Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Vessel Detection

This repository provides tools that can be used to detect vessels in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery produced by the Sentinel-1 satellite constellation, and electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) imagery produced by the Sentinel-2 satellite constellation. See: Satellite Imagery and AI: A New Era in Ocean Conservation, from Research to Deployment and Impact

These models run at global scale in production in Skylight, a free maritime intellignece platform that supports ocean conservation efforts worldwide.

Dataset

The annotations are included in data/metadata.sqlite3 with the following schema. The raw data are intended to be downloaded from source (ESA), via the included download scipts.

Metadata Schema

The metadata we provide is organized according to a schema spanning a few tables. Toggle the below to read more about the details of these tables.

Schema

The sqlite database has the following tables (and associated schemas):

collections

A collection specifies a source or catalog of imagery.

Examples:

Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, or Landsat-8.

Schema:

cid name type notnull dflt_value pk

0 id INTEGER 0 1

1 name TEXT 0 0

Example Row:

id name

1 sentinel1
datasets

A dataset is a specification of a task, along with a set of labels for that task. Currently each dataset must correspond to a single collection.

Examples:

A set of point-detection labels for vessels in Sentinel-1 imagery, or a set of attribute labels for vessels within Sentinel-2 imagery, or a set of bounding-box labels for vessels in Sentinel-2 imagery.

Schema:

cid name type notnull dflt_value pk

0 id INTEGER 0 1

1 collection_id INTEGER 1 0

2 name TEXT 1 0

3 task TEXT 1 0

4 categories TEXT 0 0

Example Row:

id collection_id name task categories

1 1 vessels point ["vessel"]

Notes:

Currently the only supported tasks are point (for point detection) and custom (for prediction of attributes associated with points).

images

An image is a reference to a satellite image, optionally including additional information pertaining to how the image is intended to be processed downstream (i.e. in our repo). A single record includes information such as the name of an image file (as defined by the provider), acquisition time, file format type, location extent, and binned corner coordinates corresponding to a specified cooordinate system.

Schema:

cid	name	type	notnull	dflt_value	pk
0	id	INTEGER	0		1
1	uuid	TEXT	1		0
2	name	TEXT	1		0
3	format	TEXT	1		0
4	channels	TEXT	1		0
5	width	INTEGER	1		0
6	height	INTEGER	1		0
7	preprocessed	INTEGER	1	0	0
8	hidden	INTEGER	1	0	0
9	bounds	TEXT	1		0
10	time	DATETIME	1		0
11	projection	TEXT	0		0
12	column	INTEGER	1		0
13	row	INTEGER	1		0
14	zoom	INTEGER	1		0

Example Row:

id	uuid	name	format	channels	width	height	preprocessed	hidden	bounds	time	projection	column	row	zoom
1	a97d69a45df546bb8d02eb6fb794c4ef	S1A_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211104T170749_20211104T170814_040424_04CAD6_4BAE.SAFE	geotiff	[{"Name":"vh","Count":1},{"Name":"vv","Count":1},{"Name":"vh_overlap0","Count":1},{"Name":"vh_overlap1","Count":1},{"Name":"vh_overlap2","Count":1},{"Name":"vh_overlap3","Count":1},{"Name":"vv_overlap0","Count":1},{"Name":"vv_overlap1","Count":1},{"Name":"vv_overlap2","Count":1},{"Name":"vv_overlap3","Count":1}]	31428	24935	0	0	{"Min":{"Lon":-175.24431616814434,"Lat":-18.12758186277979},"Max":{"Lon":-172.54682929070293,"Lat":-16.082187769430707}}	2021-11-04T17:07:49+00:00	epsg:3857	55407	2287033	13

Notes:

