🤩 A curated list of awesome Active Learning ! 🤩
Background
(An illustrative example of pool-based active learning. image source: Settles, Burr)
What is Active Learning?
Active learning is a special case of machine learning in which a learning algorithm can interactively query a oracle (or some other information source) to label new data points with the desired outputs.
(The pool-based active learning cycle. image source: Settles, Burr)
There are situations in which unlabeled data is abundant but manual labeling is expensive. In such a scenario, learning algorithms can actively query the oracle for labels. This type of iterative supervised learning is called active learning. Since the learner chooses the examples, the number of examples to learn a concept can often be much lower than the number required in normal supervised learning. With this approach, there is a risk that the algorithm is overwhelmed by uninformative examples. Recent developments are dedicated to multi-label active learning, hybrid active learning and active learning in a single-pass (on-line) context, combining concepts from the field of machine learning (e.g. conflict and ignorance) with adaptive, incremental learning policies in the field of online machine learning.
(source: Wikipedia)
Contributing
If you find the awesome paper/code/book/tutorial or have some suggestions, please feel free to pull requests or contact [email protected] or [email protected] to add papers using the following Markdown format:
Year | Paper Name | Conference | [Paper](link) | [Code](link) | Tags | Notes |Tags
Sur.: survey | Cri.: critics |
Pool.: pool-based sampling | Str.: stream-based sampling | Syn.: membership query synthesize |
Semi.: semi-supervised learning | Self.: self-supervised learning | RL.: reinforcement learning |
FS.: few-shot learning | Meta.: meta learning |
Thanks for your valuable contribution to the research community. 😃
Table of Contents
- Chapter 22 Active Learning: A Survey. from Data Classification: Algorithms and Applications Charu C. Aggarwa et al.(CRC Press, 2014)
- Active Learning. Burr Settles. (CMU, 2012)
| Year | Paper | Author | Publication | Code | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | A Comparative Survey of Deep Active Learning | Xueying Zhan et al. | arXiv | code | |
| 2021 | A Survey on Active Deep Learning: From Model-driven to Data-driven | Peng Liu et al. | CSUR | ||
| 2020 | A Survey of Active Learning for Text Classification using Deep Neural Networks | Christopher Schröder et al. | arXiv | ||
| 2020 | A Survey of Deep Active Learning | Pengzhen Ren et al. | CSUR | ||
| 2009 | Active Learning Literature Survey | Settles, Burr. | University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Computer Sciences |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Prompt Learning in Vision Language Models | CVPR2024 | Paper | Code | Pool., FS. |
AL for Vision-Language Model |
| Active Generalized Category Discovery | CVPR 2024 | Paper | Code | Pool. |
More generalized AL considering unseen novel categories |
| Plug and Play Active Learning for Object Detection | CVPR 2024 | Paper | Code | Pool. |
AL for Object Detection |
| Entropic Open-Set Active Learning | AAAI 2024 | Paper | Code | Pool. |
Open-world AL |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compute-Efficient Active Learning | NeurIPS 2023 Workshop ReALML | Paper | Code | Pool., Syn. |
Method-agnostic framework |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Learning Helps Pretrained Models Learn the Intended Task | NeurIPS | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Making Your First Choice: To Address Cold Start Problem in Vision Active Learning | NeurIPS workshop | paper | code | Pool. |
Cold-start problem |
| Active Learning Through a Covering Lens | NeurIPS | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Active Surrogate Estimators: An Active Learning Approach to Label-Efficient Model Evaluation | NeurIPS | paper | code | Pool. |
Model evaluation |
| Meta-Query-Net: Resolving Purity-Informativeness Dilemma in Open-set Active Learning | NeurIPS | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| One-Bit Active Query With Contrastive Pairs | CVPR | paper | Pool. |
One-bit supervision task | |
| Active label cleaning for improved dataset quality under resource constraints | Nature Communications | paper | code | Pool. |
Label cleaning |
| Towards Fewer Annotations: Active Learning via Region Impurity and Prediction Uncertainty for Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Budget-aware Few-shot Learning via Graph Convolutional Network | arXiv | paper | Pool. Meta. FS. |
||
| Using Self-Supervised Pretext Tasks for Active Learning | arXiv | paper | code | Pool. SS. |
Cold-start problem |
| Low-Budget Active Learning via Wasserstein Distance: An Integer Programming Approach | ICLR | paper | Pool. |
Cold-start problem | |
| Active Learning by Feature Mixing | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| ALLSH: Active Learning Guided by Local Sensitivity and Hardness | NAACL | paper | code | Semi. |
