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GITBOOK-4259: change request with no subject merged in GitBook
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carlospolop authored and gitbook-bot committed Feb 25, 2024
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7 changes: 5 additions & 2 deletions network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/special-http-headers.md
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Other ways to support HackTricks:
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</details>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ A hop-by-hop header is a header which is designed to be processed and consumed b
**Server Cache Headers**:

* **`X-Cache`** in the response may have the value **`miss`** when the request wasn't cached and the value **`hit`** when it is cached
* Similar behaviour in the header **`Cf-Cache-Status`**
* **`Cache-Control`** indicates if a resource is being cached and when will be the next time the resource will be cached again: `Cache-Control: public, max-age=1800`
* **`Vary`** is often used in the response to **indicate additional headers** that are treated as **part of the cache key** even if they are normally unkeyed.
* **`Age`** defines the times in seconds the object has been in the proxy cache.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -124,9 +125,11 @@ For example a combination of **`Range`** and **`Etag`** in a HEAD request can le
## Downloads

* The **`Content-Disposition`** header in HTTP responses directs whether a file should be displayed **inline** (within the webpage) or treated as an **attachment** (downloaded). For instance:

```
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="filename.jpg"
```

This means the file named "filename.jpg" is intended to be downloaded and saved.

## Security Headers
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -217,7 +220,7 @@ Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
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</details>
10 changes: 6 additions & 4 deletions pentesting-web/cache-deception.md
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

</details>
Expand All @@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ Cache poisoning is aimed at manipulating the client-side cache to force clients
The execution of a cache poisoning assault involves several steps:

1. **Identification of Unkeyed Inputs**: These are parameters that, although not required for a request to be cached, can alter the response returned by the server. Identifying these inputs is crucial as they can be exploited to manipulate the cache.

2. **Exploitation of the Unkeyed Inputs**: After identifying the unkeyed inputs, the next step involves figuring out how to misuse these parameters to modify the server's response in a way that benefits the attacker.

3. **Ensuring the Poisoned Response is Cached**: The final step is to ensure that the manipulated response is stored in the cache. This way, any user accessing the affected page while the cache is poisoned will receive the tainted response.

### Discovery: Check HTTP headers
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -100,6 +98,10 @@ Cookie: session=VftzO7ZtiBj5zNLRAuFpXpSQLjS4lBmU; fehost=asd"%2balert(1)%2b"

Note that if the vulnerable cookie is very used by the users, regular requests will be cleaning the cache.

### Cache poisoning with path traversal to steal API key <a href="#using-multiple-headers-to-exploit-web-cache-poisoning-vulnerabilities" id="using-multiple-headers-to-exploit-web-cache-poisoning-vulnerabilities"></a>

[**This writeup explains**](https://nokline.github.io/bugbounty/2024/02/04/ChatGPT-ATO.html) how it was possible to steal an OpenAI API key with an URL like `https://chat.openai.com/share/%2F..%2Fapi/auth/session?cachebuster=123` because anything matching `/share/*` will be cached without Cloudflare normalising the URL, which was done when the request reached the web server.

### Using multiple headers to exploit web cache poisoning vulnerabilities <a href="#using-multiple-headers-to-exploit-web-cache-poisoning-vulnerabilities" id="using-multiple-headers-to-exploit-web-cache-poisoning-vulnerabilities"></a>

Sometimes you will need to **exploit several unkeyed inputs** to be able to abuse a cache. For example, you may find an **Open redirect** if you set `X-Forwarded-Host` to a domain controlled by you and `X-Forwarded-Scheme` to `http`.**If** the **server** is **forwarding** all the **HTTP** requests **to HTTPS** and using the header `X-Forwarded-Scheme` as the domain name for the redirect. You can control where the page is pointed by the redirect.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

</details>

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