Merge pull request #140 from itowlson/resources-rust

Working with records and resources in Rust

component-model/src/language-support/rust.md

@@ -275,3 +275,266 @@ fn main() {
 $ wasmtime run ./my-composed-command.wasm
 1 + 1 = 579  # might need to go back and do some work on the calculator implementation
 ```
+
+## Using user-defined types
+
+[User-defined types](../design/wit.md#user-defined-types) map to Rust types as follows.
+
+| WIT type   | Rust binding |
+|------------|--------------|
+| `record`   | `struct` with public fields corresponding to the record fields |
+| `variant`  | `enum` with cases corresponding to the variant cases |
+| `enum`     | `enum` with cases corresponding to the enum cases, with no data attached |
+| `resource` | [See below](#using-resources) |
+| `flags`    | Opaque type supporting bit flag operations, with constants for flag values |
+
+For example, consider the following WIT:
+
+```wit
+interface types {
+    enum operation {
+        add,
+        sub,
+        mul,
+        div
+    }
+
+    record expression {
+        left: u32,
+        operation: operation,
+        right: u32
+    }
+
+    eval: func(expr: expression) -> u32;
+}
+```
+
+When exported from a component, this could be implemented as:
+
+```rust
+impl Guest for Implementation {
+    fn eval(expr: Expression) -> u32 {
+        // Record fields become public fields on a struct
+        let (l, r) = (expr.left, expr.right);
+        match expr.operation {
+            // Enum becomes an enum with only unit cases
+            Operation::Add => l + r,
+            Operation::Sub => l - r,
+            Operation::Mul => l * r,
+            Operation::Div => l / r,
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Using resources
+
+[Resources](../design/wit.md#resources) are handles to entities that live outside the component, for example in a host, or in a different component.
+
+### Example
+
+In this section, our example resource will be a [Reverse Polish Notation (RPN)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation) calculator. (Engineers of a certain vintage will remember this from handheld calculators of the 1970s.) A RPN calculator is a stateful entity: a consumer pushes operands and operations onto a stack maintained within the calculator, then evaluates the stack to produce a value. The resource in WIT looks like this:
+
+```wit
+package docs:[email protected];
+
+interface types {
+    enum operation {
+        add,
+        sub,
+        mul,
+        div
+    }
+
+    resource engine {
+        constructor();
+        push-operand: func(operand: u32);
+        push-operation: func(operation: operation);
+        execute: func() -> u32;
+    }
+}
+
+world calculator {
+    export types;
+}
+```
+
+### Implementing and exporting a resource in a component
+
+To implement the calculator using `cargo component`:
+
+1. Create a library component as shown in previous sections, with the WIT given above.
+
+2. Define a Rust `struct` to represent the calculator state:
+
+```rust
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+struct CalcEngine {
+    stack: RefCell<Vec<u32>>,
+}
+```
+
+> Why is the stack wrapped in a `RefCell`? As we will see, the generated Rust trait for the calculator engine has _immutable_ references to `self`. But our implementation of that trait will need to mutate the stack. So we need a type that allows for interior mutability, such as `RefCell<T>` or `Arc<RwLock<T>>`.
+
+3. The generated bindings (`bindings.rs`) for an exported resource include a trait named `GuestX`, where `X` is the resource name. (You may need to run `cargo component build` to regenerate the bindings after updating the WIT.) For the calculator `engine` resource, the trait is `GuestEngine`. Implement this trait on the `struct` from step 2:
+
+```rust
+use bindings::exports::docs::rpn::types::{GuestEngine, Operation};
+
+impl GuestEngine for CalcEngine {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        CalcEngine {
+            stack: RefCell::new(vec![])
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_operand(&self, operand: u32) {
+        self.stack.borrow_mut().push(operand);
+    }
+
+    fn push_operation(&self, operation: Operation) {
+        let mut stack = self.stack.borrow_mut();
+        let right = stack.pop().unwrap(); // TODO: error handling!
+        let left = stack.pop().unwrap();
+        let result = match operation {
+            Operation::Add => left + right,
+            Operation::Sub => left - right,
+            Operation::Mul => left * right,
+            Operation::Div => left / right,
+        };
+        stack.push(result);
+    }
+
+    fn execute(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.stack.borrow_mut().pop().unwrap() // TODO: error handling!
+    }
+}
+```
+
