" class="" rel="" target=""><img width="150" height="132" src="https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg?w=150" class="image wp-image-37 alignright attachment-150x150 size-150x150" alt="Gina teaching about the vowel space" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg?w=150 150w, https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" data-attachment-id="37" data-permalink="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/about/ida07/" data-orig-file="https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg" data-orig-size="435,382" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Teaching the Vowel Space" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://linguisteducatorexchange.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/ida071.jpg?w=435" /></a></li><li class="sidebox"><ul><li><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/feed/" title="Subscribe to Posts">RSS - Posts</a></li><li><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/comments/feed/" title="Subscribe to Comments">RSS - Comments</a></li></ul>
</li><li class="sidebox"><h2>Where in the World is LEX?</h2> <div class="textwidget"><a href="http://www2.clustrmaps.com/user/39310ace6"><img src="https://i2.wp.com/www2.clustrmaps.com/stats/maps-no_clusters/linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com-thumb.jpg" alt="Locations of visitors to this page" />
</a></div>
</li><li class="sidebox"><h2>Words and Morphemes</h2><div style="overflow:hidden"><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/able/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1221068 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="able (1 item)">able</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/amish/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-383982 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Amish (1 item)">Amish</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/augur/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-10184069 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="augur (1 item)">augur</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/believe/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-36673 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="believe (1 item)">believe</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/birds/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-36845 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="birds (1 item)">birds</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/born/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-123582 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="born (1 item)">born</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/cincinnati/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-100092 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Cincinnati (1 item)">Cincinnati</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/ciple/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-10313174 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="ciple (1 item)">ciple</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/citation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-141391 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="citation (1 item)">citation</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/citations/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-879 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="citations (1 item)">citations</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/cite/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-617495 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="cite (1 item)">cite</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/cog/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-197196 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="cog (1 item)">cog</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/cognate/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4621320 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="cognate (1 item)">cognate</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/crede/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2406223 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="crede (1 item)">crede</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/credit/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5827 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="credit (1 item)">credit</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/defiant/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-645790 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="defiant (1 item)">defiant</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/define/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-30689 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="define (1 item)">define</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/definite/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-367043 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="definite (1 item)">definite</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/defy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-741154 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="defy (1 item)">defy</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/disciple/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-132358 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="disciple (1 item)">disciple</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/discipline/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-19475 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="discipline (1 item)">discipline</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Education (1 item)">Education</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/eeing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-35891368 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="eeing (1 item)">eeing</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/emperors-new-clothes/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1301244 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Emperor's New Clothes (1 item)">Emperor's New Clothes</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/english/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3205 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="English (1 item)">English</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/etymology/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-63687 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="Etymology (5 items)">Etymology</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/evidence/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-27515 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 13.25pt;" aria-label="evidence (2 items)">evidence</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/experts/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-37082 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="experts (1 item)">experts</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/false-expertise/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-17153958 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="false expertise (1 item)">false expertise</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/finance/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4269 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="finance (1 item)">finance</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/fine/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62565 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="fine (1 item)">fine</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/finite/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-384670 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="finite (1 item)">finite</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/gn/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-94480 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="gn (1 item)">gn</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/humor/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-376 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="humor (1 item)">humor</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/ible/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-691977 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="ible (1 item)">ible</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/inaugural/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-363092 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="inaugural (1 item)">inaugural</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/inaugurate/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6643052 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="inaugurate (1 item)">inaugurate</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/incredible/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-317983 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="incredible (1 item)">incredible</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/intent/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-573569 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="intent (1 item)">intent</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/investigation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-86486 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="investigation (1 item)">investigation</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/jo-anne-gross/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-590794985 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Jo-Anne Gross (1 item)">Jo-Anne Gross</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/know/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-67398 