diff --git a/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.Rmd b/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.Rmd index 82f9ac22..1cd8a5e4 100644 --- a/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.Rmd +++ b/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.Rmd @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ author: affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Linguistics affiliation_url: https://live-sas-www-ling.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/ orcid_id: 0000-0002-0701-921X -date: "`r Sys.Date()`" +date: 07-21-2024 output: distill::distill_article: include-after-body: "highlighting.html" diff --git a/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.html b/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.html index 800cd107..81700328 100644 --- a/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.html +++ b/_posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/enumerate-possible-options.html @@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ - - + + @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ @@ -1524,7 +1524,7 @@ @@ -1547,7 +1547,7 @@

Naming patterns for boolean enums

June Choe (University of Pennsylvania Linguistics)https://live-sas-www-ling.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/ -
2024-09-01 +
07-21-2024
diff --git a/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web.Rmd b/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e8e5da90 --- /dev/null +++ b/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ +--- +title: 'Read files on the web from R' +description: | + Compilation of some code-snippets, mostly for my own use +categories: + - data +base_url: https://yjunechoe.github.io +author: + - name: June Choe + affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Linguistics + affiliation_url: https://live-sas-www-ling.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/ + orcid_id: 0000-0002-0701-921X +date: 09-01-2024 +output: + distill::distill_article: + include-after-body: "highlighting.html" + toc: true + self_contained: false + css: "../../styles.css" +editor_options: + chunk_output_type: console +preview: github-dplyr-starwars.jpg +draft: true +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +library(ggplot2) +knitr::opts_chunk$set( + comment = " ", + echo = TRUE, + message = FALSE, + warning = FALSE, + R.options = list(width = 80) +) +``` + +Every so often I'll have a link to some file on hand and want to read it in R without going out of my way to browse the web page, find a download link, download it somewhere onto my computer, grab the path to it, and then finally read it into R. + +Over the years I've accumulated some tricks to get data into R "straight from a url", even if the url does not point to the raw file itself. The method varies between data sources though, and I have a hard time keeping track of them in my head, so I thought I'd write some of these down for my own reference. + +## GitHub (public repos) + +GitHub has nice a point-and-click interface for browsing repositories and previewing files. For example, you can navigate to the `dplyr::starwars` dataset from [tidyverse/dplyr](https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/), at : + +```{r, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="500px", out.extra="class=external"} +knitr::include_graphics("github-dplyr-starwars.jpg", error = FALSE) +``` + +That url, despite ending in a `.csv`, does not point to the raw data - instead, it's a full html webpage: + +```{r, eval=FALSE} +rvest::read_html("https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/blob/main/data-raw/starwars.csv") +``` + +``` + {html_document} + \n: + +```{r, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%", out.extra="class=external"} +knitr::include_graphics("github-dplyr-starwars-csv.jpg", error = FALSE) +``` + +You can then read that URL starting with "raw.githubusercontent.com/..." with `read.csv()`: + +```{r} +read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr/main/data-raw/starwars.csv") |> + dplyr::glimpse() +``` + +But note that this method of "click the **Raw** button to get the corresponding *raw.githubusercontent.com/...* url to the file contents" will not work for file formats that cannot be displayed in plain text (clicking the button will instead download the file via your browser). So sometimes (especially when you have a binary file) you have to construct this "remote-readable" url to the file manually. + +Fortunately, going from one link to the other is pretty formulaic. To use the starwars dataset example again: + +```{r} +emphatic::hl_diff( + "https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/blob/main/data-raw/starwars.csv", + "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr/main/data-raw/starwars.csv" +) +``` + +## GitHub (gists) + +It's a similar idea with GitHub Gists (sometimes I like to store small datasets for demos as gists). For example, here's a link to a simulated data for a [Stroop experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect) `stroop.csv`: + +The modified url where you can read the csv contents off of is , which you can again get to by clicking the **Raw** button at the top-right corner of the gist + +```{r, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%", out.extra="class=external"} +knitr::include_graphics("github-gist-stroop.jpg", error = FALSE) +``` + +But actually, that long link you get by default points specifically to the current commit. If you instead want to keep the link up to date with the most recent commit, you can remove the second hash that comes after `raw/`: + +```{r} +emphatic::hl_diff( + "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/c643b9760126d92b8ac100860ac5b50ba492f316/stroop.csv", + "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/stroop.csv" +) +``` + +In practice, I don't use gists to store replicability-sensitive data, so I prefer to just use the shorter link that's not tied to a specific commit. + +```{r} +read.csv("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/stroop.csv") |> + dplyr::glimpse() +``` + +## GitHub (private repos) + +We now turn to the harder problem of accessing a file in a private GitHub repository. If you already have the GitHub webpage open and you're signed in, you can follow the same step of copying the link that the **Raw** button redirects to. + +Except this time, you'll see the url come with a "token". This token is necessary to remotely access the data in a private repo. Once a token is generated, the file can be accessed using that token from anywhere, but it *will expire* at some point because GitHub refreshes these tokens periodically (so treat them as if they're for single use). + +For a more robust approach, you can use the [GitHub Contents API](https://docs.github.com/en/rest/repos/contents). If you have your credentials set up in [`{gh}`](https://gh.r-lib.org/), you can request a token-tagged url to the private file using the syntax: + +```{r, eval=FALSE} +gh::gh("/repos/{user}/{repo}/contents/{path}")$download_url +``` + +This is a general solution to getting a url to file contents. So for example, even without any credentials set up you can point to dplyr's `starwars.csv` since that's publicly accessible. This produces the same "raw.githubusercontent.com/..." url we saw above: + +```{r} +gh::gh("/repos/tidyverse/dplyr/contents/data-raw/starwars.csv")$download_url +``` + +For demonstration with a private repo, here is one of mine that you cannot access . But because I set up my credentials in `{gt}`, I can get a link to a content within that repo with the access token attached in the url ("?token=..."): + +```{r} +gh::gh("/repos/yjunechoe/my-super-secret-repo/contents/README.md")$download_url |> + # truncating... + substr(1, 100) |> + paste0("...") +``` + +I can then use this url to read the private file:^[Note that the API will actually generate a new token every time you send a request (and the tokens will expire with time).] + +```{r} +gh::gh("/repos/yjunechoe/my-super-secret-repo/contents/README.md")$download_url |> + readLines() +``` + +## OSF + +Reading files off of OSF follows a similar strategy to fetching public files on GitHub. Consider, for example, the `dyestuff.arrow` file in the [OSF repository for MixedModels.jl](https://osf.io/a94tr/). Browsing the repository through the point-and-click interface can get you to the page for the file at , where it shows: + +```{r, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%", out.extra="class=external"} +knitr::include_graphics("osf-MixedModels-dyestuff.jpg", error = FALSE) +``` + +The download button can be found inside the dropdown menubar: + +```{r, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%", out.extra="class=external"} +knitr::include_graphics("osf-MixedModels-dyestuff-download.jpg", error = FALSE) +``` + +But instead of clicking on it (which will start a download via the browser), we can grab the link address that it redirects to, which is . That url can then be passed directly into a read function: + +```{r} +arrow::read_feather("https://osf.io/download/9vztj/") |> + dplyr::glimpse() +``` + +You might have already caught on to this, but the pattern is simply to point to `osf.io/download/` instead of `osf.io/`. + +This method also works for view-only links to anonymized OSF projects as well. For example, this is an anonymized link to a csv file from one of my projects . Navigating to this link will show a web preview of the csv file contents, just like in the GitHub example with `dplyr::starwars`. + +By inserting `/download` into this url, we read the csv file contents directly: + +```{r} +read.csv("https://osf.io/download/tr8qm?view_only=998ad87d86cc4049af4ec6c96a91d9ad") |> + head() +``` + +## Aside: Can't go wrong with a copy-paste! + +I think it's severly underrated how base R has a `readClipboard()` function and a collection of `read.*()` functions which can also read directly from a `"clipboard"` connection.^[The special value `"clipboard"` works for most base-R read functions that take a `file` or `con` argument.] + +I often do this for html/markdown summary tables that a website might display, or sometimes even for entire excel/googlesheets tables after doing a select-all. For such relatively small chunks of data that you just want to quickly get into R, you can lean on base R's clipboard functionalities. + +For example, given this markdown table: + +```{r, results="asis"} +aggregate(mtcars, mpg ~ cyl, mean) |> + knitr::kable() +``` + +You can copy it and run the following code to get that back as an R data frame: + +```{r, eval=FALSE} +read.delim("clipboard") +# Or, `read.delim(text = readClipboard())` +``` + +```{r, echo = FALSE} +read.delim(text = " +cyl mpg +4 26.66364 +6 19.74286 +8 15.10000 +") +``` + +If you're instead copying something flat like a list of numbers or strings, you can use `scan()` and specify the appropriate `sep` to get that back as a vector:^[Thanks [@coolbutuseless](https://fosstodon.org/@coolbutuseless/113042231377588589) for pointing me to `textConnection()`!] + +```{r} +paste(1:10, collapse = ", ") |> + cat() +``` + +```{r, eval=FALSE} +scan("clipboard", sep = ",") +# Or, `scan(textConnection(readClipboard()), sep = ",")` +``` + +```{r, echo = FALSE} +1:10 +``` + +It should be noted though that parsing clipboard contents is not a robust feature in base R. If you want a more principled approach to reading data from clipboard, you should use [`{datapasta}`](https://milesmcbain.github.io/datapasta/). And for printing data for others to copy-paste into R, use [`{constructive}`](https://cynkra.github.io/constructive/). See also [`{clipr}`](https://matthewlincoln.net/clipr/) which extends clipboard read/write functionalities. diff --git a/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web.html b/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1a496cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web.html @@ -0,0 +1,1819 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Read files on the web from R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

Read files on the web from R

+ + +
+
data
+
+ +

Compilation of some code-snippets, mostly for my own use

+
+ +
+ June Choe (University of Pennsylvania Linguistics)https://live-sas-www-ling.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/ + +
09-01-2024 +
+ +
+
+ +
+

Every so often I’ll have a link to some file on hand and want to read it in R without going out of my way to browse the web page, find a download link, download it somewhere onto my computer, grab the path to it, and then finally read it into R.

+

Over the years I’ve accumulated some tricks to get data into R “straight from a url”, even if the url does not point to the raw file itself. The method varies between data sources though, and I have a hard time keeping track of them in my head, so I thought I’d write some of these down for my own reference.

+

GitHub (public repos)

+

GitHub has nice a point-and-click interface for browsing repositories and previewing files. For example, you can navigate to the dplyr::starwars dataset from tidyverse/dplyr, at https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/blob/main/data-raw/starwars.csv:

+
+

+
+

That url, despite ending in a .csv, does not point to the raw data - instead, it’s a full html webpage:

+
+
+
rvest::read_html("https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/blob/main/data-raw/starwars.csv")
+
+
+
  {html_document}
+  <html lang="en" data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light" ...
+  [1] <head>\n<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8 ...
+  [2] <body class="logged-out env-production page-responsive" style="word-wrap: ...
+

To actually point to the raw file, you want to click on the Raw button to the top-right corner of the preview:

+
+

+
+

That gets you to the actual contents of the comma separated values, at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr/main/data-raw/starwars.csv:

+
+

+
+

You can then read that URL starting with “raw.githubusercontent.com/…” with read.csv():

+
+
+
read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr/main/data-raw/starwars.csv") |> 
+  dplyr::glimpse()
+
+
  Rows: 87
+  Columns: 14
+  $ name       <chr> "Luke Skywalker", "C-3PO", "R2-D2", "Darth Vader", "Leia Or…
+  $ height     <int> 172, 167, 96, 202, 150, 178, 165, 97, 183, 182, 188, 180, 2…
+  $ mass       <dbl> 77.0, 75.0, 32.0, 136.0, 49.0, 120.0, 75.0, 32.0, 84.0, 77.…
+  $ hair_color <chr> "blond", NA, NA, "none", "brown", "brown, grey", "brown", N…
+  $ skin_color <chr> "fair", "gold", "white, blue", "white", "light", "light", "…
+  $ eye_color  <chr> "blue", "yellow", "red", "yellow", "brown", "blue", "blue",…
+  $ birth_year <dbl> 19.0, 112.0, 33.0, 41.9, 19.0, 52.0, 47.0, NA, 24.0, 57.0, …
+  $ sex        <chr> "male", "none", "none", "male", "female", "male", "female",…
+  $ gender     <chr> "masculine", "masculine", "masculine", "masculine", "femini…
+  $ homeworld  <chr> "Tatooine", "Tatooine", "Naboo", "Tatooine", "Alderaan", "T…
+  $ species    <chr> "Human", "Droid", "Droid", "Human", "Human", "Human", "Huma…
+  $ films      <chr> "A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, R…
+  $ vehicles   <chr> "Snowspeeder, Imperial Speeder Bike", "", "", "", "Imperial…
+  $ starships  <chr> "X-wing, Imperial shuttle", "", "", "TIE Advanced x1", "", …
+
+

But note that this method of “click the Raw button to get the corresponding raw.githubusercontent.com/… url to the file contents” will not work for file formats that cannot be displayed in plain text (clicking the button will instead download the file via your browser). So sometimes (especially when you have a binary file) you have to construct this “remote-readable” url to the file manually.

+

Fortunately, going from one link to the other is pretty formulaic. To use the starwars dataset example again:

+
+
+
emphatic::hl_diff(
+  "https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/blob/main/data-raw/starwars.csv",
+  "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr/main/data-raw/starwars.csv"
+)
+
+
+[1] "https://    github           .com/tidyverse/dplyr/blob/main/data-raw/starwars.csv"
[1] "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr     /main/data-raw/starwars.csv"
+
+
+

GitHub (gists)

+

It’s a similar idea with GitHub Gists (sometimes I like to store small datasets for demos as gists). For example, here’s a link to a simulated data for a Stroop experiment stroop.csv: https://gist.github.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6

+

The modified url where you can read the csv contents off of is https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/c643b9760126d92b8ac100860ac5b50ba492f316/stroop.csv, which you can again get to by clicking the Raw button at the top-right corner of the gist

+
+

+
+

But actually, that long link you get by default points specifically to the current commit. If you instead want to keep the link up to date with the most recent commit, you can remove the second hash that comes after raw/:

+
+
+
emphatic::hl_diff(
+  "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/c643b9760126d92b8ac100860ac5b50ba492f316/stroop.csv",
+  "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/stroop.csv"
+)
+
+
+[1] "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/c643b9760126d92b8ac100860ac5b50ba492f316/stroop.csv"
[1] "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw                                         /stroop.csv"
+
+
+

In practice, I don’t use gists to store replicability-sensitive data, so I prefer to just use the shorter link that’s not tied to a specific commit.

+
+
+
read.csv("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/17b3787fb7aec108c19b33d71bc19bc6/raw/stroop.csv") |> 
+  dplyr::glimpse()
+
+
  Rows: 240
+  Columns: 5
+  $ subj      <chr> "S01", "S01", "S01", "S01", "S01", "S01", "S01", "S01", "S02…
+  $ word      <chr> "blue", "blue", "green", "green", "red", "red", "yellow", "y…
+  $ condition <chr> "match", "mismatch", "match", "mismatch", "match", "mismatch…
+  $ accuracy  <int> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …
+  $ RT        <int> 400, 549, 576, 406, 296, 231, 433, 1548, 561, 1751, 286, 710…
+
+

GitHub (private repos)

+

We now turn to the harder problem of accessing a file in a private GitHub repository. If you already have the GitHub webpage open and you’re signed in, you can follow the same step of copying the link that the Raw button redirects to.

+

Except this time, you’ll see the url come with a “token”. This token is necessary to remotely access the data in a private repo. Once a token is generated, the file can be accessed using that token from anywhere, but it will expire at some point because GitHub refreshes these tokens periodically (so treat them as if they’re for single use).

+

For a more robust approach, you can use the GitHub Contents API. If you have your credentials set up in {gh}, you can request a token-tagged url to the private file using the syntax:

+
+
+
gh::gh("/repos/{user}/{repo}/contents/{path}")$download_url
+
+
+

This is a general solution to getting a url to file contents. So for example, even without any credentials set up you can point to dplyr’s starwars.csv since that’s publicly accessible. This produces the same “raw.githubusercontent.com/…” url we saw above:

+
+
+
gh::gh("/repos/tidyverse/dplyr/contents/data-raw/starwars.csv")$download_url
+
+
  [1] "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidyverse/dplyr/main/data-raw/starwars.csv"
+
+

For demonstration with a private repo, here is one of mine that you cannot access https://github.com/yjunechoe/my-super-secret-repo. But because I set up my credentials in {gt}, I can get a link to a content within that repo with the access token attached in the url (“?token=…”):

+
+
+
gh::gh("/repos/yjunechoe/my-super-secret-repo/contents/README.md")$download_url |> 
+  # truncating...
+  substr(1, 100) |> 
+  paste0("...")
+
+
  [1] "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yjunechoe/my-super-secret-repo/main/README.md?token=AMTCUR7TQUFUHE..."
+
+

I can then use this url to read the private file:1

+
+
+
gh::gh("/repos/yjunechoe/my-super-secret-repo/contents/README.md")$download_url |> 
+  readLines()
+
+
  [1] "Surprise!"
+
+

OSF

+

Reading files off of OSF follows a similar strategy to fetching public files on GitHub. Consider, for example, the dyestuff.arrow file in the OSF repository for MixedModels.jl. Browsing the repository through the point-and-click interface can get you to the page for the file at https://osf.io/9vztj/, where it shows:

+
+

+
+

The download button can be found inside the dropdown menubar:

+
+

+
+

But instead of clicking on it (which will start a download via the browser), we can grab the link address that it redirects to, which is https://osf.io/download/9vztj/. That url can then be passed directly into a read function:

+
+
+
arrow::read_feather("https://osf.io/download/9vztj/") |> 
+  dplyr::glimpse()
+
+
  Rows: 30
+  Columns: 2
+  $ batch <fct> A, A, A, A, A, B, B, B, B, B, C, C, C, C, C, D, D, D, D, D, E, E…
+  $ yield <int> 1545, 1440, 1440, 1520, 1580, 1540, 1555, 1490, 1560, 1495, 1595…
+
+

You might have already caught on to this, but the pattern is simply to point to osf.io/download/ instead of osf.io/.

+

This method also works for view-only links to anonymized OSF projects as well. For example, this is an anonymized link to a csv file from one of my projects https://osf.io/tr8qm?view_only=998ad87d86cc4049af4ec6c96a91d9ad. Navigating to this link will show a web preview of the csv file contents, just like in the GitHub example with dplyr::starwars.

