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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Aerospace</span></h1>
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<p><b>Aerospace</b> describes the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> of Earth (<a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>) and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>). Aerospace organisations research, design, manufacture, operate, or maintain <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications.</p>
<p>Aerospace is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a>, which is the physical air space directly above a location on the ground.</p>
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<h2>Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Manufacturing"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Manufacturing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Functional_safety"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Functional safety</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In most industrial countries, the aerospace industry is a cooperation of public and private industries. For example, several countries have a civilian <a href="/wiki/Space_program" title="Space program" class="mw-redirect">space program</a> funded by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> through tax collection, such as <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> in India, <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">RKA</a> in Russia, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">SUPARCO</a> in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Iranian Space Agency</a> in Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">Korea Aerospace Research Institute</a> (KARI) in South Korea.</p>
<p>Along with these public space programs, many companies produce technical tools and components such as <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spaceships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>. Some known companies involved in space programs include <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/EADS" title="EADS" class="mw-redirect">EADS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Dettwiler" title="MacDonald Dettwiler" class="mw-redirect">MacDonald Dettwiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>. These companies are also involved in other areas of aerospace such as the construction of aircraft.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">History of aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">Timeline of space exploration</a></div>
<p>Modern aerospace began with Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> in 1799. Cayley proposed an aircraft with a "fixed wing and a horizontal and vertical tail," defining characteristics of the modern airplane.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The 19th century saw the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Aeronautical Society of Great Britain" class="mw-redirect">Aeronautical Society of Great Britain</a> (1866), the American Rocketry Society, and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Aeronautical_Sciences" title="Institute of Aeronautical Sciences" class="mw-redirect">Institute of Aeronautical Sciences</a>, all of which made aeronautics a more serious scientific discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Airmen like <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>, who introduced <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">cambered</a> <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoils</a> in 1891, used gliders to analyze <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_force" title="Aerodynamic force">aerodynamic forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> were interested in Lilienthal's work and read several of his publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> They also found inspiration in <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute" title="Octave Chanute">Octave Chanute</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">airman</a> and the author of <i>Progress in Flying Machines</i> (1894).<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> It was the preliminary work of Cayley, Lilienthal, Chanute, and other early aerospace engineers that brought about the first powered sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903, by the Wright brothers.</p>
<p>War and science fiction inspired great minds like <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> to achieve flight beyond the atmosphere.</p>
<p>The launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 started the Space Age, and on July 20, 1969 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> achieved the first manned moon landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> launched, the start of regular manned access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in orbital space started with "<a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>" in 1986 and is continued by the "<a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" title="Commercialization of space">Space commercialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a> are more recent focuses in aerospace.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Aerospace manufacturer</a></div>
<p>Aerospace manufacturing is a high-technology industry that produces "aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines, propulsion units, and related parts".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the industry is geared toward governmental work. For each <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturer</a> (OEM), the US government has assigned a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_and_Government_Entity_code" title="Commercial and Government Entity code">Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code</a>. These codes help to identify each manufacturer, repair facilities, and other critical aftermarket vendors in the aerospace industry.</p>
<p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" class="mw-redirect">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) are the two largest consumers of aerospace technology and products. Others include the very large airline industry. The aerospace industry employed 472,000 wage and salary workers in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of those jobs were in Washington state and in California, with <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> also important. The leading aerospace manufacturers in the U.S. are <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation" title="United Technologies Corporation">United Technologies Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>.</p>
<p>These manufacturers are facing an increasing labor shortage as skilled U.S. workers age and retire. Apprenticeship programs such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajactraining.org">Aerospace Joint Apprenticeship Council (AJAC)</a> work in collaboration with Washington state aerospace employers and community colleges to train new manufacturing employees to keep the industry supplied.</p>
<p>Important locations of the civilian aerospace industry worldwide include <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> state (<a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>), <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, etc.); <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada (<a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada">Pratt & Whitney Canada</a>); <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France (<a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>/<a href="/wiki/EADS" title="EADS" class="mw-redirect">EADS</a>); <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany (<a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>/<a href="/wiki/EADS" title="EADS" class="mw-redirect">EADS</a>); and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a>, Brazil (Embraer), and (<a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>), Mexico (Bombardier Aerospace, General Electric Aviation, among others).</p>