NLP |
| Coherence-based Label Propagation over Time Series for Accelerated Active Learning | ICLR | paper | code | Pool. |
Time series |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active learning with MaskAL reduces annotation effort for training Mask R-CNN | arXiv | paper | code | ||
| MedSelect: Selective Labeling for Medical Image Classification Combining Meta-Learning with Deep Reinforcement Learning | arXiv | paper | code | Pool. Meta. RL. |
|
| Can Active Learning Preemptively Mitigate Fairness Issues | ICLR-RAI | paper | code | Pool. |
Thinking fairness issues |
| Sequential Graph Convolutional Network for Active Learning | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Task-Aware Variational Adversarial Active Learning | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Effective Evaluation of Deep Active Learning on Image Classification Tasks | arXiv | paper | Cri. |
||
| Semi-Supervised Active Learning for Semi-Supervised Models: Exploit Adversarial Examples With Graph-Based Virtual Labels | ICCV | paper | Pool. Semi. |
||
| Contrastive Coding for Active Learning under Class Distribution Mismatch | ICCV | paper | code | Pool. |
Defines a good question |
| Mind Your Outliers! Investigating the Negative Impact of Outliers on Active Learning for Visual Question Answering | ACL-IJCNLP | paper | code | Pool. |
Thinking about outliers |
| LADA: Look-Ahead Data Acquisition via Augmentation for Active Learning | NeurIPS | paper | Pool. |
||
| Multi-Anchor Active Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation | ICCV | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Active Learning for Lane Detection: A Knowledge Distillation Approach | ICCV | paper | Pool. |
||
| Active Contrastive Learning of Audio-Visual Video Representations | ICLR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Multiple instance active learning for object detection | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| SEAL: Self-supervised Embodied Active Learning using Exploration and 3D Consistency | NeurIPS | paper | Self. |
Robot exploration | |
| Influence Selection for Active Learning | ICCV | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Reducing Label Effort: Self-Supervised meets Active Learning | arXiv | paper | Pool. Self. Cri. |
A meaningful attempt on the combination of SS & AL | |
| Towards General and Efficient Active Learning | arXiv | paper | code | Pool. Self. |
Single-pass AL based on SS ViT |
| Cartography Active Learning | EMNLP Findings | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Joint Semi-supervised and Active Learning for Segmentation of Gigapixel Pathology Images with Cost-Effective Labeling | ICCVW | paper | Pool. |
||
| PAL : Pretext-based Active Learning | BMVC | paper | code | Pool. |
Cold-start problem |
| Active Learning for Deep Object Detection via Probabilistic Modeling | ICCV | paper | code | Pool. |
GMM |
| Unsupervised Data Selection for Data-Centric Semi-Supervised Learning | arXiv | paper | Pool. |
Data selection + SSL | |
| Batch Active Learning at Scale | NeurIPS | paper | Scale. Pool. |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contextual Diversity for Active Learning | ECCV | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Active Learning for BERT: An Empirical Study | EMNLP | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Reinforced active learning for image segmentation | ICLR | paper | code | Pool. RL. |
|
| Deep Batch Active Learning by Diverse, Uncertain Gradient Lower Bounds | ICLR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Adversarial Sampling for Active Learning | WACV | paper | Pool. |
||
| Online Active Learning of Reject Option Classifiers | AAAI | paper | |||
| ViewAL: Active Learning with Viewpoint Entropy for Semantic Segmentation | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Deep Active Learning for Biased Datasets via Fisher Kernel Self-Supervision | CVPR | paper | code | ||
| Deep Reinforcement Active Learning for Medical Image Classification | MICCAI | paper | Pool. RL. |
||
| State-Relabeling Adversarial Active Learning | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Towards Robust and Reproducible Active Learning Using Neural Networks | arXiv | paper | code | Cri. |
|
| Minimax Active Learning | arXiv | paper | |||
| Bayesian Force Fields from Active Learning for Simulation of Inter-Dimensional Transformation of Stanene | npj Computational Materials | paper | code | ||
| Consistency-Based Semi-supervised Active Learning: Towards Minimizing Labeling Cost | ECCV | paper | Pool. Semi. |
||
| Cold-start Active Learning through Self-supervised Language Modeling | EMNLP | paper | code | Pool. SS. |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generative Adversarial Active Learning for Unsupervised Outlier Detection | TKDE | paper | code | ||
| Bayesian Generative Active Deep Learning | ICML | paper | code | Pool. Semi. |
|
| Variational Adversarial Active Learning | ICCV | paper | code | Pool. Semi. |
|
