readme.md

You Don't Need GUI

中文版请看这里

It's for noobs :)

Graphical user interfaces are super friendly to computer users. They were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs).

However, they often require more resources, are less powerful and hard to automate via scripting.

As a computer expert, we want to be more efficient and do our jobs better. We know that command words may not be easily discoverable or mnemonic, so we try to list some common tasks that you might be tempted to do in GUI.

Quick links

1. copy a file
2. duplicate a file
3. copy a directory
4. duplicate a directory
5. move a file
6. rename a file
7. move a directory
8. rename a directory
9. merge directories
10. create a new file
11. create a new directory
12. show file/directory size
13. show file/directory info
14. open a file with the default program
15. open a file in any application
16. zip a directory
17. unzip a directory
18. peek files in a zip file
19. remove a file
20. remove a directory
21. remove all files of certain criteria
22. list directory contents
23. tree view a directory and its subdirectories
24. find a stale file
25. show a calendar
26. find a future date
27. use a calculator
28. force quit a program
29. check server response
30. view content of a file
31. search for a text in a file
32. search in all files in current working directory, quickly (entire disk in less than 15 minutes)
33. view an image
34. show disk size
35. check cpu usage, processes and RAM
36. know whether your computer is under load, and whether it's due to memory or CPU
37. poweroff or reboot your computer
38. locate USB drives
39. unmount USB drives
40. format USB drives
41. check USB format
42. run command on all files of a directory
43. check network connectivity to a remote address and port
44. check DNS config of a domain
45. check the ownership and registration of a domain
46. Quick tips
47. Hotkeys
48. I can't remember these cryptic commands

copy a file

STOP DRAG AND DROPPING A FILE, OR CMD/CTRL + C, CMD/CTRL + V A FILE 👎

Copy readme.txt to the documents directory

$ cp readme.txt documents/

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duplicate a file

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND DUPLICATE A FILE 👎

$ cp readme.txt readme.bak.txt

More advanced:

$ cp readme{,.bak}.txt
# Note: learn how the {} works with touch foo{1,2,3}.txt and see what happens.

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copy a directory

STOP DRAG AND DROPPING A DIRECTORY, OR CMD/CTRL + C, CMD/CTRL + V A DIRECTORY 👎

Copy myMusic directory to the myMedia directory

$ cp -a myMusic myMedia/
# or
$ cp -a myMusic/ myMedia/myMusic/

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duplicate a directory

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND DUPLICATE A DIRECTORY 👎

$ cp -a myMusic/ myMedia/
# or if `myMedia` folder doesn't exist
$ cp -a myMusic myMedia/

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move a file

STOP DRAG AND DROPPING A FILE, OR CMD/CTRL + X, CMD/CTRL + V A FILE 👎

$ mv readme.txt documents/

Always use a trailing slash when moving files, for this reason.

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rename a file

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND RENAME A FILE 👎

$ mv readme.txt README.md

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move a directory

STOP DRAG AND DROPPING A DIRECTORY, OR CMD/CTRL + X, CMD/CTRL + V A DIRECTORY 👎

$ mv myMedia myMusic/
# or
$ mv myMedia/ myMusic/myMedia

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rename a directory

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND RENAME A DIRECTORY 👎

$ mv myMedia/ myMusic/

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merge directories

STOP DRAG AND DROPPING TO MERGE DIRECTORIES 👎

$ rsync -a /images/ /images2/	# note: may over-write files with the same name, so be careful!

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create a new file

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND CREATE A NEW FILE 👎

$ touch 'new file'    # updates the file's access and modification timestamp if it already exists
# or
$ > 'new file'        # note: erases the content if it already exists

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create a new directory

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND CREATE A NEW DIRECTORY 👎

$ mkdir 'untitled folder'
# or
$ mkdir -p 'path/may/not/exist/untitled folder'

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show file/directory size

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND SHOW FILE/directory INFO 👎

$ du -sh node_modules/

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show file/directory info

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND SHOW FILE/DIRECTORY INFO 👎

$ stat -x readme.md   # on macOS
$ stat readme.md      # on Linux

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open a file with the default program

STOP DOUBLE CLICKING ON A FILE 👎

$ xdg-open file   # on Linux
$ open file       # on MacOS
$ start file      # on Windows

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open a file in any application

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND OPEN WITH 👎

$ open -a appName file

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zip a directory

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND COMPRESS DIRECTORY 👎

$ zip -r archive_name.zip folder_to_compress

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unzip a directory

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND UNCOMPRESS DIRECTORY 👎

$ unzip archive_name.zip

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decompress files of any format

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND UNCOMPRESS DIRECTORY 👎

$ unar archive_name.zip
$ unar archive_name.7z
$ unar archive_name.rar
$ unar archive_name.ISO
$ unar archive_name.tar.gz

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peek files in a zip file

STOP USING WinRAR 👎

$ zipinfo archive_name.zip
# or
$ unzip -l archive_name.zip

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peek files in a compress file of any format

STOP USING WinRAR 👎

$ lsar -l archive_name.zip
$ lsar -l archive_name.7z
$ lsar -l archive_name.ISO
$ lsar -l archive_name.rar
$ lsar -l archive_name.tar.gz

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remove a file

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND DELETE A FILE PERMANENTLY 👎

$ rm my_useless_file

IMPORTANT: The rm command deletes my_useless_file permanently, which is equivalent to move my_useless_file to Recycle Bin and hit Empty Recycle Bin.

