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+---
+title: "Discovery of Network-designated CoRE Resolvers"
+abbrev: "CoRE DNR"
+category: info
+
+docname: draft-lenders-core-dnr-00
+submissiontype: IETF  # also: "independent", "editorial", "IAB", or "IRTF"
+number:
+date:
+consensus: true
+v: 3
+area: "Web and Internet Transport"
+workgroup: "Constrained RESTful Environments"
+keyword:
+ - CoRE
+ - CoAP
+ - DoC
+ - DNR
+ - SVCB
+venue:
+  group: "Constrained RESTful Environments"
+  type: "Working Group"
+  mail: "[email protected]"
+  arch: "https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/core/"
+  github: "anr-bmbf-pivot/draft-lenders-core-dnr"
+  latest: "https://anr-bmbf-pivot.github.io/draft-lenders-core-dnr/draft-lenders-core-dnr.html"
+
+author:
+ -  fullname: Martine Sophie Lenders
+    org: TUD Dresden University of Technology
+    abbrev: TU Dresden
+    street: Helmholtzstr. 10
+    city: Dresden
+    code: D-01069
+    country: Germany
+    email: [email protected]
+ -  name: Christian Amsüss
+    email: [email protected]
+ -  fullname: Thomas C. Schmidt
+    organization: HAW Hamburg
+    email: [email protected]
+ -  name: Matthias Wählisch
+    org: TUD Dresden University of Technology & Barkhausen Institut
+    abbrev: TU Dresden & Barkhausen Institut
+    street: Helmholtzstr. 10
+    city: Dresden
+    code: D-01069
+    country: Germany
+    email: [email protected]
+
+normative:
+  RFC7252: coap
+  RFC7301: alpn
+  RFC8613: oscore
+  RFC9460: svcb
+  RFC9461: svcb-for-dns
+  RFC9462: ddr
+  RFC9463: dnr
+  I-D.ietf-core-dns-over-coap: doc
+  I-D.ietf-core-oscore-edhoc: edhoc
+
+informative:
+  RFC7228: constr-nodes
+  RFC7858: dot
+  RFC7959: coap-block
+  RFC8323: coap-tcp
+  RFC8484: doh
+  RFC9250: doq
+  RFC9203: ace-oscore
+  I-D.amsuess-core-coap-over-gatt: coap-gatt
+  I-D.ietf-ace-edhoc-oscore-profile: ace-edhoc
+  I-D.ietf-core-href: cri
+  lwm2m:
+    title: White Paper – Lightweight M2M 1.1
+    author:
+      org: OMA SpecWorks
+    date: 2018-10
+    target: https://omaspecworks.org/white-paper-lightweight-m2m-1-1/
+
+--- abstract
+
+This document specifies solutions to discover DNS resolvers that support
+encrypted DNS resolution in constrained environments. The discovery is
+based DNS SVCB records, Router Advertisements, or DHCP. In particular, the proposed
+specification allows a host to learn DNS over CoAP (DoC) servers, including
+configurations to use DoC over TLS/DTLS, OSCORE, and EDHOC when
+resolving names.
+
+--- middle
+
+# Introduction
+
+{{-svcb-for-dns}}, {{-ddr}} and {{-dnr}} specify options to discover DNS
+resolvers that allow for encrypted DNS resolution, using either DNS or, in
+a local network, Router Advertisements or DHCP.  These specifications use
+Service Binding (SVCB) resource records or Service Parameters (SvcParams)
+to carry information required for configuration of such resolvers.  So far,
+however, only DNS transfer protocols based on Transport Layer Security
+(TLS) are supported, namely DNS over TLS (DoT) {{-dot}}, DNS over HTTPS
+(DoH) {{-doh}}, and DNS over Dedicated QUIC (DoQ) {{-doq}}. This document
+discusses and specifies options to discover DNS resolvers in constrained
+environments, mainly based on DNS over CoAP (DoC) {{-doc}}.
+
+DoC provides a solution for encrypted DNS in constrained environments.  In
+such scenarios, the usage of DoT, DoH, DoQ, or similar TLS-based solutions
+is often not possible.
+The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) {{-coap}}, the transfer protocol for DoC, is mostly
+agnostic to the transport layer, i.e., CoAP can be transported over UDP, TCP, or WebSockets
+{{-coap-tcp}}, and even less common transports such as Bluetooth GATT {{-coap-gatt}} or SMS
+{{lwm2m}} are discussed.
+
+CoAP offers three security modes, which would need to be covered by the SvcParams:
+
+- **No Security:** This plain CoAP mode does not support any encryption. It
+  is not recommended when using {{-doc}} but inherits core CoAP features
+  such as block-wise transfer {{-coap-block}} for datagram-based
+  segmentation.  Such features are beneficial in constrained settings even
+  without encryption.