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="know (1 item)">know</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/language/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1934 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Language (1 item)">Language</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/lex-professional-development-series/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-207991962 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="LEX Professional Development Series (1 item)">LEX Professional Development Series</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/lunar/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-196165 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="lunar (1 item)">lunar</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/lunatic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-693885 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="lunatic (1 item)">lunatic</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/mean/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-104780 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="mean (1 item)">mean</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/measure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-307466 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="measure (1 item)">measure</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/mistakes/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-23915 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="mistakes (1 item)">mistakes</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/month/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50929 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="month (1 item)">month</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/moon/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4701 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="moon (1 item)">moon</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/morphology-2/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-36448966 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="morphology (1 item)">morphology</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/names/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-44659 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="names (1 item)">names</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/omen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-468304 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="omen (1 item)">omen</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/over/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-379299 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="over (1 item)">over</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/pink/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-77600 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="pink (1 item)">pink</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/prove/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-17176 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="prove (1 item)">prove</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/recognize/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-873168 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="recognize (1 item)">recognize</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="research (1 item)">research</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-173 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="science (1 item)">science</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/solstice/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-212021 tag-link-position-61" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="solstice (1 item)">solstice</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/st/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-131013 tag-link-position-62" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="st (1 item)">st</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/stand/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-161837 tag-link-position-63" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="stand (1 item)">stand</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/tim-shanahan/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50229748 tag-link-position-64" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Tim Shanahan (1 item)">Tim Shanahan</a>
<a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.com/tag/webster/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-180900 tag-link-position-65" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Webster (1 item)">Webster</a></div></li><li id="linkcat-1356" class="linkcat widget sidebox"><h2>Blogroll</h2>
<ul class='xoxo blogroll'>
<li><a href="http://blogs.zis.ch/dallen/" title="Fifth Grade Blog – Orthography and More" target="_blank">Grade 5 Mr Allen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com">LEX</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mbsteven.edublogs.org/" rel="friend met colleague" title="It’s All About Memorable Learning" target="_blank">Mrs. Steven's Classroom Blog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.etymonline.com" title="This is a map of the wheel-ruts of modern English. Etymologies are not definitions; they’re explanations of what our words meant and how they sounded 600 or 2,000 years ago.">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://web.mac.com/spellingsite/Welcome_to_Real_Spelling/Choose-New.html" rel="friend met colleague" title="The website of linguist and orthographic expert Melvyn Ramsden, who taught me to investigate the language and interrogate my sources, including him.">Real Spelling</a></li>
<li><a href="http://wordsavviness.wordpress.com/" rel="friend met colleague" title="7th Grade Forays into Morphology and Etymology" target="_blank">Word Nerds</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.neilramsden.co.uk/spelling/searcher/index.html" rel="acquaintance colleague" title="U.K. Mathematician Neil Ramsden’s word searcher, part of his morphology micro-site.">Word Searcher</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.wordworkskingston.com/" rel="friend met colleague" title="The webste of teacher, researcher and trainer Pete Bowers, who is helping bridge the gap between linguists and educators.">Word Works</a></li>
<li><a href="http://wordpress.com/">WordPress.com</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- end id:sidebar -->
</div><!-- end id:content -->
</div><!-- end id:container -->
<div id="footer">
<div id="colophon">
<p><a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog">Blog at WordPress.com.</a></p>
<p>WPThemes.</p>
<br class="clear" />
</div><!-- end #colophon-->
</div><!-- end #footer-->
<!-- -->
<script type='text/javascript' src='//0.gravatar.com/js/gprofiles.js?ver=201801y'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1380573781h'></script>
<script>
//initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars
jQuery( document ).ready( function( $ ) {
if (typeof Gravatar === "undefined"){
return;
}
if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== "function" ) {
return;
}
Gravatar.profile_cb = function( hash, id ) {
WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id );
};
Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash;
Gravatar.init( 'body', '#wp-admin-bar-my-account' );
});
</script>
<div style="display:none">
<div class="grofile-hash-map-fc92c99120895eefd5e53584c2d19ca3">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-1825fbbbbca3a83f4aa49e08508bbde6">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-259cd8f7ba5cd8738e0714ae0bc7c135">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-aa93224aed36fd4eaa1fc4b7d4bf9180">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-e12a0e0d7a000407efb75fe7f2c361c1">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-8c9853d38aca40fdd4ac6da9d9d52b34">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-13245ca69b72c3591f024384d0697650">
</div>
<div class="grofile-hash-map-1e58f79d518d6b8748263ee9305ac08f">
</div>
</div>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var HighlanderComments = {"loggingInText":"Logging In\u2026","submittingText":"Posting Comment\u2026","postCommentText":"Post Comment","connectingToText":"Connecting to %s","commentingAsText":"%1$s: You are commenting using your %2$s account.","logoutText":"Log Out","loginText":"Log In","connectURL":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com\/public.api\/connect\/?action=request","logoutURL":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com\/wp-login.php?action=logout&_wpnonce=9b73a9ca24","homeURL":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.com\/","postID":"81766","gravDefault":"identicon","enterACommentError":"Please enter a comment","enterEmailError":"Please enter your email address here","invalidEmailError":"Invalid email address","enterAuthorError":"Please enter your name here","gravatarFromEmail":"This picture will show whenever you leave a comment. Click to customize it.","logInToExternalAccount":"Log in to use details from one of these accounts.","change":"Change","changeAccount":"Change Account","comment_registration":"0","userIsLoggedIn":"","isJetpack":"","text_direction":"ltr"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??/wp-content/js/jquery/jquery.autoresize.js,/wp-content/mu-plugins/highlander-comments/script.js?m=1479964158j'></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.com\/2016\/09\/14\/basket-case\/":81766};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var windowOpen;
jQuery(document).on( 'ready post-load', function(){
jQuery( 'a.share-facebook' ).on( 'click', function() {
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof windowOpen ){ // If there's another sharing window open, close it.