+

By inserting /download into this url, we read the csv file contents directly:

+
+
+
read.csv("https://osf.io/download/tr8qm?view_only=998ad87d86cc4049af4ec6c96a91d9ad") |> 
+  head()
+
+
        Item  plaus_bias trans_bias
+  1 Awakened -0.29631221 -1.2200901
+  2   Calmed  0.09877074 -0.4102332
+  3   Choked  1.28401957 -1.4284905
+  4  Dressed -0.59262442 -1.2087228
+  5   Failed -0.98770736  0.1098839
+  6  Groomed -1.08647810  0.9889550
+
+

Aside: Can’t go wrong with a copy-paste!

+

I think it’s severly underrated how base R has a readClipboard() function and a collection of read.*() functions which can also read directly from a "clipboard" connection.2

+

I often do this for html/markdown summary tables that a website might display, or sometimes even for entire excel/googlesheets tables after doing a select-all. For such relatively small chunks of data that you just want to quickly get into R, you can lean on base R’s clipboard functionalities.

+

For example, given this markdown table:

+
+
+
aggregate(mtcars, mpg ~ cyl, mean) |> 
+  knitr::kable()
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
cylmpg
426.66364
619.74286
815.10000
+
+

You can copy it and run the following code to get that back as an R data frame:

+
+
+
read.delim("clipboard")
+# Or, `read.delim(text = readClipboard())`
+
+
+
+
    cyl      mpg
+  1   4 26.66364
+  2   6 19.74286
+  3   8 15.10000
+
+

If you’re instead copying something flat like a list of numbers or strings, you can use scan() and specify the appropriate sep to get that back as a vector:3

+
+
+
paste(1:10, collapse = ", ") |> 
+  cat()
+
+
  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
+
+
+
+
scan("clipboard", sep = ",")
+# Or, `scan(textConnection(readClipboard()), sep = ",")`
+
+
+
+
   [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
+
+

It should be noted though that parsing clipboard contents is not a robust feature in base R. If you want a more principled approach to reading data from clipboard, you should use {datapasta}. And for printing data for others to copy-paste into R, use {constructive}. See also {clipr} which extends clipboard read/write functionalities.

+
+
+
+
    +

  1. Note that the API will actually generate a new token every time you send a request (and the tokens will expire with time).↩︎

    2. +

  2. The special value "clipboard" works for most base-R read functions that take a file or con argument.↩︎

    3. +

  3. Thanks @coolbutuseless for pointing me to textConnection()!↩︎

    4. +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + diff --git a/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js b/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..26908ec1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_posts/2024-09-01-fetch-files-web/fetch-files-web_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:d3d9a9a6595521f9666a5e94cc830dab83b65699&dn=expat.txt Expat +// +// AnchorJS - v4.2.2 - 2019-11-14 +// https://www.bryanbraun.com/anchorjs/ +// Copyright (c) 2019 Bryan Braun; Licensed MIT +// +// @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:d3d9a9a6595521f9666a5e94cc830dab83b65699&dn=expat.txt Expat +!function(A,e){"use strict";"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=e():(A.AnchorJS=e(),A.anchors=new A.AnchorJS)}(this,function(){"use strict";return function(A){function 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[ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), + function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); + } ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.6 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2021-02-16 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem && elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = elem && ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +} +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the primary Deferred + primary = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + primary.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, primary.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, primary.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( primary.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return primary.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), primary.reject ); + } + + return primary.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
    " ], + col: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + td: [ 3, "", "
    " ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // In Chrome, if an element having a focusout handler is blurred by + // clicking outside of it, it invokes the handler synchronously. If + // that handler calls `.remove()` on the element, the data is cleared, + // leaving `result` undefined. We need to guard against this. + return result && result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + which: true +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // Suppress native focus or blur as it's already being fired + // in leverageNative. + _default: function() { + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + // + // Support: Firefox 70+ + // Only Firefox includes border widths + // in computed dimensions. (gh-4529) + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate"; + tr.style.cssText = "border:1px solid"; + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // Height set through cssText does not get applied. + // Computed height then comes back as 0. + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + // Support: Android 8 Chrome 86+ + // In our bodyBackground.html iframe, + // display for all div elements is set to "inline", + // which causes a problem only in Android 8 Chrome 86. + // Ensuring the div is display: block + // gets around this issue. + trChild.style.display = "block"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = ( parseInt( trStyle.height, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderTopWidth, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderBottomWidth, 10 ) ) === tr.offsetHeight; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml, parserErrorElem; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + parserErrorElem = xml && xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" )[ 0 ]; + if ( !xml || parserErrorElem ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + ( + parserErrorElem ? + jQuery.map( parserErrorElem.childNodes, function( el ) { + return el.textContent; + } ).join( "\n" ) : + data + ) ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ).filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ).map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + +originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : + s.accepts[ "*" ] + ); + + // Check for headers option + for ( i in s.headers ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort + if ( s.beforeSend && + ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { + + // Abort if not done already and return + return jqXHR.abort(); + } + + // Aborting is no longer a cancellation + strAbort = "abort"; + + // Install callbacks on deferreds + completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); + jqXHR.done( s.success ); + jqXHR.fail( s.error ); + + // Get transport + transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If no transport, we auto-abort + if ( !transport ) { + done( -1, "No Transport" ); + } else { + jqXHR.readyState = 1; + + // Send global event + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + } + + // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // Timeout + if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { + timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { + jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); + }, s.timeout ); + } + + try { + completed = false; + transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // Rethrow post-completion exceptions + if ( completed ) { + throw e; + } + + // Propagate others as results + done( -1, e ); + } + } + + // Callback for when everything is done + function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { + var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, + statusText = nativeStatusText; + + // Ignore repeat invocations + if ( completed ) { + return; + } + + completed = true; + + // Clear timeout if it exists + if ( timeoutTimer ) { + window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); + } + + // Dereference transport for early garbage collection + // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) + transport = undefined; + + // Cache response headers + responseHeadersString = headers || ""; + + // Set readyState + jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; + + // Determine if successful + isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; + + // Get response data + if ( responses ) { + response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); + } + + // Use a noop converter for missing script but not if jsonp + if ( !isSuccess && + jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 && + jQuery.inArray( "json", s.dataTypes ) < 0 ) { + s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; + } + + // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) + response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); + + // If successful, handle type chaining + if ( isSuccess ) { + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + } + + // if no content + if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { + statusText = "nocontent"; + + // if not modified + } else if ( status === 304 ) { + statusText = "notmodified"; + + // If we have data, let's convert it + } else { + statusText = response.state; + success = response.data; + error = response.error; + isSuccess = !error; + } + } else { + + // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts + error = statusText; + if ( status || !statusText ) { + statusText = "error"; + if ( status < 0 ) { + status = 0; + } + } + } + + // Set data for the fake xhr object + jqXHR.status = status; + jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; + + // Success/Error + if ( isSuccess ) { + deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); + } + + // Status-dependent callbacks + jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); + statusCode = undefined; + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", + [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); + } + + // Complete + completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + } + } + } + + return jqXHR; + }, + + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); + }, + + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { + jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { + + // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted + if ( isFunction( data ) ) { + type = type || callback; + callback = data; + data = undefined; + } + + // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) + return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { + url: url, + type: method, + dataType: type, + data: data, + success: callback + }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + var i; + for ( i in s.headers ) { + if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { + s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; + } + } +} ); + + +jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { + return jQuery.ajax( { + url: url, + + // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) + type: "GET", + dataType: "script", + cache: true, + async: false, + global: false, + + // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) + // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead + // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. + converters: { + "text script": function() {} + }, + dataFilter: function( response ) { + jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); + } + } ); +}; + + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + wrapAll: function( html ) { + var wrap; + + if ( this[ 0 ] ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // The elements to wrap the target around + wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); + + if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { + wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + wrap.map( function() { + var elem = this; + + while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { + elem = elem.firstElementChild; + } + + return elem; + } ).append( this ); + } + + return this; + }, + + wrapInner: function( html ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var self = jQuery( this ), + contents = self.contents(); + + if ( contents.length ) { + contents.wrapAll( html ); + + } else { + self.append( html ); + } + } ); + }, + + wrap: function( html ) { + var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); + } ); + }, + + unwrap: function( selector ) { + this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { + jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); + } ); + return this; + } +} ); + + +jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { + return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); +}; +jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { + return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); +}; + + + + +jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { + try { + return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); + } catch ( e ) {} +}; + +var xhrSuccessStatus = { + + // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 + 0: 200, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 + 1223: 204 + }, + xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); + +support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); +support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; + +jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { + var callback, errorCallback; + + // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest + if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { + return { + send: function( headers, complete ) { + var i, + xhr = options.xhr(); + + xhr.open( + options.type, + options.url, + options.async, + options.username, + options.password + ); + + // Apply custom fields if provided + if ( options.xhrFields ) { + for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { + xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; + } + } + + // Override mime type if needed + if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { + xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); + } + + // X-Requested-With header + // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are + // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. + // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) + // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. + if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { + headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; + } + + // Set headers + for ( i in headers ) { + xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Callback + callback = function( type ) { + return function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = + xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = + xhr.onreadystatechange = null; + + if ( type === "abort" ) { + xhr.abort(); + } else if ( type === "error" ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws + // errors on any property access that is not readyState + if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { + complete( 0, "error" ); + } else { + complete( + + // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 + xhr.status, + xhr.statusText + ); + } + } else { + complete( + xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, + xhr.statusText, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) + // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) + ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || + typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? + { binary: xhr.response } : + { text: xhr.responseText }, + xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() + ); + } + } + }; + }; + + // Listen to events + xhr.onload = callback(); + errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort + // to handle uncaught aborts + if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { + xhr.onabort = errorCallback; + } else { + xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { + + // Check readyState before timeout as it changes + if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { + + // Allow onerror to be called first, + // but that will not handle a native abort + // Also, save errorCallback to a variable + // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed + window.setTimeout( function() { + if ( callback ) { + errorCallback(); + } + } ); + } + }; + } + + // Create the abort callback + callback = callback( "abort" ); + + try { + + // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) + xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet + if ( callback ) { + throw e; + } + } + }, + + abort: function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback(); + } + } + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.contents.script = false; + } +} ); + +// Install script dataType +jQuery.ajaxSetup( { + accepts: { + script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + + "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" + }, + contents: { + script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ + }, + converters: { + "text script": function( text ) { + jQuery.globalEval( text ); + return text; + } + } +} ); + +// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { + if ( s.cache === undefined ) { + s.cache = false; + } + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.type = "GET"; + } +} ); + +// Bind script tag hack transport +jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { + + // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests + if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { + var script, callback; + return { + send: function( _, complete ) { + script = jQuery( " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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    Blog Posts

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    Sept. 1, 2024
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    Naming patterns for boolean enums

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    design
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    Some thoughts on the principle of enumerating possible options, even for booleans

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    June 23, 2024
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    `ave()` for the average {dplyr} user

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    dplyr
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    tidyverse 🤝 base R

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    March 5, 2024
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    args(args(args)(args))

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    args
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    metaprogramming
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    The unexpected sequal to "R is a language optimized for meme-ing"

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    Feb. 20, 2024
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    HelloWorld("print")

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    metaprogramming
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    R is a language optimized for meme-ing

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    Dec. 31, 2023
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    2023 Year in Review

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    reflections
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    Reflections and updates on what I've been up to in 2023

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    Dec. 4, 2023
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    The many ways to (un)tidy-select

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    data wrangling
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    dplyr
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    Deconstructing {tidyselect} and building it back up

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    July 10, 2023
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    Fumbling my way through an XY problem

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    reflections
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    Some lessons learned from a (personal) case study

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    June 11, 2023
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    Row relational operations with slice()

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    data wrangling
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    dplyr
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    A love letter to dplyr::slice() and a gallery of usecases

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    Nov. 15, 2022
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    First impressions of DataFrames.jl and accessories

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    julia
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    data wrangling
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    DataFrames.jl
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    dplyr
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    data.table
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    Perspectives from a {dplyr} and {data.table} useR

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    Aug. 1, 2022
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    Reflections on useR! 2022

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    conference
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    ggtrace
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    Notes from attending and speaking at my first R conference

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    July 6, 2022
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    Demystifying delayed aesthetic evaluation: Part 2

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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    tutorial
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    Exposing the `Stat` ggproto in functional programming terms

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    March 17, 2022
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    Demystifying delayed aesthetic evaluation: Part 1

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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    ggplot internals
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    Exploring the logic of `after_stat()` to peek inside ggplot internals

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    June 24, 2021
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    Setting up and debugging custom fonts

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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    typography
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    tutorial
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    A practical introduction to all (new) things font in R

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    Jan. 17, 2021
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    Random Sampling: A table animation

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    data visualization
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    data wrangling
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    Plus a convenient way of rendering LaTeX expressions as images

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    Dec. 13, 2020
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    Collapse repetitive piping with reduce()

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    data wrangling
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    tutorial
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    Featuring accumulate()

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    Nov. 8, 2020
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    Plot Makeover #2

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    plot makeover
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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    Making a dodged-stacked hybrid bar plot in {ggplot2}

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    Nov. 3, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 45

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    ggplot2
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    tidytuesday
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    Waffle chart of IKEA furnitures in stock

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    Oct. 28, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 44

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    ggplot2
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    gganimate
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    spatial
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    tidytuesday
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    Patched animation of the location and cumulative capacity of wind turbines in Canada

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    Oct. 22, 2020
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    Analysis of @everycolorbot's tweets

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    data visualization
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    And why you should avoid neon colors

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    Oct. 13, 2020
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    Designing guiding aesthetics

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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    tidytuesday
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    The fine line between creativity and noise

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    Sept. 27, 2020
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    Demystifying stat_ layers in {ggplot2}

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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    tutorial
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    The motivation behind stat, the distinction between stat and geom, and a case study of stat_summary()

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    Sept. 23, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 39

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    ggplot2
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    data visualization
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    tidytuesday
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    Stacked area plot of the heights of Himalayan peaks attempted over the last century

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    Sept. 20, 2020
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    Plot Makeover #1

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    plot makeover
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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    Flattening a faceted grid for strictly horizontal comparisons

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    Sept. 14, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 38

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    tables
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    data visualization
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    tidytuesday
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    Visualizing two decades of primary and secondary education spending with {gt}

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    Sept. 12, 2020
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    Embedding videos in {reactable} tables

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    tables
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    data visualization
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    Pushing the limits of expandable row details

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    Sept. 6, 2020
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    Fonts for graphs

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    data visualization
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    typography
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    A small collection of my favorite fonts for data visualization

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    Aug. 17, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 Week 33

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    tidytuesday
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    gganimate
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    ggplot2
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    An animation of the main characters in Avatar

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    Aug. 7, 2020
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    Saving a line of piping

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    data wrangling
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    dplyr
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    tutorial
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    Some notes on lesser known functions/functionalities that combine common chain of {dplyr} verbs.

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    Aug. 4, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 Week 32

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    tidytuesday
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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    A dumbbell chart visualization of energy production trends among European countries

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    July 29, 2020
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    Six years of my Spotify playlists

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    ggplot2
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    gganimate
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    spotifyr
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    data wrangling
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    data visualization
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    An analysis of acoustic features with {spotifyr}

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    July 20, 2020
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    Shiny tips - the first set

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    shiny
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    %||%, imap() + {shinybusy}, and user inputs in modalDialog()

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    July 13, 2020
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    geom_paired_raincloud()

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    data visualization
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    ggplot2
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    A {ggplot2} geom for visualizing change in distribution between two conditions.

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    June 30, 2020
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    Plotting treemaps with {treemap} and {ggplot2}

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    data visualization
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    treemap
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    ggplot2
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    tutorial
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    Using underlying plot data for maximum customization

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    June 25, 2020
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    Indexing tip for {spacyr}

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    data wrangling
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    NLP
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    spacyr
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    Speeding up the analysis of dependency relations.

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    June 7, 2020
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    The Correlation Parameter in Mixed Effects Models

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    -
    statistics
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    mixed-effects models
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    tutorial
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    Notes on the Corr term in {lme4} output

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    HelloWorld("print")

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    R is a language optimized for meme-ing

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    Dec. 31, 2023
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    2023 Year in Review

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    Reflections and updates on what I've been up to in 2023

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    Dec. 4, 2023
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    The many ways to (un)tidy-select

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    Deconstructing {tidyselect} and building it back up

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    July 10, 2023
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    Fumbling my way through an XY problem

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    Some lessons learned from a (personal) case study

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    June 11, 2023
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    Row relational operations with slice()

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    A love letter to dplyr::slice() and a gallery of usecases

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    Nov. 15, 2022
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    First impressions of DataFrames.jl and accessories

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    Perspectives from a {dplyr} and {data.table} useR

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    Reflections on useR! 2022

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    Notes from attending and speaking at my first R conference

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    July 6, 2022
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    Demystifying delayed aesthetic evaluation: Part 2

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    Exposing the `Stat` ggproto in functional programming terms

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    Demystifying delayed aesthetic evaluation: Part 1

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    Exploring the logic of `after_stat()` to peek inside ggplot internals

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    June 24, 2021
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    Setting up and debugging custom fonts

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    A practical introduction to all (new) things font in R

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    Jan. 17, 2021
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    Random Sampling: A table animation

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    Plus a convenient way of rendering LaTeX expressions as images

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    Dec. 13, 2020
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    Collapse repetitive piping with reduce()

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    Featuring accumulate()

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    Nov. 8, 2020
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    Plot Makeover #2

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    Making a dodged-stacked hybrid bar plot in {ggplot2}

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    Nov. 3, 2020
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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 45

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    Waffle chart of IKEA furnitures in stock

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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 44

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    Patched animation of the location and cumulative capacity of wind turbines in Canada

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    Analysis of @everycolorbot's tweets

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    And why you should avoid neon colors

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    Oct. 13, 2020
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    Designing guiding aesthetics

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    The fine line between creativity and noise

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    Sept. 27, 2020
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    Demystifying stat_ layers in {ggplot2}

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    The motivation behind stat, the distinction between stat and geom, and a case study of stat_summary()

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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 39

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    Stacked area plot of the heights of Himalayan peaks attempted over the last century

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    Plot Makeover #1

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    Flattening a faceted grid for strictly horizontal comparisons

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    TidyTuesday 2020 week 38

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    Visualizing two decades of primary and secondary education spending with {gt}

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    Embedding videos in {reactable} tables

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    Pushing the limits of expandable row details

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    Sept. 6, 2020
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    Fonts for graphs

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    A small collection of my favorite fonts for data visualization

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    TidyTuesday 2020 Week 33

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    An animation of the main characters in Avatar

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    Aug. 7, 2020
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    Saving a line of piping

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    Some notes on lesser known functions/functionalities that combine common chain of {dplyr} verbs.