+- **Transport Security:** CoAP may use DTLS when transferred over UDP {{-coap}} and TLS when
+  transferred over TCP {{-coap-tcp}}.
+- **Object Security:** Securing content objects can be achieved using
+  OSCORE {{-oscore}}. OSCORE can be used either as an alternative or in
+  addition to transport security.
+
+  OSCORE keys have a limited lifetime and need to be set up,
+  for example through an EDHOC key exchange {{-edhoc}},
+  which may use credentials from trusted ACE Authorization Server (AS)
+  as described in the ACE EDHOC profile {{-ace-edhoc}}.
+  As an alternative to EDHOC,
+  keys can be set up by such an AS as described in the ACE OSCORE profile {{-ace-oscore}}.
+
+To discover a DoC server via Discovery of Designated Resolvers (DDR) {{-ddr}} and
+Discovery of Network-designated Resolvers (DNR) {{-dnr}}, the SvcParams
+field needs to convey both transfer protocol and type and
+parameters of the security parameters. We will specify extensions of SvcParams in
+this document.
+
+# Terminology
+
+The terms “DoC server” and “DoC client” are used as defined in {{-doc}}.
+
+The terms “constrained node” and "constrained network" are used as defined in {{-constr-nodes}}.
+
+SvcParams denotes the field in either DNS SVCB/HTTPS records as defined in {{-svcb}}, or DHCP and RA
+messages as defined in {{-dnr}}. SvcParamKeys are used as defined in {{-svcb}}.
+
+{::boilerplate bcp14-tagged}
+
+# Problem Space
+
+The first and most important question to ask for the discoverability of DoC resolvers is if and what
+new SvcParamKeys need to be defined.
+
+{{-svcb}} defines the “alpn” key, which is used to identify the protocol suite of a service binding
+using its Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) ID {{-alpn}}. While this is useful to
+identify classic transport layer security, the question is raised if this is needed or even helpful
+for when there is only object security. There is an ALPN ID for CoAP over TLS that was defined in
+{{-coap-tcp}}. As using the same ALPN ID for different transport layers is not recommended, an ALPN for CoAP over UDP is being requested in {{iana}}. Object security
+may be selected in addition to transport layer security, so defining an ALPN ID for each
+combination might not be viable or scalable. For some ways of setting up object security, additional information is
+needed for the establishment of an encryption context and for authentication with an authentication
+server (AS). Orthogonally to the security mechanism, the transfer protocol needs to be established.
+
+Beyond the SvcParamKeys, there is the question of what the field values of the Encrypted DNS Options defined
+in {{-dnr}} might be with EDHOC or ACE EDHOC. While most fields map,
+“authentication-domain-name” (ADN) and its corresponding ADN length field may not matter in ACE driven cases.
+
+Out of scope of this document are related issues adjacent to its problem space.
+they are listed both for conceptual delimitation,
+and to aid in discussion of more comprehensive solutions:
+
+* There is ongoing work in addressing the trouble created by CoAP using a diverse set of URI schemes
+  in the shape of `coap+...`, such as `coap+tcp` {{?I-D.ietf-core-transport-indication}}.
+  The creation of URI authority values that express the content of SVCB records together with IP literals
+  is part of the solution space that will be explored there.
+
+* Route Advertisements (RAs) as used in {{-dnr}} can easily exceed the link layer fragmentation threshold of constrained networks.
+  The presence of DNR information in an RA can contribute to that issue.
+
+# Solution Sketches
+
+To answer the raised questions, we first look at the general case then 4 base scenarios, from which
+other scenarios might be a combination of:
+
+- Unencrypted DoC,
+- DoC over TLS/DTLS,
+- DoC over OSCORE using EDHOC, and
+- DoC over OSCORE using ACE-EDHOC.
+
+In the general case, we mostly need to answer the question for additional SvcParamKeys. {{-svcb}}
+defines the keys “mandatory”, “alpn”, “no-default-alpn”, “port”, “ipv4hint”, and “ipv6hint” were
+defined. Additionally, {{-svcb-for-dns}} defines “dohpath” which carries the URI template for the
+DNS resource at the DoH server in relative form.
+
+For DoC, the DNS resource needs to be identified as, so a corresponding “docpath” key should be
+provided that provides either a relative URI or CRI {{-cri}}. Since the URI-Path option in CoAP may
+be omitted (defaulting to the root path), this could also be done for the “docpath”.