There are three distinct but related coordinate systems arising from Web Mercator.
- One is of course the actual global coordinate system known as Web Mercator and referenced by epsg:3857. The unit of these coordinates is referred to as a meter; more information about maximal bounds and coverage of the coordinate system is documented here. To avoid confusion, we refer to these coordinates as absolute Web Mercator coordinates.
- Another is a coordinate system that can be used to describe discretized (or pixel) coordinates in the space of pixels on a tiling of web mercator. The process goes as follows. Shift absolute Web Mercator coordinates such that they are all positive, and the minimal x and y coordinates are 0. Next, reflect the y coordinates about their midpoint (i.e. y -> ymax - y)). Specify a _zoom level between 1 and 24, and a power of 2 called tile_size. Partition the portion of the world covered by the Web Mercator projection into (2^(zoom) x 2^(zoom) regular square tiles, with each tile being made up of (tilesize x tile_size pixels), and with the top left corner pixel of one tile coinciding with the (0, 0) coordinate of the translated and reflected absolute web mercator coordinate. We will refer to the pixel coordinates of this tiling as _pixel coordinates on a Web Mercator tiling (of tileSize 512 and zoom 13). These are the coordinates in which most of our metadata is recorded. The function described above to produce these pixel coordinates (and it's inverse) are defined explicitly in the functions crs_to_pixel and pixel_to_crs of ./data/reports/dataset_report.ipynb. See here for a more comprehensive introduction to the relevant concepts.
- Finally, we may sometimes have occasion to refer to the coordinates of entire tiles in the previously described tiling. Whenever we do so, we will refer to these coordinates as tile coordinates on a web mercator tiling (of zoom 13)
Projection indicates a coordinate system that is used to describe the image bounds, and objects relative to those bounds, in all references in our source code to the image. The only coordinate system in use here currently is Web Mercator, or epsg:3857. See here for more information about this coordinate system.
Zoom indicates the relative scale of a set of regular 512x512 "tiles" with which we partition the earth. A higher zoom level indicates more tiles are required to partition the earth (precisely, (2^(zoom) tiles) x (2^(zoom) tiles) are used to partition the earth). Currently, the only zoom level used throughout the metadata we provide is 13. It is relevant when considering pixel coordinates on a Web Mercator tiling.
UUID is a text identifier for an image. In the case of Sentinel-1, the uuids in the metadata correspond to the product uuid assigned by Copernicus API to the image. The uuids here are used by our pre-processing logic to construct filesystem directories.
Time corresponds to the time at which the satellite acquired the image, in ISO 8601 format.
Channels is used internally by the training logic, and includes both the raw channels included in the imagery product (i.e. VV, VH), as well as indications of overlap channels produced by our pre-processing logic.
Width, height specify the width and height of the image in pixel coordinates in the relevant Web Mercator tiling.
Column, row: the minimal x and y coordinates of the image extent in in pixel coordinates in the relevant Web Mercator tiling.

windows

A window is a cropped subset of an image.

Schema:

cid	name	type	notnull	dflt_value	pk
0	id	INTEGER	0		1
1	dataset_id	INTEGER	1		0
2	image_id	INTEGER	1		0
3	column	INTEGER	1		0
4	row	INTEGER	1		0
5	width	INTEGER	1		0
6	height	INTEGER	1		0
7	hidden	INTEGER	1	0	0
8	split	TEXT	1	'default'	0

Example Row:

id	dataset_id	image_id	column	row	width	height	hidden	split
1	1	51	2718762	1773812	945	945	0	nov-2021-point-train

Notes:

Column and row: the minimal x and y coordinates of a section of an image, in pixel coordinates in the relevant Web Mercator tiling.
Width and height: widht and height of a section of an image, in pixel coordinates in the relevant Web Mercator tiling.
Split: An aribtrary text label that can be applied to a window. Used to break datasets into pieces based on properties of interest (e.g. acquisition time), for e.g. train and validation sets.

labels

A label is metadata specifying some information about a window, such as a point that corresponds to the center of an object, or a set of numerical attributes associated with a crop.

Schema:

cid	name	type	notnull	pk
0	id	INTEGER	0	1
1	window_id	INTEGER	1	0
2	column	INTEGER	0	0
3	row	INTEGER	0	0
4	width	INTEGER	0	0
5	height	INTEGER	0	0
6	extent	TEXT	0	0
7	value	FLOAT	0	0
8	properties	TEXT	0	0

Example Row:

id	window_id	column	row	width	height	extent	value	properties
1	101	3316376	2046567

Notes:

Column and row: the x and y coordinates of a point in a window, in pixel coordinates in the relevant Web Mercator tiling.
Width and height: widht and height of a section of an image, in pixel coordinates in the relevant Web Mercator tiling.
Properties: A bracket enclosed blob containing numerical properties associated with a point in an image. For example, some of the points at which vessels are labeled in this dataset have corresponding labels for attributes. These are denoted with properties set to values such as {"Length":85,"Width":17,"Heading":71,"ShipAndCargoType":70,"Speed":0.4000000059604645}.

Imagery

If you'd like to use the Sentinel-1 dataset (e.g. to re-train our Sentinel-1 models), you'll need access to the full dataset, including both the metadata/labels provided with this repository, and the raw Sentinel-1 imagery referenced in our metadata.

Note: The raw imagery data occupies roughly 3.5TB of space.

Acquiring the Imagery

The script download_imagery.py allows one to acquire the raw (Sentinel-1) imagery referenced in our annotated dataset. It has a few command line options, which you can read about in the source file, or using

python3 download_imagery.py --help

How to Download Sentinel-1 Training Data

Manually

To get started in your own environment:

Create and activate a virtual environment with python 3.8.10,

E.g. run:
```
python3.8 -m venv .env
source .env/bin/activate
```

Install gdal 3.4.3 on your machine.