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    TidyTuesday 2020 Week 32

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    A dumbbell chart visualization of energy production trends among European countries

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    July 29, 2020
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    Six years of my Spotify playlists

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    An analysis of acoustic features with {spotifyr}

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    July 20, 2020
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    Shiny tips - the first set

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    %||%, imap() + {shinybusy}, and user inputs in modalDialog()

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    July 13, 2020
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    geom_paired_raincloud()

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    A {ggplot2} geom for visualizing change in distribution between two conditions.

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    June 30, 2020
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    Plotting treemaps with {treemap} and {ggplot2}

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    Using underlying plot data for maximum customization

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    June 25, 2020
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    Indexing tip for {spacyr}

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    Speeding up the analysis of dependency relations.

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    June 7, 2020
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    The Correlation Parameter in Mixed Effects Models

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    Notes on the Corr term in {lme4} output

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    June Choe | Created with +{distill} +

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    + + + + + + diff --git a/docs/blog.xml b/docs/blog.xml index 4e216f49..0ec050e5 100644 --- a/docs/blog.xml +++ b/docs/blog.xml @@ -12,368 +12,17 @@ https://yjunechoe.github.io Distill - Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 21 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Naming patterns for boolean enums June Choe https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options - - - -<p>I’ve been having a blast reading through the <a -href="https://design.tidyverse.org/">Tidy design principles</a> book -lately - it’s packed with just the kind of stuff I needed to hear at -this stage of my developer experience. And actually, I started writing -packages in the post-<code>{devtools}</code>/<a -href="https://r-pkgs.org/">R Packages</a> era, so I wasn’t too surprised -to find that my habits already align with many of the design principles -advocated for in the book.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" -id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> -<p>But there was one pattern which took me a bit to fully wrap my head -around (and be fully convinced by). It’s first introduced in the chapter -<a href="https://design.tidyverse.org/enumerate-options.html">“Enumerate -possible options”</a> which gives a pretty convincing example of the -base R function <code>rank()</code>. <code>rank()</code> has a couple -options for resolving ties between values which are exposed to the user -via the <code>ties.method</code> argument. The default value of this -argument is a vector that enumerates all the possible options, and the -user’s choice of (or the lack of) an option is resolved through -<code>match.arg()</code> and then the appropriate algorithm is called -via a <code>switch()</code> statement.</p> -<p>This is all good and well, but the book takes it a step further in a -later chapter <a -href="https://design.tidyverse.org/boolean-strategies.html">“Prefer an -enum, even if only two choices”</a>, which outlines what I personally -consider to be one of the more controversial (and newer<a href="#fn2" -class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a>) strategies advocated -for in the book. It’s a specific case of the “enumerate possible -options” principle applied to boolean arguments, and is best understood -with an example (of <code>sort()</code> -vs. <code>vctrs::vec_sort()</code>, from the book):</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Booolean options -sort(x, decreasing = TRUE) -sort(x, decreasing = FALSE) - -# Enumerated options -vctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = &quot;desc&quot;) -vctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = &quot;asc&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>The main argument for this pattern is one of clarity. In the case of -the example above, it is unclear from reading -<code>decreasing = FALSE</code> whether that expresses “sort in the -opposite of decreasing order (i.e., increasing/ascending)” or “do not -sort in decreasing order (ex: leave it alone)”. The former is the -correct interpretation, and this is expressed much clearer with -<code>direction = "asc"</code>, which contrasts with the other option -<code>direction = "desc"</code>.<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" -id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> -<p>I’ve never used this pattern for boolean options previously, but it’s -been growing on me and I’m starting to get convinced. But in thinking -through its implementation for refactoring code that I own and/or use, I -got walled by the hardest problem in CS: <a -href="https://www.karlton.org/2017/12/naming-things-hard/">naming -things</a>. A lot has been said on how to name things, but I’ve realized -that the case of “turn booleans into enums” raises a whole different -naming problem, one where you have to be precise about what’s being -negated, the alternatives that are being contrasted, and the scale that -the enums lie on.</p> -<p>What follows are my somewhat half-baked, unstructured thoughts on -some heuristics that I hope can be useful for determining when to apply -the “enumerate possible options” principle for boolean options, and how -to rename them in the refactoring.</p> -<h2 -id="take-the-argument-name-and-negate-it---is-the-intention-clear">Take -the argument name and negate it - is the intention clear?</h2> -<p>One good litmus test for whether you should convert your boolean -option into an enum is to take the argument name X and turn it into “X” -and “not-X” - is the intended behavior expressed clearly in the context -of the function? If, conceptually, the options are truly and -unambiguously binary, then it should still make sense. But if the -TRUE/FALSE options assume a very particular <em>contrast</em> which is -difficult to recover from just reading “X” vs. “not-X”, consider using -an enum for the two options.</p> -<p>To take <code>sort()</code> as an example again, imagine if we were -to re-write it as:</p> -<pre class="r"><code>sort(option = &quot;decreasing&quot;) -sort(option = &quot;not-decreasing&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>If <code>"decreasing"</code> vs. <code>"not-decreasing"</code> is -ambiguous, then maybe that’s a sign to consider ditching the boolean -pattern and spell out the options more explicitly with e.g., -<code>direction = "desc"</code> and <code>direction = "asc"</code>, as -<code>vctrs::vec_sort()</code> does. I also think this is a useful -exercise because it reflects the user’s experience when encountering -boolean options.</p> -<h2 id="look-at-the-argument-name---is-it-verb-y-without-an-object">Look -at the argument name - is it verb-y without an object?</h2> -<p>Let’s take a bigger offender of this principle as an example: -<code>ggplot2::facet_grid()</code>. <code>facet_grid()</code> is a -function that I use all the time, and it has a couple boolean arguments -which makes no immediate sense to me. Admittedly, I’ve never actually -used them in practice, but from all my experience with -<code>{ggplot2}</code> and <code>facet_grid()</code>, shouldn’t I be -able to get at least <em>some</em> clues as to what they do from reading -the arguments?<a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" -id="fnref4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> -<pre class="r"><code>Filter(is.logical, formals(ggplot2::facet_grid))</code></pre> -<pre><code> $shrink - [1] TRUE - - $as.table - [1] TRUE - - $drop - [1] TRUE - - $margins - [1] FALSE</code></pre> -<p>Take for example the <code>shrink</code> argument. Right off the bat -it already runs into the problem where it’s not clear <em>what</em> -we’re shrinking. I find this to be <strong>a general problem with -boolean arguments: they’re often <em>verbs</em> with the <em>object</em> -omitted</strong> (presumably to save keystrokes). Using the heuristic of -negating the argument, we get “shrink” vs. “don’t shrink”, which not -only repeats the problem of the ambiguity of negation as we saw with -<code>sort()</code> previously, but also exposes how serious the problem -of missing the object of the verb is.</p> -<p>At this point you may be wondering what exactly the -<code>shrink</code> argument does at all. From the docs:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>If TRUE, will shrink scales to fit output of statistics, not raw -data. If FALSE, will be range of raw data before statistical -summary.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The intended contrast seems to be one of “statistics” (default) -vs. “raw data”, so these are obvious candidates for our enum -refactoring. But something like -<code>shrink = c("statistics", "raw-data")</code> doesn’t quite cut it -yet, because the object of shrinking is not the data, but the -<em>scales</em>. So to be fully informative, the argument name should -complete the verb phrase (i.e., include the object).</p> -<p>Combining the observations from above, I think the following makes -more sense:</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Boolean options -facet_grid(shrink = TRUE) -facet_grid(shrink = FALSE) - -# Enumerated options -facet_grid(shrink_scales_to = &quot;statistics&quot;) -facet_grid(shrink_scales_to = &quot;raw-data&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>This last point is a bit of a tangent, but after tinkering with the -behavior of <code>shrink</code> more, I don’t think “shrink” is a -particularly useful description here. I might actually prefer something -more neutral like <code>fit_scales_to</code>.</p> -<h2 -id="is-the-argument-a-scalar-adjective-consider-naming-the-scale.">Is -the argument a scalar adjective? Consider naming the scale.</h2> -<p>Loosely speaking, scalar (a.k.a. gradable) adjectives are adjectives -that can be strengthened (or weakened) - English grammar can express -this with the suffixes “-er” and “-est”. For example, “tall” is a scalar -adjective because you can say “taller” and “tallest”, and scalar -adjectives are called such because they lie on a scale (in this case, -the scale of height). Note that the quality of an adjective as a scalar -one is not so clear though, as you can “more X” or “most X” just about -any adjective X (e.g., even true vs. false can lie on a scale of more -true or more false) - what matters more is if saying something like -“more X” makes sense in the context of where X is found (e.g., the -context of the function).<a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" -id="fnref5"><sup>5</sup></a> If so, you’re dealing with a scalar -adjective.</p> -<p>This Linguistics 101 tangent is relevant here because I often see -boolean arguments named after scalar adjectives, but I feel like in -those cases it’s better to just <strong>name the scale itself</strong> -(which in turn makes the switch to enum more natural).</p> -<p>A contrived example would be if a function had a boolean argument -called <code>tall</code>. To refactor this into an enum, we can rename -the argument to the scale itself (<code>height</code>) and enumerate the -two end points:</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Boolean options -fun(tall = TRUE) -fun(tall = FALSE) - -# Enumerated options -fun(height = &quot;tall&quot;) -fun(height = &quot;short&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>A frequent offender of the enum principle in the wild is the -<code>verbose</code> argument. <code>verbose</code> is an interesting -case study because it suffers from the additional problem of there -possibly being more than 2 options as the function matures. The book -offers <a -href="https://design.tidyverse.org/boolean-strategies.html#how-do-you-remediate-past-mistakes">some -strategies for remedying these kinds of problems after-the-fact</a>, but -I think a proactive solution is to name the argument -<code>verbosity</code> (the name of the scale) with the possible options -enumerated (see also <a -href="https://fosstodon.org/@coolbutuseless/112742297912462306">a recent -Mastodon thread</a> that has great suggestions on this topic).</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Boolean options -fun(verbose = TRUE) -fun(verbose = FALSE) - -# Enumerated options -fun(verbosity = &quot;all&quot;) -fun(verbosity = &quot;none&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>I like this strategy of “naming the scale” because it gives off the -impression to users that the possible options are values that lie on the -scale. In the example above, it could either be the extremes -<code>"all"</code> or <code>"none"</code>, but also possibly somewhere -in between if the writer of the function chooses to introduce more -granular settings later.</p> -<h2 -id="is-the-argument-truly-binary-still-prefer-enum-and-name-the-obviousabsence.">Is -the argument truly binary? Still prefer enum and name the -obvious/absence.</h2> -<p>Sometimes a boolean argument may encode a genuinely binary choice of -a true/false, on/off, yes/no option. But refactoring the boolean options -as enum may still offer some benefits. In those cases, I prefer the -strategy of <strong>name the obvious/absence</strong>.</p> -<p>Some cases for improvement are easier to spot than others. An easy -case is something like the <code>REML</code> argument in -<code>lme4::lmer()</code>. Without going into too much detail, when -<code>REML = TRUE</code> (default), the model optimizes the REML -(restricted/residualized maximum likelihood) criterion in finding the -best fitting model. But it’s not like the model doesn’t use <em>any</em> -criteria for goodness of fit when <code>REML = FALSE</code>. Instead, -when <code>REML = FALSE</code>, the function uses a different criterion -of ML (maximum likelihood). So the choice is not really between toggling -REML on or off, but rather between the choice of REML vs. ML. The enum -version lets us spell out the assumed default and make the choice -between the two explicit (again, with room for introducing other -criteria in the future):</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Boolean options -lmer::lme4(REML = TRUE) -lmer::lme4(REML = FALSE) - -# Enumerated options -lmer::lme4(criterion = &quot;REML&quot;) -lmer::lme4(criterion = &quot;ML&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>A somewhat harder case is a true presence-or-absence kind of a -situation, where setting the argument to true/false essentially boils -down to triggering an <code>if</code> block inside the function. For -example, say a function has an option to use an optimizer called -“MyOptim”. This may be implemented as:</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Boolean options -fun(optimize = TRUE) -fun(optimize = FALSE)</code></pre> -<p>Even if the absence of optimization is not nameable, you could just -call that option something like <code>"none"</code> for the enum -pattern, which makes the choices explicit:</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Enumerated options -fun(optimizer = &quot;MyOptim&quot;) -fun(optimizer = &quot;none&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>Of course, the more difficult case is when the thing that’s being -toggled isn’t really nameable. I think this is more often the case in -practice, and may be the reason why there are many verb-y names for -arguments with boolean options. Like, you wrote some code that optimizes -something, but you have no name for it, so the argument that toggles it -simply refers to its function, like “should the function -<code>optimize</code>?”.</p> -<p>But not all is lost. I think one way out of this would be to -enumerate over placeholders, not necessarily names. So something -like:</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Enumerated options (placeholders) -fun(optimizer = 1) # bespoke optimizer -fun(optimizer = 0) # none</code></pre> -<p>Then the documentation can clarify what the placeholder values -<code>0</code>, <code>1</code>, etc. represent in longer, paragraph -form, to describe what they do without the pressure of having to -<em>name</em> the options.<a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" -id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a> It’s not pretty, but I don’t think there -will ever be a pretty solution to this problem if you want to avoid -naming things entirely.</p> -<h2 id="move-shared-strings-across-options-into-the-argument-name">Move -shared strings across options into the argument name</h2> -<p>This one is simple and easily demonstrated with an example. Consider -the <code>matrix()</code> function for constructing a matrix. It has an -argument <code>byrow</code> which fills the matrix by column when -<code>FALSE</code> (default) or by row when <code>TRUE</code>. The -argument controls the margin of fill, so we could re-write it as a -<code>fill</code> argument like so:</p> -<pre class="r"><code># Boolean options -matrix(byrow = FALSE) -matrix(byrow = TRUE) - -# Enumerated options -matrix(fill = &quot;bycolumn&quot;) -matrix(fill = &quot;byrow&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>The options <code>"bycolumn"</code> and <code>"byrow"</code> share -the “by” string, so we could move that into the argument name:</p> -<pre class="r"><code>matrix(fill_by = &quot;column&quot;) -matrix(fill_by = &quot;row&quot;)</code></pre> -<p>At this point I was also wondering whether the enumerated options -should have the shortened <code>"col"</code> or the full -<code>"column"</code> name. At the moment I’m less decided about this, -but note that given the partial matching behavior in -<code>match.arg()</code>, you could get away with -<code>matrix(fill_by = "col")</code> in both cases.</p> -<p>At least from the book’s examples, it looks like shortening is ok for -the options. To repeat the <code>vctrs::vec_sort()</code> example from -earlier:</p> -<pre class="r"><code>vctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = &quot;desc&quot;) # vs. &quot;descending&quot; -vctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = &quot;asc&quot;) # vs. &quot;ascending&quot;</code></pre> -<p>I was actually kind of surprised by this when I first saw it, and I -have mixed feelings especially for <code>"asc"</code> since that’s not -very frequent as a shorthand for “ascending” (e.g., <code>{dplyr}</code> -has <code>desc()</code> but not a <code>asc()</code> equivalent - see -also the previous section on “naming the obvious”). So I feel like I’d -prefer for this to be spelled out in full in the function, and users can -still loosely do partial matching in practice.<a href="#fn7" -class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7"><sup>7</sup></a></p> -<pre class="r distill-force-highlighting-css"><code></code></pre> -<div class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document"> -<hr /> -<ol> -<li id="fn1"><p>The fun part of reading the book for me is not -necessarily about discovering new patterns, but about being able to put -a name to them and think more critically about their pros and cons.<a -href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -<li id="fn2"><p>To quote the book: “… this is a pattern that we only -discovered relatively recently”<a href="#fnref2" -class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -<li id="fn3"><p>The book describes the awkwardness of -<code>decreasing = FALSE</code> as “feels like a double negative”, but I -think this is just a general, pervasive problem of pragmatic ambiguity -with negation, and this issue of “what exactly is being negated?” is -actually one of my research topics! Negation is interpreted with respect -to the relevant and accessible <em>alternatives</em> (which “desc” -vs. “asc” establishes very well) - in turn, recovering the intended -meaning of the negation is difficult deprived of that context (like in -the case of “direction = TRUE/FALSE”). See: <a -href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_semantics">Alternative -Semantics</a>.<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -<li id="fn4"><p>To pre-empt the preference for short argument names, the -fact that users don’t reach for these arguments in everyday use of -<code>facet_grid()</code> should loosen that constraint for short, -easy-to-type names. IMO the “too much to type” complaint since time -immemorial is already obviated by auto-complete, and should frankly just -be ignored for the designing these kinds of esoteric arguments that only -experienced users would reach for in very specific circumstances.<a -href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -<li id="fn5"><p>Try this from the view point of both the developer and -the user!<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -<li id="fn6"><p>IMO, <code>{collapse}</code> does a very good job at -this (see <code>?TRA</code>).<a href="#fnref6" -class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -<li id="fn7"><p>Of course, the degree to which you’d encourage this -should depend on how sure you are about the stability of the current set -of enumerated options.<a href="#fnref7" -class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> -</ol> -</div> - c608ddd22a8f548be394d00ce37cba58 + Some thoughts on the principle of enumerating possible options, even for booleans design https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options - Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 21 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000 - - `ave()` for the average {dplyr} user - June Choe - https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average - tidyverse 🤝 base R - dplyr - https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average - Sun, 23 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000 - - args(args(args)(args)) June Choe @@ -533,7 +182,6 @@ class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> ggplot2 https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2020-11-08-plot-makeover-2 Sun, 08 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - TidyTuesday 2020 week 45 @@ -620,7 +268,6 @@ class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> ggplot2 https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2020-09-20-plot-makeover-1 Sun, 20 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - TidyTuesday 2020 week 38 @@ -738,7 +385,6 @@ class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li> tutorial https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot Tue, 30 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - Indexing tip for {spacyr} diff --git a/docs/posts/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot/index.html b/docs/posts/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot/index.html index 10c63445..aad6f8ea 100644 --- a/docs/posts/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot/index.html +++ b/docs/posts/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot/index.html @@ -102,20 +102,14 @@ - - - - + - - - diff --git a/docs/posts/2020-09-20-plot-makeover-1/index.html b/docs/posts/2020-09-20-plot-makeover-1/index.html index ecef8cd2..1dc9c973 100644 --- a/docs/posts/2020-09-20-plot-makeover-1/index.html +++ b/docs/posts/2020-09-20-plot-makeover-1/index.html @@ -103,20 +103,14 @@ - - - - + - - - diff --git a/docs/posts/2020-11-08-plot-makeover-2/index.html b/docs/posts/2020-11-08-plot-makeover-2/index.html index b4f67c17..3f9139e1 100644 --- a/docs/posts/2020-11-08-plot-makeover-2/index.html +++ b/docs/posts/2020-11-08-plot-makeover-2/index.html @@ -103,20 +103,14 @@ - - - - + - - - diff --git a/docs/posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average/index.html b/docs/posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index eca29071..00000000 --- a/docs/posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3047 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -June Choe: `ave()` for the average {dplyr} user - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    -

    ave() for the average {dplyr} user

    - - -
    - dplyr -
    - -

    tidyverse 🤝 base R

    -
    - -
    - June Choe (University of Pennsylvania Linguistics)https://live-sas-www-ling.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/ - -
    2024-06-23 -
    - -
    -
    - -
    -

    I think it’s safe to say that the average {dplyr} user does not know the ave() function. For that audience, this is a short appreciation post on ave(), a case of tidyverse and base R.