<p>In the European Union, aerospace companies such as <a href="/wiki/EADS" title="EADS" class="mw-redirect">EADS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Group" title="Dassault Group">Dassault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB" class="mw-redirect">Saab AB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finmeccanica" title="Finmeccanica">Finmeccanica</a> account for a large share of the global aerospace industry and research effort, with the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> as one of the largest consumers of aerospace technology and products.</p>
<p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> is a major center of the aerospace industry, where <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited" title="Hindustan Aeronautics Limited">Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratories" title="National Aerospace Laboratories">National Aerospace Laboratories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> are headquartered. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) launched India's first Moon orbiter, <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a>, in October 2008.</p>
<p>In Russia, large aerospace companies like <a href="/wiki/Oboronprom" title="Oboronprom">Oboronprom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_Building_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Building Corporation" class="mw-redirect">United Aircraft Building Corporation</a> (encompassing <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan" title="Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irkut_(company)" title="Irkut (company)" class="mw-redirect">Irkut</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Beriev" title="Beriev">Beriev</a>) are among the major global players in this industry. The historic <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was also the home of a major aerospace industry.</p>
<p>The United Kingdom formerly attempted to maintain its own large aerospace industry, making its own <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airliners</a> and warplanes, but it has largely turned its lot over to cooperative efforts with continental companies, and it has turned into a large import customer, too, from countries such as the United States. However, the UK has a very active aerospace sector, including the second largest defence contractor in the world, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, supplying fully assembled aircraft, aircraft components, sub-assemblies and sub-systems to other manufacturers, both in Europe and all over the world.</p>
<p>Canada has formerly manufactured some of its own designs for jet warplanes, etc. (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/CF-100" title="CF-100" class="mw-redirect">CF-100</a> fighter), but for some decades, it has relied on imports from the United States to fill these needs. However Canada still manufactures some military planes although they are generally not combat or fighter planes.</p>
<p>France has continued to make its own warplanes for its air force and navy, and Sweden continues to make its own warplanes for the Swedish Air Force—especially in support of its position as a <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" title="Neutrality (international relations)" class="mw-redirect">neutral</a> country. (See <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB" class="mw-redirect">Saab AB</a>.) Other European countries either team up in making <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>), or else to import them from the United States.</p>
<p>Pakistan is also undertaking advancements in the field of aerospace engineering. It is now fulfilling its needs in the guided missile technology. After the establishment of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ist.edu.pk/">Institute of Space Technology</a>.The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Pakistan Aeronautical Complex</a> in Kamra, Pakistan is one of the largest aircraft manufacturing facilities in Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/JF-17_Thunder" title="JF-17 Thunder" class="mw-redirect">JF-17 Thunder</a>, <a href="/wiki/MFI-17_Mushshak" title="MFI-17 Mushshak" class="mw-redirect">MFI-17</a>, <a href="/wiki/MFI-395_Super_Mushshak" title="MFI-395 Super Mushshak" class="mw-redirect">MFI-395</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongdu_JL-8" title="Hongdu JL-8">K-8</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> are being manufactured at <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">PAC</a>.</p>
<p>In the People's Republic of China, Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> are major research and manufacture centers of the aerospace industry. China has developed an extensive capability to design, test and produce military aircraft, missiles and space vehicles. Despite the cancellation in 1983 of the experimental <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Y-10" title="Shanghai Y-10">Shanghai Y-10</a>, China is still developing its civil aerospace industry.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_parts_industry" title="Aircraft parts industry" class="mw-redirect">aircraft parts industry</a> was born out of the sale of second-hand or used aircraft parts from the aerospace manufacture sector. Within the United States there is a specific process that parts brokers or resellers must follow. This includes leveraging a certified repair station to <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance" title="Aircraft maintenance">overhaul</a> and "tag" a part. This certification guarantees that a part was repaired or overhauled to meet OEM specifications. Once a part is overhauled its value is determined from the supply and demand of the aerospace market. When an airline has an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_on_ground" title="Aircraft on ground">aircraft on the ground</a>, the part that the airline requires to get the plane back into service becomes invaluable. This can drive the market for specific parts. There are several online marketplaces that assist with the commodity selling of aircraft parts.</p>
<p>In the aerospaces & defense industry, a lot of consolidation has appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988 and 2011, worldwide more than 6,068 <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers & acquisitions</a> with a total known value of 678 bil. USD have been announced.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The largest transactions have been: the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation" title="Goodrich Corporation">Goodrich Corporation</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation" title="United Technologies Corporation">United Technologies Corporation</a> for 16.2 bil. USD in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Signal" title="Allied Signal" class="mw-redirect">Allied Signal</a> merged with <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> in a stock swap valued 15.6 bil. USD in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> the merger of <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> with <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell</a> valued at 13.4 bil. USD in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Marconi Electronic Systems</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, was acquired by <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> for 12.9 bil. USD in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (now called: <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" title="Hughes Aircraft" class="mw-redirect">Hughes Aircraft</a> for 9.5 bil. USD in 1997.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Functional_safety">Functional safety</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Functional safety">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Functional safety relates to a part of the general safety of a system or a piece of equipment. It implies that the system or equipment can be operated properly and without causing any danger, risk, damage or injury.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Functional safety is crucial in the aerospace industry, which allows no compromises or negligence. In this respect, supervisory bodies, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">European Aviation Safety Agency</a> (EASA),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> regulate the aerospace market with strict certification standards. This is meant to reach and ensure the highest possible level of safety. The standards AS 9100 in America, EN 9100 on the European market or JISQ 9100 in Asia particularly address the aerospace and aviation industry. These are standards applying to the functional safety of aerospace vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Some companies are therefore specialized in the certification, inspection verification and testing of the vehicles and spare parts to ensure and attest compliance with the appropriate regulations.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aerospace" title="Outline of aerospace">Outline of aerospace</a></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">Astronautics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_agencies" title="List of space agencies" class="mw-redirect">Space agencies</a> (List of)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Aviation,_aerospace,_and_aeronautical_terms" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms">Wiktionary: Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div style="width:52px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></div>
