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Git
1. To list remote branches:
git branch -r
2. You can check them out as local branches with:
git checkout -b LocalName origin/remotebranchname
3. Download a local branch and make a new branch from that
git checkout -b newlocalbranchname origin/branch-name
4. Git pull
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In the simplest terms, git pull does a git fetch followed by a git merge.
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You can do a git fetch at any time to update your remote-tracking branches under refs/remotes//.
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This operation never changes any of your own local branches under refs/heads, and is safe to do without changing your working copy. I have even heard of people running git fetch periodically in a cron job in the background (although I wouldn't recommend doing this).
A git pull is what you would do to bring a local branch up-to-date with its remote version, while also updating your other remote-tracking branches.