    -

    ave()

    -

    ave() is a split-apply-combine function in base R (specifically, {stats}). It’s a pretty short function - maybe you can make out what it does from just reading the code1

    -
    -
    -
    ave
    -
    -
      function (x, ..., FUN = mean) 
-  {
-      if (missing(...)) 
-          x[] <- FUN(x)
-      else {
-          g <- interaction(...)
-          split(x, g) <- lapply(split(x, g), FUN)
-      }
-      x
-  }
-  <bytecode: 0x0000029931326f80>
-  <environment: namespace:stats>
    -
    -

    Despite its (rather generic and uninformative) name, I like to think of ave() as actually belonging to the *apply() family of functions, having particularly close ties to tapply().

    -

    A unique feature of ave() is the invariant that it returns a vector of the same length as the input. And if you use an aggregating function like sum() or mean(), it simply repeats those values over the observations on the basis of their grouping.

    -

    For example, whereas tapply() can be used to summarize the average mpg by cyl:

    -
    -
    -
    tapply(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl, FUN = mean)
    -
    -
             4        6        8 
-  26.66364 19.74286 15.10000
    -
    -

    The same syntax with ave() will repeat those values over each element of the input vector:

    -
    -
    -
    ave(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl, FUN = mean)
    -
    -
       [1] 19.74286 19.74286 26.66364 19.74286 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364
-   [9] 26.66364 19.74286 19.74286 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000
-  [17] 15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000
-  [25] 15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364
    -
    -

    You can also get to this output from tapply() with an extra step of vectorized indexing:

    -
    -
    -
    tapply(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl, FUN = mean)[as.character(mtcars$cyl)]
    -
    -
             6        6        4        6        8        6        8        4 
-  19.74286 19.74286 26.66364 19.74286 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364 
-         4        6        6        8        8        8        8        8 
-  26.66364 19.74286 19.74286 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 
-         8        4        4        4        4        8        8        8 
-  15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 
-         8        4        4        4        8        6        8        4 
-  15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364
    -
    -

    The problem

    -

    Nothing sparks more joy than when a base R function helps you write more “tidy” code. I’ve talked about this in length before with outer() in a prior blog post on dplyr::slice(), and here I want to show a cool ave() + dplyr::mutate() combo.

    -

    This example is adapted from a reprex by Cédric Scherer2 on the DSLC (previously R4DS) slack.

    -

    Given an input of multiple discrete columns and the frequencies of these values:

    -
    -
    -
    input <- data.frame(
-  a = c("A", "A", "A", "B"), 
-  b = c("X", "Y", "Y", "Z"), 
-  c = c("M", "N", "O", "O"), 
-  freq = c(5, 12, 3, 7)
-)
-input
    -
    -
        a b c freq
-  1 A X M    5
-  2 A Y N   12
-  3 A Y O    3
-  4 B Z O    7
    -
    -

    The task is to add new columns named freq_* that show the total frequency of the values in each column:

    -
    -
    -
    output <- data.frame(
-  a = c("A", "A", "A", "B"), 
-  freq_a = c(20, 20, 20, 7),
-  b = c("X", "Y", "Y", "Z"),
-  freq_b = c(5, 15, 15, 7), 
-  c = c("M", "N", "O", "O"), 
-  freq_c = c(5, 12, 10, 10), 
-  freq = c(5, 12, 3, 7)
-)
-output
    -
    -
        a freq_a b freq_b c freq_c freq
-  1 A     20 X      5 M      5    5
-  2 A     20 Y     15 N     12   12
-  3 A     20 Y     15 O     10    3
-  4 B      7 Z      7 O     10    7
    -
    -

    So for example, in column a the value "A" is associated with values 5, 12, and 3 in the freq column, so a new freq_a column should be created to track their total frequencies 5 + 12 + 3 and associate that value (20) for all occurrences of "A" in the a column.

    -

    Some {tidyverse} solutions

    -

    The gut feeling is that this seems to lack a straightforwardly “tidy” solution. I mean, the input isn’t even tidy3 in the first place!

    -

    So maybe we’d be better off starting with a pivoted tidy data for constructing a tidy solution:

    -
    -
    -
    library(tidyverse)
-input %>% 
-  pivot_longer(-freq)
    -
    -
      # A tibble: 12 × 3
-      freq name  value
-     <dbl> <chr> <chr>
-   1     5 a     A    
-   2     5 b     X    
-   3     5 c     M    
-   4    12 a     A    
-   5    12 b     Y    
-   6    12 c     N    
-   7     3 a     A    
-   8     3 b     Y    
-   9     3 c     O    
-  10     7 a     B    
-  11     7 b     Z    
-  12     7 c     O
    -
    -

    But recall that the desired output is of a wide form like the input, so it looks like our tidy solution will require some indirection, involving something like:

    -
    -
    -
    input %>% 
-  pivot_longer(-freq) %>% 
-  ... %>% 
-  pivot_wider(...)
    -
    -
    -

    Or maybe you’d rather tackle this with some left_join()s, like:

    -
    -
    -
    input %>% 
-  left_join(summarize(input, freq_a = sum(freq), .by = a)) %>% 
-  ...
    -
    -
    -

    I’ll note that there’s actually also an idiomatic {dplyr}-solution to this using the lesser-known function add_count(), but you can’t avoid the repetitiveness problem because it doesn’t vectorize over the first argument:

    -
    -
    -
    input %>% 
-  add_count(a, wt = freq, name = "freq_a") %>% 
-  add_count(b, wt = freq, name = "freq_b") %>% 
-  add_count(c, wt = freq, name = "freq_c")
    -
    -
        a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c
-  1 A X M    5     20      5      5
-  2 A Y N   12     20     15     12
-  3 A Y O    3     20     15     10
-  4 B Z O    7      7      7     10
    -
    -

    You could try to scale this add_count() solution with reduce() (see my previous blog post on collapsing repetitive piping), but now we’re straying very far from the “tidy” territory:

    -
    -
    -
    input %>% 
-  purrr::reduce(
-    c("a", "b", "c"),
-    ~ .x %>% 
-      add_count(.data[[.y]], wt = freq, name = paste0("freq_", .y)),
-    .init = .
-  )
    -
    -
        a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c
-  1 A X M    5     20      5      5
-  2 A Y N   12     20     15     12
-  3 A Y O    3     20     15     10
-  4 B Z O    7      7      7     10
    -
    -

    IMO this problem is actually a really good thinking exercise for the “average {dplyr} user”, so I encourage you to take a stab at this yourself before proceeding if you’ve read this far!

    -

    An ave() + {dplyr} solution

    -

    The crucial piece of the puzzle here is to think a little outside the box, beyond “data(frame) wrangling”.

    -

    It helps to simplify the problem once we think about the problem in terms of “(column) vector wrangling” first, and that’s where ave() comes in!

    -

    I’ll start with the cake first - this is the one-liner ave() solution I advocated for:

    -
    -
    -
    input %>% 
-  mutate(across(a:c, ~ ave(freq, .x, FUN = sum), .names = "freq_{.col}"))
    -
    -
        a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c
-  1 A X M    5     20      5      5
-  2 A Y N   12     20     15     12
-  3 A Y O    3     20     15     10
-  4 B Z O    7      7      7     10
    -
    -

    Taking column freq_a as an example, the ave() part of the solution essential creates this vector of summed-up freq values by the categories of a:

    -
    -
    -
    ave(input$freq, input$a, FUN = sum)
    -
    -
      [1] 20 20 20  7
    -
    -

    From there, across() handles the iteration over columns and, as an added bonus, the naming of the new columns in convenient {glue} syntax ("freq_{.col}").

    -

    It’s the perfect mashup of base R + tidyverse. Base R takes care of the problem at the vector level with a split-apply-combine that’s concisely expressed with ave(), and tidyverse scales that solution up to the dataframe level with mutate() and across().

    -

    tidyverse 🤝 base R

    -

    Aside: {data.table} 🤝 {collapse}

    -

    Since I wrote this blog post, I discovered that {data.table} recently added in support for using names(.SD) in the LHS of the walrus :=. I’m so excited for this to hit the next release (v1.16.0)!

    -

    I’ve trying to be more mindful of showcasing {data.table} whenever I talk about {dplyr}, so here’s a solution to compare with the dplyr::across() solution above.

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    -
    # data.table::update_dev_pkg()
-library(data.table)
-input_dt <- as.data.table(input)
-input_dt
    -
    -
              a      b      c  freq
-     <char> <char> <char> <num>
-  1:      A      X      M     5
-  2:      A      Y      N    12
-  3:      A      Y      O     3
-  4:      B      Z      O     7
    -
    -
    -
    -
    input_dt[, paste0("freq_", names(.SD)) := lapply(.SD, \(x) ave(freq, x, FUN = sum)), .SDcols = a:c]
-input_dt
    -
    -
              a      b      c  freq freq_a freq_b freq_c
-     <char> <char> <char> <num>  <num>  <num>  <num>
-  1:      A      X      M     5     20      5      5
-  2:      A      Y      N    12     20     15     12
-  3:      A      Y      O     3     20     15     10
-  4:      B      Z      O     7      7      7     10
    -
    -

    In practice, I often pair {data.table} with {collapse}, where the latter provides a rich and performant set of split-apply-combine vector operations, to the likes of ave(). In {collapse}, ave(..., FUN = sum) can be expressed as fsum(..., TRA = "replace"):

    -
    -
    -
    library(collapse)
-ave(input_dt$freq, input_dt$a, FUN = sum)
    -
    -
      [1] 20 20 20  7
    -
    -
    fsum(input_dt$freq, input_dt$a, TRA = "replace") # Also, TRA = 2
    -
    -
      [1] 20 20 20  7
    -
    -

    So a version of the solution integrating fsum() would be:4

    -
    -
    -
    input_dt[, names(.SD) := NULL, .SDcols = patterns("^freq_")]
-input_dt[, paste0("freq_", names(.SD)) := lapply(.SD, \(x) fsum(freq, x, TRA = 2)), .SDcols = a:c]
-input_dt
    -
    -
              a      b      c  freq freq_a freq_b freq_c
-     <char> <char> <char> <num>  <num>  <num>  <num>
-  1:      A      X      M     5     20      5      5
-  2:      A      Y      N    12     20     15     12
-  3:      A      Y      O     3     20     15     10
-  4:      B      Z      O     7      7      7     10
    -
    -

    data.table 🤝 collapse

    -

    sessionInfo()

    -
    -
    -
    sessionInfo()
    -
    -
      R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14 ucrt)
-  Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
-  Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 22631)
-  
-  Matrix products: default
-  
-  
-  locale:
-  [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.utf8 
-  [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8   
-  [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8
-  [4] LC_NUMERIC=C                          
-  [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8    
-  
-  time zone: Asia/Seoul
-  tzcode source: internal
-  
-  attached base packages:
-  [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
-  
-  other attached packages:
-   [1] collapse_2.0.14    data.table_1.15.99 lubridate_1.9.3    forcats_1.0.0     
-   [5] stringr_1.5.1      dplyr_1.1.4        purrr_1.0.2        readr_2.1.5       
-   [9] tidyr_1.3.1        tibble_3.2.1       tidyverse_2.0.0    ggplot2_3.5.1     
-  
-  loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
-   [1] gtable_0.3.5      jsonlite_1.8.8    compiler_4.4.1    Rcpp_1.0.12      
-   [5] tidyselect_1.2.1  parallel_4.4.1    jquerylib_0.1.4   scales_1.3.0     
-   [9] yaml_2.3.8        fastmap_1.1.1     R6_2.5.1          generics_0.1.3   
-  [13] knitr_1.47        distill_1.6       munsell_0.5.0     tzdb_0.4.0       
-  [17] bslib_0.7.0       pillar_1.9.0      rlang_1.1.4       utf8_1.2.4       
-  [21] stringi_1.8.4     cachem_1.0.8      xfun_0.44         sass_0.4.9       
-  [25] timechange_0.2.0  memoise_2.0.1     cli_3.6.2         withr_3.0.0      
-  [29] magrittr_2.0.3    digest_0.6.35     grid_4.4.1        rstudioapi_0.16.0
-  [33] hms_1.1.3         lifecycle_1.0.4   vctrs_0.6.5       downlit_0.4.3    
-  [37] evaluate_0.23     glue_1.7.0        fansi_1.0.6       colorspace_2.1-0 
-  [41] rmarkdown_2.27    tools_4.4.1       pkgconfig_2.0.3   htmltools_0.5.8.1
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
      -

    1. And check out the elusive split<- function!↩︎

      2. -

    2. Who I can only assume was needing this for a fancy data viz thing 😆↩︎

      3. -

    3. I mean that in the technical sense here. In this problem, the unit of observation is the “cells” of the input columns (the values “A”, “B”, “X”, “Y”, etc.).↩︎

      4. -

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    June Choe | Created with -{distill} -

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    Naming patterns for boolean enums