E.g. on Ubuntu 20.04 run:

sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common -y && \
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable && \
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gdal-bin libgdal-dev libpq-dev python3-gdal python3.8-venv -y

Install the python packages required for downloading the data via pip:
```
pip install -r download_requirements.txt
```
Create a Copernicus Hub account.
Export your user credentials and run the download script.
```
export COPERNICUS_USERNAME=your-username
export COPERNICUS_PASSWORD=your-password
python download_imagery.py \
--save_dir="./data/training_data" \
--db_path="./data/metadata.sqlite3"
```
Here the arg to --save_dir specifies the relative path to a directory in which all downloaded imagery will be stored, and --db_path specifies the relative path to the sqlite3 metadata file distributed with this repo.

You should see all Sentinel-1 images referenced in our annotated metadata begin downloading to your specified save_dir. The logs will indicate the status of the downloading procedure. When completed, you should have three new directories in your --save_dir: preprocess, images, and image_cache. preprocess contains preprocessed (i.e. warped and cropped) copies of the raw Sentinel-1 imagery to which our metadata points. It is all that is strictly necessary for training. image_cache contains the raw Sentinel-1 imagery product archives.

Via Docker

You can also use our docker container to avoid setting up the necessary environment manually.

Note: Our docker images implicitly assume an x86 architechture. While you may have luck building these images on other architechtures ( e.g. by using docker's --platform arg), we have not tested this functionality. For example, we have not tested these builds on ARM machines. If you have trouble building the image from source on your machine, you can pull it from ghcr (assuming you have copied this repository to GitHub, and have triggered the build_and_push_docker_images workflow from the commit of interest), try using the scripts without docker, or use an x86 VM to build.

To use the docker image:

Build the docker image.

docker build . -f Dockerfile -t vessel-detection-sentinels

Create a Copernicus Hub account, and export your user credentials:

export COPERNICUS_USERNAME=your-username
export COPERNICUS_PASSWORD=your-password

Run the docker image.

```bash
docker run -d -v /path/to/host/dir:/home/vessel_detection/data \
-e COPERNICUS_USERNAME -e COPERNICUS_PASSWORD \
vessel-detection-download:$IMAGE_TAG \
--save_dir="/home/vessel_detection/data/training_data" \
--db_path="/home/vessel_detection/data/metadata.sqlite3"
```

As before, the arg to `--save_dir` specifies the relative path to a directory in which all downloaded
imagery will be stored, and `--db_path` specifies the relative path to the sqlite3 metadata file distributed with this repo. In the example command shown here, we've pointed these to paths in the container that correspond to a mounted volume.

Training the Sentinel-1 Models

Once you have all Sentinel-1 imagery associated with our metadata downloaded, you can train our Sentinel-1 detection and attribute prediction models.

Note: Training currently requires GPU, due to use of torch's GradScaler for gradient scaling. The use of gradient scaling and automatic mixed precision can be removed from the logic easily by the interested user, but given the affect on performance, and that the time required to train on CPU is prohibitively long in any case, we hardcode the use of a GPU device in the training scheme.

The script train.py allows one to train our models on our annotated dataset. It has a few command line options, which you can read about in the source file, or using

python3 train.py --help

System Requirements and Performance

To train our Sentinel-1 models, we recommend using a system with:

An x86 architecture.
A GPU with >= 16GB memory.
RAM >= 32GB.

These are the specs on which functionality has been tested, though they are not necessarily minimal.

To provide a sense for expected training time, we report total training time for each training run specified in the default config ./data/cfg/ on a particular machine.

Instance Type	RAM	GPU Model	GPU Memory	model type	model and dataset config	epochs	training time (hours)
GCP n1-highmem-8	52GB	NVIDIA T4	16GB	detector (frcnn_cmp2)	train_sentinel1_detector.json	3	6
GCP n1-highmem-8	52GB	NVIDIA T4	16GB	attribute predictor (attr)	train_sentinel1_attribute_predictor.json	80	4

We describe below how to set up an environment on your machine for training (either manually, or via docker).

Note: Our docker images implicitly assume an x86 architecture. While you may have luck building these images on other architechtures ( e.g. by using docker's --platform arg), we have not tested this functionality. For example, we have not tested these builds on ARM machines. If you have trouble building the image from source on your machine, you can pull it from ghcr, use the scripts without docker, or use an x86 VM to build.

How to Train

Manually

To get started in your own environment:

Create and activate a virtual environment with python 3.8.10.

e.g. via
```
python3.8 -m venv .env
source .env/bin/activate
```

Install gdal 3.4.3 on your system.

E.g. on Ubuntu 20.04 run:

sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common -y && \
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable && \
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gdal-bin libgdal-dev libpq-dev python3-gdal python3.8-venv -y

Install the python packages required for training via pip:
```
pip install -r train_requirements.txt
```
Place the entire preprocess folder generated by the data download script, as well as the ./data/metadata.sqlite3 file, somewhere accessible on your machine.

