Add UnionByName functionality (#296)

* Add UnionByName functionality

* Thanks Honah!

* Add `_id`

Co-authored-by: Honah J. <[email protected]>

* Fix

---------

Co-authored-by: Honah J. <[email protected]>

mkdocs/docs/api.md

@@ -293,6 +293,47 @@ with table.transaction() as transaction:
     # ... Update properties etc
 ```
 
+### Union by Name
+
+Using `.union_by_name()` you can merge another schema into an existing schema without having to worry about field-IDs:
+
+```python
+from pyiceberg.catalog import load_catalog
+from pyiceberg.schema import Schema
+from pyiceberg.types import NestedField, StringType, DoubleType, LongType
+
+catalog = load_catalog()
+
+schema = Schema(
+    NestedField(1, "city", StringType(), required=False),
+    NestedField(2, "lat", DoubleType(), required=False),
+    NestedField(3, "long", DoubleType(), required=False),
+)
+
+table = catalog.create_table("default.locations", schema)
+
+new_schema = Schema(
+    NestedField(1, "city", StringType(), required=False),
+    NestedField(2, "lat", DoubleType(), required=False),
+    NestedField(3, "long", DoubleType(), required=False),
+    NestedField(10, "population", LongType(), required=False),
+)
+
+with table.update_schema() as update:
+    update.union_by_name(new_schema)
+```
+
+Now the table has the union of the two schemas `print(table.schema())`:
+
+```
+table {
+  1: city: optional string
+  2: lat: optional double
+  3: long: optional double
+  4: population: optional long
+}
+```
+
 ### Add column
 
 Using `add_column` you can add a column, without having to worry about the field-id:

pyiceberg/table/__init__.py

@@ -69,11 +69,14 @@
 )
 from pyiceberg.partitioning import PartitionSpec
 from pyiceberg.schema import (
+    PartnerAccessor,
     Schema,
     SchemaVisitor,
+    SchemaWithPartnerVisitor,
     assign_fresh_schema_ids,
     promote,
     visit,
+    visit_with_partner,
 )
 from pyiceberg.table.metadata import (
     INITIAL_SEQUENCE_NUMBER,
@@ -1379,7 +1382,7 @@ class Move:
 
 
 class UpdateSchema:
-    _table: Table
+    _table: Optional[Table]
     _schema: Schema
     _last_column_id: itertools.count[int]
     _identifier_field_names: Set[str]
@@ -1398,14 +1401,23 @@ class UpdateSchema:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        table: Table,
+        table: Optional[Table],
         transaction: Optional[Transaction] = None,
         allow_incompatible_changes: bool = False,
         case_sensitive: bool = True,
+        schema: Optional[Schema] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self._table = table
-        self._schema = table.schema()
-        self._last_column_id = itertools.count(table.metadata.last_column_id + 1)
+
+        if isinstance(schema, Schema):
+            self._schema = schema
+            self._last_column_id = itertools.count(1 + schema.highest_field_id)
+        elif table is not None:
+            self._schema = table.schema()
+            self._last_column_id = itertools.count(1 + table.metadata.last_column_id)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Either provide a table or a schema")
+
         self._identifier_field_names = self._schema.identifier_field_names()
 
         self._adds = {}
@@ -1449,6 +1461,15 @@ def case_sensitive(self, case_sensitive: bool) -> UpdateSchema:
         self._case_sensitive = case_sensitive
         return self
 
+    def union_by_name(self, new_schema: Schema) -> UpdateSchema:
+        visit_with_partner(
+            new_schema,
+            -1,
+            UnionByNameVisitor(update_schema=self, existing_schema=self._schema, case_sensitive=self._case_sensitive),  # type: ignore
+            PartnerIdByNameAccessor(partner_schema=self._schema, case_sensitive=self._case_sensitive),
+        )
+        return self
+
     def add_column(
         self, path: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], field_type: IcebergType, doc: Optional[str] = None, required: bool = False
     ) -> UpdateSchema:
@@ -1816,6 +1837,9 @@ def move_after(self, path: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], after_name: Union[str, T
 
     def commit(self) -> None:
         """Apply the pending changes and commit."""
+        if self._table is None:
+            raise ValueError("Requires a table to commit to")
+
         new_schema = self._apply()
 
         existing_schema_id = next((schema.schema_id for schema in self._table.metadata.schemas if schema == new_schema), None)
@@ -1862,7 +1886,8 @@ def _apply(self) -> Schema:
 
             field_ids.add(field.field_id)
 
-        return Schema(*struct.fields, schema_id=1 + max(self._table.schemas().keys()), identifier_field_ids=field_ids)
+        next_schema_id = 1 + (max(self._table.schemas().keys()) if self._table is not None else self._schema.schema_id)
+        return Schema(*struct.fields, schema_id=next_schema_id, identifier_field_ids=field_ids)
 
     def assign_new_column_id(self) -> int:
         return next(self._last_column_id)
@@ -1995,6 +2020,159 @@ def primitive(self, primitive: PrimitiveType) -> Optional[IcebergType]:
         return primitive
 
 
+class UnionByNameVisitor(SchemaWithPartnerVisitor[int, bool]):
+    update_schema: UpdateSchema
+    existing_schema: Schema
+    case_sensitive: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, update_schema: UpdateSchema, existing_schema: Schema, case_sensitive: bool) -> None:
+        self.update_schema = update_schema
+        self.existing_schema = existing_schema
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+
+    def schema(self, schema: Schema, partner_id: Optional[int], struct_result: bool) -> bool:
+        return struct_result
+
+    def struct(self, struct: StructType, partner_id: Optional[int], missing_positions: List[bool]) -> bool:
+        if partner_id is None:
+            return True
+
+        fields = struct.fields
+        partner_struct = self._find_field_type(partner_id)
+
+        if not partner_struct.is_struct:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a struct, got: {partner_struct}")
+
+        for pos, missing in enumerate(missing_positions):
+            if missing:
+                self._add_column(partner_id, fields[pos])
+            else:
+                field = fields[pos]
+                if nested_field := partner_struct.field_by_name(field.name, case_sensitive=self.case_sensitive):
+                    self._update_column(field, nested_field)