    June Choe (University of Pennsylvania Linguistics)https://live-sas-www-ling.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/ -
    2024-09-01 +
    07-21-2024
    diff --git a/docs/posts/posts.json b/docs/posts/posts.json index 8262722b..c13ca615 100644 --- a/docs/posts/posts.json +++ b/docs/posts/posts.json @@ -9,35 +9,14 @@ "url": {} } ], - "date": "2024-09-01", + "date": "2024-07-21", "categories": [ "design" ], "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nTake the argument name and negate it - is the intention clear?\r\nLook at the argument name - is it verb-y without an object?\r\nIs the argument a scalar adjective? Consider naming the scale.\r\nIs the argument truly binary? Still prefer enum and name the obvious/absence.\r\nMove shared strings across options into the argument name\r\n\r\nI’ve been having a blast reading through the Tidy design principles book lately - it’s packed with just the kind of stuff I needed to hear at this stage of my developer experience. And actually, I started writing packages in the post-{devtools}/R Packages era, so I wasn’t too surprised to find that my habits already align with many of the design principles advocated for in the book.1\r\nBut there was one pattern which took me a bit to fully wrap my head around (and be fully convinced by). It’s first introduced in the chapter “Enumerate possible options” which gives a pretty convincing example of the base R function rank(). rank() has a couple options for resolving ties between values which are exposed to the user via the ties.method argument. The default value of this argument is a vector that enumerates all the possible options, and the user’s choice of (or the lack of) an option is resolved through match.arg() and then the appropriate algorithm is called via a switch() statement.\r\nThis is all good and well, but the book takes it a step further in a later chapter “Prefer an enum, even if only two choices”, which outlines what I personally consider to be one of the more controversial (and newer2) strategies advocated for in the book. It’s a specific case of the “enumerate possible options” principle applied to boolean arguments, and is best understood with an example (of sort() vs. vctrs::vec_sort(), from the book):\r\n\r\n\r\n# Booolean options\r\nsort(x, decreasing = TRUE)\r\nsort(x, decreasing = FALSE)\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nvctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = \"desc\")\r\nvctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = \"asc\")\r\n\r\n\r\nThe main argument for this pattern is one of clarity. In the case of the example above, it is unclear from reading decreasing = FALSE whether that expresses “sort in the opposite of decreasing order (i.e., increasing/ascending)” or “do not sort in decreasing order (ex: leave it alone)”. The former is the correct interpretation, and this is expressed much clearer with direction = \"asc\", which contrasts with the other option direction = \"desc\".3\r\nI’ve never used this pattern for boolean options previously, but it’s been growing on me and I’m starting to get convinced. But in thinking through its implementation for refactoring code that I own and/or use, I got walled by the hardest problem in CS: naming things. A lot has been said on how to name things, but I’ve realized that the case of “turn booleans into enums” raises a whole different naming problem, one where you have to be precise about what’s being negated, the alternatives that are being contrasted, and the scale that the enums lie on.\r\nWhat follows are my somewhat half-baked, unstructured thoughts on some heuristics that I hope can be useful for determining when to apply the “enumerate possible options” principle for boolean options, and how to rename them in the refactoring.\r\nTake the argument name and negate it - is the intention clear?\r\nOne good litmus test for whether you should convert your boolean option into an enum is to take the argument name X and turn it into “X” and “not-X” - is the intended behavior expressed clearly in the context of the function? If, conceptually, the options are truly and unambiguously binary, then it should still make sense. But if the TRUE/FALSE options assume a very particular contrast which is difficult to recover from just reading “X” vs. “not-X”, consider using an enum for the two options.\r\nTo take sort() as an example again, imagine if we were to re-write it as:\r\n\r\n\r\nsort(option = \"decreasing\")\r\nsort(option = \"not-decreasing\")\r\n\r\n\r\nIf \"decreasing\" vs. \"not-decreasing\" is ambiguous, then maybe that’s a sign to consider ditching the boolean pattern and spell out the options more explicitly with e.g., direction = \"desc\" and direction = \"asc\", as vctrs::vec_sort() does. I also think this is a useful exercise because it reflects the user’s experience when encountering boolean options.\r\nLook at the argument name - is it verb-y without an object?\r\nLet’s take a bigger offender of this principle as an example: ggplot2::facet_grid(). facet_grid() is a function that I use all the time, and it has a couple boolean arguments which makes no immediate sense to me. Admittedly, I’ve never actually used them in practice, but from all my experience with {ggplot2} and facet_grid(), shouldn’t I be able to get at least some clues as to what they do from reading the arguments?4\r\n\r\n\r\nFilter(is.logical, formals(ggplot2::facet_grid))\r\n\r\n $shrink\r\n [1] TRUE\r\n \r\n $as.table\r\n [1] TRUE\r\n \r\n $drop\r\n [1] TRUE\r\n \r\n $margins\r\n [1] FALSE\r\n\r\nTake for example the shrink argument. Right off the bat it already runs into the problem where it’s not clear what we’re shrinking. I find this to be a general problem with boolean arguments: they’re often verbs with the object omitted (presumably to save keystrokes). Using the heuristic of negating the argument, we get “shrink” vs. “don’t shrink”, which not only repeats the problem of the ambiguity of negation as we saw with sort() previously, but also exposes how serious the problem of missing the object of the verb is.\r\nAt this point you may be wondering what exactly the shrink argument does at all. From the docs:\r\n\r\nIf TRUE, will shrink scales to fit output of statistics, not raw data. If FALSE, will be range of raw data before statistical summary.\r\n\r\nThe intended contrast seems to be one of “statistics” (default) vs. “raw data”, so these are obvious candidates for our enum refactoring. But something like shrink = c(\"statistics\", \"raw-data\") doesn’t quite cut it yet, because the object of shrinking is not the data, but the scales. So to be fully informative, the argument name should complete the verb phrase (i.e., include the object).\r\nCombining the observations from above, I think the following makes more sense:\r\n\r\n\r\n# Boolean options\r\nfacet_grid(shrink = TRUE)\r\nfacet_grid(shrink = FALSE)\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nfacet_grid(shrink_scales_to = \"statistics\")\r\nfacet_grid(shrink_scales_to = \"raw-data\")\r\n\r\n\r\nThis last point is a bit of a tangent, but after tinkering with the behavior of shrink more, I don’t think “shrink” is a particularly useful description here. I might actually prefer something more neutral like fit_scales_to.\r\nIs the argument a scalar adjective? Consider naming the scale.\r\nLoosely speaking, scalar (a.k.a. gradable) adjectives are adjectives that can be strengthened (or weakened) - English grammar can express this with the suffixes “-er” and “-est”. For example, “tall” is a scalar adjective because you can say “taller” and “tallest”, and scalar adjectives are called such because they lie on a scale (in this case, the scale of height). Note that the quality of an adjective as a scalar one is not so clear though, as you can “more X” or “most X” just about any adjective X (e.g., even true vs. false can lie on a scale of more true or more false) - what matters more is if saying something like “more X” makes sense in the context of where X is found (e.g., the context of the function).5 If so, you’re dealing with a scalar adjective.\r\nThis Linguistics 101 tangent is relevant here because I often see boolean arguments named after scalar adjectives, but I feel like in those cases it’s better to just name the scale itself (which in turn makes the switch to enum more natural).\r\nA contrived example would be if a function had a boolean argument called tall. To refactor this into an enum, we can rename the argument to the scale itself (height) and enumerate the two end points:\r\n\r\n\r\n# Boolean options\r\nfun(tall = TRUE)\r\nfun(tall = FALSE)\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nfun(height = \"tall\")\r\nfun(height = \"short\")\r\n\r\n\r\nA frequent offender of the enum principle in the wild is the verbose argument. verbose is an interesting case study because it suffers from the additional problem of there possibly being more than 2 options as the function matures. The book offers some strategies for remedying these kinds of problems after-the-fact, but I think a proactive solution is to name the argument verbosity (the name of the scale) with the possible options enumerated (see also a recent Mastodon thread that has great suggestions on this topic).\r\n\r\n\r\n# Boolean options\r\nfun(verbose = TRUE)\r\nfun(verbose = FALSE)\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nfun(verbosity = \"all\")\r\nfun(verbosity = \"none\")\r\n\r\n\r\nI like this strategy of “naming the scale” because it gives off the impression to users that the possible options are values that lie on the scale. In the example above, it could either be the extremes \"all\" or \"none\", but also possibly somewhere in between if the writer of the function chooses to introduce more granular settings later.\r\nIs the argument truly binary? Still prefer enum and name the obvious/absence.\r\nSometimes a boolean argument may encode a genuinely binary choice of a true/false, on/off, yes/no option. But refactoring the boolean options as enum may still offer some benefits. In those cases, I prefer the strategy of name the obvious/absence.\r\nSome cases for improvement are easier to spot than others. An easy case is something like the REML argument in lme4::lmer(). Without going into too much detail, when REML = TRUE (default), the model optimizes the REML (restricted/residualized maximum likelihood) criterion in finding the best fitting model. But it’s not like the model doesn’t use any criteria for goodness of fit when REML = FALSE. Instead, when REML = FALSE, the function uses a different criterion of ML (maximum likelihood). So the choice is not really between toggling REML on or off, but rather between the choice of REML vs. ML. The enum version lets us spell out the assumed default and make the choice between the two explicit (again, with room for introducing other criteria in the future):\r\n\r\n\r\n# Boolean options\r\nlmer::lme4(REML = TRUE)\r\nlmer::lme4(REML = FALSE)\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nlmer::lme4(criterion = \"REML\")\r\nlmer::lme4(criterion = \"ML\")\r\n\r\n\r\nA somewhat harder case is a true presence-or-absence kind of a situation, where setting the argument to true/false essentially boils down to triggering an if block inside the function. For example, say a function has an option to use an optimizer called “MyOptim”. This may be implemented as:\r\n\r\n\r\n# Boolean options\r\nfun(optimize = TRUE)\r\nfun(optimize = FALSE)\r\n\r\n\r\nEven if the absence of optimization is not nameable, you could just call that option something like \"none\" for the enum pattern, which makes the choices explicit:\r\n\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nfun(optimizer = \"MyOptim\")\r\nfun(optimizer = \"none\")\r\n\r\n\r\nOf course, the more difficult case is when the thing that’s being toggled isn’t really nameable. I think this is more often the case in practice, and may be the reason why there are many verb-y names for arguments with boolean options. Like, you wrote some code that optimizes something, but you have no name for it, so the argument that toggles it simply refers to its function, like “should the function optimize?”.\r\nBut not all is lost. I think one way out of this would be to enumerate over placeholders, not necessarily names. So something like:\r\n\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options (placeholders)\r\nfun(optimizer = 1) # bespoke optimizer\r\nfun(optimizer = 0) # none\r\n\r\n\r\nThen the documentation can clarify what the placeholder values 0, 1, etc. represent in longer, paragraph form, to describe what they do without the pressure of having to name the options.6 It’s not pretty, but I don’t think there will ever be a pretty solution to this problem if you want to avoid naming things entirely.\r\nMove shared strings across options into the argument name\r\nThis one is simple and easily demonstrated with an example. Consider the matrix() function for constructing a matrix. It has an argument byrow which fills the matrix by column when FALSE (default) or by row when TRUE. The argument controls the margin of fill, so we could re-write it as a fill argument like so:\r\n\r\n\r\n# Boolean options\r\nmatrix(byrow = FALSE)\r\nmatrix(byrow = TRUE)\r\n\r\n# Enumerated options\r\nmatrix(fill = \"bycolumn\")\r\nmatrix(fill = \"byrow\")\r\n\r\n\r\nThe options \"bycolumn\" and \"byrow\" share the “by” string, so we could move that into the argument name:\r\n\r\n\r\nmatrix(fill_by = \"column\")\r\nmatrix(fill_by = \"row\")\r\n\r\n\r\nAt this point I was also wondering whether the enumerated options should have the shortened \"col\" or the full \"column\" name. At the moment I’m less decided about this, but note that given the partial matching behavior in match.arg(), you could get away with matrix(fill_by = \"col\") in both cases.\r\nAt least from the book’s examples, it looks like shortening is ok for the options. To repeat the vctrs::vec_sort() example from earlier:\r\n\r\n\r\nvctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = \"desc\") # vs. \"descending\"\r\nvctrs::vec_sort(x, direction = \"asc\") # vs. \"ascending\"\r\n\r\n\r\nI was actually kind of surprised by this when I first saw it, and I have mixed feelings especially for \"asc\" since that’s not very frequent as a shorthand for “ascending” (e.g., {dplyr} has desc() but not a asc() equivalent - see also the previous section on “naming the obvious”). So I feel like I’d prefer for this to be spelled out in full in the function, and users can still loosely do partial matching in practice.7\r\n\r\nThe fun part of reading the book for me is not necessarily about discovering new patterns, but about being able to put a name to them and think more critically about their pros and cons.↩︎\r\nTo quote the book: “… this is a pattern that we only discovered relatively recently”↩︎\r\nThe book describes the awkwardness of decreasing = FALSE as “feels like a double negative”, but I think this is just a general, pervasive problem of pragmatic ambiguity with negation, and this issue of “what exactly is being negated?” is actually one of my research topics! Negation is interpreted with respect to the relevant and accessible alternatives (which “desc” vs. “asc” establishes very well) - in turn, recovering the intended meaning of the negation is difficult deprived of that context (like in the case of “direction = TRUE/FALSE”). See: Alternative Semantics.↩︎\r\nTo pre-empt the preference for short argument names, the fact that users don’t reach for these arguments in everyday use of facet_grid() should loosen that constraint for short, easy-to-type names. IMO the “too much to type” complaint since time immemorial is already obviated by auto-complete, and should frankly just be ignored for the designing these kinds of esoteric arguments that only experienced users would reach for in very specific circumstances.↩︎\r\nTry this from the view point of both the developer and the user!↩︎\r\nIMO, {collapse} does a very good job at this (see ?TRA).↩︎\r\nOf course, the degree to which you’d encourage this should depend on how sure you are about the stability of the current set of enumerated options.↩︎\r\n", "preview": "posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/preview.jpg", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:23:48-04:00", - "input_file": "enumerate-possible-options.knit.md" - }, - { - "path": "posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average/", - "title": "`ave()` for the average {dplyr} user", - "description": "tidyverse 🤝 base R", - "author": [ - { - "name": "June Choe", - "url": {} - } - ], - "date": "2024-06-23", - "categories": [ - "dplyr" - ], - "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nave()\r\nThe problem\r\nSome {tidyverse} solutions\r\nAn ave() + {dplyr} solution\r\nAside: {data.table} 🤝 {collapse}\r\nsessionInfo()\r\n\r\nI think it’s safe to say that the average {dplyr} user does not know the ave() function. For that audience, this is a short appreciation post on ave(), a case of tidyverse and base R.\r\nave()\r\nave() is a split-apply-combine function in base R (specifically, {stats}). It’s a pretty short function - maybe you can make out what it does from just reading the code1\r\n\r\n\r\nave\r\n\r\n function (x, ..., FUN = mean) \r\n {\r\n if (missing(...)) \r\n x[] <- FUN(x)\r\n else {\r\n g <- interaction(...)\r\n split(x, g) <- lapply(split(x, g), FUN)\r\n }\r\n x\r\n }\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nDespite its (rather generic and uninformative) name, I like to think of ave() as actually belonging to the *apply() family of functions, having particularly close ties to tapply().\r\nA unique feature of ave() is the invariant that it returns a vector of the same length as the input. And if you use an aggregating function like sum() or mean(), it simply repeats those values over the observations on the basis of their grouping.\r\nFor example, whereas tapply() can be used to summarize the average mpg by cyl:\r\n\r\n\r\ntapply(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl, FUN = mean)\r\n\r\n 4 6 8 \r\n 26.66364 19.74286 15.10000\r\n\r\nThe same syntax with ave() will repeat those values over each element of the input vector:\r\n\r\n\r\nave(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl, FUN = mean)\r\n\r\n [1] 19.74286 19.74286 26.66364 19.74286 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364\r\n [9] 26.66364 19.74286 19.74286 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000\r\n [17] 15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000\r\n [25] 15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364\r\n\r\nYou can also get to this output from tapply() with an extra step of vectorized indexing:\r\n\r\n\r\ntapply(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl, FUN = mean)[as.character(mtcars$cyl)]\r\n\r\n 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 \r\n 19.74286 19.74286 26.66364 19.74286 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364 \r\n 4 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 \r\n 26.66364 19.74286 19.74286 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 \r\n 8 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 \r\n 15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 15.10000 15.10000 \r\n 8 4 4 4 8 6 8 4 \r\n 15.10000 26.66364 26.66364 26.66364 15.10000 19.74286 15.10000 26.66364\r\n\r\nThe problem\r\nNothing sparks more joy than when a base R function helps you write more “tidy” code. I’ve talked about this in length before with outer() in a prior blog post on dplyr::slice(), and here I want to show a cool ave() + dplyr::mutate() combo.\r\nThis example is adapted from a reprex by Cédric Scherer2 on the DSLC (previously R4DS) slack.