In what follows we'll assume we've moved both of these things to the ./data folder in this repository.

Run the training script for the detection model.

Logging training metrics to a WANDB account:

    export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
    export WANDB_MODE=online
    export WANDB_API_KEY=your-api-key
    python train.py \
        --config_path ./data/cfg/train_sentinel1_detector.json \
        --training_data_dir ./data \
        --save_dir ./data/models \
        --metadata_path ./data/metadata.sqlite3

Logging training metrics only locally:

   export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
   python train.py \
       --config_path ./data/cfg/train_sentinel1_detector.json \
       --training_data_dir ./data \
       --save_dir ./data/models \
       --metadata_path ./data/metadata.sqlite3

Run the training script for the attribute prediction model.

Logging training metrics to a WANDB account:

    export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
    export WANDB_MODE=online
    export WANDB_API_KEY=your-api-key
    python train.py \
        --config_path ./data/cfg/train_sentinel1_attribute_predictor.json \
        --training_data_dir ./data \
        --save_dir ./data/models \
        --metadata_path ./data/metadata.sqlite3

Logging training metrics only locally:

    export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
    python train.py \
        --config_path ./data/cfg/train_sentinel1_attribute_predictor.json \
        --training_data_dir ./data \
        --save_dir ./data/models \
        --metadata_path ./data/metadata.sqlite3

As training progresses for each model, the logs will indicate the status of the run.

When training for a model completes, you should see the --save_dir you specified populated with a directory named {model_name}/{RUN_TAG}. This directory will house saved weights, and training and model config. Here {model_name} will indicate whether the model being trained is an instance of the detection model (the default config uses model_name=frcnn_cmp2 for that), or an instance of the attribute prediction model (the default config uses model_name=attr for that).

Via Docker

You can also use our docker container to avoid setting up the necessary environment manually.

Build the docker image.

export IMAGE_TAG=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
docker build . -f Dockerfile -t vessel-detection-sentinels:$IMAGE_TAG

Place the entire preprocess folder generated by the data download script, as well as the ./data/metadata.sqlite3 file, somewhere accessible on your machine.

In what follows we'll assume we've moved both things to the /path/to/your/data folder on our machine.

Run the training container for the detector:

Logging training metrics via a WANDB account:

export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
export WANDB_MODE=online
export WANDB_API_KEY=your-api-key
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' -d \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data \
-e RUN_TAG=$RUN_TAG \
-e WANDB_API_KEY=$WANDB_API_KEY \
-e WANDB_MODE=$WANDB_MODE \
vessel-detection-train:$IMAGE_TAG \
--config_path /home/vessel_detection/data/cfg/train_sentinel1_detector.json \
--training_data_dir /home/vessel_detection/data \
--save_dir /home/vessel_detection/data/models \
--metadata_path /home/vessel_detection/data/metadata.sqlite3

or without WANDB:

export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
export WANDB_MODE=offline
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' -d \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data \
-e RUN_TAG=$RUN_TAG \
-e WANDB_MODE=$WANDB_MODE \
vessel-detection-train:$IMAGE_TAG \
--config_path /home/vessel_detection/data/cfg/train_sentinel1_detector.json \
--training_data_dir /home/vessel_detection/data \
--save_dir /home/vessel_detection/data/models \
--metadata_path /home/vessel_detection/data/metadata.sqlite3

Run the training container for the attribute predictor:

Logging training metrics via a WANDB account:
```bash
export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
export WANDB_MODE=online
export WANDB_API_KEY=your-api-key
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' -d \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data \
-e RUN_TAG=$RUN_TAG \
-e WANDB_API_KEY=$WANDB_API_KEY \
-e WANDB_MODE=$WANDB_MODE \
vessel-detection-train:$IMAGE_TAG \
--config_path /home/vessel_detection/data/cfg/train_sentinel1_attribute_predictor.json \
--training_data_dir /home/vessel_detection/data \
--save_dir /home/vessel_detection/data/models \
--metadata_path /home/vessel_detection/data/metadata.sqlite3
```

or without WANDB:

```bash
export RUN_TAG=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
export WANDB_MODE=offline
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' -d \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data \
-e RUN_TAG=$RUN_TAG \
-e WANDB_MODE=$WANDB_MODE \
vessel-detection-train:$IMAGE_TAG
--config_path /home/vessel_detection/data/cfg/train_sentinel1_attribute_predictor.json \
--training_data_dir /home/vessel_detection/data \
--save_dir /home/vessel_detection/data/models \
--metadata_path /home/vessel_detection/data/metadata.sqlite3
```

As training progresses for each model, the logs will indicate the status of the run.