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<td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(March 2011)</i></small></span></td>
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<div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Intro_to_Flight-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_to_Flight_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Jr, John D. Anderson, (2008). <i>Introduction to flight</i> (6th ed. ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352939-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352939-4">978-0-07-352939-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace&rft.aufirst=John+D.+Anderson%2C&rft.au=Jr%2C+John+D.+Anderson%2C&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+flight&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=6th+ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-07-352939-4&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov">"United States Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace&rft.btitle=United+States+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs006.htm">"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090814074317/http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs006.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-07-04</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics%2C+Aerospace+Product+and+Parts+Manufacturing&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foco%2Fcg%2Fcgs006.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#M&A_Ind_Aerospace&Defense">"Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) - M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses"</a>. Imaa-institute.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-09-27</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace&rft.btitle=Statistics+on+Mergers+%26+Acquisitions+%28M%26A%29+-+M%26A+Courses+%26%23124%3B+Company+Valuation+Courses+%26%23124%3B+Mergers+%26+Acquisitions+Courses&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imaa-institute.org%2Fstatistics-mergers-acquisitions.html%23M%26A_Ind_Aerospace%26Defense&rft.pub=Imaa-institute.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utc.com/News/Press+Releases/Archive/2011/United+Technologies+To+Acquire+Goodrich+Corporation+Complements+And+Strengthens+Position+In+Aerospace+And+Defense+Industry">"United Technologies To Acquire Goodrich Corporation Complements And Strengthens Position In Aerospace And Defense Industry"</a>. UTC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-09-27</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace&rft.btitle=United+Technologies+To+Acquire+Goodrich+Corporation+Complements+And+Strengthens+Position+In+Aerospace+And+Defense+Industry&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futc.com%2FNews%2FPress%2BReleases%2FArchive%2F2011%2FUnited%2BTechnologies%2BTo%2BAcquire%2BGoodrich%2BCorporation%2BComplements%2BAnd%2BStrengthens%2BPosition%2BIn%2BAerospace%2BAnd%2BDefense%2BIndustry&rft.pub=UTC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/07/business/allied-signal-and-honeywell-to-announce-merger-today.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Allied Signal And Honeywell To Announce Merger Today - New York Times"</a>. Nytimes.com. 1999-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-09-27</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace&rft.btitle=Allied+Signal+And+Honeywell+To+Announce+Merger+Today+-+New+York+Times&rft.date=1999-06-07&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F06%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Fallied-signal-and-honeywell-to-announce-merger-today.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rft.pub=Nytimes.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/mdc/96-317.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since September 2013">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_undertakings.pdf">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since September 2013">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sgs.com/en/Automotive/Electrical-Components/Power-Electronics/Vehicle-PE/Functional-Safety.aspx">[3]</a> SGS, Functional Safety</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.easa.eu.int/">[4]</a> European Aviation Safety Agency</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sgs.com/en/Solutions-Path/Solutions-for-the-Aerospace-Industry.aspx">[5]</a> SGS, Solutions for the Aviation and Aerospace Industries</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerospace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aerospace">aerospace</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacetechnology.com">Airspace Technology</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</a> – United States</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int">European Space Agency (ESA)</a> – <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">E.U.</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</a> – Japan</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aia-aerospace.org/">Aerospace Industries Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiaa.org/">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/education_research/education/">Federal Aviation Administration</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetec.org/">Aerospace Technical Education Center</a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br />
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<li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" title="Digital technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">Digital technologies in education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" title="Information and communication technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">ICT in education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" title="Impact of technology on the educational system" class="mw-redirect">Impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_learning" title="Multimedia learning" class="mw-redirect">Multimedia learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and communications</a></th>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering">Transport engineering</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li>
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</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>
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</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li>
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<tr style="height:2px;">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br />
concepts</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technologies" title="List of technologies">List of technologies</a></li>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technical_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Technical universities and colleges">Technical universities and colleges</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_evangelist" title="Technology evangelist">Technology evangelist</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology governance</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technoself" title="Technoself">Technoself</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li>
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