\r\nGiven an input of multiple discrete columns and the frequencies of these values:\r\n\r\n\r\ninput <- data.frame(\r\n a = c(\"A\", \"A\", \"A\", \"B\"), \r\n b = c(\"X\", \"Y\", \"Y\", \"Z\"), \r\n c = c(\"M\", \"N\", \"O\", \"O\"), \r\n freq = c(5, 12, 3, 7)\r\n)\r\ninput\r\n\r\n a b c freq\r\n 1 A X M 5\r\n 2 A Y N 12\r\n 3 A Y O 3\r\n 4 B Z O 7\r\n\r\nThe task is to add new columns named freq_* that show the total frequency of the values in each column:\r\n\r\n\r\noutput <- data.frame(\r\n a = c(\"A\", \"A\", \"A\", \"B\"), \r\n freq_a = c(20, 20, 20, 7),\r\n b = c(\"X\", \"Y\", \"Y\", \"Z\"),\r\n freq_b = c(5, 15, 15, 7), \r\n c = c(\"M\", \"N\", \"O\", \"O\"), \r\n freq_c = c(5, 12, 10, 10), \r\n freq = c(5, 12, 3, 7)\r\n)\r\noutput\r\n\r\n a freq_a b freq_b c freq_c freq\r\n 1 A 20 X 5 M 5 5\r\n 2 A 20 Y 15 N 12 12\r\n 3 A 20 Y 15 O 10 3\r\n 4 B 7 Z 7 O 10 7\r\n\r\nSo for example, in column a the value \"A\" is associated with values 5, 12, and 3 in the freq column, so a new freq_a column should be created to track their total frequencies 5 + 12 + 3 and associate that value (20) for all occurrences of \"A\" in the a column.\r\nSome {tidyverse} solutions\r\nThe gut feeling is that this seems to lack a straightforwardly “tidy” solution. I mean, the input isn’t even tidy3 in the first place!\r\nSo maybe we’d be better off starting with a pivoted tidy data for constructing a tidy solution:\r\n\r\n\r\nlibrary(tidyverse)\r\ninput %>% \r\n pivot_longer(-freq)\r\n\r\n # A tibble: 12 × 3\r\n freq name value\r\n \r\n 1 5 a A \r\n 2 5 b X \r\n 3 5 c M \r\n 4 12 a A \r\n 5 12 b Y \r\n 6 12 c N \r\n 7 3 a A \r\n 8 3 b Y \r\n 9 3 c O \r\n 10 7 a B \r\n 11 7 b Z \r\n 12 7 c O\r\n\r\nBut recall that the desired output is of a wide form like the input, so it looks like our tidy solution will require some indirection, involving something like:\r\n\r\n\r\ninput %>% \r\n pivot_longer(-freq) %>% \r\n ... %>% \r\n pivot_wider(...)\r\n\r\n\r\nOr maybe you’d rather tackle this with some left_join()s, like:\r\n\r\n\r\ninput %>% \r\n left_join(summarize(input, freq_a = sum(freq), .by = a)) %>% \r\n ...\r\n\r\n\r\nI’ll note that there’s actually also an idiomatic {dplyr}-solution to this using the lesser-known function add_count(), but you can’t avoid the repetitiveness problem because it doesn’t vectorize over the first argument:\r\n\r\n\r\ninput %>% \r\n add_count(a, wt = freq, name = \"freq_a\") %>% \r\n add_count(b, wt = freq, name = \"freq_b\") %>% \r\n add_count(c, wt = freq, name = \"freq_c\")\r\n\r\n a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c\r\n 1 A X M 5 20 5 5\r\n 2 A Y N 12 20 15 12\r\n 3 A Y O 3 20 15 10\r\n 4 B Z O 7 7 7 10\r\n\r\nYou could try to scale this add_count() solution with reduce() (see my previous blog post on collapsing repetitive piping), but now we’re straying very far from the “tidy” territory:\r\n\r\n\r\ninput %>% \r\n purrr::reduce(\r\n c(\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"),\r\n ~ .x %>% \r\n add_count(.data[[.y]], wt = freq, name = paste0(\"freq_\", .y)),\r\n .init = .\r\n )\r\n\r\n a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c\r\n 1 A X M 5 20 5 5\r\n 2 A Y N 12 20 15 12\r\n 3 A Y O 3 20 15 10\r\n 4 B Z O 7 7 7 10\r\n\r\nIMO this problem is actually a really good thinking exercise for the “average {dplyr} user”, so I encourage you to take a stab at this yourself before proceeding if you’ve read this far!\r\nAn ave() + {dplyr} solution\r\nThe crucial piece of the puzzle here is to think a little outside the box, beyond “data(frame) wrangling”.\r\nIt helps to simplify the problem once we think about the problem in terms of “(column) vector wrangling” first, and that’s where ave() comes in!\r\nI’ll start with the cake first - this is the one-liner ave() solution I advocated for:\r\n\r\n\r\ninput %>% \r\n mutate(across(a:c, ~ ave(freq, .x, FUN = sum), .names = \"freq_{.col}\"))\r\n\r\n a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c\r\n 1 A X M 5 20 5 5\r\n 2 A Y N 12 20 15 12\r\n 3 A Y O 3 20 15 10\r\n 4 B Z O 7 7 7 10\r\n\r\nTaking column freq_a as an example, the ave() part of the solution essential creates this vector of summed-up freq values by the categories of a:\r\n\r\n\r\nave(input$freq, input$a, FUN = sum)\r\n\r\n [1] 20 20 20 7\r\n\r\nFrom there, across() handles the iteration over columns and, as an added bonus, the naming of the new columns in convenient {glue} syntax (\"freq_{.col}\").\r\nIt’s the perfect mashup of base R + tidyverse. Base R takes care of the problem at the vector level with a split-apply-combine that’s concisely expressed with ave(), and tidyverse scales that solution up to the dataframe level with mutate() and across().\r\ntidyverse 🤝 base R\r\nAside: {data.table} 🤝 {collapse}\r\nSince I wrote this blog post, I discovered that {data.table} recently added in support for using names(.SD) in the LHS of the walrus :=. I’m so excited for this to hit the next release (v1.16.0)!\r\nI’ve trying to be more mindful of showcasing {data.table} whenever I talk about {dplyr}, so here’s a solution to compare with the dplyr::across() solution above.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n# data.table::update_dev_pkg()\r\nlibrary(data.table)\r\ninput_dt <- as.data.table(input)\r\ninput_dt\r\n\r\n a b c freq\r\n \r\n 1: A X M 5\r\n 2: A Y N 12\r\n 3: A Y O 3\r\n 4: B Z O 7\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ninput_dt[, paste0(\"freq_\", names(.SD)) := lapply(.SD, \\(x) ave(freq, x, FUN = sum)), .SDcols = a:c]\r\ninput_dt\r\n\r\n a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c\r\n \r\n 1: A X M 5 20 5 5\r\n 2: A Y N 12 20 15 12\r\n 3: A Y O 3 20 15 10\r\n 4: B Z O 7 7 7 10\r\n\r\nIn practice, I often pair {data.table} with {collapse}, where the latter provides a rich and performant set of split-apply-combine vector operations, to the likes of ave(). In {collapse}, ave(..., FUN = sum) can be expressed as fsum(..., TRA = \"replace\"):\r\n\r\n\r\nlibrary(collapse)\r\nave(input_dt$freq, input_dt$a, FUN = sum)\r\n\r\n [1] 20 20 20 7\r\n\r\nfsum(input_dt$freq, input_dt$a, TRA = \"replace\") # Also, TRA = 2\r\n\r\n [1] 20 20 20 7\r\n\r\nSo a version of the solution integrating fsum() would be:4\r\n\r\n\r\ninput_dt[, names(.SD) := NULL, .SDcols = patterns(\"^freq_\")]\r\ninput_dt[, paste0(\"freq_\", names(.SD)) := lapply(.SD, \\(x) fsum(freq, x, TRA = 2)), .SDcols = a:c]\r\ninput_dt\r\n\r\n a b c freq freq_a freq_b freq_c\r\n \r\n 1: A X M 5 20 5 5\r\n 2: A Y N 12 20 15 12\r\n 3: A Y O 3 20 15 10\r\n 4: B Z O 7 7 7 10\r\n\r\ndata.table 🤝 collapse\r\nsessionInfo()\r\n\r\n\r\nsessionInfo()\r\n\r\n R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14 ucrt)\r\n Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64\r\n Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 22631)\r\n \r\n Matrix products: default\r\n \r\n \r\n locale:\r\n [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.utf8 \r\n [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8 \r\n [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8\r\n [4] LC_NUMERIC=C \r\n [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8 \r\n \r\n time zone: Asia/Seoul\r\n tzcode source: internal\r\n \r\n attached base packages:\r\n [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base \r\n \r\n other attached packages:\r\n [1] collapse_2.0.14 data.table_1.15.99 lubridate_1.9.3 forcats_1.0.0 \r\n [5] stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4 purrr_1.0.2 readr_2.1.5 \r\n [9] tidyr_1.3.1 tibble_3.2.1 tidyverse_2.0.0 ggplot2_3.5.1 \r\n \r\n loaded via a namespace (and not attached):\r\n [1] gtable_0.3.5 jsonlite_1.8.8 compiler_4.4.1 Rcpp_1.0.12 \r\n [5] tidyselect_1.2.1 parallel_4.4.1 jquerylib_0.1.4 scales_1.3.0 \r\n [9] yaml_2.3.8 fastmap_1.1.1 R6_2.5.1 generics_0.1.3 \r\n [13] knitr_1.47 distill_1.6 munsell_0.5.0 tzdb_0.4.0 \r\n [17] bslib_0.7.0 pillar_1.9.0 rlang_1.1.4 utf8_1.2.4 \r\n [21] stringi_1.8.4 cachem_1.0.8 xfun_0.44 sass_0.4.9 \r\n [25] timechange_0.2.0 memoise_2.0.1 cli_3.6.2 withr_3.0.0 \r\n [29] magrittr_2.0.3 digest_0.6.35 grid_4.4.1 rstudioapi_0.16.0\r\n [33] hms_1.1.3 lifecycle_1.0.4 vctrs_0.6.5 downlit_0.4.3 \r\n [37] evaluate_0.23 glue_1.7.0 fansi_1.0.6 colorspace_2.1-0 \r\n [41] rmarkdown_2.27 tools_4.4.1 pkgconfig_2.0.3 htmltools_0.5.8.1\r\n\r\n\r\nAnd check out the elusive split<- function!↩︎\r\nWho I can only assume was needing this for a fancy data viz thing 😆↩︎\r\nI mean that in the technical sense here. In this problem, the unit of observation is the “cells” of the input columns (the values “A”, “B”, “X”, “Y”, etc.).↩︎\r\nI couldn’t show this here with this particular example, but another nice feature of {collapse} 🤝 {data.table} is the fact that they do not shy away from consuming/producing matrices: see scale()[,1] vs. fscale() for a good example of this.↩︎\r\n", - "preview": "posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average/preview.png", - "last_modified": "2024-06-23T00:35:29-04:00", - "input_file": {}, - "preview_width": 926, - "preview_height": 328 + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T17:53:55-04:00", + "input_file": {} }, { "path": "posts/2024-03-04-args-args-args-args/", @@ -346,11 +325,9 @@ "ggplot2" ], "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nBefore\r\nMy Plan\r\nAfter\r\nFirst draft\r\nFinal touch-up\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis is the second installment of plot makeover where I take a plot in the wild and make very opinionated modifications to it.\r\nBefore\r\nOur plot-in-the-wild comes from (Yurovsky and Yu 2008), a paper on statistical word learning. The plot that I’ll be looking at here is Figure 2, a bar plot of accuracy in a 3-by-3 experimental design.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFigure 1: Plot from Yurovsky and Yu (2008)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAs you might notice, there’s something interesting going on in this bar plot. It looks like the red and green bars stack together but dodge from the blue bar. It’s looks a bit weird for me as someone who mainly uses {ggplot2} because this kind of a hybrid design is not explicitly supported in the API.\r\nFor this plot makeover, I’ll leave aside the issue of whether having a half-stacked, half-dodged bar plot is a good idea.1 In fact, I’m not even gonna focus much on the “makeover” part. Instead I’m just going to take a shot at recreating this plot (likely made in MATLAB with post-processing in PowerPoint) in {ggplot2}.\r\nMy Plan\r\nAgain, my primary goal here is replication. But I do want to touch up on some aesthetics while I’m at it.\r\nMajor Changes:\r\nMove the title to above the plot\r\nMove the legend inside the plot\r\nMove/remove the y-axis title so it’s not vertically aligned\r\nMinor Changes:\r\nRemove grid lines\r\nPut y-axis in percentages\r\nAdd white borders around the bars for clearer color contrast\r\nAfter\r\nFirst draft\r\nFor a first pass on the makeover, I wanted to get the hybrid design right.\r\nThe plot below isn’t quite there in terms of covering everything I laid out in my plan, but it does replicate the bar plot design specifically.\r\n\r\n\r\nPlot\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCode\r\n\r\n\r\nlibrary(tidyverse)\r\nlibrary(extrafont)\r\n\r\ndf <- tribble(\r\n ~Condition, ~Referent, ~Accuracy,\r\n \"Primacy\", \"Single\", 0.63,\r\n \"Primacy\", \"Primacy\", 0.59,\r\n \"Recency\", \"Single\", 0.63,\r\n \"Recency\", \"Recency\", 0.5,\r\n \"Both\", \"Single\", 0.63,\r\n \"Both\", \"Primacy\", 0.5,\r\n \"Both\", \"Recency\", 0.31\r\n) %>% \r\n mutate(\r\n error_low = runif(7, .04, .06),\r\n error_high = runif(7, .04, .06),\r\n Condition_name = factor(Condition, levels = c(\"Primacy\", \"Recency\", \"Both\")),\r\n Condition = as.numeric(Condition_name),\r\n Referent = factor(Referent, levels = c(\"Single\", \"Recency\", \"Primacy\")),\r\n left = Referent == \"Single\",\r\n color = case_when(\r\n Referent == \"Single\" ~ \"#29476B\",\r\n Referent == \"Primacy\" ~ \"#AD403D\",\r\n Referent == \"Recency\" ~ \"#9BBB58\"\r\n )\r\n )\r\n\r\n\r\nggplot(mapping = aes(x = Condition, y = Accuracy, fill = color)) +\r\n geom_col(\r\n data = filter(df, left),\r\n width = .3,\r\n color = \"white\",\r\n position = position_nudge(x = -.3)\r\n ) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(ymin = Accuracy - error_low, ymax = Accuracy + error_high),\r\n data = filter(df, left),\r\n width = .1,\r\n position = position_nudge(x = -.3)\r\n ) +\r\n geom_col(\r\n data = filter(df, !left),\r\n color = \"white\",\r\n width = .3,\r\n ) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(y = y, ymin = y - error_low, ymax = y + error_high),\r\n data = filter(df, !left) %>% \r\n group_by(Condition) %>% \r\n mutate(y = accumulate(Accuracy, sum)),\r\n width = .1\r\n ) +\r\n scale_fill_identity(\r\n labels = levels(df$Referent),\r\n guide = guide_legend(title = \"Referent\")\r\n ) +\r\n scale_x_continuous(\r\n breaks = 1:3 - .15,\r\n labels = levels(df$Condition_name),\r\n expand = expansion(.1)\r\n ) +\r\n scale_y_continuous(\r\n breaks = scales::pretty_breaks(6),\r\n labels = str_remove(scales::pretty_breaks(6)(0:1), \"\\\\.0+\"),\r\n limits = 0:1,\r\n expand = expansion(0)\r\n ) +\r\n labs(\r\n title = \"Exp1: Accuracy by Condition and Word Type\"\r\n ) +\r\n theme_classic(\r\n base_family = \"Roboto\",\r\n base_size = 16\r\n )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAs you might guess from my two calls to geom_col() and geom_errorbar(), I actually split the plotting of the bars into two parts. First I drew the blue bars and their errorbars, then I drew the green and red bars and their errorbars.\r\nEffectively, the above plot is a combination of these two:2\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA bit hacky, I guess, but it works!\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFinal touch-up\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nggplot(mapping = aes(x = Condition, y = Accuracy, fill = color)) +\r\n geom_col(\r\n data = filter(df, left),\r\n width = .3,\r\n color = \"white\",\r\n position = position_nudge(x = -.3),\r\n ) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(ymin = Accuracy - error_low, ymax = Accuracy + error_high),\r\n data = filter(df, left),\r\n width = .1,\r\n position = position_nudge(x = -.3)\r\n ) +\r\n geom_col(\r\n data = filter(df, !left),\r\n color = \"white\",\r\n width = .3, \r\n ) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(y = y, ymin = y - error_low, ymax = y + error_high),\r\n data = filter(df, !left) %>% \r\n group_by(Condition) %>% \r\n mutate(y = accumulate(Accuracy, sum)),\r\n width = .1\r\n ) +\r\n geom_hline(\r\n aes(yintercept = .25),\r\n linetype = 2,\r\n size = 1,\r\n ) +\r\n geom_text(\r\n aes(x = 3.4, y = .29),\r\n label = \"Chance\",\r\n family = \"Adelle\",\r\n color = \"grey20\",\r\n inherit.aes = FALSE\r\n ) +\r\n scale_fill_identity(\r\n labels = c(\"Single\", \"Primacy\", \"Recency\"),\r\n guide = guide_legend(\r\n title = NULL,\r\n direction = \"horizontal\",\r\n override.aes = list(fill = c(\"#29476B\", \"#AD403D\", \"#9BBB58\"))\r\n )\r\n ) +\r\n scale_x_continuous(\r\n breaks = 1:3 - .15,\r\n labels = levels(df$Condition_name),\r\n expand = expansion(c(.1, .05))\r\n ) +\r\n scale_y_continuous(\r\n breaks = scales::pretty_breaks(6),\r\n labels = scales::percent_format(1),\r\n limits = 0:1,\r\n expand = expansion(0)\r\n ) +\r\n labs(\r\n title = \"Accuracy by Condition and Referent\",\r\n y = NULL\r\n ) +\r\n theme_classic(\r\n base_family = \"Roboto\",\r\n base_size = 16\r\n ) +\r\n theme(\r\n plot.title.position = \"plot\",\r\n plot.title = element_text(\r\n family = \"Roboto Slab\",\r\n margin = margin(0, 0, 1, 0, \"cm\")\r\n ),\r\n legend.position = c(.35, .9),\r\n axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = .4, unit = \"cm\")),\r\n plot.margin = margin(1, 1, .7, 1, \"cm\")\r\n )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nYurovsky, Daniel, and C. Yu. 2008. Mutual Exclusivity in Cross-Situational Statistical Learning. https://dll.sitehost.iu.edu/papers/Yurovsky_cs08.pdf.\r\n\r\n\r\nI actually don’t even have a strong feeling about this. It does look kinda cool.↩︎\r\nI used a neat trick from the R Markdown Cookbook to get the plots printed side-by-side↩︎\r\n", - "preview": "posts/2020-11-08-plot-makeover-2/plot-makeover-2_files/figure-html5/final-1.png", + "preview": {}, "last_modified": "2022-11-13T09:16:57-05:00", - "input_file": {}, - "preview_width": 1344, - "preview_height": 1152 + "input_file": {} }, { "path": "posts/2020-11-03-tidytuesday-2020-week-45/", @@ -510,11 +487,9 @@ "ggplot2" ], "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nBefore\r\nMy Plan\r\nAfter\r\nPoint-line plot\r\nBar plot\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis is the first installment of plot makeover where I take a plot in the wild and make very opinionated modifications to it.\r\nBefore\r\nOur plot-in-the-wild comes from the recent AMLAP 2020 conference, where I presented my thesis research and had the opportunity to talk with and listen to expert psycholinguists around the world. The plot that I’ll be looking at here is Figure 3 from the abstract of a work by E. Matthew Husband and Nikole Patson (Husband and Patson 2020).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFigure 1: Plot from Husband and Patson (2020)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhat we have is 6 pairs of barplots with error bars, laid out in a 2-by-3 grid. The total of 12 bars are grouped at three levels which are mapped in the following way:\r\nFirst level is mapped to the grid column.\r\nSecond level is mapped to the grid row.\r\nThird level is mapped to the x-axis.\r\nTo get a better sense of what they did, and to make data for the plot makeover, I have recreated the original plot below:1\r\n1. Data\r\n\r\n\r\nlibrary(tidyverse)\r\ndf <- crossing(level_1 = fct_inorder(c(\"Within\", \"Between\")),\r\n level_2 = fct_inorder(c(\"Some\", \"Number\", \"Or\")),\r\n level_3 = factor(c(\"Strong\", \"Weak\")))\r\ndf$barheight <- c(.63, .35, .72, .55, .61, .15, .60, .55, .52, .63, .17, .16)\r\n\r\ndf\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe numbers for barheight were eyeballed from looking at the original plot, of course.\r\n\r\n # A tibble: 12 x 4\r\n level_1 level_2 level_3 barheight\r\n \r\n 1 Within Some Strong 0.63\r\n 2 Within Some Weak 0.35\r\n 3 Within Number Strong 0.72\r\n 4 Within Number Weak 0.55\r\n 5 Within Or Strong 0.61\r\n 6 Within Or Weak 0.15\r\n 7 Between Some Strong 0.6 \r\n 8 Between Some Weak 0.55\r\n 9 Between Number Strong 0.52\r\n 10 Between Number Weak 0.63\r\n 11 Between Or Strong 0.17\r\n 12 Between Or Weak 0.16\r\n\r\n2. Plot\r\n\r\n\r\ndf %>% \r\n ggplot(aes(level_3, barheight)) +\r\n geom_col(\r\n aes(fill = level_3),\r\n show.legend = FALSE\r\n ) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(ymin = barheight - .05, ymax = barheight + .05),\r\n width = .1) +\r\n facet_grid(level_2 ~ level_1) +\r\n theme_bw() +\r\n scale_fill_manual(values = c('grey40', 'grey80')) +\r\n ylim(0, 1) +\r\n labs(\r\n y = \"Proportion of Strong Responses\",\r\n x = \"Prime Type\") +\r\n theme_bw()\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe original plot for comparison:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMy Plan\r\nMajor Changes:\r\nFlatten the grid in some way so that everything is laid out left-to-right and you can make comparisons horizontally.\r\nCap the y axis to make it clear that the values (proportions) can only lie between 0 and 1.\r\nMinor Changes:\r\nRemove grid lines\r\nIncrease space between axis and axis titles.\r\nRemove boxes around strip labels\r\nMake strip (facet) labels larger and more readable.\r\nIncrease letter spacing (probably by changing font)\r\nAfter\r\nI actually couldn’t settle on one final product2 so here are two plots that incorporate the changes that I wanted to make. I think that both look nice and you may prefer one style over the other depending on what relationships/comparisons you want your graph to emphasize.