When training for a model completes, you should see the --save_dir you specified populated with a directory named {model_name}/{RUN_TAG}. This directory will house saved weights, and training and model config. Here {model_name} will indicate whether the model being trained is an instance of the detection model (the default config uses model_name=frcnn_cmp2 for that), or an instance of the attribute prediction model (the default config uses model_name=attr for that).

Inference

You can perform inference right off the bat with our provided trained weights, or with weights you produce from running our training scripts.

The script src/main.py allows one to perform inference on a raw (but de-compressed) Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 image products.

System Requirements and Performance

To perform inference with trained copies of our models, we recommend using a system with:

An x86 architecture.
A GPU with >= 8GB memory.
RAM >= 32GB.

The lowest values reported here are the specs on which functionality has been tested, but are not necessarily the minimal requirements.

To provide a sense for expected inference time, we report total inference time on two particular particular machines, on representative Sentinel-1 scenes. Run time and resource requirements for our Sentinel-2 models are similar.

Instance Type	RAM	GPU Model	GPU Memory	inference time (seconds)	using cpu only
GCP n1-highmem-8	52GB	NVIDIA T4	16GB	307	false
AMD Ryzen 9 3900X 12-Core Processor	64GB	NVIDIA RTX 2070 SUPER	8GB	174	false
AMD Ryzen 9 3900X 12-Core Processor	64GB	NVIDIA RTX 2070 SUPER	8GB	2100	true

We describe below how to set up an environment on your machine for inference (either manually, or via docker).

How to Make Predictions

Manually

Sentinel-1

To get started in your own environment:

Download a Sentinel-1 scene (and optionally two historical overlaps of that scene) from the Copernicus Hub UI or API, and place it in a folder of your choosing.

For example, let's suppose we've downloaded three such scenes which we've placed on our system at:
- ./data/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE
- ./data/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211118T025212_20211118T025237_029636_03896D_FCBE.SAFE
- ./data/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211106T025212_20211106T025237_029461_03840B_6E73.SAFE

Collect a directory of trained Senntinel-1 model artifacts on your machine. At minimum, you will need one set of trained weights and model config for the detection model and one set for the attribute prediction model. You can obtain these directories by training the models yourselves, or by using pre-trained weights found in data/model_artifacts.

For example, let's suppose we're using the pre-trained Sentinel-1 artifacts distributed separately, and
we've copied the following directory structure with these artifacts into the `./data` folder of this repo:

```
./data
    |----attr
    |      |---c34aa37
    |              |-----best.pth
    |              |-----cfg.json
    |
    |---frcnn_cmp2
            |
            |--3dff445
                  |-----best.pth
                  |-----cfg.json
```

Create and activate a virtual environment with python 3.8.10.

e.g. via
```
python3.8 -m venv .env
source .env/bin/activate
```

Install gdal 3.4.3 on your system.

E.g. on Ubuntu 20.04 run:

sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common -y && \
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable && \
sudo apt-get update && apt-get install gdal-bin libgdal-dev libpq-dev python3-gdal python3.8-venv -y

Install the python packages required for training via pip:
```
pip install -r requirements.txt
```
Run the inference script for the detection model.

To run inference on a single image, without access to historical overlaps:

Sentinel-2

Download a Sentinel-2 scene (and optionally two historical overlaps of that scene) from the Copernicus Hub UI or API, and place it in a folder of your choosing.

For example, let's suppose we've downloaded three such scenes which we've placed on our system at:

-  `./data/S2A_MSIL1C_20230108T060231_N0509_R091_T42RUN_20230108T062956.SAFE`
-  `./data/S2A_MSIL1C_20230111T061221_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230111T064344.SAFE`
-  `./data/S2B_MSIL1C_20230106T061239_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230106T063926.SAFE`

Collect a directory of trained Sentinel-2 model artifacts on your machine. At minimum, you will need one set of trained weights and model config for the detection model and one set for the attribute prediction model. You can obtain these directories by training the models yourselves, or by using pre-trained weights we will provide separately.

For example, let's suppose we're using the pre-trained Sentinel-2 artifacts distributed separately, and
we've copied the following directory structure with these artifacts into the `./data` folder of this repo:

```
./data
    |----attr
    |      |---e609150-sentinel2-attr-resnet
    |              |-----best.pth
    |              |-----cfg.json
    |
    |---frcnn_cmp2
            |
            |--15cddd5-sentinel2-swinv2-small-fpn
                |-----best.pth
                |-----cfg.json
```

Create and activate a virtual environment with python 3.8.10.

e.g. via
```
python3.8 -m venv .env
source .env/bin/activate
```

Install gdal 3.4.3 on your system.

E.g. on Ubuntu 20.04 run:

sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common -y && \
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable && \
sudo apt-get update && apt-get install gdal-bin libgdal-dev libpq-dev python3-gdal python3.8-venv -y

Install the python packages required for training via pip:
```
pip install -r requirements.txt
```
Run the inference script for the detection model.