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remove a directory

STOP RIGHT CLICKING AND DELETE A DIRECTORY PERMANENTLY 👎

$ rm -r my_useless_folder

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remove all files of certain criteria

$ find . -name "*.bak" -type f -delete

IMPORTANT: run find . -name "*.bak" -type f first to see exactly which files you will remove.

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list directory contents

STOP OPENING YOUR FINDER OR FILE EXPLORER 👎

$ ls my_folder        # Simple
$ ls -la my_folder    # -l: show in list format. -a: show all files, including hidden. -la combines those options.
$ ls -alrth my_folder # -r: reverse output. -t: sort by time (modified). -h: output human-readable sizes.

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tree view a directory and its subdirectories

STOP OPENING YOUR FINDER OR FILE EXPLORER 👎

$ tree                                                        # on Linux
$ find . -print | sed -e 's;[^/]*/;|____;g;s;____|; |;g'      # on MacOS
# Note: install homebrew (https://brew.sh) to be able to use (some) Linux utilities such as tree.
# brew install tree

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find a stale file

STOP USING YOUR FILE EXPLORER TO FIND A FILE 👎

Find all files modified more than 5 days ago

$ find my_folder -mtime +5

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show a calendar

STOP LOOKING UP WHAT THIS MONTH LOOKS LIKE BY CALENDAR WIDGETS 👎

Display a text calendar

$ cal

Display selected month and year calendar

$ cal 11 2018

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find a future date

STOP USING WEBAPPS TO CALCULATE FUTURE DATES 👎

What is today's date?

$ date +%m/%d/%Y

What about a week from now?

$ date -d "+7 days"                                           # on Linux
$ date -j -v+7d                                               # on MacOS

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use a calculator

STOP USING CALCULATOR WIDGET 👎

$ bc -l

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force quit a program

STOP CTRL + ALT + DELETE and choose the program to kill 👎

$ killall -9 program_name

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check server response

STOP OPENING A BROWSER 👎

$ curl -i umair.surge.sh
# curl's -i (--include) option includes HTTP response headers in its output.

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view content of a file

STOP DOUBLE CLICKING A FILE 👎

$ cat apps/settings.py
# if the file is too big to fit on one page, you can use a 'pager' (less) which shows you one page at a time.
$ less apps/settings.py

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search for a text in a file

STOP CMD/CTRL + F IN A FILE 👎

$ grep -i "Query" file.txt

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search in all files in current working directory, quickly (entire disk in less than 15 minutes)

STOP CMD/CTRL + F IN A DIRECTORY 👎

$ ripgrep -i "Query"
# brew install ripgrep

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view an image

STOP USING PREVIEW 👎

$ imgcat image.png
# Note: requires iTerm2 terminal.

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show disk size

STOP RIGHT CLICKING DISK ICON OR OPENING DISK UTILITY 👎

$ df -h

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check cpu usage, processes and RAM

STOP OPENING YOUR ACTIVITY MONITOR OR TASK MANAGER 👎

$ top

if you want some more details:

$ htop

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know whether your computer is under load, and whether it's due to memory or CPU

$ glances
# brew install glances

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poweroff or reboot your computer

This can be useful when you're patching a server that is accessed via SSH and you don't have a GUI.

# poweroff
$ sudo shutdown -h now
# reboot
$ sudo shutdown -r now

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locate USB drives

$ df

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unmount USB drives

$ sudo umount /dev/sdb1

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format USB drives

# FAT32
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1
# NTFS
$ sudo mkfs.ntfs /dev/sdb1
# exFAT
$ sudo mkfs.exfat /dev/sdb1

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check USB format

$ sudo fsck /dev/sdb1

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run command on all files of a directory

STOP CLICKING THE FILES ONE BY ONE 👎

$ for FILE in *; do echo $FILE; done

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check network connectivity to a remote address and port

STOP USING NETWORK UTILITY

$ nc -vz www.google.com 443
$ nc -vz 1.1.1.1 53

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check DNS config of a domain

STOP USING NETWORK UTILITY

$ dig www.google.com

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check the ownership and registration of a domain

STOP USING NETWORK UTILITY AND THE WEBSITE OF DOMAIN REGISTRATION PROVIDERS

$ whois www.google.com

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Quick tips

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Hotkeys

Hotkey	Description
Ctrl+A	Go to the beginning of the line you are currently typing on
Ctrl+E	Go to the end of the line you are currently typing on
Ctrl+L	Clears the Screen, similar to the clear command
Ctrl+U	Clears the line before the cursor position. If you are at the end of the line, clears the entire line.
Ctrl+H	Same as backspace
Ctrl+R	Lets you search through previously used commands
Ctrl+C	Kill whatever you are running
Ctrl+D	Exit the current shell
Ctrl+Z	Puts whatever you are running into a suspended background process. fg restores it.
Ctrl+W	Delete the word before the cursor
Ctrl+K	Clear the line after the cursor
Ctrl+T	Swap the last two characters before the cursor
Ctrl+F	Move cursor forward one character
Ctrl+B	Move cursor backward one character
Esc+T	Swap the last two words before the cursor
Alt+T	Same as Esc + T
Alt+F	Move cursor forward one word on the current line
Alt+B	Move cursor backward one word on the current line
Esc+F	Same as Alt + F
Esc+B	Same as Alt + B
Alt+.	Paste the last word of the most recently command
Tab	Auto-complete files and directory names
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I can't remember these cryptic commands

You can always google or man the commands you are not familiar with. Or, checkout tldr, a collection of simplified and community-driven man pages.

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