\r\nPoint-line plot\r\nI got a suggestion that the groups could additionally be mapped to shape for greater clarity, so I’ve incorporated that change.3\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndodge <- position_dodge(width = .5)\r\n\r\ndf %>% \r\n mutate(level_3 = as.numeric(level_3)) %>% \r\n ggplot(aes(x = level_3, y = barheight, group = level_1)) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(ymin = barheight - .05, ymax = barheight + .05),\r\n width = .2,\r\n position = dodge\r\n ) +\r\n geom_line(\r\n aes(linetype = level_1),\r\n position = dodge,\r\n show.legend = FALSE\r\n ) +\r\n geom_point(\r\n aes(shape = level_1, fill = level_1),\r\n size = 1.5,\r\n stroke = .6,\r\n position = dodge\r\n ) + \r\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\"black\", \"white\")) +\r\n scale_shape_manual(values = c(21, 24)) +\r\n facet_wrap(~ level_2) +\r\n scale_x_continuous(\r\n breaks = 1:2,\r\n labels = levels(df$level_3),\r\n expand = expansion(.2),\r\n ) +\r\n scale_y_continuous(\r\n limits = c(0, 1),\r\n expand = expansion(c(0, .1))\r\n ) +\r\n lemon::coord_capped_cart(left = \"both\") +\r\n guides(\r\n fill = guide_none(),\r\n shape = guide_legend(\r\n title = NULL,\r\n direction = \"horizontal\",\r\n label.theme = element_text(size = 10, family = \"Montserrat\"),\r\n override.aes = list(fill = c(\"black\", \"white\"))\r\n )\r\n ) +\r\n labs(\r\n y = \"Strong Responses\",\r\n x = \"Prime Type\",\r\n linetype = \"Category\"\r\n ) +\r\n ggthemes::theme_clean(base_size = 14) +\r\n theme(\r\n text = element_text(family = \"Montserrat\"),\r\n legend.position = c(.18, .87),\r\n legend.background = element_rect(color = NA, fill = NA),\r\n strip.text = element_text(size = 13),\r\n plot.margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5, 'mm'),\r\n axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -3),\r\n axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 5),\r\n plot.background = element_blank(),\r\n panel.grid.major.y = element_blank()\r\n )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBar plot\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndodge <- position_dodge(width = .5)\r\n\r\ndf %>% \r\n mutate(level_3 = as.numeric(level_3)) %>% \r\n ggplot(aes(x = level_3, y = barheight, group = level_1)) +\r\n geom_col(position = dodge, width = .5, color = 'white', aes(fill = level_1)) +\r\n scale_fill_manual(values = c(\"grey30\", \"grey60\")) +\r\n geom_errorbar(\r\n aes(ymin = barheight - .05, ymax = barheight + .05),\r\n width = .2,\r\n position = dodge\r\n ) +\r\n facet_wrap(~ level_2) +\r\n scale_x_continuous(\r\n breaks = 1:2,\r\n labels = levels(df$level_3),\r\n expand = expansion(.2),\r\n ) +\r\n ylim(0, 1) +\r\n lemon::coord_capped_cart(left = \"both\") +\r\n labs(\r\n y = \"Strong Responses\",\r\n x = \"Prime Type\",\r\n fill = NULL\r\n ) +\r\n ggthemes::theme_clean(base_size=14) +\r\n theme(\r\n text = element_text(family = \"Montserrat\"),\r\n legend.text = element_text(size = 10),\r\n legend.key.size = unit(5, 'mm'),\r\n legend.direction = \"horizontal\",\r\n legend.position = c(.17, .85),\r\n legend.background = element_blank(),\r\n strip.text = element_text(size = 14),\r\n axis.ticks.x = element_blank(),\r\n axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -3),\r\n axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 5),\r\n panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),\r\n plot.background = element_blank(),\r\n plot.margin = margin(5, 5, 5, 5, 'mm')\r\n )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIn this second version, I removed guides() and distributed its arguments across labs() and theme(). I kinda like this layout of having a fat theme(). It’s also not too hard to read if you group and sort the arguments.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHusband, E. Matthew, and Nikole Patson. 2020. Priming of Implicatures Within and Between Categories: The Case of or. AMLaP2020. https://amlap2020.github.io/a/272.pdf.\r\n\r\n\r\nBut note that this is likely not how the original plot was generated: the authors were likely feeding ggplot2 with the raw data (involving 1s and 0s in this case), but here I am just grabbing the summary statistic that was mapped to the bar aesthetic (hence my decision to name the y variable barheight).↩︎\r\nI ran the first plot by a friend who has a degree in design, and she recommended several changes that eventually ended up being the second plot. Some major pointers were removing border lines from the legend, removing x-axis tick marks, and applying color/shade.↩︎\r\nThe plot used to look like this: ↩︎\r\n", - "preview": "posts/2020-09-20-plot-makeover-1/plot-makeover-1_files/figure-html5/after_bar_plot-1.png", + "preview": {}, "last_modified": "2022-11-13T09:16:56-05:00", - "input_file": {}, - "preview_width": 1248, - "preview_height": 768 + "input_file": {} }, { "path": "posts/2020-09-14-tidytuesday-2020-week-38/", @@ -738,11 +713,9 @@ "tutorial" ], "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTo steal the definition from Wikipedia, a treemap is used for “displaying hierarchical data using nested figures, usually rectangles.” There are lots of ways to make one in R, but I didn’t find any one existing solution appealing.\r\nFor illustration, let’s take the pokemon dataset from {highcharter} and plot a treemap with it using different methods.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndata(\"pokemon\", package = \"highcharter\")\r\n\r\n# Cleaning up data for a treemap\r\ndata <- pokemon %>% \r\n select(pokemon, type_1, type_2, color_f) %>%\r\n mutate(type_2 = ifelse(is.na(type_2), paste(\"only\", type_1), type_2)) %>% \r\n group_by(type_1, type_2, color_f) %>% \r\n count(type_1, type_2) %>% \r\n ungroup()\r\n\r\nhead(data, 5)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ntype_1\r\n\r\n\r\ntype_2\r\n\r\n\r\ncolor_f\r\n\r\n\r\nn\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nelectric\r\n\r\n\r\n#BBBD23\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nfighting\r\n\r\n\r\n#AD9721\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nfire\r\n\r\n\r\n#B9AA23\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nflying\r\n\r\n\r\n#A8AE52\r\n\r\n\r\n13\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nghost\r\n\r\n\r\n#9AA03D\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n1. {treemap}\r\nHere’s a plot made from the {treemap} package:\r\n\r\n\r\nlibrary(treemap)\r\n\r\ntreemap(dtf = data,\r\n index = c(\"type_1\", \"type_2\"),\r\n vSize = \"n\",\r\n vColor = \"type_1\")\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIt actually doesn’t look too bad, but this package hasn’t been updated for 3 years and there aren’t a lot of options for customization. For the options that do exist, they’re a big list of additional arguments to the main workhorse function, treemap(), which feels a bit restrictive if you’re used to {ggplot}’s modular and layered grammar. So while it’s very simple to use, I’d probably use it only for exploring the data for myself.\r\n \r\n2. {highcharter}\r\nAll the way on the other side of this ease<—>customizability spectrum is {highcharter} which is arguably the most powerful data visualization package in R.\r\nWith highcharter, you can turn the previous graph into the following:\r\n\r\nThis looks much better, and it’s even interactive (although this particular one isn’t because I just copy pasted the image from this blog post from 2018). I’d use {highcharter} except that there isn’t a great documentation on plotting treemaps, and it definitely doesn’t help that {highcharter} has a pretty steep learning curve, even if you have a lot of experience with {ggplot2}.\r\nThe main problem I ran into is that the function hc_add_series_treemap() that was used to create the above graph is now depreciated. It redirects you to use hctreemap() which itself is also depreciated. That finally redirects you to use hctreemap2() which is pretty sparse in documentation and use-cases, and overall not very transparent IMO.\r\n \r\n3. {treemapify}\r\n{treemapify} is a ggplot solution to plotting treemaps.\r\nHere’s a plot of the pokemon dataset, adopting the example code from the vignette. Since it follows the layered grammar of ggplot, I figured I’d show what each of the four layers outlined in the code does:\r\n\r\n\r\nlibrary(treemapify)\r\n\r\nggplot(data, aes(area = n, fill = color_f, label = type_2,\r\n subgroup = type_1)) +\r\n # 1. Draw type_2 borders and fill colors\r\n geom_treemap() +\r\n # 2. Draw type_1 borders\r\n geom_treemap_subgroup_border() +\r\n # 3. Print type_1 text\r\n geom_treemap_subgroup_text(place = \"centre\", grow = T, alpha = 0.5, colour = \"black\",\r\n fontface = \"italic\", min.size = 0) +\r\n # 4. Print type_2 text\r\n geom_treemap_text(colour = \"white\", place = \"topleft\", reflow = T) +\r\n theme(legend.position = 0)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ngeom_treemap() draws type_2 borders and fill colors\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ngeom_treemap_subgroup_border() draws type_1 borders\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ngeom_treemap_subgroup_text() prints type_1 text\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ngeom_treemap_text() prints type_2 text\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nI find this the most appealing out of the three options and I do recommend this package, but I’m personally a bit hesistant to use it for three reasons:\r\nI don’t want to learn a whole ’nother family of geom_*s just to plot treemaps.\r\nSome of the ggplot “add-ons” that I like don’t really transfer over. For example, I can’t use geom_text_repel() from {ggrepel} because I have to use {treemapify}’s own text geoms like geom_treemap_subgroup_text() and geom_treemap_text().\r\nCustomization options are kind of a mouthful, and I’ve yet to see a nice-looking treemap that was plotted using this package. There are a couple example treemaps in the vignette but none of them look particularly good. An independently produced example here doesn’t look super great either.\r\n \r\nA Mixed (Hack-ish?) Solution\r\nBasically, I’m very lazy and I want to avoid learning any new packages or functions as much as possible.\r\nI’ve come up with a very simple solution to my self-created problem, which is to draw treemaps using geom_rect() with a little help from the {treemap} package introduced earlier.\r\nSo apparently, there’s a cool feature in treemap::treemap() where you can extract the plotting data.\r\nYou can do this by pulling the tm object from the plot function side-effect, and the underlying dataframe used for plotting looks like this.1:\r\n\r\n\r\ntm <- treemap(\r\n dtf = data,\r\n index = c(\"type_1\", \"type_2\"),\r\n vSize = \"n\",\r\n vColor = \"color_f\",\r\n type = 'color' # {treemap}'s equivalent of scale_fill_identity()\r\n)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nhead(tm$tm)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ntype_1\r\n\r\n\r\ntype_2\r\n\r\n\r\nvSize\r\n\r\n\r\nvColor\r\n\r\n\r\nstdErr\r\n\r\n\r\nvColorValue\r\n\r\n\r\nlevel\r\n\r\n\r\nx0\r\n\r\n\r\ny0\r\n\r\n\r\nw\r\n\r\n\r\nh\r\n\r\n\r\ncolor\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nelectric\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n#BBBD23\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n0.4556639\r\n\r\n\r\n0.3501299\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0319174\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0872727\r\n\r\n\r\n#BBBD23\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nfighting\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\n\r\n#AD9721\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n0.4556639\r\n\r\n\r\n0.3064935\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0319174\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0436364\r\n\r\n\r\n#AD9721\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nfire\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n#B9AA23\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n0.4875812\r\n\r\n\r\n0.3501299\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0319174\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0872727\r\n\r\n\r\n#B9AA23\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nflying\r\n\r\n\r\n13\r\n\r\n\r\n#A8AE52\r\n\r\n\r\n13\r\n\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n0.2757660\r\n\r\n\r\n0.2628571\r\n\r\n\r\n0.1160631\r\n\r\n\r\n0.1560000\r\n\r\n\r\n#A8AE52\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\nghost\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\n\r\n#9AA03D\r\n\r\n\r\n1\r\n\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n0.4556639\r\n\r\n\r\n0.2628571\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0319174\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0436364\r\n\r\n\r\n#9AA03D\r\n\r\n\r\nbug\r\n\r\n\r\ngrass\r\n\r\n\r\n6\r\n\r\n\r\n#9CBB2B\r\n\r\n\r\n6\r\n\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n\r\n2\r\n\r\n\r\n0.4744388\r\n\r\n\r\n0.4374026\r\n\r\n\r\n0.0450598\r\n\r\n\r\n0.1854545\r\n\r\n\r\n#9CBB2B\r\n\r\n\r\nWe can simply use this data to recreate the treemap that was made with {treemapify} - except this time we have more flexibility!\r\nFirst, we do some data cleaning:\r\n\r\n\r\ntm_plot_data <- tm$tm %>% \r\n # calculate end coordinates with height and width\r\n mutate(x1 = x0 + w,\r\n y1 = y0 + h) %>% \r\n # get center coordinates for labels\r\n mutate(x = (x0+x1)/2,\r\n y = (y0+y1)/2) %>% \r\n # mark primary groupings and set boundary thickness\r\n mutate(primary_group = ifelse(is.na(type_2), 1.2, .5)) %>% \r\n # remove colors from primary groupings (since secondary is already colored)\r\n mutate(color = ifelse(is.na(type_2), NA, color))\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThen we plot. It looks like I can recreate a lot of it with a little help from the {ggfittext} package that was in the source code2:\r\n\r\n\r\nggplot(tm_plot_data, aes(xmin = x0, ymin = y0, xmax = x1, ymax = y1)) + \r\n # add fill and borders for groups and subgroups\r\n geom_rect(aes(fill = color, size = primary_group),\r\n show.legend = FALSE, color = \"black\", alpha = .3) +\r\n scale_fill_identity() +\r\n # set thicker lines for group borders\r\n scale_size(range = range(tm_plot_data$primary_group)) +\r\n # add labels\r\n ggfittext::geom_fit_text(aes(label = type_2), min.size = 1) +\r\n # options\r\n scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +\r\n scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +\r\n theme_void()\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNow, I can be a lot more flexible with my customizations.\r\nFor example, let’s say I wanted to isolate and emphasize the secondary types that have unique type-combinations with steel, AND also provide the name of the corresponding pokemon.\r\nI can do this by using geom_text_repel() for a subset of the labels while keeping the same geom_fit_text() setting for the rest of the labels.\r\n\r\n\r\ntm_plot_data %>% \r\n ggplot(aes(xmin = x0, ymin = y0, xmax = x1, ymax = y1)) + \r\n geom_rect(aes(fill = color, size = primary_group),\r\n show.legend = FALSE, color = \"black\", alpha = .3) +\r\n scale_fill_identity() +\r\n scale_size(range = range(tm_plot_data$primary_group)) +\r\n ggfittext::geom_fit_text(data = filter(tm_plot_data, type_1 != \"steel\" | vSize > 1),\r\n aes(label = type_2), min.size = 1) +\r\n # pick out observations of interest and annotate with geom_text_repel\r\n ggrepel::geom_text_repel(\r\n data = filter(tm_plot_data, vSize == 1, type_1 == \"steel\") %>% \r\n inner_join(pokemon, by = c(\"type_1\", \"type_2\")),\r\n aes(x = x, y = y, label = glue::glue(\"{type_2} ({pokemon})\")),\r\n color = \"black\", xlim = c(1.02, NA), size = 4,\r\n direction = \"y\", vjust = .5, force = 3\r\n ) +\r\n # expand x-axis limits to make room for test annotations\r\n scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 1.2), expand = c(0, 0)) +\r\n scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +\r\n theme_void()\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAnd that’s our final product! This would’ve been pretty difficult to do with any of the three options I reviewed at the top!\r\ntl;dr - Use treemap() from the {treemap} package to get positions for geom_rect()s and you’re 90% of the way there to plotting a treemap! Apply your favorite styles (especially _text() geoms) from the {ggplot2} ecosystem for finishing touches!\r\n \r\nSession Info\r\n\r\n\r\nsessionInfo()\r\n\r\n\r\n R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)\r\n Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)\r\n Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 18363)\r\n \r\n Matrix products: default\r\n \r\n locale:\r\n [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252 \r\n [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252 \r\n [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252\r\n [4] LC_NUMERIC=C \r\n [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252 \r\n \r\n attached base packages:\r\n [1] stats graphics grDevices datasets utils methods base \r\n \r\n other attached packages:\r\n [1] treemapify_2.5.3 treemap_2.4-2 printr_0.1 forcats_0.5.0 \r\n [5] stringr_1.4.0 dplyr_1.0.2 purrr_0.3.4 readr_1.4.0 \r\n [9] tidyr_1.1.2 tibble_3.0.4 ggplot2_3.3.2 tidyverse_1.3.0 \r\n \r\n loaded via a namespace (and not attached):\r\n [1] httr_1.4.2 jsonlite_1.7.1 modelr_0.1.8 \r\n [4] shiny_1.5.0 assertthat_0.2.1 highr_0.8 \r\n [7] blob_1.2.1 renv_0.12.0 cellranger_1.1.0 \r\n [10] ggrepel_0.8.2 yaml_2.2.1 pillar_1.4.6 \r\n [13] backports_1.1.10 glue_1.4.2 digest_0.6.26 \r\n [16] RColorBrewer_1.1-2 promises_1.1.1 rvest_0.3.6 \r\n [19] colorspace_1.4-1 htmltools_0.5.0 httpuv_1.5.4 \r\n [22] pkgconfig_2.0.3 broom_0.7.2 haven_2.3.1 \r\n [25] xtable_1.8-4 scales_1.1.1 later_1.1.0.1 \r\n [28] distill_1.0.1 downlit_0.2.0 generics_0.0.2 \r\n [31] farver_2.0.3 ellipsis_0.3.1 withr_2.2.0 \r\n [34] cli_2.1.0 magrittr_1.5.0.9000 crayon_1.3.4 \r\n [37] readxl_1.3.1 mime_0.9 evaluate_0.14 \r\n [40] fs_1.5.0 fansi_0.4.1 xml2_1.3.2 \r\n [43] tools_4.0.3 data.table_1.13.2 hms_0.5.3 \r\n [46] lifecycle_0.2.0 gridBase_0.4-7 munsell_0.5.0 \r\n [49] reprex_0.3.0 compiler_4.0.3 rlang_0.4.8 \r\n [52] grid_4.0.3 gt_0.2.2 rstudioapi_0.11 \r\n [55] igraph_1.2.6 labeling_0.4.2 rmarkdown_2.5 \r\n [58] gtable_0.3.0 DBI_1.1.0 R6_2.4.1 \r\n [61] lubridate_1.7.9 knitr_1.30 fastmap_1.0.1 \r\n [64] prismatic_0.2.0 stringi_1.5.3 Rcpp_1.0.5 \r\n [67] vctrs_0.3.4 ggfittext_0.9.0 dbplyr_1.4.4 \r\n [70] tidyselect_1.1.0 xfun_0.18\r\n\r\n\r\nYou might get a warning referencing something about data.table here. No worries if this happens. The outdated {treemap} source code is built on {data.table} and contains a deprecated argument.↩︎\r\nI highly recommend checking {ggfittext} out! Here’s the github repo. Also, this is more of a note to myself but I had some trouble getting this to work at first because the min.size argument defaults to 4, meaning that all fitted text smaller than size 4 are simply not plotted (so I couldn’t get geom_fit_text() to print anything in my treemap at first). You can compare and see the threshold by looking at the geom_text_repel() texts in my second example which also has a size of 4.↩︎\r\n", - "preview": "posts/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot/2020-06-30-treemap-with-ggplot_files/figure-html5/unnamed-chunk-12-1.png", + "preview": {}, "last_modified": "2022-11-13T09:16:55-05:00", - "input_file": {}, - "preview_width": 1920, - "preview_height": 768 + "input_file": {} }, { "path": "posts/2020-06-25-indexing-tip-for-spacyr/", diff --git a/docs/search.json b/docs/search.json index 7462abdd..6a9d1301 100644 --- a/docs/search.json +++ b/docs/search.json @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ "title": "Blog Posts", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:31-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:09:55-04:00" }, { "path": "index.html", @@ -13,21 +13,21 @@ "description": "Ph.D. Candidate in Linguistics", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Education\r\n\r\n\r\nB.A. (hons.) Northwestern University (2016–20)\r\n\r\n\r\nPh.D. University of Pennsylvania (2020 ~)\r\n\r\n\r\n Interests\r\n\r\n\r\n(Computational) Psycholinguistics\r\n\r\n\r\nLanguage Acquisition\r\n\r\n\r\nSentence Processing\r\n\r\n\r\nProsody\r\n\r\n\r\nQuantitative Methods\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Methods:\r\n\r\nWeb-based experiments, eye-tracking, self-paced reading, corpus analysis\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Programming:\r\n\r\nR (fluent) | HTML/CSS, Javascript, Julia (proficient) | Python (coursework)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nI am a PhD candidate in Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, and a student affiliate of Penn MindCORE and the Language and Communication Sciences program. I am a psycholinguist broadly interested in experimental approaches to studying meaning, of various flavors. My advisor is Anna Papafragou and I am a member of the Language & Cognition Lab.