To run inference on a single image, without access to historical overlaps:

Notes (common to both imagery sources):

Here --raw_path must point to a directory containing the directory specified by --scene_id (and --historical1 and --historical2, if they are provided).

The model weight dirs for the detector and attribute predictor models are respectively pointed to by --detector_model_dir and --postprocess_model_dir.

The outputs of the detection script will be populated in the directory specified by --output.

If you'd prefer to run the inference script on CPU, you can optionally pass the flag --force-cpu. However, please note that running inference on CPU is currently prohibitively slow. For example, while inference with a GPU might take ~2 mins for a Sentinel-1 scene, it might take closer to ~30 mins to perform the same call on CPU.

Via Docker

You can also use our docker container to avoid setting up the necessary environment manually.

Note: Our docker images implicitly assume an x86 architecture. While you may have luck building these images on other architectures ( e.g. by using docker's --platform arg), we have not tested this functionality. For example, we have not tested these builds on ARM machines. If you have trouble building the image from source on your machine, you can pull it from ghcr, use the scripts without docker, or use an x86 VM to build.

Sentinel-1

Acquire the docker image.

Pull the latest container from Github container registry:

export REPO_OWNER=your-repo-owner-name
export REPO_NAME=sentinel-vessel-detection
export IMAGE_TAG=latest
docker pull ghcr.io/$REPO_OWNER/$REPO_NAME/vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG

or build it from source by running the following from the top level of this repo:

export IMAGE_TAG=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
docker build . -f Dockerfile -t vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG

Prepare a machine with at least 16GB RAM, and a GPU w/ >= 8GB memory.
Download a Sentinel-1 scene (and optionally up to two historical overlaps) from the Copernicus Hub UI or API, and place it in a folder of your choosing.

For example, let's suppose we've downloaded three such scenes which we've placed on our system at:
- /path/to/your/data/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE
- /path/to/your/data/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211118T025212_20211118T025237_029636_03896D_FCBE.SAFE
- /path/to/your/data/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211106T025212_20211106T025237_029461_03840B_6E73.SAFE

Collect a directory of trained Sentinel-1 model artifacts on your machine. At minimum, you will need one set of trained weights and model config for the detection model and one set for the attribute prediction model. You can obtain these directories by training the models yourselves, or by using pre-trained weights we will provide separately.

For example, let's suppose we're using the pre-trained artifacts distributed separately, and
we've copied the following directory structure with these artifacts into the `/path/to/your/data` folder of this repo:

```
/path/to/your/data
    |----attr
    |      |---c34aa37
    |              |-----best.pth
    |              |-----cfg.json
    |
    |---frcnn_cmp2
            |
            |--3dff445
                  |-----best.pth
                  |-----cfg.json
```

On that machine,

To run inference on a single image, without access to historical overlaps, run:

docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG \
--raw_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/ \
--scratch_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/scratch/ \
--output=/home/vessel_detection/data/output/ \
--detector_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/frcnn_cmp2/3dff445 \
--postprocess_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/attr/c34aa37 \
--scene_id=S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE \
--conf=.9 --nms_thresh=10 --save_crops=True --catalog=sentinel1

To run inference on a single image, using additional context from a single historical overlap of the image:

docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG \
--raw_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/ \
--scratch_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/scratch/ \
--output=/home/vessel_detection/data/output/ \
--detector_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/frcnn_cmp2/3dff445 \
--postprocess_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/attr/c34aa37 \
--historical1=S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211118T025212_20211118T025237_029636_03896D_FCBE.SAFE \
--scene_id=S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE \
--conf=.9 --nms_thresh=10 --save_crops=True --catalog=sentinel1

To run inference on a single image, using additional context from two historical overlaps of the image:

docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG \
--raw_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/ \
--scratch_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/scratch/ \
--output=/home/vessel_detection/data/output/ \
--detector_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/frcnn_cmp2/3dff445 \
--postprocess_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/attr/c34aa37 \
--historical1=S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211118T025212_20211118T025237_029636_03896D_FCBE.SAFE \
--historical2=S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211106T025212_20211106T025237_029461_03840B_6E73.SAFE \
--scene_id=S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE \
--conf=.9 --nms_thresh=10 --save_crops=True --catalog=sentinel1

Sentinel-2

Acquire the docker image.

Pull the latest container from Github container registry:

export REPO_OWNER=your-repo-owner-name
export REPO_NAME=sentinel-vessel-detection
export IMAGE_TAG=latest
docker pull ghcr.io/$REPO_OWNER/$REPO_NAME/vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG

or build it from source by running the following from the top level of this repo:

export IMAGE_TAG=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
docker build . -f docker/inference.dockerfile -t vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG

Prepare a machine with at least 16GB RAM, and a GPU w/ >= 8GB memory.
Download a Sentinel-2 scene (and optionally up to two historical overlaps) from the Copernicus Hub UI or API, and place it in a folder of your choosing.