+4. We now have a working calculator type which implements the `engine` contract, but we must still connect that type to the `engine` resource type. This is done by implementing the generated `Guest` trait. For this WIT, the `Guest` trait contains nothing except an associated type. You can use an empty `struct` to implement the `Guest` trait on. Set the associated type for the resource - in our case, `Engine` - to the type which implements the resource trait - in our case, the `CalcEngine` `struct` which implements `GuestEngine`. Then use the `export!` macro to export the mapping:
+
+```rust
+struct Implementation;
+impl Guest for Implementation {
+    type Engine = CalcEngine;
+}
+
+bindings::export!(Implementation with_types_in bindings);
+```
+
+This completes the implementation of the calculator `engine` resource. Run `cargo component build` to create a component `.wasm` file.
+
+### Importing and consuming a resource in a component
+
+To use the calculator engine in another component, that component must import the resource.
+
+1. Create a command component as shown in previous sections.
+
+2. Add a `wit/world.wit` to your project, and write a WIT world that imports the RPN calculator types:
+
+```wit
+package docs:rpn-cmd;
+
+world app {
+    import docs:rpn/[email protected];
+}
+```
+
+3. Edit `Cargo.toml` to tell `cargo component` about the new WIT file and the external RPN package file:
+
+```toml
+[package.metadata.component]
+package = "docs:rpn-cmd"
+
+[package.metadata.component.target]
+path = "wit"
+
+[package.metadata.component.target.dependencies]
+"docs:rpn" = { path = "../wit" } # or wherever your resource WIT is
+```
+
+4. The resource now appears in the generated bindings as a `struct`, with appropriate associated functions. Use these to construct a test app:
+
+```rust
+#[allow(warnings)]
+mod bindings;
+use bindings::docs::rpn::types::{Engine, Operation};
+
+fn main() {
+    let calc = Engine::new();
+    calc.push_operand(1);
+    calc.push_operand(2);
+    calc.push_operation(Operation::Add);
+    let sum = calc.execute();
+    println!("{sum}");
+}
+```
+
+You can now build the command component and [compose it with the `.wasm` component that implements the resource.](../creating-and-consuming/composing.md). You can then run the composed command with `wasmtime run`.
+
+### Implementing and exporting a resource implementation in a host
+
+If you are hosting a Wasm runtime, you can export a resource from your host for guests to consume. Hosting a runtime is outside the scope of this book, so we will give only a broad outline here. This is specific to the Wasmtime runtime; other runtimes may express things differently.
+
+1. Use `wasmtime::component::bindgen!` to specify the WIT you are a host for:
+
+```rust
+wasmtime::component::bindgen!({
+    path: "../wit"
+});
+```
+
+2. Tell `bindgen!` how you will represent the resource in the host via the `with` field. This can be any Rust type. For example, the RPN engine could be represented by a `CalcEngine` struct:
+
+```rust
+wasmtime::component::bindgen!({
+    path: "../wit",
+    with: {
+        "docs:rpn/types/engine": CalcEngine,
+    }
+});
+```
+
+> If you don't specify the host representation for a resource, it defaults to an empty enum. This is rarely useful as resources are usually stateful.
+
+3. If the representation type isn't a built-in type, define it:
+
+```rust
+struct CalcEngine { /* ... */ }
+```
+
+4. As a host, you will already be implementing a `Host` trait. You will now need to implement a `HostX` trait (where `X` is the resource name) _on the same type_ as the `Host` trait:
+
+```rust
+impl docs::rpn::types::HostEngine for MyHost {
+    fn new(&mut self) -> wasmtime::component::Resource<docs::rpn::types::Engine> { /* ... */ }
+    fn push_operand(&mut self, self_: wasmtime::component::Resource<docs::rpn::types::Engine>) { /* ... */ }
+    // etc.
+}
+```
+
+**Important:** You implement this on the 'overall' host type, *not* on the resource representation! Therefore, the `self` reference in these functions is to the 'overall' host type. For instance methods of the resource, the instance is identified by a second parameter (`self_`), of type `wasmtime::component::Resource`.
+
+5. Add a `wasmtime::component::ResourceTable` to the host:
+
+```rust
+struct MyHost {
+    calcs: wasmtime::component::ResourceTable,
+}
+```
+
+6. In your resource method implementations, use this table to store and access instances of the resource representation:
+
+```rust
+impl docs::rpn::types::HostEngine for MyHost {
+    fn new(&mut self) -> wasmtime::component::Resource<docs::rpn::types::Engine> {
+        self.calcs.push(CalcEngine::new()).unwrap() // TODO: error handling
+    }
+    fn push_operand(&mut self, self_: wasmtime::component::Resource<docs::rpn::types::Engine>) {
+        let calc_engine = self.calcs.get(&self_).unwrap();
+        // calc_engine is a CalcEngine - call its functions
+    }
+    // etc.
+}
+```