+
+## Unencrypted DoC {#sec:solution-unencrypted}
+While unencrypted DoC is not recommended by {{-doc}} and might not even be viable using DDR/DNR, it
+provides additional benefits not provided by classic unencrypted DNS over UDP, such as segmentation
+block-wise transfer {{-coap-block}}. However, it provides the simplest DoC configuration and thus is
+here discussed.
+
+At minimum for a DoC server a way to identify the following keys are required. “docpath” (see
+above), an optional “port” (see {{-svcb}}), the IP address (either with an optional
+“ipv6hint”/“ipv4hint” or the respective IP address field in {{-dnr}}), and a yet to be defined
+SvcParamKey for the CoAP transfer protocol, e.g., “coaptransfer”. The latter can be used to identify
+the service binding as a CoAP service binding.
+
+The “authenticator-domain-name” field should remain empty as it does not serve a purpose without
+encryption.
+
+See this example for the possible values of a DNR option:
+
+~~~~~~~~
+authenticator-domain-name: ""
+ipv6-address: <DoC server address>
+svc-params:
+ - coaptransfer="tcp"
+ - docpath="/dns"
+ - port=61616
+~~~~~~~~
+
+## DoC over TLS/DTLS {#sec:solution-tls}
+In addition to the SvcParamKeys proposed in {{sec:solution-unencrypted}}, this scenario needs the
+“alpn” key. While there is a “coap” ALPN ID defined, it only identifies CoAP over TLS {{-coap-tcp}}.
+As such, a new ALPN ID for CoAP over DTLS is required.
+
+See this example for the possible values of a DNR option:
+
+~~~~~~~~
+authenticator-domain-name: "dns.example.com"
+ipv6-address: <DoC server address>
+svc-params:
+ - alpn="co"
+ - docpath="/dns"
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Note that “coaptransfer” is not needed, as it is implied by the ALPN ID;
+thus, no values for it would be allocated for transfer protocols that use transport security.
+
+## DoC over OSCORE using EDHOC
+While the “alpn” SvcParamKey is needed for the transport layer security (see {{sec:solution-tls}}),
+we can implement a CA-style authentication with EDHOC when using object security with OSCORE using
+the authenticator-domain-name field.
+
+A new key SvcParamKey “objectsecurity” identifies the type of object security, using the value
+"edhoc" in this scenario.
+
+See this example for the possible values of a DNR option:
+
+~~~~~~~~
+authenticator-domain-name: "dns.example.com"
+ipv6-address: <DoC server address>
+svc-params:
+ - coaptransfer="udp",
+ - objectsecurity="edhoc",
+ - docpath="/dns",
+ - port=61616
+~~~~~~~~
+
+The use of objectsecurity="edhoc" with an authenticator-domain-name and no further ACE details indicates
+that the client can use CA based authentication of the server.
+
+## DoC over ACE-OSCORE
+Using ACE, we require an OAuth context to authenticate the server in addition to the
+“objectsecurity” key. We propose three keys “oauth-aud” for the audience, “oauth-scope” for the
+OAuth scope, and “auth-as” for the authentication server. “oauth-aud” should be the valid domain
+name of the DoC server, “oauth-scope” a list of identifiers for the scope, and “oauth-as” a valid
+URI or CRI.
+
+TBD: should oauth-scope be expressed at all?
+
+Since authentication is done over OAuth and not CA-style, the “authenticator-domain-name” is not
+needed. There might be merit, however, to use it instead of the “oauth-aud” SvcParamKey.
+
+See this example for the possible values of a DNR option:
+
+~~~~~~~~
+authenticator-domain-name: ""
+ipv6-address: <DoC server address>
+svc-params:
+ - coaptransfer="tcp"
+ - objectsecurity="edhoc" /* TBD: or ace-edhoc? */
+ - docpath="/dns",
+ - port=61616,
+ - oauth-aud="dns.example.com",
+ - oauth-scope="resolve DNS"
+ - oauth-as="coap://as.example.com"
+~~~~~~~
+
+# Security Considerations
+
+TODO Security
+
+
+# IANA Considerations {#iana}
+
+## TLS ALPN for CoAP
+
+The following entry is being requested for addition into the
+"TLS Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) Protocol IDs" registry,
+which is part of the "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions" group.
+
+* Protocol: CoAP (over DTLS)
+* Identification sequence: 0x63 0x6f ("co")
+* Reference: {{-coap}} and \[this document\]
+
+Note that {{-coap}} does not prescribe the use of the ALPN TLS extension during connection the DTLS handshake.
+This document does not change that, and thus does not establish any rules like those in {{Section 8.2 of -coap-tcp}}.
+
+
+--- back
+
+# Acknowledgments
+{:numbered="false"}
+
+TODO acknowledge.