| Integrating Bayesian and Discriminative Sparse Kernel Machines for Multi-class Active Learning | NeurIPS | paper | |||
| Active Learning via Membership Query Synthesisfor Semi-supervised Sentence Classification | CoNLL | paper | |||
| Discriminative Active Learning | arXiv | paper | code | ||
| Semantic Redundancies in Image-Classification Datasets: The 10% You Don’t Need | arXiv | paper | |||
| On-the-Fly Bayesian Active Learning of Interpretable Force-Fields for Atomistic Rare Events | npj Computational Materials | paper | code | ||
| Bayesian Batch Active Learning as Sparse Subset Approximation | NIPS | paper | code | ||
| Learning Loss for Active Learning | CVPR | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Rapid Performance Gain through Active Model Reuse | IJCAI | paper | |||
| Parting with Illusions about Deep Active Learning | arXiv | paper | Cri. |
||
| BatchBALD: Efficient and Diverse Batch Acquisition for Deep Bayesian Active Learning | NIPS | paper | code |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Power of Ensembles for Active Learning in Image Classification | CVPR | paper | |||
| Adversarial Learning for Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation | BMVC | paper | code | Pool. Semi. |
|
| A Variance Maximization Criterion for Active Learning | Pattern Recognition | paper | code | ||
| Meta-Learning Transferable Active Learning Policies by Deep Reinforcement Learning | ICLR-WS | paper | Pool. Meta. RL. |
||
| Active Learning for Convolutional Neural Networks: A Core-Set Approach | ICLR | paper | |||
| Adversarial Active Learning for Sequence Labeling and Generation | IJCAI | paper | |||
| Meta-Learning for Batch Mode Active Learning | ICLR-WS | paper | |||
| Adversarial Active Learning for Deep Networks: a Margin Based Approach | ICML | paper | |||
| CEREALS - Cost-Effective REgion-based Active Learning for Semantic Segmentation | BMVC | paper |
| Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Decision Boundary Annotation with Deep Generative Models | ICCV | paper | code | ||
| Active One-shot Learning | CoRR | paper | code | Str. RL. FS. |
|
| A Meta-Learning Approach to One-Step Active-Learning | AutoML@PKDD/ECML | paper | Pool. Meta. |
||
| Generative Adversarial Active Learning | arXiv | paper | Pool. Syn. |
||
| Active Learning from Peers | NIPS | paper | |||
| Learning Active Learning from Data | NIPS | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Learning Algorithms for Active Learning | ICML | paper | |||
| Deep Bayesian Active Learning with Image Data | ICML | paper | code | Pool. |
|
| Learning how to Active Learn: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach | EMNLP | paper | code | Str. RL. |
| Year | Title | Publication | Paper | Code | Tags | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Active Image Segmentation Propagation | CVPR | paper | |||
| 2016 | Cost-Effective Active Learning for Deep Image Classification | TCSVT | paper | code | ||
| 2015 | Multi-Label Active Learning from Crowds | arXiv | paper | |||
| 2015 | Active Learning by Learning | AAAI | paper | |||
| 2014 | Beyond Disagreement-based Agnostic Active Learning | NIPS | paper | |||
| 2014 | Active Semi-Supervised Learning Using Sampling Theory for Graph Signals | KDD | paper | code | ||
| 2013 | Active Learning for Probabilistic Hypotheses Usingthe Maximum Gibbs Error Criterion | NIPS | paper | |||
| 2013 | Active Learning for Multi-Objective Optimization | ICML | paper | |||
| 2012 | Batch Active Learning via Coordinated Matching | ICML | paper | |||
| 2012 | Bayesian Optimal Active Search and Surveying | ICML | paper | code | ||
| 2011 | Active Learning Using On-line Algorithms | KDD | paper | |||
| 2011 | Bayesian Active Learning for Classification and Preference Learning | CoRR | paper | code | ||
| 2011 | Active Learning from Crowds | ICML | paper | |||
| 2011 | Ask Me Better Questions: Active Learning Queries Based on Rule Induction | KDD | paper | |||
| 2010 | Active Instance Sampling via Matrix Partition | NIPS | paper | |||
| 2008 | Hierarchical Sampling for Active Learning | ICML | paper | |||
| 2008 | An Analysis of Active Learning Strategies for Sequence Labeling Tasks | EMNLP | paper | |||
| 2008 | Active Learning with Direct Query Construction | KDD | paper | |||
| 2007 | Discriminative Batch Mode Active Learning | NIPS | paper | code | ||
| 1994 | Improving Generalization with Active Learning | Machine Learning | paper |
- Overview of Active Learning for Deep Learning. Jacob Gildenblat.
- Active Learning from Theory to Practice. Steve Hanneke, Robert Nowak. (ICML, 2019)
- Active-Learning-as-a-Service: An Efficient MLOps System for Data-Centric AI. Huang, Yizheng and Zhang, Huaizheng and Li, Yuanming and Lau, Chiew Tong and You, Yang. (2022)
- [BAAL] A Bayesian Active Learning Library. Atighehchian, Parmida and Branchaud-Charron, Frederic and Freyberg, Jan and Pardinas, Rafael and Schell, Lorne. (2019)
- ALiPy: Active Learning in Python. Ying-Peng Tang, Guo-Xiang Li, Sheng-Jun Huang. (NUAA, 2019)
- modAL: A modular active learning framework for Python. Tivadar Danka and Peter Horvath. (2018)