windowOpen.close();
}
windowOpen = window.open( jQuery(this).attr( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' );
return false;
});
});
</script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var actionbardata = {"siteID":"12969610","siteName":"LEX","siteURL":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.com","icon":"<img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/blavatar\/c969a984c9b01bd565a7e43c6e10ae0b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs1.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' \/>","canManageOptions":"","canCustomizeSite":"","isFollowing":"","themeSlug":"pub\/mistylook","signupURL":"https:\/\/wordpress.com\/start\/","loginURL":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Flinguisteducatorexchange.com%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fbasket-case%2F","themeURL":"","xhrURL":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"241a828a48","isSingular":"1","isFolded":"","isLoggedIn":"","isMobile":"","subscribeNonce":"<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"_wpnonce\" name=\"_wpnonce\" value=\"ec9346d827\" \/>","referer":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.com\/2016\/09\/14\/basket-case\/","canFollow":"1","feedID":"14226681","statusMessage":"","customizeLink":"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/customize.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Flinguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fbasket-case%2F","postID":"81766","shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pSpZg-lgO","canEditPost":"","editLink":"https:\/\/wordpress.com\/post\/linguisteducatorexchange.com\/81766","statsLink":"https:\/\/wordpress.com\/stats\/post\/81766\/linguisteducatorexchange.com","i18n":{"view":"View site","follow":"Follow","following":"Following","edit":"Edit","login":"Log in","signup":"Sign up","customize":"Customize","report":"Report this content","themeInfo":"Get theme: MistyLook","shortlink":"Copy shortlink","copied":"Copied","followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.com\/\">Reader<\/a>","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar","editSubs":"Manage subscriptions","viewReader":"View site in Reader","viewReadPost":"View post in Reader","subscribe":"Sign me up","enterEmail":"Enter your email address","followers":"Join 895 other followers","alreadyUser":"Already have a WordPress.com account? <a href=\"https:\/\/linguisteducatorexchange.wordpress.com\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Flinguisteducatorexchange.com%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fbasket-case%2F\">Log in now.<\/a>","stats":"Stats"}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJyVj0kOwjAMRS9E6iIoiAXiKCikbus2E3bCcHvCohWrSqxs+f/3JMMzKhN8Qp9gFGjxQQbjqxplAz+Ryyra3JMXsDShwD1jxkH71iLPZfLG5raERWSCcwVUjNG+K0d+xajbkqubZnBaEnLZVHggM31ly+1PQ2JtJlmDTKLgv9CyrbUnEodJ7aoaruVT6AK7lX4MklRnNTHIoJl8P88CXdx529Sn3XHfHJrxAxxhkCc='></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// <![CDATA[
(function() {
try{
if ( window.external &&'msIsSiteMode' in window.external) {
if (window.external.msIsSiteMode()) {
var jl = document.createElement('script');
jl.type='text/javascript';
jl.async=true;
jl.src='/wp-content/plugins/ie-sitemode/custom-jumplist.php';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(jl, s);
}
}
}catch(e){}
})();
// ]]>
</script> <iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20170206#ver=20170206' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
<div id='likes-other-gravatars'><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span> bloggers like this:</div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
<script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?56" type="text/javascript" async defer></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
_tkq = window._tkq || [];
_stq = window._stq || [];
_tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'12969610','blog_tz':'7','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]);
_stq.push(['view', {'blog':'12969610','v':'wpcom','tz':'7','user_id':'0','post':'81766','subd':'linguisteducatorexchange'}]);
_stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE40eW5QN0p8M2Y/RE1TaVhzUzFMbjdWNHpwZGhTayxPSUFCMGRVYVNrSFguN3FwSmQ5RGtNX3VQcj1yVzhiflM1THQtLGFdQ2toOXYlSDUsNEtDaGstWm9DWVQuY1FFMFNqZFdWMmomcTNvW2pSJTJlPUhyajMxNTZbaiZSPWR1X19ndEVLLHg4c2lPRlkxPXMyXUxkNFgxS013ZGFkQ1pWdnpTeTh2eUJmP1l1Yi9ZSXMuZ1BkczNMJW13bk44QUVOZEZDVlpxUT18NFVILlhhaDZFQ2szSzdoZ0ZhSjZrc2NnJks4JVtFXWV5NiZyVEhQK0kyQjd+Yiw3cHN0RWd1X1NCPVJCUHFqPWpfdC1PYU5BdlMmOCZFZ0RnVj9ORlFzaTJGMzdZVC1pQz1nbTBPLnplU1YsZy4/R2I='}]);
_stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '12969610', '81766' ]);
</script>
<noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:0px;width:0px;overflow:hidden" alt="" /></noscript>
<script>
if ( 'object' === typeof wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info ) {
wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.init();
var mobileStatsQueryString = "";
if( false !== wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedPlatformName )
mobileStatsQueryString += "&x_" + 'mobile_platforms' + '=' + wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedPlatformName;
if( false !== wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedUserAgentName )
mobileStatsQueryString += "&x_" + 'mobile_devices' + '=' + wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedUserAgentName;
if( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.isIPad() )
mobileStatsQueryString += "&x_" + 'ipad_views' + '=' + 'views';
if( "" != mobileStatsQueryString ) {
new Image().src = document.location.protocol + '//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv' + mobileStatsQueryString + '&baba=' + Math.random();
}