\r\nI received my B.A. in Linguistics from Northwestern University, where I worked with Jennifer Cole, Masaya Yoshida, and Annette D’Onofrio. I also worked as a research assistant for the Language, Education, and Reading Neuroscience Lab. My thesis explored the role of prosodic focus in garden-path reanalysis.\r\nBeyond linguistics research, I have interests in data visualization, science communication, and the R programming language. I author packages in statistical computing and graphics (ex: ggtrace, jlmerclusterperm) and collaborate on other open-source software (ex: openalexR, pointblank). I also maintain a technical blog as a hobby and occasionally take on small statistical consulting projects.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ncontact me: yjchoe@sas.upenn.edu\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:33-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:09:57-04:00" }, { "path": "news.html", "title": "News", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\nFor more of my personal news external/tangential to research\r\n2023\r\nAugust\r\nI was unfortunately not able to make it in person to JSM 2023 but have my pre-recorded talk has been uploaded!\r\nJune\r\nMy package jlmerclusterperm was published on CRAN!\r\nApril\r\nI was accepted to SMLP (Summer School on Statistical Methods for Linguistics and Psychology), to be held in September at the University of Potsdam, Germany! I will be joining the “Advanced methods in frequentist statistics with Julia” stream. Huge thanks to MindCORE for funding my travels to attend!\r\nJanuary\r\nI received the ASA Statistical Computing and Graphics student award for my paper Sublayer modularity in the Grammar of Graphics! I will be presenting my work at the 2023 Joint Statistical Meetings in Toronto in August.\r\n2022\r\nSeptember\r\nI was invited to a Korean data science podcast dataholic (데이터홀릭) to talk about my experience presenting at the RStudio and useR conferences! Part 1, Part 2\r\nAugust\r\nI led a workshop on IBEX and PCIbex with Nayoun Kim at the Seoul International Conference on Linguistics (SICOL 2022).\r\nJuly\r\nI attended my first in-person R conference at rstudio::conf(2022) and gave a talk on ggplot internals.\r\nJune\r\nI gave a talk on my package {ggtrace} at the useR! 2022 conference. I was awarded the diversity scholarship which covered my registration and workshop fees. My reflections\r\nI gave a talk at RLadies philly on using dplyr’s slice() function for row-relational operations.\r\n2021\r\nJuly\r\nMy tutorial on custom fonts in R was featured as a highlight on the R Weekly podcast!\r\nJune\r\nI gave a talk at RLadies philly on using icon fonts for data viz! I also wrote a follow-up blog post that goes deeper into font rendering in R.\r\nMay\r\nSnowGlobe, a project started in my undergrad, was featured in an article by the Northwestern University Library. We also had a workshop for SnowGlobe which drew participants from over a hundred universities!\r\nJanuary\r\nI joined Nayoun Kim for a workshop on experimental syntax conducted in Korean and held at Sungkyunkwan University (Korea). I helped design materials for a session on scripting online experiments with IBEX, including interactive slides made with R!\r\n2020\r\nNovember\r\nI joined designer Will Chase on his stream to talk about the psycholinguistics of speech production for a data viz project on Michael’s speech errors in The Office. It was a very cool and unique opportunity to bring my two interests together!\r\nOctober\r\nMy tutorial on {ggplot2} stat_*() functions was featured as a highlight on the R Weekly podcast, which curates weekly updates from the R community.\r\nI became a data science tutor at MindCORE to help researchers at Penn with data visualization and R programming.\r\nSeptember\r\nI have moved to Philadelphia to start my PhD in Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania!\r\nJune\r\nI graduated from Northwestern University with a B.A. in Linguistics (with honors)! I was also elected into Phi Beta Kappa and appointed as the Senior Marshal for Linguistics.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:34-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:09:58-04:00" }, { "path": "research.html", "title": "Research", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nPeer-reviewed Papers\r\nConference Talks\r\nConference Presentations\r\nWorkshops led\r\nGuest lectures\r\nResearch activities in FOSS\r\nPapers\r\nTalks\r\nSoftware\r\n\r\nService\r\nEditor\r\nReviewer\r\n\r\n\r\nLinks: Google Scholar, Github, OSF\r\nPeer-reviewed Papers\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. (2023). The acquisition of subordinate nouns as pragmatic inference. Journal of Memory and Language, 132, 104432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2023.104432. PDF OSF\r\nJune Choe, Yiran Chen, May Pik Yu Chan, Aini Li, Xin Gao, and Nicole Holliday. (2022). Language-specific Effects on Automatic Speech Recognition Errors for World Englishes. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 7177–7186.\r\nMay Pik Yu Chan, June Choe, Aini Li, Yiran Chen, Xin Gao, and Nicole Holliday. (2022). Training and typological bias in ASR performance for world Englishes. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2022, 1273-1277. DOI: 10.21437/Interspeech.2022-10869\r\nJune Choe, Masaya Yoshida, and Jennifer Cole. (2022). The role of prosodic focus in the reanalysis of garden path sentences: Depth of semantic processing impedes the revision of an erroneous local analysis. Glossa Psycholinguistics, 1(1). DOI: 10.5070/G601136\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. (2022). The acquisition of subordinate nouns as pragmatic inference: Semantic alternatives modulate subordinate meanings. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 44, 2745-2752.\r\nSean McWeeny, Jinnie S. Choi, June Choe, Alexander LaTourette, Megan Y. Roberts, and Elizabeth S. Norton. (2022). Rapid automatized naming (RAN) as a kindergarten predictor of future reading in English: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(4), 1187–1211. DOI: 10.1002/rrq.467\r\nConference Talks\r\nJune Choe. Distributional signatures of superordinate nouns. Talk at the 10th MACSIM conference. 6 April 2024. University of Maryland, College Park, MD.\r\nJune Choe. Sub-layer modularity in the Grammar of Graphics. Talk at the 2023 Joint Statistical Meetings, 5-10 August 2023. Toronto, Canada. American Statistical Association (ASA) student paper award in Statistical Computing and Graphics. Paper\r\nJune Choe. Persona-based social expectations in sentence processing and comprehension. Talk at the Language, Stereotypes & Social Cognition workshop, 22-23 May, 2023. University of Pennsylvania, PA.\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. Lexical alternatives and the acquisition of subordinate nouns. Talk at the 47th Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD), 3-6 November, 2022. Boston University, Boston, MA. Slides\r\nJune Choe, Yiran Chen, May Pik Yu Chan, Aini Li, Xin Gao and Nicole Holliday. (2022). Language-specific Effects on Automatic Speech Recognition Errors in American English. Talk at the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (CoLing), 12-17 October, 2022. Gyeongju, South Korea. Slides\r\nMay Pik Yu Chan, June Choe, Aini Li, Yiran Chen, Xin Gao and Nicole Holliday. (2022). Training and typological bias in ASR performance for world Englishes. Talk at the 23rd Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (INTERSPEECH), 18-22 September, 2022. Incheon, South Korea.\r\nConference Presentations\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. Distributional signatures of superordinate nouns. Poster presented at the 48th Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD), 2-5 November, 2023. Boston University, Boston, MA. Abstract Poster\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. Pragmatic underpinnings of the basic-level bias. Poster presented at the 48th Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD), 2-5 November, 2023. Boston University, Boston, MA. Abstract Poster\r\nJune Choe and Anna Papafragou. Discourse effects on the acquisition of subordinate nouns. Poster presented at the 9th Mid-Atlantic Colloquium of Studies in Meaning (MACSIM), 15 April 2023. University of Pennsylvania, PA.\r\nJune Choe and Anna Papafragou. Discourse effects on the acquisition of subordinate nouns. Poster presented at the 36th Annual Conference on Human Sentence Processing, 9-11 March 2022. University of Pittsburg, PA. Abstract Poster\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. Acquisition of subordinate nouns as pragmatic inference: Semantic alternatives modulate subordinate meanings. Poster at the 2nd Experiments in Linguistic Meaning (ELM) conference, 18-20 May 2022. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.\r\nJune Choe, and Anna Papafragou. Beyond the basic level: Levels of informativeness and the acquisition of subordinate nouns. Poster at the 35th Annual Conference on Human Sentence Processing (HSP), 24-26 March 2022. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA.\r\nJune Choe, Jennifer Cole, and Masaya Yoshida. Prosodic Focus Strengthens Semantic Persistence. Poster at The 26th Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP), 3-5 September 2020. Potsdam, Germany. Abstract Video Slides\r\nJune Choe. Computer-assisted snowball search for meta-analysis research. Poster at The 2020 Undergraduate Research & Arts Exposition. 27-28 May 2020. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. 2nd Place Poster Award. Abstract\r\nJune Choe. Social Information in Sentence Processing. Talk at The 2019 Undergraduate Research & Arts Exposition. 29 May 2019. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Abstract\r\nJune Choe, Shayne Sloggett, Masaya Yoshida and Annette D’Onofrio. Personae in syntactic processing: Socially-specific agents bias expectations of verb transitivity. Poster at The 32nd CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing. 29-31 March 2019. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.\r\nD’Onofrio, Annette, June Choe and Masaya Yoshida. Personae in syntactic processing: Socially-specific agents bias expectations of verb transitivity. Poster at The 93rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Society of America. 3-6 January 2019. New York City, NY.\r\nWorkshops led\r\nIntroduction to mixed-effects models in Julia. Workshop at Penn MindCORE. 1 December 2023. Philadelphia, PA. Github Colab notebook\r\nExperimental syntax using IBEX/PCIBEX with Dr. Nayoun Kim. Workshop at the 2022 Seoul International Conference on Linguistics. 11-12 August 2022. Seoul, South Korea. PDF\r\nExperimental syntax using IBEX: a walkthrough with Dr. Nayoun Kim. 2021 BK Winter School-Workshop on Experimental Linguistics/Syntax at Sungkyunkwan University, 19-22 January 2021. Seoul, South Korea. PDF\r\nGuest lectures\r\nHard words and (syntactic) bootstrapping. LING 5750 “The Acquisition of Meaning”. Instructor: Dr. Anna Papafragou. Spring 2024, University of Pennsylvania.\r\nIntroduction to R for psychology research. PSYC 4997 “Senior Honors Seminar in Psychology”. Instructor: Dr. Coren Apicella. Spring 2024, University of Pennsylvania. Colab notebook\r\nModel fitting and diagnosis with MixedModels.jl in Julia. LING 5670 “Quantitative Study of Linguistic Variation”. Instructor: Dr. Meredith Tamminga. Fall 2023, University of Pennsylvania.\r\nSimulation-based power analysis for mixed-effects models. LING 5670 “Quantitative Study of Linguistic Variation”. Instructor: Dr. Meredith Tamminga. Spring 2023, University of Pennsylvania.\r\nResearch activities in FOSS\r\nPapers\r\nMassimo Aria, Trang Le, Corrado Cuccurullo, Alessandra Belfiore, and June Choe. (2024). openalexR: An R-tool for collecting bibliometric data from OpenAlex. The R Journal, 15(4), 166-179. Paper, Github\r\nJune Choe. (2022). Sub-layer modularity in the Grammar of Graphics. American Statistical Association (ASA) student paper award in Statistical Computing and Graphics. Paper, Github\r\nTalks\r\nJune Choe. Sub-layer modularity in the Grammar of Graphics. Talk at the 2023 Joint Statistical Meetings, 5-10 August 2023. Toronto, Canada.\r\nJune Choe. Fast cluster-based permutation test using mixed-effects models. Talk at the Integrated Language Science and Technology (ILST) seminar, 21 April 2023. University of Pennsylvania, PA.\r\nJune Choe. Cracking open ggplot internals with {ggtrace}. Talk at the 2022 RStudio Conference, 25-28 July 2022. Washington D.C. https://github.com/yjunechoe/ggtrace-rstudioconf2022\r\nJune Choe. Stepping into {ggplot2} internals with {ggtrace}. Talk at the 2022 useR! Conference, 20-23 June 2022. Vanderbilt University, TN. https://github.com/yjunechoe/ggtrace-user2022\r\nSoftware\r\nRich Iannone, June Choe, Mauricio Vargas Sepulveda. (2024). pointblank: Data Validation and Organization of Metadata for Local and Remote Tables. R package version 0.12.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pointblank. Github\r\nMassimo Aria, Corrado Cuccurullo, Trang Le, June Choe. (2024). openalexR: Getting Bibliographic Records from ‘OpenAlex’ Database Using ‘DSL’ API. R package version 1.2.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=openalexR. Github\r\nJune Choe. (2024). jlmerclusterperm: Cluster-Based Permutation Analysis for Densely Sampled Time Data. R package version 1.1.3. https://cran.r-project.org/package=jlmerclusterperm. Github\r\nSean McWeeny, June Choe, & Elizabeth S. Norton. (2021). SnowGlobe: An Iterative Search Tool for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [Computer Software]. OSF\r\nService\r\nEditor\r\nPenn Working Papers in Linguistics (PWPL), Volumne 30, Issue 1.\r\nReviewer\r\nLanguage Learning and Development\r\nJournal of Open Source Software\r\nProceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:36-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:09:59-04:00" }, { "path": "resources.html", @@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ "description": "Mostly for R and data visualization\n", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nLinguistics\r\nData Visualization\r\nPackages and software\r\nTutorial Blog Posts\r\nBy others\r\n\r\nLinguistics\r\nScripting online experiments with IBEX (workshop slides & materials with Nayoun Kim)\r\nData Visualization\r\n{ggplot2} style guide and showcase - most recent version (2/10/2021)\r\nCracking open the internals of ggplot: A {ggtrace} showcase - slides\r\nPackages and software\r\n{ggtrace}: R package for exploring, debugging, and manipulating ggplot internals by exposing the underlying object-oriented system in functional programming terms.\r\n{penngradlings}: R package for the University of Pennsylvania Graduate Linguistics Society.\r\n{LingWER}: R package for linguistic analysis of Word Error Rate for evaluating transcriptions and other speech-to-text output, using a deterministic matrix-based search algorithm optimized for R.\r\n{gridAnnotate}: R package for interactively annotating figures from the plot pane, using {grid} graphical objects.\r\nSnowGlobe: A tool for meta-analysis research. Developed with Jinnie Choi, Sean McWeeny, and Elizabeth Norton, with funding from the Northwestern University Library. Currently under development but basic features are functional. Validation experiments and guides at OSF repo.\r\nTutorial Blog Posts\r\n{ggplot2} stat_*() functions [post]\r\nCustom fonts in R [post]\r\n{purrr} reduce() family [post1, post2]\r\nThe correlation parameter in {lme4} mixed effects models [post]\r\nShortcuts for common chain of {dplyr} functions [post]\r\nPlotting highly-customizable treemaps with {treemap} and {ggplot2} [post]\r\nBy others\r\nTutorials:\r\nA ggplot2 Tutorial for Beautiful Plotting in R by Cédric Scherer\r\nggplot2 Wizardry Hands-On by Cédric Scherer\r\nggplot2 workshop by Thomas Lin Pedersen\r\nBooks:\r\nR for Data Science by Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund\r\nR Markdown: The Definitive Guide by Yihui Xie, J. J. Allaire, and Garrett Grolemund\r\nggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis by Hadley Wickham, Danielle Navarro, and Thomas Lin Pedersen\r\nFundamentals of Data Visualization by Claus O. Wilke\r\nEfficient R Programming by Colin Gillespie and Robin Lovelace\r\nAdvanced R by Hadley Wickham\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:37-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:10:01-04:00" }, { "path": "software.html", "title": "Software", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\nContents\r\nggtrace\r\njlmerclusterperm\r\npointblank\r\nopenalexR\r\nggcolormeter\r\nddplot\r\nSnowglobe (retired)\r\n\r\nMain: Github profile, R-universe profile\r\nggtrace\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRole: Author\r\nLanguage: R\r\nLinks: Github, website, talks (useR! 2022, rstudio::conf 2022), paper\r\n\r\nProgrammatically explore, debug, and manipulate ggplot internals. Package {ggtrace} offers a low-level interface that extends base R capabilities of trace, as well as a family of workflow functions that make interactions with ggplot internals more accessible.\r\n\r\njlmerclusterperm\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRole: Author\r\nLanguage: R, Julia\r\nLinks: CRAN, Github, website\r\n\r\nAn implementation of fast cluster-based permutation analysis (CPA) for densely-sampled time data developed in Maris & Oostenveld (2007). Supports (generalized, mixed-effects) regression models for the calculation of timewise statistics. Provides both a wholesale and a piecemeal interface to the CPA procedure with an emphasis on interpretability and diagnostics. Integrates Julia libraries MixedModels.jl and GLM.jl for performance improvements, with additional functionalities for interfacing with Julia from ‘R’ powered by the JuliaConnectoR package.\r\n\r\npointblank\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRole: Author\r\nLanguage: R, HTML/CSS, Javascript\r\nLinks: Github, website\r\n\r\nData quality assessment and metadata reporting for data frames and database tables\r\n\r\nopenalexR\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRole: Contributor\r\nLanguage: R\r\nLinks: Github, website\r\n\r\nA set of tools to extract bibliographic content from the OpenAlex database using API https://docs.openalex.org.\r\n\r\nggcolormeter\r\nRole: Author\r\nLanguage: R\r\nLinks: Github\r\n\r\n{ggcolormeter} adds guide_colormeter(), a {ggplot2} color/fill legend guide extension in the style of a dashboard meter.\r\n\r\nddplot\r\nRole: Contributor\r\nLanguage: R, JavaScript\r\nLinks: Github, website\r\n\r\nCreate ‘D3’ based ‘SVG’ (‘Scalable Vector Graphics’) graphics using a simple ‘R’ API. The package aims to simplify the creation of many ‘SVG’ plot types using a straightforward ‘R’ API. The package relies on the ‘r2d3’ ‘R’ package and the ‘D3’ ‘JavaScript’ library. See https://rstudio.github.io/r2d3/ and https://d3js.org/ respectively.\r\n\r\nSnowglobe (retired)\r\nRole: Author\r\nLanguage: R, SQL\r\nLinks: Github, OSF, poster\r\n\r\nAn iterative search tool for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, implemented as a Shiny app. Retired due to the discontinuation of the Microsoft Academic Graph service in 2021. I now contribute to {openalexR}.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:39-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:10:02-04:00" }, { "path": "visualizations.html", @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ "description": "Select data visualizations", "author": [], "contents": "\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", - "last_modified": "2024-09-01T13:21:41-04:00" + "last_modified": "2024-09-01T18:10:05-04:00" } ], "collections": ["posts/posts.json"] diff --git a/docs/sitemap.xml b/docs/sitemap.xml index 927fd55f..48caf353 100644 --- a/docs/sitemap.xml +++ b/docs/sitemap.xml @@ -30,11 +30,7 @@ https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-07-21-enumerate-possible-options/ - 2024-09-01T13:23:48-04:00 - - - https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-06-09-ave-for-the-average/ - 2024-06-23T00:35:29-04:00 + 2024-09-01T17:53:55-04:00 https://yjunechoe.github.io/posts/2024-03-04-args-args-args-args/