+
+        return False
+
+    def _add_column(self, parent_id: int, field: NestedField) -> None:
+        if parent_name := self.existing_schema.find_column_name(parent_id):
+            path: Tuple[str, ...] = (parent_name, field.name)
+        else:
+            path = (field.name,)
+
+        self.update_schema.add_column(path=path, field_type=field.field_type, required=field.required, doc=field.doc)
+
+    def _update_column(self, field: NestedField, existing_field: NestedField) -> None:
+        full_name = self.existing_schema.find_column_name(existing_field.field_id)
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Could not find field: {existing_field}")
+
+        if field.optional and existing_field.required:
+            self.update_schema.make_column_optional(full_name)
+
+        if field.field_type.is_primitive and field.field_type != existing_field.field_type:
+            self.update_schema.update_column(full_name, field_type=field.field_type)
+
+        if field.doc is not None and not field.doc != existing_field.doc:
+            self.update_schema.update_column(full_name, doc=field.doc)
+
+    def _find_field_type(self, field_id: int) -> IcebergType:
+        if field_id == -1:
+            return self.existing_schema.as_struct()
+        else:
+            return self.existing_schema.find_field(field_id).field_type
+
+    def field(self, field: NestedField, partner_id: Optional[int], field_result: bool) -> bool:
+        return partner_id is None
+
+    def list(self, list_type: ListType, list_partner_id: Optional[int], element_missing: bool) -> bool:
+        if list_partner_id is None:
+            return True
+
+        if element_missing:
+            raise ValueError("Error traversing schemas: element is missing, but list is present")
+
+        partner_list_type = self._find_field_type(list_partner_id)
+        if not isinstance(partner_list_type, ListType):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected list-type, got: {partner_list_type}")
+
+        self._update_column(list_type.element_field, partner_list_type.element_field)
+
+        return False
+
+    def map(self, map_type: MapType, map_partner_id: Optional[int], key_missing: bool, value_missing: bool) -> bool:
+        if map_partner_id is None:
+            return True
+
+        if key_missing:
+            raise ValueError("Error traversing schemas: key is missing, but map is present")
+
+        if value_missing:
+            raise ValueError("Error traversing schemas: value is missing, but map is present")
+
+        partner_map_type = self._find_field_type(map_partner_id)
+        if not isinstance(partner_map_type, MapType):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected map-type, got: {partner_map_type}")
+
+        self._update_column(map_type.key_field, partner_map_type.key_field)
+        self._update_column(map_type.value_field, partner_map_type.value_field)
+
+        return False
+
+    def primitive(self, primitive: PrimitiveType, primitive_partner_id: Optional[int]) -> bool:
+        return primitive_partner_id is None
+
+
+class PartnerIdByNameAccessor(PartnerAccessor[int]):
+    partner_schema: Schema
+    case_sensitive: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, partner_schema: Schema, case_sensitive: bool) -> None:
+        self.partner_schema = partner_schema
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+
+    def schema_partner(self, partner: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
+        return -1
+
+    def field_partner(self, partner_field_id: Optional[int], field_id: int, field_name: str) -> Optional[int]:
+        if partner_field_id is not None:
+            if partner_field_id == -1:
+                struct = self.partner_schema.as_struct()
+            else:
+                struct = self.partner_schema.find_field(partner_field_id).field_type
+                if not struct.is_struct:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Expected StructType: {struct}")
+
+            if field := struct.field_by_name(name=field_name, case_sensitive=self.case_sensitive):
+                return field.field_id
+
+        return None
+
+    def list_element_partner(self, partner_list_id: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
+        if partner_list_id is not None and (field := self.partner_schema.find_field(partner_list_id)):
+            if not isinstance(field.field_type, ListType):
+                raise ValueError(f"Expected ListType: {field}")
+            return field.field_type.element_field.field_id
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def map_key_partner(self, partner_map_id: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
+        if partner_map_id is not None and (field := self.partner_schema.find_field(partner_map_id)):
+            if not isinstance(field.field_type, MapType):
+                raise ValueError(f"Expected MapType: {field}")
+            return field.field_type.key_field.field_id
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def map_value_partner(self, partner_map_id: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
+        if partner_map_id is not None and (field := self.partner_schema.find_field(partner_map_id)):
+            if not isinstance(field.field_type, MapType):
+                raise ValueError(f"Expected MapType: {field}")
+            return field.field_type.value_field.field_id
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
 def _add_fields(fields: Tuple[NestedField, ...], adds: Optional[List[NestedField]]) -> Tuple[NestedField, ...]:
     adds = adds or []
     return fields + tuple(adds)

pyiceberg/types.py

@@ -350,6 +350,18 @@ def field(self, field_id: int) -> Optional[NestedField]:
                 return field
         return None
 
+    def field_by_name(self, name: str, case_sensitive: bool = True) -> Optional[NestedField]:
+        if case_sensitive:
+            name_lower = name.lower()
+            for field in self.fields:
+                if field.name.lower() == name_lower:
+                    return field
+        else:
+            for field in self.fields:
+                if field.name == name:
+                    return field
+        return None
+
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         """Return the string representation of the StructType class."""
         return f"struct<{', '.join(map(str, self.fields))}>"