For example, let's suppose we've downloaded three such scenes which we've placed on our system at:
- /path/to/your/data/S2A_MSIL1C_20230108T060231_N0509_R091_T42RUN_20230108T062956.SAFE
- /path/to/your/data/S2A_MSIL1C_20230111T061221_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230111T064344.SAFE
- /path/to/your/data/S2B_MSIL1C_20230106T061239_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230106T063926.SAFE

Collect a directory of trained Sentinel-2 model artifacts on your machine. At minimum, you will need one set of trained weights and model config for the detection model and one set for the attribute prediction model. You can obtain these directories by training the models yourselves, or by using pre-trained weights we will provide separately.

For example, let's suppose we're using the pre-trained artifacts distributed separately, and
we've copied the following directory structure with these artifacts to `path/to/your/data` folder on your machine:

```
path/to/your/data
    |----attr
    |      |---e609150-sentinel2-attr-resnet
    |              |-----best.pth
    |              |-----cfg.json
    |
    |---frcnn_cmp2
            |
            |--15cddd5-sentinel2-swinv2-small-fpn
                |-----best.pth
                |-----cfg.json
```

On that machine,

To run inference on a single image, without access to historical overlaps, run:
```bash
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG \
--raw_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/ \
--scratch_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/scratch/ \
--output=/home/vessel_detection/data/output/ \
--detector_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/frcnn_cmp2/15cddd5-sentinel2-swinv2-small-fpn \
--postprocess_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/attr/e609150-sentinel2-attr-resnet \
--scene_id=S2A_MSIL1C_20230108T060231_N0509_R091_T42RUN_20230108T062956.SAFE \
--conf=.9 --nms_thresh=10 --save_crops=True --catalog=sentinel2
```

To run inference on a single image, using additional context from a single historical overlap of the image:
```bash
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG \
--raw_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/ \
--scratch_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/scratch/ \
--output=/home/vessel_detection/data/output/ \
--detector_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/frcnn_cmp2/15cddd5-sentinel2-swinv2-small-fpn \
--postprocess_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/attr/e609150-sentinel2-attr-resnet \
--historical1=S2A_MSIL1C_20230111T061221_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230111T064344.SAFE \
--scene_id=S2A_MSIL1C_20230108T060231_N0509_R091_T42RUN_20230108T062956.SAFE \
--conf=.9 --nms_thresh=10 --save_crops=True --catalog=sentinel2
```

To run inference on a single image, using additional context from two historical overlaps of the image:
```bash
docker run --shm-size 16G --gpus='"device=0"' \
-v /path/to/your/data:/home/vessel_detection/data vessel-detection:$IMAGE_TAG \
--raw_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/ \
--scratch_path=/home/vessel_detection/data/scratch/ \
--output=/home/vessel_detection/data/output/ \
--detector_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/frcnn_cmp2/15cddd5-sentinel2-swinv2-small-fpn \
--postprocess_model_dir=/home/vessel_detection/data/models/attr/e609150-sentinel2-attr-resnet \
--historical1=S2A_MSIL1C_20230111T061221_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230111T064344.SAFE \
--historical2=S2B_MSIL1C_20230106T061239_N0509_R134_T42RUN_20230106T063926.SAFE \
--scene_id=S2A_MSIL1C_20230108T060231_N0509_R091_T42RUN_20230108T062956.SAFE \
--conf=.9 --nms_thresh=10 --save_crops=True --catalog=sentinel2
```

### Notes (common to both imagery sources):

Here `--raw_path` must point to a directory containing the file specified by `--scene_id` (and ``--historical1`` and ``--historical2``, if they are provided).

The model weight dirs for the detector and attribute predictor models are respectively pointed to by `--detector_model_dir` and `--postprocess_model_dir`.

The outputs of the detection script will be populated in the directory specified by `--output`.

If you'd prefer to run the inference script on CPU, you can optionally pass the flag `--force-cpu`. However, please note that running inference
on CPU is currently prohibitively slow. For example, while inference with a GPU might take ~2 mins for a Sentinel-1 scene, it might take
closer to ~30 mins to perform the same call on CPU.

Inference Outputs

Running the inference script will produce at most three types of artifact in the specified output directories:

A csv, predictions.csv, with one row for each detected vessel.

Here is the schema of the output csv:

column name	description
preprocess_row	The x coordinate of the detection, in pixel coordinates in the preprocessed imagery (saved to the output scratch dir).
preprocess_column	The y coordinate of the detection, in pixel coordinates in the preprocessed imagery (saved to the output scratch dir).
lat	Latitude associated with the detection.
lon	Longitude associated with the detection.
score	Float between 0 and 1 representing the confidence that a vessel was detected at the specified location in the image.
vessel_length_m	Vessel length (meters).
vessel_width_m	Vessel width (meters).
heading_bucket_i	Probability that the heading direction of the detected vessel lies in the range between i(360/16) and (i + 1) (360/16) degrees, measured clockwise relative to true north.
vessel_speed_k	Vessel speed (knots).
is_fishing_vessel	Float between 0 and 1 representing the probability that the detected vessel is a fishing vessel.
detect_id	Same as sceneid below, but with a zero-indexed `{idx}` string appended to the name, specifying the count of detections at the time this row was written.
scene_id	The provider defined name of the scene on which detection was performed. See e.g. https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/technical-guides/sentinel-1-sar/products-algorithms/level-1-product-formatting for Sentinel-1 and https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-2-msi/naming-convention for Sentinel-2.
row	The x coordinate of the detection, in pixel coordinates in the original imagery.
column	The y coordinate of the detection, in pixel coordinates in the original imagery .
orientation	The clockwise rotation angle (in degrees) necessary to rotate an upwards pointing vertical line in the image to align with North
meters_per_pixel	The spatial resolution (in meters) of a single pixel in the output crops associated with a detection.

Cropped PNG images (of size 128x128) surrounding each vessel detection, for certain subsets of spectral channels in the input imagery. These are only produced if inference is run with --save_crops set to True. If produced, these files are named according to the convention: {scene_id}_{detection_idx}_{channel_subset_abbreviation}.png.

- For Sentinel-1, we output two crops, one for each of the imagery channels. Here is a sample of the VH and VV polarization channels for the cropped outputs of a vessel detected in Sentinel-1 imagery:

<figure><img src=./data/example_output/sentinel1/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE_0_vh.png alt="Detection Crop in VH Channel" style="width:48%">
<img src=./data/example_output/sentinel1/S1B_IW_GRDH_1SDV_20211130T025211_20211130T025236_029811_038EEF_D350.SAFE_0_vv.png alt="Detection Crop in VV Channel" style="width:48%"><br></figure>
<figcaption align = "center"><b>A Sentinel-1 vessel detection</b>. <br> <b>Left: VH polarization. Right: VV polarization.</b></figcaption>
<br>

- For Sentinel-2, we output at most 4 crops, one for the TCI channel collection, and one each for bands 8, 11, 12, if they are used by the model in question. Here is a sample of the TCI image corresponding to the cropped output of a vessel detected in Sentinel-2 imagery:

<figure align = "center" ><img src=./data/example_output/sentinel2/S2B_MSIL1C_20211102T061019_N0301_R134_T42RUN_20211102T071305.SAFE_0_tci.png alt="Detection Crop in TCI channel" style="width:60%">
<figcaption align = "center"><b>A Sentinel-2 vessel detection</b>. <br> <b> TCI Channels.</b></figcaption>
<br>
</figure>

Warped copies of the relevant TIFF files in the input, and numpy arrays containing processed variants of the input images, in the scratch folder specified.

By default, these intermediate files get produced in the specified scratch directory at runtime, and then cleaned up
at the end of the inference call. If you'd like to keep these around to inspect them or use them in some way,
pass the flag `--keep_intermediate_files` to the detect call.

Acknowledgements

Skylight-ML (especially Mike Gartner who wrote most of this codebase
PRIOR at AI2 (especially Favyen Bastani and Piper Wolters) contributed considerable expertise to the foundational architectures of both models
European Space Agency for making Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data available to the public.
The Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) who built the foundation for this work through xView3.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 27 Commits
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
data		data
docs		docs
example		example
scripts		scripts
src		src
tests		tests
torch_weights		torch_weights
.dockerignore		.dockerignore
.gitignore		.gitignore
.pre-commit-config.yaml		.pre-commit-config.yaml
Dockerfile		Dockerfile
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
docker-compose.yml		docker-compose.yml
download_imagery.py		download_imagery.py
evaluate.py		evaluate.py
requirements.txt		requirements.txt
train.py		train.py

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Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Vessel Detection

Dataset

Metadata Schema

Imagery

Acquiring the Imagery

How to Download Sentinel-1 Training Data

Training the Sentinel-1 Models

System Requirements and Performance

How to Train

Inference

System Requirements and Performance

How to Make Predictions

Sentinel-1

Sentinel-2

Notes (common to both imagery sources):

Sentinel-1

Sentinel-2

Inference Outputs

Acknowledgements

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allenai/vessel-detection-sentinels

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Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Vessel Detection

Dataset

Metadata Schema

Imagery

Acquiring the Imagery

How to Download Sentinel-1 Training Data

Training the Sentinel-1 Models

System Requirements and Performance

How to Train

Inference

System Requirements and Performance

How to Make Predictions

Sentinel-1

Sentinel-2

Notes (common to both imagery sources):

Sentinel-1

Sentinel-2

Inference Outputs

Acknowledgements

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